What is the foreign trade balance? See pages where the term foreign trade balance is mentioned

1. Balance of payments and its types. Russia's balance of payments and its external debt The balance of payments is the ratio between all payments that a country has made to other countries and the sum of all funds that it has received during the same time from other countries.B

Historically, foreign trade is the initial form. With its help, all national economies are linked into a single world economy. determines the division of labor between countries, which with the development of economic relations is increasingly improved and deepened.

Indicators play an important role foreign trade which includes the trade balance, receipts and payments for services, income from foreign investments, non-commercial payments, foreign exchange reserves, movement of short-term and long-term capital.

The trade balance is determined by the ratio of exports and imports of goods. Due to the fact that the bulk is carried out on credit, there are some differences between the figures of trade carried out during the relevant period and the actual receipts and payments.

The economic significance of a particular country's trade deficit or trade surplus depends on its place in the economic policy and on the nature of its relations with partner countries. For states that lag behind the leaders in terms of economic development, the active trade balance becomes a source of foreign exchange earnings to pay obligations to other countries and for other items in the balance of payments.

Some advanced industrial countries use surpluses to create a second economy abroad. A passive trade balance is considered an undesirable phenomenon, this characteristic is a sign of a weak foreign economic position of the state. Passive balance is characteristic of developing or backward countries that lack foreign exchange earnings. This is important for industrial

Of course, a bad sign is a decrease in exports as a result of a decrease in demand for goods and services of one country in other countries. However, if a negative trade balance occurs, for example, with an increase in imports of investment products, resulting in an increase in domestic production, then in this case a negative balance is not a reason for a negative assessment of the country’s economic condition.

Thus, a trade balance deficit or surplus is assessed only on the basis of an analysis of the circumstances leading to such a result. For example, the resulting positive balance in the trade balance Russian Federation is not a basis for an optimistic assessment of this situation. Due to the fact that Russia’s main export item is natural resources, raw materials and not goods are mainly exported from the country, we can talk about the low level of state production and the poor state of the economy.

If the negative balance increases, then the trade balance is deteriorating. This indicates that the country spends more money abroad than it receives; as a result, the supply of national currency from trading participants increases in the foreign exchange market, and the demand for foreign money increases. In this case, conditions are created for the emergence of tendencies to depreciate the exchange rate of one’s own currency. And, in the opposite case, with a positive trade balance, there are tendencies towards an increase in the exchange rate of the national currency.

It is obvious that as a result of devaluation, the depreciation of one’s own currency, the activities of exporters are stimulated, and imports become less profitable. Thanks to this change exchange rate, the prerequisites are created for an increase in export operations and a reduction in imports. As a result, the negative trade balance decreases and a positive trade balance emerges.

Foreign trade balance of the country- the ratio of the value of goods exported by any country or group of countries and the value of goods imported by them for a certain period of time, for example, for a year, quarter, month. The foreign trade balance includes goods transactions actually paid for and carried out on credit. The foreign trade balance is compiled for individual countries and groups of states.

Negative balance

A negative trade balance in countries such as the USA and Great Britain helps contain inflation and maintain high level life due to the transfer of labor-intensive production outside the state [ ] . Such countries have capital-intensive and high-tech sectors of the economy, which attract significant amounts of capital from around the world in the form of portfolio or direct investment. However, due to the lack of competitiveness of export industries, these countries are forced to cover the bulk of the trade deficit by issuing private and government debt instruments [ ] . In the United States, the trade deficit, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, was $836 billion in 2006.

In underdeveloped countries, a negative trade balance indicates the uncompetitiveness of export sectors of the economy, which often leads to devaluation (depreciation) Money such countries due to the fact that they cannot pay for import purchases [

The purpose of this article is to study theoretical aspects trade balance, its role, main items and factors influencing it. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: - consider the concept and essence of the trade balance; - study its main features.

• Improving the formation of a capital repair fund in apartment buildings
• Regulatory and legal regulation of issues of assessing the quality of provided state (municipal) services in Russia

The relevance of this topic cannot be exaggerated, because the trade balance is mirror image economic condition countries.In modern conditions It is difficult to predict or actively participate in the international monetary and financial system without taking into account the role of the country's trade balance.

The purpose of this article is to study the theoretical aspects of the trade balance, its role, main items and factors influencing it.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

• consider the concept and essence of the trade balance;
• study its main features

Trade balance(Trade Balance, TB) - part of the balance of payments that characterizes the country’s trade relations with other states. Its components are the export and import of goods. The trade balance is the difference between the amount of exports and the amount of imports of a country's goods. The trade balance characterizes, first of all, the competitiveness of a country's goods abroad. The predominance of exports over imports (positive trade balance) indicates that there is an influx of foreign currency into the country, and the exchange rate of the national currency rises. Conversely, the predominance of imports over exports (negative balance or trade deficit) means low competitiveness of the country’s goods abroad. (1, p.3)

The beginning of the emergence of the concept of “balance of payments”, according to its modern understanding, can be considered the appearance of the term “balance of trade”. It was first used by Edward Misselden in his treatise “The Circle of Trade” (1623), where the first calculations of the balance of trade for England for 1621 were made.

The concept of “trade balance” is further developed in the works of Thomas Mann. In the book “The Wealth of England in Foreign Trade” (1664), the author introduces the concept of “general balance of trade.” T. Mann notes that deficits in foreign trade with some countries can be compensated by a positive balance with other countries, therefore the assessment of foreign trade activity should be carried out on the basis of the overall trade balance.

The term " payment balance"was first used by an English economist, one of largest representatives late mercantilism (from Italian mercante - merchant, merchant), the first school of bourgeois political economy) James Stuart (1712-80). In his work "Inquiries into the Principles political economy” (1767), he was the first to point out and examine in detail the relationship between foreign trade and capital movements. D. Stewart defines the balance of payments as an independent concept, which consists of (7, p. 57):

1. Expenses of citizens abroad.
2. Payments of debts, principal and interest to foreigners.
3. Providing cash loans to other countries.

The role of the trade balance in the Russian economy

In Russia, a positive trade balance has been observed throughout the entire history of statistics. The attitude towards a country's trade balance surplus or deficit depends on a number of factors that determine the position of this country in the world economy, the characteristics of business relations with partners, the characteristics and share of the main items of the trade balance, etc.

Thus, the attitude towards a positive trade balance in Russia is quite contradictory. Despite the increasing gap between exports over imports, which forms a positive trade balance, the qualitative characteristics of this surplus cannot but cause concern among economists for at least a decade.

The main source of surplus and the main export item are natural resources actively exported from Russia. And specific export growth natural resources shows growth dynamics throughout the entire period of statistical observation. As we can see, quantitative growth in exports is observed last decade. The fall in exports and imports of goods in monetary terms in 2009 was due to the active phase of the global financial and economic crisis, but within 2 years the fall was recouped, and trade indicators at the end of 2011 reached record levels. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that, as such, the export of natural resources did not fall quantitatively during the crisis. (paraphrase of source 2, p. 15)

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that the trade balance is one of the main tools for macroeconomic analysis and forecasting.

Trade balance is the relationship between the sum of prices of goods exported by a country or group of countries and the sum of prices of goods imported by them for a certain period of time, for example, for a year, quarter, month. In other words, the trade balance is the exports and imports of a country for a certain period or date.

If the cost of exporting a country's goods exceeds the cost of importing them, then the trade balance is active. If the cost of imports exceeds the cost of exports, then such a trade balance is passive. If the cost of export and import coincides, a net balance is formed. A country with a passive trade balance must cover the deficit by spending various balance of payments receipts, in particular income from the transportation of foreign goods on its means of transport or through its territory, interest and dividends from capital investments abroad, the influx of foreign capital, foreign loans, and the use of reserves foreign currencies and gold exports. A trade surplus largely characterizes the favorable economic position of a given country and is one of the important indicators of the degree of dependence of its economy on foreign markets, on the state of the market, international competition, as well as political dependence on other states.

Balance of payments data reflects how trade with other countries developed during the reporting period, which directly affects the level of production, employment and consumption, how much income was received from non-residents and how much was paid to them. These data make it possible to trace the form in which foreign investment was attracted, whether the country’s external debt was repaid on time or there were arrears and restructuring, as well as how residents invested in the economies of other countries, how the Central Bank eliminated payment imbalances, increasing or decreasing the size of its foreign currency reserves.

The balance of payments is actively used to determine fiscal and monetary policies, protectionist measures, as well as when making decisions on regulating internal foreign exchange market and exchange rate. Based on the results of the balance of payments, further decisions are made in the field of the country's economic policy.

A distinctive feature of Russia from other countries with transitive economies is its enormous resource potential, which allows it to maintain an active current account balance, mainly due to a positive trade balance.

For Russia, financing the capital account deficit of the balance of payments is more relevant than the financing of the current account balance. However, this cannot be called a plus for the economy, since the positive current account balance is a reflection of Russia’s low investment attractiveness.

Bibliography

1. Litvintsev N.N. Trade balance. Textbook edited by Litvintsev, 1st edition, 2010.240 p.
2. Aleksashenko S. The landslide is over, the crisis continues // Questions of Economics. 2009. - No. 5. - P. 4 - 20.
3. Buglai V. B., Litvintsev N. N. International economic relations: Textbook. allowance/Ed. Litvintseva N.N. - 2nd ed. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2008. - 160 p.
4. Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. 2012. - No. 48 - 49.
5. Zhuravlev S. Stopping without a requirement // Expert. 2012. - No. 2. - P. 28 - 33.
6. Ivashevsky S. N. Macroeconomics.—Moscow, 2010
7. History of Economic Thought. /Under. ed. V. Avtonomova, O. Ananina, N. Makasheva: tutorial. - M.: INFRA-M, 2007. - 784 p.

FOREIGN TRADE BALANCE - the ratio of the value of goods imported into the country and exported from the country for a certain period of time. If you stop-  

Foreign trade balance - foreign currency receipts from exports and payments for imports of goods.  

Balance of services and non-commercial payments - payments and receipts for transport and insurance operations, postal and telegraph, telephone communications, commission transactions, tourism, cultural exchange, consumer transfers (wages, inheritance, scholarships, pensions), for the maintenance of diplomatic and trade missions, interest and dividends on investments, payments for licenses, use of inventions and military expenditures abroad. In the statistics of capitalist countries, these articles, which differ in form and economic content, are combined into the general concept of “invisible operations”. The foreign trade balance and the balance of non-commercial payment services form the current PAYMENT BALANCE.  

FOREIGN TRADE BALANCE - the ratio of the value of goods exported and imported into the country for a certain period of time (month, quarter, year). If the cost of exported goods exceeds the cost of imported goods, B. c. is considered active; if the relationship is reversed, it is considered passive. The difference between the cost of exports and imports of goods is called the balance, the value of which depends on fluctuations in commodity prices, exchange rates, etc. Liability B. v. (deficit) adversely affects the state of the country’s economy and its foreign economic situation. Deficiency of B. v. indicates low competitiveness national goods, imperfect structure of exports and imports, worsening terms of trade for the country, unfavorable fluctuations in economic conditions, etc.  

Active foreign trade balance 43  

Foreign trade balance passive 43  

National security is usually viewed in two aspects - external and internal. In industrial democratic society The external aspect is based on the protection of society from possible attacks from other states, the protection of the country’s interests in foreign economic relations (for example, the desire to have a stable national currency and a positive foreign trade balance). The internal aspect is based on the fight against crime and corruption, and the protection of the democratic rights of citizens. Main actor in both aspects it is the state.  

The significance of these connections will increase even more if the next step is taken - organizing the import into Japan of products manufactured with the participation of Japanese firms abroad. This will be the beginning of the final stage (export of technology, import of products). Import of finished products manufactured using licensed Japanese technology will help balance Japan's foreign trade balance and will be fully consistent with the course of an open economy.  

A sharp dissonance against the backdrop of an increase in the balance of payments and foreign trade of OPEC members is the sharp deterioration in the foreign economic situation of the liberated countries - oil importers that are not members of OPEC - As a result of the abrupt increase in oil prices in 1979-1980. payments from these countries for imported oil almost doubled the level of 1978 and reached a huge amount in 1980 - $50 billion.  

Invisible operations combine articles of different form and economic content. Thus, transport operations include freight, transportation by rail, air and road, as well as those related to the operation of pipelines. The overwhelming majority of foreign trade cargo of developing countries is transported by ships and at the tariffs of Western liner companies (conferences). These tariffs are often discriminatory. Developing countries, which account for more than 50% of cargo loaded and about 20% of cargo unloaded in global maritime trade, own less than 15% of the world's merchant fleet tonnage. As cargo volumes grow, freight payments are placing a significant burden on balances of payments and are currently approximately three times their freight revenues, representing about 30% of total payments on invisible transactions. Even for those countries that have their own fleet (Egypt, India, UAE, Iran, etc.), the cost of freighting foreign tonnage reaches up to 30-35% of the balance of payments deficit. This situation is extremely aggravated during periods of military conflicts and political tension.  

When considering the article Insurance, it is necessary to keep in mind that almost no one can do without it. foreign trade transaction. Developing countries' insurance payments exceed $4 billion a year, worsening their balance of payments. This figure is approximate, since there are no official aggregate data on payments for international insurance and reinsurance.  

As part of the WTO agreements, there are strict sanctions against resident exporters who do not return foreign exchange earnings to the country, violate the terms of currency barter exchange and customs regime. Increasing cases of application of anti-dumping procedures by the United States and other countries in relation to Russian goods and services significantly narrow the foreign trade space for Russian producers, and the loss of foreign markets in the context of a high share of imports in the domestic market leads to a negative balance of payments and the collapse of entire sectors of the Russian economy .  

In the first half of 1994, there was a reversal in the trend of trade balance dynamics; growth gave way to decline. This trend was not completely stopped in the following years. With a positive foreign trade balance in the first half of 1996 amounting to $11.3 billion, the settlement (payment) balance remained negative due to significant government expenses for servicing and repaying previously taken debt obligations and obtaining new loans. As a result, the country found itself in a state of external debt crisis. In 1997, the active balance of current transactions in relations with foreign countries decreased by almost a third and amounted to 4.7 billion dollars. Foreign trade turnover for the first half of 1997 amounted to 72.1 billion dollars. and decreased compared to the level of the first half of 1996 by 5%. The fall in foreign trade turnover, which occurred for the first time in last years, was due to a reduction in both exports of goods (by 4%) and their imports (by 6%).  

When there is no other data indicating physical ownership of goods and allowing one to establish the moment of transfer of ownership of goods, foreign trade statistics data reflecting the physical movement of goods can be used. In the case of a transfer of real resources accompanied by the provision of a loan, the accounting of both transactions in the balance of payments should occur at the time of the actual completion of each of them.  

Form a long-term trend towards a decrease in the positive balance of foreign trade.  

Behind the façade of the apparent prosperity of the trade balance are hidden phenomena and trends that little correspond to the once made promises of the authorities to achieve a restructuring of Russia's foreign trade policy in such a way as to ensure diversification of export potential, faster growth of exports of high-tech products, development of production competitive on the world market, transition from critical , supporting imports to imports, stimulating an increase in the technical level and quality of domestic products.196 Failure to do this creates an immediate threat to Russia’s position already in geopolitical terms.  

FOREIGN TRADE BALANCE (foreign 1r ul balan e) - the ratio of the value of goods exported and imported into the country for a certain period of time (month, quarter, year). If the cost of exported goods exceeds the cost of imported goods, B.v. is considered active; if the relationship is reversed, it is considered passive. The difference between the cost of exports and imports of goods is called balance (see), the value of which depends on fluctuations in commodity prices,