Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich (1809-1852)
Great Russian writer.
Born in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. Gogol spent his childhood years on his parents' estate Vasilyevka (another name is Yanovshchina). Cultural center The region was Kibintsy, the estate of D.P. Troshchinsky, their distant relative, Gogol’s father acted as his secretary. In Kibintsi there was a large library, there was home theater, for which Gogol's father wrote comedies, being also its actor and conductor.
In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he paints and takes part in performances. Tries himself in various literary genres(writes elegiac poems, tragedies, historical poem, story). At the same time he writes the satire “Something about Nezhin, or the law is not written for fools” (not preserved). However, he dreams of a legal career.
Having graduated from the gymnasium in 1828, Gogol in December, together with another graduate A.S. Danilevsky travels to St. Petersburg, where he makes his first literary attempts: at the beginning of 1829, the poem “Italy” appears, published by “Hanz Küchelgarten” (under the pseudonym “V. Alov”).
At the end of 1829, he managed to decide to serve in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During this period, “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, “The Nose”, “Taras Bulba” were published.
In the fall of 1835, he began writing “The Inspector General,” the plot of which was suggested by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that the play premiered in the spring of 1836 on the stage of the Alexandria Theater.
In June 1836, Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany (in total, he lived abroad for about 12 years). He spends the end of summer and autumn in Switzerland, where he begins to continue “ Dead souls" The plot was also suggested by Pushkin.
In November 1836, Gogol met A. Mitskevich in Paris. In Rome he receives shocking news about the death of Pushkin. In May 1842, “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls" came out. The three years (1842-1845) that followed the writer’s departure abroad was a period of intense and difficult work on the second volume of Dead Souls.
At the beginning of 1845, Gogol showed signs of a mental crisis, and in a state of sharp exacerbation of his illness, he burned the manuscript of the second volume, on which he would continue to work some time later.
In April 1848, after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Gogol finally returned to Russia, where he spent most of his time in Moscow, visiting St. Petersburg, and also in his native places - in Little Russia. In the spring of 1850, Gogol made his first and last attempt to organize his family life- proposes to A.M. Vielgorskaya, but is refused.
On January 1, 1852, Gogol informs Arnoldi that the second volume is “completely finished.” But in last days month, signs of a new crisis were revealed, the impetus for which was the death of E. M. Khomyakova, sister of N. M. Yazykov, a person spiritually close to Gogol.
On February 7, Gogol confesses and receives communion, and on the night of February 11-12, he burns the white manuscript of the second volume (only five chapters have survived in incomplete form). On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment in the Talyzin house in Moscow. The writer's funeral took place with a huge crowd of people at the cemetery of the St. Daniel's Monastery, and in 1931 Gogol's remains were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Date of birth: April 1, 1809
Date of death: February 21, 1852
Place of birth: Sorochintsy, Poltava province
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol- Russian writer, playwright, Gogol N.V.- poet and publicist.
One of the classics of Russian and world literature.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a famous Russian playwright, publicist and prose writer, born in Sorochintsy (Poltava Province) on April 1, 1809. His father, Vasily Afanasyevich, was a very rich landowner who had about 400 serfs, his mother was a very young and active woman.
The writer spent his childhood in the conditions of colorful Ukrainian life, which he loved very much and remembered well. He knew the life of lords and peasants very well; at the age of ten he began studying in Poltava with a teacher, and then entered the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences. Researchers say that Gogol could not be called a successful student; most subjects were given to him with great difficulty, but he stood out among his peers with an excellent memory, the ability to correctly use the Russian language, and also in drawing.
Gogol was actively engaged in self-education, wrote a lot, and subscribed to metropolitan magazines with his friends. Even in his youth, he began to write a lot, tried himself in both prose and poetry. Gogol concentrated his attention on managing the estate after his father's death. In 1828 he graduated from high school and went to St. Petersburg.
Capital life was very expensive, wealth in the provinces was not enough to lead a frivolous life in St. Petersburg. At first he decided to become an actor, but theaters refused to accept him. Work as an official did not attract him at all, and therefore he turned his attention to literature. In 1829, his idyll “Hanz Küchelgarten” was harshly received by critics and readers, and therefore Gogol personally destroyed the entire first edition.
In 1830 he nevertheless entered the public service and began working in the department of appanages. In the same year he started large number a variety of useful contacts in literary circles. The story “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” was immediately published, and one year later “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” was published.
In 1833, Gogol was attracted by the prospect of working in the scientific field, he began to collaborate with St. Petersburg University at the department general history. Here he spent the next two years of his life. During the same period, he completed the collections "Arabesques" and "Mirgorod", which were published immediately after his departure from the university.
There were also those who desperately criticized his work. Pressure from critics was one of the reasons why Gogol decided to take a break from literature and went to Europe. He lived in Switzerland, France and Italy. It was at this time that he finished the first volume of Dead Souls. In 1841, he decided that he needed to return to Russia, where he was warmly received by Belinsky and facilitated the publication of the first volume.
Immediately after the publication of this book, Gogol began work on the second volume; at this moment the writer was experiencing a creative crisis. A big blow to his literary pride was Belinsky’s devastating review of the book “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends.” This criticism was received very negatively. At the end of 1847, Gogol went to Naples, from where he left for Palestine.
The return to Russia in 1848 was characterized by instability in the writer’s life; he still could not find a place for himself. Lived in Moscow, Kaluga, Odessa, then again in Moscow. He was still working on the second volume of Dead Souls, but felt a significant deterioration in his state of mind. He became interested in mysticism and was often haunted by strange thoughts.
On February 11, 1852, in the middle of the night, he suddenly decided to burn the manuscript of the second volume. He said that evil spirits forced him to do this. A week later he felt weak throughout his body, fell ill and refused any treatment.
The doctors decided that it was necessary to begin compulsory procedures, but no tricks of the doctors improved the patient’s condition. On February 21, 1852, Gogol died. He rests in the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery in Moscow.
Gogol was one of the strangest representatives of Russian classical literature. His work was received in different ways, critics both praised and loved him. On the other hand, he was greatly constrained by Nikolaev censorship.
Bulgakov and Nabokov looked back to Gogol in their work; many of his works were filmed in Soviet era.
The main milestones in the life of Nikolai Gogol:
Birth in Sorochintsy April 1, 1809
- Moving to Poltava in 1819
- Start of studies at the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in Nizhyn in 1821
- Beginning of the St. Petersburg period in 1828
- Publication of the idyll "Hanz Küchelgarten" in 1829
- Publication of “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” in 1830
- Printing “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka” in 1831
- Work at the Faculty of History at St. Petersburg University in 1834
- Publication of the collections "Arabesques" and "Mirgorod" in 1835
- Beginning of European travel in 1836
- Publication of the first volume of Dead Souls in 1841
- Destruction of the second volume for unknown reasons in 1852
- Death of N.V. Gogol February 21, 1852
Interesting facts from the biography of Nikolai Gogol:
The writer was not married, was suspicious of women and was a reserved person; researchers talk about his latent homosexuality and the presence of secret love for several women
- There is a version that the writer did not die, but plunged into lethargic sleep, after which he was buried alive
- The writer’s skull was stolen from the grave in 1909, until the perestroika period the public did not know about this incident
- Gogol could hardly bear the thunderstorm, he was very afraid of thunder and lightning
- The writer did a lot of handicrafts, was an excellent cook and had a sweet tooth
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a brilliant Russian writer, a man who is known, first of all, as the author of the timeless work “Dead Souls”, a person with a tragic fate that is still shrouded in an aura of mystery.
Brief biography and creative path
Gogol was born on March 20 (or April 1 according to the new style) 1809 in Sorochintsy, Poltava province in large family landowner. Gogol's childhood They were brought up on the principles of mutual respect, love of nature and literary creativity. After graduating from the Poltava School, the young man entered the Nizhyn Gymnasium to study justice. He was interested in painting, delved into the principles of Russian literature, but did not write very skillfully in those years.
Literary achievements
With Gogol's move to the northern capital in 1828, his literary journey as a unique author began. But everything didn’t work out smoothly right away: Nikolai Vasilyevich served as an official studied painting at the Academy of Arts and even made attempts to become an actor, but none of the activities mentioned brought the expected satisfaction.
Acquaintance with such influential figures in society as, and Delvig helped Gogol to show the originality of his talent. His first published work was “Basavryuk”, then “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”, which gave the writer his first fame. Later world literature began to recognize Gogol from original plays such as “The Inspector General,” short stories (“The Nose”) and stories with a Ukrainian flavor (“Sorochinskaya Fair”)
Completion of life's journey
One of the last turns of the writer’s biography was traveling abroad influenced by the negative reaction of the public to the production of The Inspector General. In Rome, he works on “Dead Souls,” the first volume of which he publishes after returning to his homeland. But it seems that the author is not happy with anything: he falls into depression, breaks down spiritually, and on the eve of his death, February 21, 1852, he simply burned the second volume of the completed work.
Mysterious death
Surprisingly, there are rumors about what exactly did the great Russian writer die from? still haven't subsided. Even modern doctors cannot make an accurate diagnosis, although according to biographers, Gogol was a sickly child from childhood. Despite the variety of diagnoses that could lead to death - from cancer to meningitis, from typhus to insanity - even version of poisoning writer with mercury.
Oddities and eccentricities
Russian and world literature knows Gogol as a man whose immortal creations call for good light, true reason and spiritual perfection. While the life of the writer himself is full of very strange and ambiguous phenomena. Some researchers are confident that Nikolai Vasilyevich suffered from schizophrenia, as well as attacks of psychosis and claustrophobia. The writer personally claimed that he had displaced organs in his body, some of which were placed upside down. Contemporaries said that he amazed everyone with atypical attachments for a person of his level, for example, needlework, sleeping in a sitting position, and writing, on the contrary, only while standing. The prose writer also had passion for rolling bread balls.
To others unusual facts From the writer’s biographical path, the following can be included:
- Gogol never married. He proposed to a woman only once, but was rejected.
- Nikolai Vasilyevich loved cooking and cooking, often treating his acquaintances to home-cooked dishes, including a special drink containing rum called “nog-mogol”.
- The writer always had sweets with him, which he never tired of chewing.
- He was a shy person and was very embarrassed about his own nose.
- Fears occupied a special place in Gogol’s life: a strong thunderstorm got on his nerves, and in general, he was a man not alien to religious, mystical and superstitious considerations. Perhaps this is why mysticism has always haunted the prose writer: for example, he himself said that his story “Viy” is nothing more than folk legend, which he once heard and simply re-recorded. But neither historians, nor folklorists, nor researchers in other fields have found any mention of this.
Not only fate and creativity, but even the death of a writer is one continuous mystery. After all, during reburial, he was found turned to one side.
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Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol
Vital and creative path Gogol and his tragic fate still represent a mystery that has been solved by more than one generation of researchers.
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol born () 1809 in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner.
The Gogols had seven children, over 1000 acres of land and about 400 serfs. In 1821, Nikolai entered the gymnasium in Nizhyn. Here he not only studies - he paints, takes part in performances, and tries himself in various literary genres.
After graduating from high school in 1828, Gogol went to St. Petersburg. Here for the first time he was met with severe disappointment: his modest means were in big city quite insignificant, but bright hopes did not materialize as quickly as he expected.
In 1829, under the pseudonym V. Alova, he published the romantic idyll “Hanz Küchelgarten”, the hero of which is given the following perfect dreams and the aspirations with which he was fulfilled in recent years Nizhyn life. The book is getting ridiculed reviews. He burns unsold copies and leaves for Germany before the end of the summer.
At the end of 1829, he managed to decide to serve in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. His stay in the offices caused Gogol deep disappointment in the “state service,” but it provided him with rich material for future works that depicted bureaucratic life and the functioning of the state machine.
By this time Gogol was printing a series works of art and articles. He meets Pletnev and often visits Tsarskoe Selo. Carries out instructions for the publication of Pushkin’s “Belkin’s Tales”. Gives private lessons, teaches at the Patriotic Institute.
During this period, “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” (1831-1832) was published. They aroused almost universal admiration. In June 1832, Gogol arrived in Moscow. famous writer. The year 1833 turned out to be difficult and tense for Gogol. Simultaneously with his pedagogical work and works on history, he wrote stories that made up the collections “Mirgorod” and “Arabesques”.
In the fall of 1835, he began writing “The Inspector General,” and later “Dead Souls.” The plot of both works was suggested to Gogol by Pushkin. In June 1836, Gogol left for Germany, and spent the end of summer and autumn in Switzerland. The news of Pushkin's death finds him in Paris. Gogol is stunned and feels the work on " Dead souls"as a "sacred testament" of the poet.
Soon, “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls” (1842) was published. In 1842-1845 there was a period of intense and difficult work on the 2nd volume of Dead Souls. Writing is extremely difficult, with long stops, overcoming mental fatigue and creative doubts.
In 1845, in a state of mental crisis and a sharp exacerbation of his illness, Gogol burned the manuscript of the 2nd volume and began work again.
At the beginning of 1852, Gogol informed his friends that the 2nd volume was “completely finished.” But in the last days of January, signs of a new crisis clearly emerged. He is tormented
Born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the village of Sorochintsy, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. Gogol was the third child, and in total there were 12 children in the family.
Training in the biography of Gogol took place at the Poltava School. Then in 1821 he entered the class of the Nizhyn gymnasium, where he studied justice. IN school years the writer did not have any special academic abilities. He was only good at drawing lessons and studying Russian literature. He was only able to write mediocre works.
The beginning of a literary journey
In 1828, Gogol’s life took place when he moved to St. Petersburg. There he served as an official, tried to get a job as an actor in the theater and studied literature. Acting career things didn’t go well, and the service did not bring Gogol any pleasure, and at times even became a burden. And the writer decided to prove himself in the literary field.
In 1831, Gogol met representatives of the literary circles of Zhukovsky and Pushkin; undoubtedly, these acquaintances greatly influenced him future fate and literary activity.
Gogol and theater
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol showed interest in theater in his youth, after the death of his father, a wonderful playwright and storyteller.
Realizing the power of the theater, Gogol took up drama. Gogol's work "The Inspector General" was written in 1835, and first staged in 1836. Due to the negative reaction of the public to the production of “The Inspector General,” the writer leaves the country.
Last years of life
In 1836, the biography of Nikolai Gogol included trips to Switzerland, Germany, Italy, as well as a short stay in Paris. Then, from March 1837, work continued on the first volume in Rome greatest work Gogol's "Dead Souls", which was conceived by the author back in St. Petersburg. After returning home from Rome, the writer publishes the first volume of the poem. While working on the second volume, Gogol suffered from a spiritual crisis. Even a trip to Jerusalem did not help improve the situation.
At the beginning of 1843, Gogol’s famous story “The Overcoat” was first published.