The story " dog's heart"was written by Bulgakov in 1925. but it was published only in 1987. This was the author's last satirical story. The huge experiment that was taking place throughout the country at that time was reflected in an allegorical form in this work.
The experiment to transform a dog into a human, conducted by the world-famous professor Preobrazhensky, has succeeded. and no. It turned out because Professor Preobrazhensky was the best surgeon in Europe and he managed to get ahead of his time. It didn’t work out, because the result of this experiment not only exceeded all the professor’s hopes, but also horrified, frightened, and forced everything back to normal. These events took place in the midst of the construction of a new society and a new person in Russia. Once upon a time there lived a cute and smart dog who suffered from human cruelty: “But my body is broken, beaten, people abused it enough... Didn’t they hit you on the backside with a boot? They beat me. Did you get hit in the ribs with a brick? There is enough food." The last straw that overflowed the cup of Sharik’s suffering was that his left side was scalded with boiling water: “Despair overwhelmed him. His soul was so painful and bitter, so lonely and scary, that small dog tears, like pimples, crawled out of his eyes and immediately dried up.”
Salvation came in the form of Professor Preobrazhensky, who fed Sharik and brought him to his home. The poor dog does not understand what is happening in this apartment, but he is fed well, and this is enough for the dog. But then the day comes when a terrible experiment is performed on Sharik. Bulgakov, describing the operation of transplanting a human pituitary gland into a dog, clearly shows his negative attitude towards everything that is happening: the previously attractive and respectable Professor Preobrazhensky and Doctor Bormental change dramatically: “Sweat crawled from Bormenthal in streams, and his face became fleshy and multi-colored. His eyes darted from the professor's hands to the plate on the instrument table. Philip Philipovich became positively scary. A hiss escaped from his nose, his teeth opened to his gums.” Thinking about the achievements of science, the heroes forget about the most important thing - about humanity, about the torment that the unfortunate dog suffered, about the consequences to which this experiment will lead. The pituitary gland that was transplanted into Sharik belonged to Klim Chugunkin, a repeat offender who was killed in a fight and sentenced to hard labor. The professor did not take into account the genes that passed on to Sharik, as a result of which, as Philip Philipovich said, the sweetest dog turned “into such scum that it makes your hair stand on end.” Sharik became Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov, his first words were obscene curses. He was reborn into an ignorant, evil, aggressive boor who simply poisoned the lives of everyone around him in the professor’s house. The upbringing that the professor and Doctor Bormenthal are trying to instill in him is completely destroyed by the influence of Shvonder, who knows how to put pressure on Sharikov’s basest instincts. The professor's intelligence turns out to be powerless in the face of the naked rudeness, arrogance and greed of the half-man, half-dog. The professor realizes his mistake: “Here, doctor, what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” The discovery that Preobrazhensky made turns out to be completely unnecessary: “Please explain to me why it is necessary to artificially fabricate Spinoza, when any woman can give birth to him at any time. Doctor, humanity itself takes care of this and, in an evolutionary order, every year persistently, singling out all kinds of scum from the masses, creates dozens of outstanding geniuses who adorn the globe.”
When Sharikov turned the professor's life into a real hell, the scientists perform another operation: Sharikov becomes what he was originally - a cute, cunning dog. Only the headaches reminded him of the metamorphoses that were happening to him: “I was so lucky, so lucky,” he thought, dozing off, “simply indescribably lucky. I established myself in this apartment... True, for some reason they cut my head all over, but that will heal before the wedding.” Sharik's story ended happily, but that huge risky experiment to transform a huge country will end tragically: Sharikovs bred in incredible numbers, and we are still reaping the benefits of this experiment. You can’t force history, you can’t experiment on living people, you can’t help but think about the consequences that the vain desire to transform human nature and create “ ideal person", "ideal society", without changing his soul, consciousness and morality - this is the result to which the reader comes, reflecting on Sharik’s transformations in the story “Heart of a Dog”.
On one of his significant stories, “Heart of a Dog,” M.A. Bulgakov presumably worked in 1924, and in January - March of the following year he wrote the last pages.
“Heart of a Dog” is a multifaceted work, despite its apparent external simplicity. Completely unusual events here (the transformation of a dog into a human) are intertwined with specific everyday signs of the times. The plot of the work is based on the experiment of the world-famous scientist and physician Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky. The final result of his experience was to be the creation of a new man, a physically perfect personality.
Experimental material for the operation soon appeared. He was a twenty-five-year-old man, Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin, a non-party member, a thief with two convictions, by profession a musician who played the balalaika in taverns, was killed with a knife in the heart in a pub. And so, together with Dr. Bormental, Philip Philipovich performs a unique operation: he replaces the brain of the dog, the mongrel Sharik, with the cerebral pituitary gland and human glands of Klim Chugunkin. Surprisingly, the experiment was a success: on the seventh day, instead of barking, the human dog began to make sounds, and then move like a human...
But gradually the medical and biological experiment turns into a social and moral problem, for the sake of which the entire work was conceived. The eternally hungry, homeless beggar Sharik takes on a human form and even chooses a name for himself, which confuses the professor - Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. Having made friends with Shvonder, Sharikov armed himself with the ideas of socialist teachings, but perceives them distortedly.
Sharik turned out to be a strange hybrid. The dog left him with animal habits and manners: Sharikov snaps, catches fleas, bites, and has a pathological hatred of cats. From man, the new creature inherited the same bad inclinations that Klim Chugunkin possessed. Like Chugunkin, Sharikov has a sad penchant for alcohol (at dinner, Bormental is even forced to ask Zina to remove vodka from the table; in Preobrazhensky’s absence he brings drunken friends into the apartment and starts a drunken brawl), he is dishonest (remember the money he stole from the professor , he blamed it on the innocent “Zinka”). Most likely, Klim, accustomed to a riotous lifestyle, did not consider it shameful to perceive a woman only as a source of bodily pleasures, and Sharikov makes an attempt to lure a woman, but does it rudely, primitively: he sneaks up to Zina at night, pinches the breasts of a lady on the stairs, and deceives the desperate woman eternal malnutrition to the typist Vasnetsov. The genes passed on to the man-dog are far from perfect: he is a drunkard, a rowdy, a criminal. I can’t help but remember: “Do not expect a good tribe from a bad seed.” Another reason is the objective conditions in which Sharikov was formed - the revolutionary reality of those years.
From Shvonder and the socialist teachings he propagated, Sharikov took only everything bad: he wants to “dispossess” Preobrazhensky, who has seven whole rooms, and he dines like a bourgeois in the dining room. Meanwhile, Preobrazhensky’s talent as a surgeon and the brilliant operations he performs give the professor the right to material wealth. In addition, Sharikov does not consider it unethical and immoral to report people to the relevant authorities.
Sharikov's transformation into a human revealed him terrible essence: he turned out to be a rude, ungrateful, arrogant, unspiritual creature, vulgar, cruel, narrow-minded. Every day he gets worse. The cup of patience was filled with the denunciation of Preobrazhensky. There was only one way out: to return Polygraph Poligrafovich to his dog’s appearance, because Sharikov in the guise of a dog is nobler, smarter, more friendly, more peaceful. Sharik respected Preobrazhensky, was grateful to him, he felt sorry for the poor secretary, and so on. Indeed, why add another person to society if this is not a person, but a pitiful semblance of a person?
Preobrazhensky’s experiment can also be interpreted as a parodic embodiment of the idea of a “new man”, born of a revolutionary explosion and Marxist theory. The operation to return Sharikov to his former, dog-like appearance is a recognition that the man-idea, born of the revolution, must return (and will return) to his roots, from which the revolution turned him away, first of all, to faith in God. Through the mouth of Preobrazhensky, Bulgakov expressed the idea of the danger of reckless invasion not only into the biological nature of man, but also into the social processes of society.
Starting my thoughts about Professor Preobrazhensky, the hero of the work “Heart of a Dog,” I would like to dwell a little on some facts of the biography of the author - Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (05/15/1891 Kyiv - 03/10/1940, Moscow), Russian writer, theater playwright and director. All this is in order to draw some parallels that will largely unite the author and his imaginary hero.
A little about the author's biography
Bulgakov was born into the family of an associate professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy, but he himself soon became a student at the medical faculty of Kyiv University. During World War I he worked as a front-line doctor. In the spring of 1918, he returned to Kyiv, where he practiced as a private venereologist. IN civil war 1919 Bulgakov - military doctor of the Ukrainian military army, then the Armed Forces of southern Russia, the Red Cross, the Volunteer Army, etc. Having fallen ill with typhus in 1920, he was treated in Vladikavkaz, and after that his writing talent awoke. He will write to his cousin that he has finally understood: his job is to write.
Prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky
You can really compare Bulgakov with the prototype of the main character; they have too much in common. However, it is generally accepted that Preobrazhensky (the professor) as an image was copied from his uncle Mikhail Afanasyevich, a famous Moscow doctor, gynecologist
In 1926, the OGPU conducted a search of the writer, and as a result, the manuscripts of “The Heart of a Dog” and the diary were confiscated.
This story was dangerous for the writer because it became a satire on the Soviet regime of the 20-30s. The newly created class of the proletariat is represented here by heroes like the Shvonders and Sharikovs, who are absolutely far from the values of the destroyed tsarist Russia.
They are all opposed to Professor Preobrazhensky, whose quotes deserve special attention. This surgeon and scientist, who is a luminary Russian science, appears for the first time at the moment when in the story the dog, the future Sharikov, dies in a city gateway - hungry and cold, with a burnt side. The professor appears at the most painful hours for the dog. The dog’s thoughts “voice” Preobrazhensky as a cultured gentleman, with an intelligent beard and mustache, like those of French knights.
Experiment
Professor Preobrazhensky's main business is to treat people, to look for new ways to achieve longevity and effective means of rejuvenation. Of course, like any scientist, he could not live without experiments. He picks up the dog, and at the same time a plan is born in the doctor’s head: he decides to perform an operation to transplant the pituitary gland. He does this experiment on a dog in the hope of finding effective method to gain a “second youth”. However, the consequences of the operation were unexpected.
Over the course of several weeks, the dog, which was given the nickname Sharik, becomes a human and receives documents bearing the name Sharikov. Professor Preobrazhensky and his assistant Bormental are trying to instill in him worthy and noble human manners. However, their “education” does not bring any visible results.
Transformation into a human
Preobrazhensky expresses his opinion to assistant Ivan Arnoldovich Bormental: it is necessary to understand the horror that Sharikov no longer has a dog’s heart, but a human one, and “the lousiest of all those existing in nature.”
Bulgakov created a parody of socialist revolution, described the clash of two classes, in which Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky is a professor and intellectual, and the working class is Sharikov and others like him.
The professor, like a real nobleman, accustomed to luxury, living in a 7-room apartment and every day eating various delicacies such as salmon, eels, turkey, roast beef, and washing it all down with cognac, vodka and wine, suddenly found himself in an unexpected situation. The unbridled and arrogant Sharikovs and Shvonders burst into his calm and proportionate aristocratic life.
House Committee
Shvonder is a separate example of the proletarian class; he and his company constitute the house committee in the house where Preobrazhensky, an experimental professor, lives. They, however, seriously began to fight him. But he is also not so simple, Professor Preobrazhensky’s monologue about the devastation in people’s heads suggests that the proletariat and its interests are simply hateful to him, and as long as he has the opportunity to devote himself to his favorite business (science), he will be indifferent to petty swindlers and swindlers like Shvondera.
But he enters into a serious struggle with his household member Sharikov. If Shvonder puts pressure purely outwardly, then you can’t so easily disown Sharikov, because it’s him - his product scientific activity and the creation of a failed experiment. Sharikov brings such chaos and destruction into his house that in two weeks the professor experienced more stress than in all his years.
Image
However, the image of Professor Preobrazhensky is very curious. No, he is by no means the embodiment of virtue. He, just like any person, has his own shortcomings, he is a rather selfish, narcissistic, vain, but a living and real person. Preobrazhensky became the image of a real intellectual, alone fighting the devastation brought by the Sharikov generation. Isn't this fact worthy of sympathy, respect and sympathy?
Time for revolution
The story “Heart of a Dog” shows the reality of the 20s of the twentieth century. Dirty streets are described, where signs are hung everywhere promising a bright future for people. An even more depressing mood is caused by bad, cold stormy weather and the homeless image of a dog, which, like most Soviet people of a new country under construction, literally survives and is in constant search of warmth and food.
It is in this chaos that one of the few intellectuals who survived during a dangerous and difficult time, Preobrazhensky, appears - an aristocratic professor. The character Sharikov, still in his dog body, assessed him in his own way: that he “eats abundantly and does not steal, will not kick, and he himself is not afraid of anyone, because he is always full.”
Two sides
The image of Preobrazhensky is like a ray of light, like an island of stability, satiety and well-being in a terrible reality post-war years. He's actually nice. But many do not like a person who, in general, everything is going well, but for whom it is not enough to have seven rooms - he wants another one, an eighth, to make a library in it.
However, the house committee began an intensified struggle against the professor and wanted to take his apartment away from him. In the end, the proletarians did not manage to harm the professor, and therefore the reader could not help but rejoice at this fact.
But this is only one side of the coin of Preobrazhensky’s life, and if you delve deeper into the essence of the matter, you can see a not very attractive picture. The wealth that he has main character Bulgakov, Professor Preobrazhensky, it must be said, did not suddenly fall on his head and was not inherited from rich relatives. He made his wealth himself. And now he serves people who have received power into their hands, because now it is their time to enjoy all the benefits.
One of Preobrazhensky’s clients voices very interesting things: “No matter how much I steal, everything goes to female body, Abrau-Durso champagne and cancer necks." But the professor, despite all his high morality, intelligence and sensitivity, does not try to reason with his patient, re-educate him or express displeasure. He understands that he needs money to support his usual way of life without need: with all the necessary servants in the house, with a table filled with all sorts of dishes such as sausages not from Mosselprom or caviar spread on crispy fresh bread.
In the work, Professor Preobrazhensky uses a dog’s heart for his experiment. It's not because he loves animals that he picks exhausted dog, to feed or warm, but because, as it seems to him, a brilliant, but monstrous plan for him has arisen in his head. And further in the book this operation is described in detail, which only causes unpleasant emotions. As a result of the rejuvenation operation, the professor ends up with a “newborn” person in his hands. That’s why it’s not in vain that Bulgakov gives telling surname and the status of his hero - Preobrazhensky, a professor who implants the cerebellum of the repeat offender Klimka into a dog that came to him. This has borne fruit, such side effects The professor didn't expect it.
Professor Preobrazhensky's phrases contain thoughts about education, which, in his opinion, could make Sharikov a more or less acceptable member social society. But Sharikov was not given a chance. Preobrazhensky had no children, and he did not know the basics of pedagogy. Perhaps that is why his experiment did not go in the right direction.
And few people pay attention to Sharikov’s words that he, like a poor animal, was grabbed, striped and now they are abhorring him, but he, by the way, did not give his permission for the operation and can sue. And, what is most interesting, no one notices the truth behind his words.
Teacher and educator
Preobrazhensky became the first literature teacher for Sharikov, although he understood that learning to speak does not mean becoming a full-fledged person. He wanted to make a highly developed personality out of the beast. After all, the professor himself in the book is a standard of education and high culture and a supporter of old, pre-revolutionary morals. He very clearly defined his position, speaking about the ensuing devastation and the inability of the proletariat to cope with it. The professor believes that people should first of all be taught the most basic culture; he is sure that using brute force, nothing can be achieved in the world. He realizes that he has created a being with dead soul, and finds the only way out: to do the opposite operation, since his educational methods did not work on Sharikov, because in a conversation with the maid Zina he noted: “You can’t fight anyone... You can influence a person and an animal only by suggestion.”
But the skills of demagoguery, as it turns out, are learned much easier and faster than the skills of creative activity. And Shvonder succeeds in raising Sharikov. He does not teach him grammar and mathematics, but begins immediately with the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky, as a result of which Sharikov, with his low level of development, despite the complexity of the topic, from which his “head was swollen,” came to the conclusion: “Take everything and share!” This idea of social justice was understood best of all by the people's power and the newly minted citizen Sharikov.
Professor Preobrazhensky: “Devastation in our heads”
It should be noted that “Heart of a Dog” shows from all sides the absurdity and madness of the new structure of society that arose after 1917. Professor Preobrazhensky understood this well. The character's quotes about the devastation in their heads are unique. He says that if a doctor, instead of performing operations, starts singing in chorus, he will be ruined. If he begins to urinate past the toilet, and all his servants do this, then devastation will begin in the restroom. Consequently, the devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads.
Famous quotes by Professor Preobrazhensky
In general, the book “Heart of a Dog” is a real quotation book. The professor’s main and vivid expressions were described in the text above, but there are several more that also deserve the reader’s attention and will be interesting for various reflections.
- “He who is not in a hurry is successful everywhere.”
- “Why was the carpet removed from main staircase? What, Karl Marx forbids carpets on stairs?”
- “Humanity itself takes care of this and, in an evolutionary order, every year persistently creates dozens of outstanding geniuses from the mass of all kinds of scum that adorn the globe.”
- “What is this destruction of yours? An old woman with a stick? A witch who knocked out all the windows and put out all the lamps?”
The story “Heart of a Dog” is one of the pinnacle works of M. A. Bulgakov. It combines specific signs of the reality of the 20s. and fantasy. The writer shows a grotesque image of his contemporary reality.
The story is based on the great experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky. Philip Philipovich is a well-known, respected doctor who performs amazing surgeries to rejuvenate patients. He has no equal, he is a true ace in his field.
In one of the gateways, Professor Preobrazhensky finds a homeless dog Sharik, hungry and unhappy, and decides to take him in. But Preobrazhensky is not driven by a humane attitude towards animals or selflessness. He had already planned his experiment and now found a suitable specimen for it. Sharik lives an unenviable life. Every day he has to wander around the doorways in search of a piece of bread. He has nowhere to hide from the frost and blizzard. He is angry. At the same time, Sharik is very intelligent. He has his own assessment of the life, morals, and residents of Moscow.
Preobrazhensky immediately attracted Shari's attention. “It is a citizen, and not a comrade, and even, most likely, a master,” the dog concluded about him. When Bormenthal asks his mentor how he managed to lure such nervous dog, Preobrazhensky replies that caress is the only way that is possible in dealing with a living creature. The professor often speaks out against terror and violence in his speeches. However, in reality he contradicts himself. Sharik undergoes an experimental operation.
The new humanized creature is clearly shorter than Sharik. Having barely transformed, the “mongrel” cursed Preobrazhensky “for his mother,” and this was only the beginning of the life of a man with a dog’s heart. Vulgar swearing began to be constantly heard from the former Sharik, he quickly reproduced “everything swear words, which only exist in the Russian lexicon” and which were stored in his subconscious. Sharikov’s “ancestor” is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. He was sued three times, famous for playing the balalaika in taverns and for his addiction to alcohol. The image is very unsightly. All his shortcomings were entirely inherited by Sharikov.
Philip Philipovich is forced to admit his mistake, but he admits it immediately only in the part that concerns rejuvenation. As Preobrazhensky understood, changing the pituitary gland does not provide rejuvenation, but complete humanization.
However, soon Sharikov’s antics begin to make a painful impression on the professor. “So that I no longer hear a single swear word in the apartment! Don't give a damn! Here's a spittoon. Handle the urinal carefully,” he angrily scolds the newly minted Polygraph Poligrafovich. The former mongrel not only swears, behaves uncivilly, watches for Zina in the dark, but also begins to enter into feuds with the professor himself. In an argument, Sharikov behaves confidently and cheekily. He reproaches the doctor for performing an operation to which he did not consent, expresses claims to complete freedom and the right to register in Preobrazhensky’s apartment. “Well, dude,” the doctor flashes through his head one day. A little later, he mentally exclaims: “Nightmare, nightmare!” Thought about perfect mistake begins to knock on Preobrazhensky’s head more and more insistently. Polygraph Poligrafovich indulges in alcohol, makes friends with Shvonder, gets a very dubious job, and tricks him into getting consent to marry himself.
The professor begins to seriously think about performing the reverse operation and eventually decides to do it. “The old ass Preobrazhensky,” he scolds himself, “ran into this operation as a third-year student.” The professor suddenly realizes that “ sweetest dog he turned “into scum.” As a result of the experiment, the doctor received an “exceptional scoundrel,” a “hamais pig,” a person with the most “lousy” heart “of all that exist in nature.”
The professor realizes that there is no point in trying to “artificially fabricate Spinoza.” Experiments on nature can end quite dramatically.
Drawing the story of Sharik's transformation, Bulgakov reveals the problem of the scientist's responsibility for the results of his experiments, the problem of a person's right to a social experiment, to interfere in the natural, evolutionary development of the life process. The writer embodies his conviction in the preference of the natural course of life over the violent method of invading it. Bulgakov says that the power of smug, aggressive ignorance is destructive.
Allowing his hero to carry out a second operation, the writer draws the reader’s attention to the problem of the intelligentsia, asserts the right of the intelligentsia to fight for its rights.
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Mikhail Bulgakov's story “Heart of a Dog” can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the 1917 revolution, showed the dire consequences of human intervention in the natural course of development, be it nature or society. Using the example of the failure of Professor Preobrazhensky’s experiment, M. Bulgakov tried to say in the distant 20s that the country must be returned, if possible, to its former natural state.
Why do we call the experiment of a brilliant professor unsuccessful? From a scientific point of view, this experiment, on the contrary, is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he transplants a human pituitary gland into a dog from a twenty-eight-year-old man who died a few hours before the operation. This man is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. Bulgakov gives him a brief but succinct description: “Profession is playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is dilated (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab in the heart in a pub.” And what? The creature that emerged as a result of a scientific experiment has the makings of an eternally hungry street dog Sharika is combined with the qualities of the alcoholic and criminal Klim Chugunkin. And it is not surprising that the first words he uttered were swearing, and the first “decent” word was “bourgeois.”
The scientific result turned out to be unexpected and unique, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences. The type who appeared in the house of Professor Preobrazhensky as a result of the operation, “ vertically challenged and unattractive appearance,” upended the well-functioning life of this house. He behaves defiantly rudely, arrogantly and insolently.
Newly-minted Polygrapher Poligrafovich Sharikov.” puts on patent leather shoes and a tie of a poisonous color, his suit is dirty, unkempt, tasteless. With the help of the house committee Shvonder, he registers in Preobrazhensky’s apartment, demands the “sixteen arshins” of living space allotted to him, and even tries to bring his wife into the house. He believes that he is raising his ideological level: he is reading a book recommended by Shvonder - the correspondence of Engels with Kautsky. And he even makes critical remarks about the correspondence...
From the point of view of Professor Preobrazhensky, all these are pathetic attempts that in no way contribute to Sharikov’s mental and spiritual development. But from the point of view of Shvonder and others like him, Sharikov is quite suitable for the society that they create. Sharikov was even hired by a government agency. For him, to become a boss, albeit a small one, means to transform outwardly, to gain power over people. Now he's wearing leather jacket and boots, drives a state car, controls the fate of a girl secretary. His arrogance becomes limitless. All day long, obscene language and balalaika tinkling can be heard in the professor's house; Sharikov comes home drunk, pesters women, breaks and destroys everything around him. It becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house.
Professor Preobrazhensky and Bormenthal unsuccessfully try to instill rules in him good manners, develop and form it. Of the possible cultural events, Sharikov only likes the circus, and he calls the theater a counter-revolution. In response to the demands of Preobrazhensky and Bormental to behave culturally at the table, Sharikov ironically notes that this is how people tormented themselves under the tsarist regime.
Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a success for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” He comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in real life, such experiments are irreversible, warns Bulgakov.
In his story “Heart of a Dog,” Mikhail Bulgakov says that the revolution that took place in Russia is not the result of natural socio-economic and spiritual development society, but an irresponsible experiment. This is exactly how Bulgakov perceived everything that was happening around and what was called the construction of socialism. The writer protests against attempts to create a new perfect society using revolutionary methods that do not exclude violence. And to educate new things using the same methods, free man he was extremely skeptical. the main idea The writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people.