How do you understand the word “fate”? Have you ever thought about the fate of a person, about the fate of an entire nation, about your own fate?
Dictionaries interpret fate in different meanings. The most common are the following: 1. In philosophy and mythology - the incomprehensible predetermination of events and actions. 2. In everyday usage: fate, share, coincidence, life path. Orthodoxy contrasts the idea of fate with Divine providence, Divine providence, and Divine will. From this point of view, belief in fate as an impersonal force comes from the vanity of man. I am close to a somewhat eclectic understanding of fate as a natural predestination from above the life of an individual or an entire people. For example, I don’t particularly believe in the validity of the aphorism “Man is the smith of his own happiness” (“We are smiths, and our spirit is young, we forge the keys to happiness!”). Life circumstances determined by fate often turn out to be stronger than one’s own efforts and plans. If we talk about the fate of our great and long-suffering Russia, then throughout history its lot has been heavy, devastating wars, internal disasters, bloodshed, unsuccessful reforms that do not achieve their goals. And all this along with the enormous talents that fate has given our land and which help us survive even in the most difficult circumstances. Our destiny was the heroism of our people, which helped us to withstand and win in the most severe trials.
Recognizing fate as a predestination from above, one cannot stand on a pessimistic position and meekly wait for everything to happen without our participation. You need to act, study, improve your spiritual development, professional skills - and then fate will be favorable.
IN short dictionary Synonyms of the Russian language for the word “fate” are given the following synonyms: “share”, “destiny”, “lot”, “fate”, “predestination”, “fate”, “fatum”. Could you explain the difference between these words?
The words “fate” and “fate” mean the inevitability of fulfilling the destiny of fate, hence the adjectives “fatal”, “fatal” with a certain tragic connotation, i.e. coloring. The synonyms “fate” and “destiny” are used with approximately the same connotation. The “lot” can be happy, it seems to be won by one person or another higher powers who show him favor. “Predestination” sounds solemn; it can be both an expression of favor and severity shown to a person or an entire people by Divine powers. “Fate” in this series represents more broad concept. You can say about a lucky person the darling of fate, you can define a loser as a stepson of fate, you can attribute the epithets bitter and happy to the concept of “share”, but the phrases enviable fate, magnificent fate cannot be used.
How do you understand the title of the story “The Fate of Man”? Why not “The Fate of Sokolov”? Try to prove that this name given by the author is the most successful.
The meaning of the title of the story contains both a philosophical and concrete historical understanding of the word “fate”. During the years of difficult trials for the entire Soviet people, during the Great Patriotic War, this was the fate of not just one person, Andrei Sokolov, but also many of his contemporaries who went through severe suffering: the front, the agony of fascist captivity, the loss of loved ones who died on the front line and in the rear, people who were not broken spiritually and physically, who tried to successfully fight for victory and maintain their human dignity in order to be useful “for the rest of their lives.” This is Andrei Sokolov, who went through all possible trials, emerged from them with honor, and after the end of the war, remaining alone throughout the entire earth, striving to support the newly begun life of the orphan Vanya.
On the other hand, in the story we are presented with a tragic fate of a person in the highest sense of the word, which went beyond the time of creation of the work. Despite the loss of everything, poor health, difficult memories and premonitions, Andrei Sokolov acts as the keeper and defender of the universal spiritual shrines that have developed over thousands of years, with all his experience, all his tragic fate affirming their inviolability. Go through the tragic events of life and keep it high moral meaning- this is the fate of a real person.
Make an outline of the story and highlight the point in it that indicates the climax.
1. Meeting of the narrator with Andrei Sokolov and Vanya. The beginning of the story.
2. The hero’s pre-war life.
3. Farewell to family.
4. Captivity.
5. In church.
7. Confrontation between Sokolov and Muller.
8. Feat and liberation.
9. News of the death of the family.
10. News about my son. Death of a son.
11. Meeting with Vanyushka.
12. End of the story. Farewell to the narrator.
Climax moments are associated with the assertion in dramatic situations of the moral superiority of the hero, common man, over your opponents. Undoubtedly, his duel with Müller, who offers to drink before his death for the victory of German weapons, is indicative in this regard. He not only forced Muller to retreat before the human dignity of the Russian soldier, to recognize it, but also to awaken with his proud behavior, at least for a moment, something human in the same Muller and in the others sitting at the table: “they laughed,” “they looked kind of softer.” The capture of the German major and his release can be considered the culmination of life in captivity. However, the tragic events, and this is the peculiarity of this Sholokhov’s work, do not end, but even increase: he loses his family, then seems to find a son and buries him on the very day of victory. Maybe here is the culmination, the peak of all the misfortunes that fate has sent to man? “And if in clashes with the Nazis Andrei retained his human dignity, his resistance to evil, then in the trials of his own and others’ misfortune he discovered unspent sensitivity, an uncorroded need to give warmth and care to others.” Thus, the events of personal tragedy, complete loneliness As a denouement to the plot, we prepared a meeting with little Vanya, life together with whom will be the beginning of a new life and a new destiny for Andrei Sokolov.
Prepare a story about the fate of Andrei Sokolov.
To answer this question, you can go by retelling the content of the essay according to the proposed plan. You can offer your vision of the hero’s appearance, the main episodes of the story, and the characteristics of Andrei Sokolov.
Show what causes the active inclusion of colloquial speech in the story.
Before us is the fate of a man from the people, a native Voronezh region, a simple working man, flesh and blood of a man of the Russian land, loving his homeland, your people. He is emotional, and emotionality determines the use of colloquial folk speech, appeal to grains folk wisdom, folklore
Name in work of art- one way of expressing author's position. It either reflects the essence of the conflicting works, or names a key episode, or main character, or the main idea of the work is expressed.
Many years after the Great Patriotic War in 1957 M.A. Sholokhov writes the story “The Fate of Man”, the plot of which is based on the story of life ordinary person Andrey Sokolov.
The narration in the work is conducted in the first person, on behalf of the main character, he talks about his life to a stranger, whom he mistook for a driver. Having carefully examined Andrei Sokolov, the narrator draws special attention on a person’s eyes: “eyes as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such an inescapable mortal melancholy that it is difficult to look into them.” This detail speaks of the difficult, very difficult life of Andrei Sokolov, because the eyes are the mirror of the soul. The hero tells about his fate. This is precisely the word given to M.A. Sholokhov in the title of the story. Not fate, not fate, not predestination, but precisely fate: a word that contains all the previous meanings, but at the same time, here for the writer it is a synonym for the word life. Indeed, the life of Andrei Sokolov at first “was ordinary”: family, wife, three children, a good job, but the war began, which brought pain and suffering. First captivity, then the death of his wife and daughters, and finally the death of his son. Any person who experienced this could become angry, bitter, and curse his fate. But Andrei Sokolov found the strength to help little boy Vanyusha, who was left an orphan after the war: the hero adopted Vanyusha: “A burning tear began to boil inside me, and I immediately decided: “We must not disappear separately!” I’ll take him as my child.”
Andrei Sokolov himself decided to take in an orphan boy, thereby changing his destiny and filling his life with meaning.
M.A. Sholokhov called the work “The Fate of a Man,” without indicating that the story would be about the life of a specific person who lost the most precious thing in the war: his wife, children, but who retained the most important thing - the human heart. Thus, from a story about the fate of a specific person, the work turns into a story about the fate of all humanity, when everyone is responsible to themselves and others for their lives.
The title of Sholokhov's story is ambiguous: it indicates moral essence Andrei Sokolov: from an ordinary driver who married Irinka, had three children, survived captivity, when “death passed by... it just gave off a chill...” he becomes the man who adopted Vanya, and now Sokolov fears for his life (that’s his heart I was swayed, the piston needs to be changed..."), since now he is responsible for the little boy.
The dream of a soul mate united two orphan destinies: a soldier who went through the war and an orphaned boy, and from now on, united, they walk through life together.
Thus, the title of Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man” raises the narrative to the level of universal generalization, making short story a deep epic that reveals the most complex issues, touching on the foundations of human coexistence
descendant of Scottish kings, Russian Count Yakov Vilimovich Bruce (1670–1735).
On February 18, 1721, one of the closest associates of Peter I, the hero of Poltava, Yakov Vilimovich Bruce became count Russian Empire.
Bruce's motto was as original as he was. Bruce chose only one word for his motto: “Were.” Why? Yes, because he was not only a general and an administrator, most of all he became famous as a warlock and astrologer, a sorcerer and a magician, and from the heights of his great knowledge he saw that a person’s life is nothing more than a moment. He was revered as something like the Russian Doctor Faustus and they said that he was so learned because he had long ago sold his soul to the devil.
They said about Bruce: “Here, take some peas on the table and ask him, Bruce, how many?” And he will take a look and not miss a single pea. And ask him how many times will the wheel turn when you travel from Teshevich to Kyiv? He'll tell you that too. What! He will look at the sky and immediately say how many stars there are in heaven!..”
They said about Bruce: “He knew all the secret herbs, wonderful stones and made different compositions from them, and even living water...”
Bruce was considered a sorcerer and wizard, but in fact he was a well-educated man who tried to unravel the eternal secrets of the universe - the phenomenon of life and death, the reasons for the emergence of the world, the riddle of existence.
Bruce did not study anywhere and achieved everything through self-education. By the end of his life, he had studied half a dozen languages and translated many books: the works of the famous Christian Huygens1 and “Fortification” by Cougorn, treatises on mechanics and much more. He compiled dictionaries: Russian-Dutch and Dutch-Russian, wrote the first Russian textbook on geometry and, as they claimed, compiled the famous “Bruce calendar”, according to which it was possible to predict the weather and events two decades in advance .
Bruce composed one of the best geographical maps Russia and one of the first astronomical atlases.
Bruce owes his fame as a magician and sorcerer to the fact that during all his travels and campaigns he took a telescope and spent a long time looking at the stars at night. And when in 1701 in Moscow, in the Sukharev Tower, the Navigation School was opened, then on the roof of the tower there were bright moonlit nights one could often see the dark silhouette of a man looking up at the sky. Bruce also became the first head of the Artillery School, created in the same 1701 and located in the Sukharev Tower.
And Bruce was neither an astrologer, nor an alchemist, nor a sorcerer. He was a scientist - a follower of Copernicus and Newton. He was a military man, engineer and artilleryman, whose cannons destroyed the Swedish artillery near Poltava. He was a diplomat who signed Nystadt Peace, which ended the great Northern War, which lasted 21 years and gave Russia both access to the sea and territories that none of the previous victorious wars had brought.
In 1726, Bruce retired with the rank of field marshal and settled on Glinka's estate near Moscow, devoting himself entirely to academic pursuits. There he died on April 19, 1735.
A title in a work of art is one of the ways to express the author’s position. It either reflects the essence of the conflicting works, or names the key episode or the main character, or expresses the main idea of the work. Many years after the Great Patriotic War in 1957, M.A. Sholokhov writes the story “The Fate of a Man”, the plot of which is based on the life story of an ordinary person Andrei Sokolov. The story is narrated in the first person, on behalf of the main character, who talks about his life to a stranger whom he mistook for a driver. Having carefully examined Andrei Sokolov, the narrator pays special attention to the man’s eyes: “eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such an inescapable mortal melancholy that it is difficult to look into them.” This detail speaks of the difficult, very difficult life of Andrei Sokolov, because the eyes are the mirror of the soul. The hero tells about his fate. This is precisely the word given to M.A. Sholokhov in the title of the story. Not fate, not fate, not predestination, but precisely fate: a word that contains all the previous meanings, but at the same time, here for the writer it is a synonym for the word life. Indeed, the life of Andrei Sokolov at first “was ordinary”: family, wife, three children, a good job, but the war began, which brought pain and suffering. First captivity, then the death of his wife and daughters, and finally the death of his son. Any person who experienced this could become angry, bitter, and curse his fate. But Andrei Sokolov found the strength to help the little boy Vanyusha, who was left an orphan after the war: the hero adopted Vanyusha: “A burning tear began to boil inside me, and I immediately decided: “We must not be lost apart!” I’ll take him as my child.” Andrei Sokolov himself decided to take in an orphan boy, thereby changing his destiny and filling his life with meaning. How the topic is revealed moral duty person in Russian prose of the second half of the twentieth century? (Using the example of one of the works of your choice.)
The story “Obelisk” by V. Bykov, published in the early 70s, is dedicated to the feat of an ordinary rural teacher Ales Moroz. Appointed to the village as a teacher immediately after the liberation of the western regions of Belarus from the oppression of lordly Poland, Moroz, with his active participation in building a new life and active desire to do good to people, quickly gained the respect and love of both his students and adult village residents. The war has begun. The village was occupied by the Nazis. Frost could have gone into the forest, where groups and detachments of people's avengers had already formed. But he sensibly reasoned that given his physical disability (severe lameness that makes movement difficult), he would not be of much use. And Moroz decides to stay in order to continue raising and teaching the children.
At first, this act of Moroz caused bewilderment among many. Teaching under the Germans! With their permission! Has Moroz taken the path of cooperation with the occupiers? When the former head of the Tkachuk district came to him one night from the partisan detachment, Ales said: “If you mean my current teaching, then leave your doubts. I won't teach you anything bad. And school is necessary. If we don’t teach, they will fool us. And I didn’t humanize these guys for two years so that they would now be dehumanized. I will still fight for them. As much as I can, of course.”
And he fought to the end. After his students, who decided to take revenge on the police for searching the school, were captured, the Germans demanded the teacher's appearance. Otherwise, they said, the boys would be hanged. What was Moroz to do in this critical situation? What should I do? He understood that reporting to the Germans meant death for him. I also understood that the occupiers would still not let the boys go even if he showed up. And yet, he left the partisan detachment and returned to be with his students, to share their tragic fate. He could not do otherwise. He would have punished himself all his life for leaving the boys alone, for not supporting them at the most terrible moment of their lives. A few days later, the Germans hanged Moroz, brutally beaten, next to his students...
In an article about how the story “Sotnikov” was created, V. Bykov wrote: “no one wanted to lose their only and so necessary life, and only the need to remain human to the end forced them to die.” These words can rightfully be attributed to the teacher Ales Moroz, a man who is completely devoted to his duty, morally strong and integral, who does not make any compromises. His act is self-sacrifice in the name of a high goal, in the name of the future. _______________
What values are affirmed in the poetry of V.V. Mayakovsky? (Using at least two poems of your choice as an example.)
V. Mayakovsky's lyrics touch on various issues: the place of the poet-creator in the world around him is characterized, there are reflections on the topic of mercy, compassion, and others.
In the poem “Could You?” real reality comes into contact with the poet’s lyrical existence:
And you
play nocturne
could
on the drainpipe flute?
In this poem, Mayakovsky argues that poetry is given the right to transform everyday reality:
I immediately blurred the map of everyday life,
Splashing paint from a glass.
The poem conveys the tragedy of the creator’s position in a world of misunderstanding and spiritual loneliness. In a spiritless atmosphere, the poet is deprived of the main joys of life: the feeling of boundless freedom and love.
In the poem “Here!” the lyrical hero is lonely, in an atmosphere of philistine vulgarity. Lyrical hero feels isolated, calling himself a “rude Hun.” The world of “fat” ordinary people looking at “things like an oyster from the shell” is satirically depicted. The poet writes about the petty bourgeois’s addiction to things, about the consumer attitude towards spiritual values:
All of you on the butterfly of the poet's heart
perch up, dirty, in galoshes and without galoshes.
The crowd will go wild, they will rub,
the hundred-headed louse will bristle its legs.
In the poem “Listen!” main artistically is the image of a star as a symbol of dreams, hope:
After all, if the stars
light up -
Does that mean anyone needs this?
This means it is necessary
so that every evening
over the roofs
Did at least one star light up?!
The poem “The Satisfied Ones” ridicules bureaucracy and gives the image of a split man:
Enraged
To the meeting
I burst into an avalanche
Spewing wild curses on the way.
And I see: / Half of the people are sitting.
The loss of moral and spiritual values leads to a split personality.
As we see, V.V. Mayakovsky in his poetry touches on many social and moral problems.
A title in a work of art is one of the ways to express the author’s position. It either reflects the essence of the conflicting works, or names the key episode or the main character, or expresses the main idea of the work.
Many years after the Great Patriotic War in 1957, M.A. Sholokhov writes the story “The Fate of a Man”, the plot of which is based on the life story of an ordinary person Andrei Sokolov.
The story is narrated in the first person, on behalf of the main character, who talks about his life to a stranger whom he mistook for a driver. Having carefully examined Andrei Sokolov, the narrator pays special attention to the man’s eyes: “eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such an inescapable mortal melancholy that it is difficult to look into them.” This detail speaks of the difficult, very difficult life of Andrei Sokolov, because the eyes are the mirror of the soul. The hero tells about his fate. This is precisely the word given to M.A. Sholokhov in the title of the story. Not fate, not fate, not predestination, but precisely fate: a word that contains all the previous meanings, but at the same time, here for the writer it is a synonym for the word life. Indeed, the life of Andrei Sokolov at first “was ordinary”: family, wife, three children, a good job, but the war began, which brought pain and suffering. First captivity, then the death of his wife and daughters, and finally the death of his son. Any person who experienced this could become angry, bitter, and curse his fate. But Andrei Sokolov found the strength to help the little boy Vanyusha, who was left an orphan after the war: the hero adopted Vanyusha: “A burning tear began to boil inside me, and I immediately decided: “We must not be lost apart!” I’ll take him as my child.”
Andrei Sokolov himself decided to take in an orphan boy, thereby changing his destiny and filling his life with meaning.
M.A. Sholokhov called the work “The Fate of a Man,” without indicating that the story would be about the life of a specific person who lost the most precious thing in the war: his wife, children, but who retained the most important thing - the human heart. Thus, from a story about the fate of a specific person, the work turns into a story about the fate of all humanity, when everyone is responsible to themselves and others for their lives.
The title of Sholokhov's story is ambiguous: it indicates the moral essence of Andrei Sokolov: from an ordinary driver who married Irinka, had three children, survived captivity, when “death passed by... only a chill came from it...” he becomes the man who adopted Vanya, and Now Sokolov is afraid for his life (my heart is swaying, the piston needs to be changed..."), since now he is responsible for the little boy.
The dream of a soul mate united two orphan destinies: a soldier who went through the war and an orphaned boy, and from now on, united, they walk through life together.
Thus, the title of Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man” raises the narrative to the level of universal generalization, making the small story a deep epic that reveals the most complex issues and touches on the foundations of human coexistence.