It seemed to determine the tense of the verb. Past tense of a verb in Russian and English

26.09.2019

Instructions

So now practice. Verbs can change according to number, and in the singular - also according to gender. Moreover, they do not have several forms of faces. To form the past tense in speech, it is necessary to use an infinitive stem or a past tense stem with the suffix -l, which change according to gender and number. For example: “He spoke a lot and passionately and attracted the audience,” “She said interesting things and attracted the audience,” and “They spoke outside the rules and attracted the audience.”

And in uniform male singular, the only indicator of gender and number is zero: “Last day he got wet through and through”, “He prudently warned those around him about the danger”, “He faithfully guarded the catch”, “The man was very cold and was constantly shaking” and “The old man suddenly became deaf and didn't move."

It is also interesting that the historical formation of the past tense form, according to the opinion large quantity linguists, goes back to the perfect participle, which has the suffix -l and is used in the perfect with the present tense form and with the help of the auxiliary verb “to be”.

Video on the topic

In Russian, there are two forms of verbs in the future tense. These are the future simple or synthetic and the future complex or analytical. In addition, and depending on whether they belong to the first or second category, verbs of the future tense change in only two ways.

Verb tense category

Tense is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, representing a process as already completed, being carried out or which will be carried out and expressing these meanings in indicative mood(in morphological forms of past, present and future tense). The system of forms of the indicative mood expresses the opposition of the meanings of coincidence, precedence and succession of the process in relation to the starting point of time. These meanings are presented in present, past and future tenses respectively: I'm reading, read, I will read.

The basis for determining the time of the process is an abstract grammatical reference point. It may coincide with the moment of speech, or it may not coincide. There are absolute and relative temporal meanings of verb forms. Time is called absolute when the moment of speech acts as the starting point for determining the time plan: The sound of thunder woke up the surrounding villages. Relative time is called when the time of implementation of another process acts as such a starting point. For example, in the sentence He already knew yesterday, that they won’t take him on a hike form will take denotes an action as the future not in relation to the moment of speech, but in relation to the time of implementation of the process called form knew. This is the value of the future action of the form will take and is its relative time value.

In the indicative mood, there are forms that have a special morphological indicator of time and those that do not. The first include past tense forms characterized by the suffix -l, as well as forms of the future complex, which have an auxiliary verb as a special indicator of time be in his personal forms; to the second - the forms of the present and future simple, the endings of which express the meaning of person and number. The personal endings of the forms of the present and future simple are at the same time non-special temporal indicators of these forms.

Among the verbal categories with which the category of tense is interconnected, a special place is occupied by the category of aspect, which determines the possibility of forming all or not all tense forms: imperfective verbs form forms of all three tenses, perfective verbs form only past and future tense forms.

Forms of time can be used not only literally, but also figuratively. In the first case, the categorical meaning of the tense form of the verb coincides with the real time of the process: A military band performs in a city park(form and meaning of the present tense). When used figuratively, there is no such coincidence: I'm going to a show tomorrow(present tense form - future tense meaning).

The present tense has the meaning of the coincidence of the process with the moment of speech in contrast to this moment with the past and future.

Present tense forms are formed from the present tense stem of imperfective verbs by adding endings that represent a combined indicator of person, number and tense. The endings of verbs, depending on whether the verb belongs to the I or II conjugation, are given in Table. 34.

Verb endings of I and II conjugations

Face	Singular		Plural
Face	I conjugation	II conjugation	I conjugation	II conjugation
	U(s) ( writing)	U(s) ( gon-yu)	-eat (write-eat)	-them (gon-im)
	-eat (write and eat)	-hey (gon' go)	-yeah (write)	-ite (gon-ite)
	-et (writes)	-it (gon-it)	-ut (ut) (pish-ut)	-am (-yat) (gon-yat)

When using forms of the present tense with a primary meaning, a distinction is made between the actual present tense (or the present actual) and the improperly present tense (or the present non-actual). The forms of the present itself mean that we are talking about a process that coincides with the moment of speech: Students write an essay; It's raining outside the window. Forms of the improper present have following values: present constant and present abstract. The forms of the present constant denote a process the implementation of which has no time restrictions: The city is surrounded by swamps; Rivers flow into seas and oceans. Forms of the present abstract are used to denote a repeating, typical process, the manifestation of which is not associated with a specific time plan: Physically unhardened people often catch colds; Usually in the summer I go out of town.

There are other, less common varieties of the improper present - the present commenting: Pobedonosikov takes off his cap, drops suitcase(V. Mayakovsky, stage directions), which is most often found in stage directions works of art, in the presentation of the contents of the documents; and the present pictorial: And then... the triumph of beauty begins to seem, youth, flourishing of strength and passionate thirst for life; the soul gives a beautiful response, harsh homeland, and I want to fly over the steppe with a night bird(A. Chekhov) - usually used when describing imaginary events, and real time the occurrence of these events depends on the situation or context.

Past tense What matters is the precedence of the process to the moment of speech in opposition to this moment to the present and the future.

Past tense forms are formed from the past tense stem using a suffix -l or zero suffix. Suffix -l regularly used in the formation of past tense forms zh.r. and w.r. singular, as well as plural forms, and to the suffix -l ending added -A in zh.r. and -o in s.r. units, ending -And and plural forms: sister arrived, the sun was shining, the children were playing. In past tense forms m.r. suffix - l appears regularly only if the formative stem of the past tense ends in a vowel ( watched, drew, said, pushed). If this stem ends in a consonant, then the form m.r. has a null suffix: rowing, wet, chilled, frozen, ter. Indicator of gender and number in the forms of m.r. units also represented by a null ending.

Past tense forms denote a process that precedes the grammatical reference point, however, depending on the type of verb, additional characteristics are layered on this meaning of precedence. Forms formed by perfective verbs have a perfect meaning, i.e. denote a process as completed in the past, but retaining the result in the present ( On strong wind children chilled ), or do not contain such an indication ( I thanked him and came out ). Past tense forms of perfective verbs can also denote long-term, but limited in duration processes ( We sang , let's play And calmed down ).

Unlike perfective verbs, the past tense forms of imperfective verbs denote a process in its flow, indicate its duration or repetition: The sea is still it was noisy And beat about the shore; one longboat rocked on the waves, and he's sleepy flickered light(A. Chekhov). Only a few imperfective verbs, denoting processes of perception and cognition, can be used in the past tense with a perfect meaning: This book I read. Among other meanings of past tense forms, it is worth noting the expression of the normality of a process in a more or less distant past. For this, as a rule, multiple verbs with suffixes are used -yva-, -va- or combination with form it happened: Wandered around and we are through these forests; It happened , all night long spent for a book.

The future tense has the meaning of following the process after the moment of speech in contrast to this moment to the past and present.

There are forms of the simple future (synthetic) and the complex future (analytical). The forms of the future simple are formed from the stem of the present tense of perfective verbs using the same person and number endings as in the formation of the present tense forms: I'll tell you, tell me, will tell, we'll tell you, tell me, tell-ut; gift, you'll give it as a gift, gift-it, give them a gift, give, donate. Future complex forms are formed analytically from imperfective verbs and are a combination of the future tense form of the auxiliary verb to be with the infinitive: I'll collect, will you collect, will collect, we'll collect, will you collect, will be collected.

The meaning of future tense forms reveals a close connection with the type of the verb. Expressing the same meaning of the process following the grammatical starting point, the future tense forms of verbs different types specify and clarify this meaning. The future tense forms of perfective verbs denote processes as completed, productive: The heavy shackles will fall. / The dungeons will collapse — and freedom / You will be greeted joyfully at the entrance(A. Pushkin).

The future tense forms of imperfective verbs are usually used to denote long-term or repeated processes, without representing them as completed or productive: Alone he will wander the August tundra, stumble on bumps, bypass rusty and flat tundra lakes.

Forms of time can be used in a figurative meaning, which makes it possible to figuratively and expressively present the implementation of a process in time and clarify its modal characteristics. In the creation of figurative meanings, the situation or context plays an important role, as well as the combination of different tense forms in the context.

The meaning of the present tense can be expressed by future and past tense forms. The future tense forms of perfective verbs have especially wide possibilities for conveying meanings of the present non-actual. They can be used to indicate regularly repeated or typical processes: Happens , will get up And will speak hot about something. These forms are sometimes used to denote processes that coincide with the moment of speech: I'll ask don't contradict. With the meaning of the present tense in colloquial speech the future tense form of the verb is also often used be: Who are you? you will? (A. N. Tolstoy); You don't have any matches will? Future form of the verb be in some constructions it may have the meaning of uncertainty: "Before I'm about five miles away will" , — he added(I. Turgenev); He is about forty years old will.

A special case is the use of the future tense form of perfective verbs, when it, in combination with negation, expresses the impossibility of carrying out a process at the moment of speech: But I really don't myself I'll understand , why did I weaken so quickly(M. Bulgakov); Sorry, but I am not I'll remember your name.

Past tense forms can also express present tense meaning. This use is typical of perfective forms of verbs, since the effectiveness contained in their categorical meaning already presupposes a connection with the present tense. The condition for presenting a previously carried out process as usual and in the present is a combination of forms of past and present tense: Happens , sat down for a book for an hour or two, A having a blast from her it’s already late in the evening. However, it should be borne in mind that depending on the situation, intonation or context, the past tense form can mean a process related to both the present and the future tense. For example, the statement Scared I'm threatening him! can mean "I am not afraid of his threats" or "I will not be afraid of his threats." Past tense forms with a future tense meaning are used to express confidence in the inevitability of the process they indicate:

One more wrong step and we died. The past tense forms of the verbs begin can be used with the meaning of the future tense, to finish, go, go, fly, take, take on, etc.: Well, I went home, and you stay here.

With the meaning of the future tense, forms of not only the past, but also the present tense can be used to express complete confidence in the implementation of the process. The time plan for the implementation of the process named by the verb is often indicated by lexical clarifiers: In summer I I'm going to the village; Tomorrow in the morning he is reading report.

The meaning of the past tense can be expressed by the forms of present and future tense. The use of present tense forms to denote a process that has already been carried out (the so-called historical present) gives the narration greater imagery and liveliness, bringing certain events closer to the moment of speech: In 1858 F. I. Buslaev creates the first historical grammar of the Russian language.

Combined with a particle How forms of the future simple indicate the suddenness and intensity of the process being carried out in the past: Suddenly someone it will knock from the yard by the window (A. Chekhov).

Future tense forms can also be used to refer to processes that have occurred repeatedly in the past. The condition for such use of future tense forms is their combination with past tense forms, usually with the word it happened: It happened , Not you'll fall asleep , if in the room will burst in fly or will scrape mouse in the corner(I. Goncharov).

In proverbs, sayings, and aphoristic statements, a process indicated by the form of the future tense can be presented as possible in any of the three time plans. With this use, the typicality, commonality or inevitability of the process is emphasized: How goes around comes around , so and will respond; I'm not burning with tears will you help.

PRESENT TENSE
Verbs in the present tense show that the action occurs at the moment of speech: Vesela shines a month over the village. White snow sparkles with a blue light (I. Nikitin).
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always: After winter comes spring. The earth rotates around its axis. A mother's affection knows no end (proverb).
Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.
PAST TENSE
Verbs in the past tense show that the action occurred before the moment of speech: Late fall. The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty (N. Nekrasov).
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense: I was returning home from the station yesterday, walking along a dark street. Suddenly I see something white near the lantern.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-: build - built, built, built; work - worked, worked, worked.
Verbs in the indefinite form on -ch, -ti, -put (imperfect form) form the past tense singular masculine forms without the suffix -l-: take care - took care / but took care of), carry - carried (but carried), oven - baked / but baked), dry - dried / but dried), etc.
From the verb to go, the past tense went, went, went; from the verb find past tense found, found, found; from the verb to grow - grew, grew, grew, grew.
Past tense verbs change according to numbers (told - told), and in the singular - according to gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.
You should remember the correct stress in the past tense forms of verbs: took, took, brald, took; was, was, bylo, byli; took, took, took, took; drove, drove, rotten, gpamp;li; lived, lived, lived, lived; occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied; gave, gave, gave, gave; cleared, understood, understood; floated, wept. plamp;lo, plamp;li; raised, raised. raised; arrived, arrived, arrived; accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted; cleaned up, tidied up.
FUTURE
Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech: You will see what kind of person this is! You will immediately love him and become friends with him, my dear! (A. Chekhov); I’ll go home now and feed myself with hopes (A. Chekhov).
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. The future form of the compound imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb: I will draw, I will try. From perfective verbs the simple future tense is formed (I will read), from imperfect verbs the future tense is formed (I will read).
The future simple form of perfective verbs is formed in the same way as the present tense form: I will open, you will open, you will open, we will open, you will open, they will open; learn, learn, learn, learn, learn, learn. In the future simple, verbs have the same personal endings as verbs in the present imperfect.

Rules for determining tenses

Having looked at how verb forms are correctly called, we will answer the question of how to determine tense in English. To answer, let's look at the step-by-step instructions.

The first step is to translate the sentence we are working on to make it easier to understand what information is being given to us.
The second step is to determine the time marker. In each tense in the language we are considering, there is a marker - a word that easily allows you to determine the time. Such words indicate a specific point in time or a relative one. For example, in the Present Simple, such markers are words such as: every day, often, constantly. These markers, as can be seen from the example, indicate regular time, but not only this sign indicates this type time. Another marker is the usual name of the action: I like watermelon. IN in this case is indicated inaccurately when you like him, and you simply talk about your action without specifying the time period.

On in this example it is clear that such markers provide ease of recognition and correct definition time in a sentence. Based on this simple example we want to show that each time has its own markers - words by which you can easily understand what time is in front of you. The main thing is to remember the markers.

The third step is to remember what time the marker refers to.

The fourth step is to determine the time.

Having considered how to correctly determine time in English, let us pay attention to the following point: how to determine tense

Rules for determining verb tense

To solve this problem, as in the previous case, we will use step-by-step instructions.

The first step is to underline the verbs that we see in the sentence.
The second step is to remember whether this verb is correct or not, because, according to reference books on the English language, a verb has three properties by which it can be easily determined:

Time is one of the main ones: past, future or present.
Type of time - subtime determined by the marker.
The voice is passive (an action is performed on the speaker) or active (an action is performed on the speaker).

If the verb is correct, you can turn to the dictionary or lexicon, otherwise - to the table of irregular verbs or again to the verbs of the same type that you have learned.

The third step is to find a compound next to the main verb that relates directly to time.

For example, for the group Past - was, did ...; verb ending in -ed.

For Present: do, does…; verb ending in -s.

Such examples most clearly show that it is easy to determine the tense of any verb, and answer the constantly arising question for those who are just beginning to figure out how to determine the tense of a verb in English.

Let's summarize

So, to summarize, we would like to note that we have examined the main and difficult issues when learning English, focusing on the first: how to determine time in English, since it is the key to correct and quick learning. Besides answering the main question, we have also described how to easily learn and understand each tense and recognize it in a sentence.

Finally, I would like to give some advice: spend some time maximum amount time and attention to the topic "How to determine the tense of a sentence in English." The main thing here is practice and its regularity. Then you can easily answer the question of how to determine time in English. Good luck.

How to determine the past tense of a verb? Answer to asked question you will get from the presented article. In addition, we will tell you how the past tense of a verb is formed in English.

General information about verbs

Before we talk about what the past tense of a verb is, we should find out what it even is.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object, and also answers the questions “what to do?” or “what should I do?” It should be especially noted that they vary in mood, are transitive and intransitive, and can refer to the perfective or imperfective form.

Verb tenses in Russian

This part of speech can be used in the following tenses:

the present;
future;
past.

Past tense of verb

The part of speech that stands in shows that this or that action has taken place up to the present moment. However, when describing past situations or events in life, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.

How to form a verb in the past tense? Let's find out together

The past tense of a verb in Russian is formed from the initial form (that is, the infinitive) by adding the suffix -l- (ran, wanted, talked, helped, etc.). However, this rule has exceptions. So, verbs in indefinite form, imperfect form and ending in -nit, -ti or -ch, are converted into the past tense (in the masculine singular) without using the above-mentioned suffix (strich - strig, etc.).

Do verbs in the past tense change?

The past tense of the verb allows the verb to change in number. In turn, the singular number can easily be declined according to gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change according to persons.

Forms of verbs in the past tense by meaning

Verbs in the past tense can have a perfect and aorist meaning (only the perfect form). Let's look at them in more detail:

Verbs in the past tense can have the following grammatical meanings (imperfective only):

An infinite single concrete action that was performed before the moment of speech. For example: Once under New Year the girls were guessing.
An action that is repeated all the time until the moment of speech. For example: Annushka clasped her hands every time, and her eyes lit up with delight.
An action that is constantly happening. For example: Impenetrable forests stretched almost all the way to the river.
Generalized fact. For example: Someone asked you.

Past tense: English verbs

As mentioned above, the past tense is a form of a verb that indicates an action that has already been performed. In English, this change in words is called "Past Tenses". It should also be noted that such time differs in duration and quality. In other words, in English there is a simple past tense called "Past Simple", a continuous past tense called "Past Continuous", and a past perfect tense called "Past Perfect". Let's look at each of the forms in more detail.

Past Simple

This tense expresses absolutely any action that took place in the past. The Past Simple is formed quite simply: if the word refers to an irregular verb, then for this you need to take its second form from the table. If the verb is correct, then it is added to it. If it is necessary to pose a question, then the auxiliary word did should be used.

By the way, the past tense of the verb to be has 2 conjugations, namely were and was. As a rule, were is used with nouns only in the plural, and was - in the singular. In this case, with the pronoun you (translated as you or you) it is necessary to use only were.

Past Continuous

This form differs from the previous one in that in this case the action of the past is shown in process. As a cheat sheet, it is recommended to remember that the presented verb will have an imperfect form. It should also be noted that to form the Past Continuous, only knowledge of the following forms of the verb to be is required: were and was.

Past Perfect or perfect continuous past tense

To form such a time, perfect knowledge of all forms and correct ones will be required). It should also be noted that for the Past Perfect it is necessary to have. By the way, the past tense has the following form: had.

It should also be noted that the Past Perfect also includes such a time as the Past Perfect Continuous, which has the following Russian meaning: perfect continuous past tense. To form it, you must use to be, which should be put in the Past Perfect form, that is, had been.

Let's sum it up

Knowing the basics of the formation of past tense verbs in Russian and English, you will be able not only to correctly deliver speech during personal communication with foreigners or your compatriots, but also to write them a competent letter.