Danko (Fig. 2) became a symbol of feat, a hero ready for self-sacrifice. Thus, the story is built on an antithesis, and the heroes of the work are antipodes.
Antipode(from ancient Greek “opposite” or “opposing”) - in in a general sense something opposite to something else. In a figurative sense, it can be applied to people with opposing views.
The term "antipode" was introduced by Plato in his dialogue "Timaeus" to combine the relativity of the concepts of "up" and "down".
In the story “Old Woman Izergil”, in addition to ancient legends, the author included a narrative about the life of the old woman Izergil herself. Let's remember the composition of the story. Memories of the old woman Izergil are compositionally placed between two legends. Heroes of legends real people, and the symbols: Larra is a symbol of selfishness, Danko is a symbol of altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil (Fig. 3), her life and fate are quite realistic. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Rice. 3. Old woman Izergil ()
Izergil is very old: “Time bent her in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched, as if the old woman was speaking with bones.” The old woman Izergil talks about herself, about her life, about the men whom she first loved and then abandoned, and only for the sake of one of them she was ready to give her life. Her lovers did not have to be beautiful. She loved those who were capable of real action.
“...He loved exploits. And when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always room for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves are simply lazy, or cowards, or do not understand life, because if people understood life, everyone would want to leave behind their shadow in it. And then life would not devour people without a trace..."
In her life, Izergil often acted selfishly. Suffice it to recall the incident when she escaped from the Sultan’s harem along with his son. The Sultan’s son soon died, which the old woman recalls as follows: “I cried over him, maybe it was I who killed him?..”. But other moments of her life, when she truly loved, she was ready for a feat. For example, to save a loved one from captivity, she risked her life.
Old woman Izergil measures people by such concepts as honesty, directness, courage, and the ability to act. These are the people she considers beautiful. Izergil despises people who are boring, weak, and cowardly. She is proud that she has lived a bright and interesting life, and believes that her life experience must pass on to the young.
That is why she tells us two legends, as if giving us the right to choose which path to follow: along the path of pride, like Larra, or along the path of pride, like Danko. Because there is one step difference between pride and pride. This could be a carelessly spoken word or an action dictated by our selfishness. We must remember that we live among people and take into account their feelings, moods, and opinions. We must remember that for every word we say, every action we take, we are responsible to others as well as to our conscience. This is exactly what Gorky wanted to make the reader think about (Fig. 4) in the story “The Old Woman Izergil.”
Rice. 4. M. Gorky ()
Pathos(from the Greek “suffering, inspiration, passion”) - emotional content work of art, feelings and emotions that the author puts into the text, expecting the reader’s empathy.
In the history of literature, the term "pathos" was used in different meanings. So, for example, in the era of Antiquity, pathos was the name of the state of a person’s soul, the passions that the hero experiences. In Russian literature, critic V.G. Belinsky (Fig. 5) proposed using the term “pathos” to characterize the work and creativity of the writer as a whole.
Rice. 5. V.G. Belinsky ()
Bibliography
- Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
- Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
- Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. - 2012.
- Nado5.ru ().
- Litra.ru ().
- Goldlit.ru ().
Homework
- Tell us what antipode and pathos are.
- Give a detailed description of the image of the old woman Izergil and think about what features of Larra and Danko the image of the old woman embodies.
- Write an essay on the topic: “Larra and Danko in our time.”
| Larra | Danko | |
| Character | Brave, decisive, strong, proud and too selfish, cruel, arrogant. Incapable of love, compassion. | Strong, proud, but capable of sacrificing his life for the people he loves. Courageous, fearless, merciful. |
| Appearance | Nice young man. | Young and handsome. |
| Sight | Cold and proud like the king of beasts. | Illuminates with strength and vital fire. |
| Family ties | Son of an eagle and a woman | Representative ancient tribe |
| Life position | Doesn't want to share with others. Wants to take the best. He believes that since he is different from others, he can do whatever he wants. I dreamed of becoming free | Sacrifices himself in order to save his fellow tribesmen. I dreamed of giving them freedom. He loved people and wanted to help everyone. |
| The attitude of fellow tribesmen towards the hero | They hated him for his great pride, although they understood that he was no worse than them. | They considered him better than everyone else, respected his strong spirit, faith and courage. Even when they turned their backs on him, he sacrificed himself to save them. |
| The meaning of the image | confident condemnation of selfishness and confidence in one’s excessive importance. | Tribute, give, giver. What will I give to people? What will I do for people? |
| Reasons for "punishment" | He despises all people. Considers them slaves. | Too proud a heart. |
| Perfect actions | He committed a crime - he killed a girl. Evil actions. | He accomplished a feat - he illuminated the path for people with his heart. Good deeds. |
| True happiness | Death | Live for others. |
| Eventually | Loneliness | |
| Hero with the crowd | Conflict | |
| General | Outwardly beautiful, brave and strong in spirit. | |
| Legend in modern words | Turns into shadow (darkness, cold) | Blue sparks (light, heat) |
| Key Idea | Pride is a wonderful part of character. It makes a person an individual and ignores the generally accepted. | Self-sacrifice. |
| Conclusion | Anti-ideal, expressing contempt for people. | The ideal that expresses highest degree love for people. |
| Quotes |
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- The story “The Old Woman Izergil” (1894) is one of the masterpieces of M. Gorky’s early work. The composition of this work is more complex than the composition of the writer's other early stories. The story of Izergil, who has seen a lot in her life, is divided into three independent parts: the legend of Larra, Izergil’s story about her life, and the legend of Danko. At the same time, all three parts are united by a common idea, the author’s desire to reveal the value of human life. The legends about Larra and Danko reveal two concepts of life, two […]
- Name of the hero How he got to the bottom Peculiarities of speech, characteristic remarks What Bubnov dreams of In the past, he owned a dyeing workshop. Circumstances forced him to leave in order to survive, while his wife got along with the master. He claims that a person cannot change his destiny, so he floats with the flow, sinking to the bottom. Often displays cruelty, skepticism, lack of good qualities. "All people on earth are superfluous." It’s hard to say that Bubnov is dreaming of something, given [...]
- Gorky's life was full of adventures and events, sharp turns and changes. My literary activity he began with a hymn to the madness of the brave and stories glorifying the man-fighter and his desire for freedom. The writer knew the world well ordinary people. After all, together with them he walked many miles along the roads of Russia, worked in ports, bakeries, with rich owners in the village, spent the night with them under open air, often falling asleep hungry. Gorky said that his wandering around Rus' was not caused by [...]
- The revival of the name of Maxim Gorky after reconsidering the place of his work in Russian literature and renaming everything that bore the name of this writer must definitely happen. It seems that the most famous play from Gorky’s dramatic heritage, “At the Lower Depths,” will play a significant role in this. The genre of drama itself presupposes the relevance of the work in a society where there are many unresolved social problems, where people know what it’s like to spend the night and be homeless. M. Gorky's play “At the Lower Depths” is defined as a socio-philosophical drama. […]
- The drama opens with an exposition in which the main characters are already introduced, the main themes are formulated, and many problems are posed. Luke's appearance in the rooming house is the beginning of the play. From this point on, different life philosophies and aspirations begin to be tested. Luke's stories about the “righteous land” are the culmination, and the beginning of the denouement is the murder of Kostylev. The composition of the play is strictly subordinated to its ideological and thematic content. The basis of the plot movement is the testing of philosophy by life practice [...]
- In an interview about the play “At the Lower Depths” in 1903, M. Gorky defined its meaning as follows: “The main question that I wanted to pose is what is better, truth or compassion? What is more needed? Is it necessary to take compassion to the point of using lies? This is not a subjective question, but a general philosophical one. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the debate about truth and comforting illusions was associated with a practical search for a way out for the disadvantaged, oppressed part of society. In the play, this debate takes on a special intensity, since we are talking about the fate of people […]
- Chekhov's tradition in Gorky's dramaturgy. Gorky said in an original way about Chekhov’s innovation, which “killed realism” (of traditional drama), raising images to a “spiritualized symbol.” This marked the departure of the author of “The Seagull” from the acute clash of characters and from the tense plot. Following Chekhov, Gorky sought to convey the leisurely pace of everyday, “eventless” life and highlight in it the “undercurrent” of the characters’ inner motivations. Naturally, Gorky understood the meaning of this “trend” in his own way. […]
- Early creativity Gorky (90s of the 19th century) was created under the sign of “collecting” the truly human: “I recognized people very early and from my youth began to invent Man in order to satiate my thirst for beauty. Wise people... convinced me that I had invented a bad consolation for myself. Then I went to people again and - it’s so clear! “I am returning from them to Man again,” Gorky wrote at that time. Stories from the 1890s can be divided into two groups: some of them are based on fiction - the author uses legends or […]
- The life of M. Gorky was unusually bright and seems truly legendary. What made it so, first of all, was the inextricable connection between the writer and the people. The talent of a writer was combined with the talent of a revolutionary fighter. Contemporaries rightly considered the writer the head of the advanced forces of democratic literature. IN Soviet years Gorky acted as a publicist, playwright and prose writer. In his stories he reflected a new direction in Russian life. The legends about Larra and Danko show two concepts of life, two ideas about it. One […]
- The play “At the Depths,” according to Gorky, was the result of “almost twenty years of observations of the world.” former people"". Basic philosophical problem The play is a dispute about the truth. Young Gorky, with his characteristic determination, took on a very difficult topic, which the best minds of mankind are still struggling with. Unambiguous answers to the question “What is truth?” haven't found it yet. In the heated debates waged by M. Gorky’s heroes Luka, Bubnov, Satin, the uncertainty of the author himself, the inability to directly answer […]
- Gorky's romantic stories include “Old Woman Izergil”, “Makar Chudra”, “The Girl and Death”, “Song of the Falcon” and others. The heroes in them are exceptional people. They are not afraid to tell the truth and live honestly. The gypsies in the writer's romantic stories are full of wisdom and dignity. These illiterate people tell the intellectual hero deep symbolic parables about the meaning of life. The heroes Loiko Zobar and Rada in the story “Makar Chudra” oppose themselves to the crowd and live according to their own laws. More than anything else, they value [...]
- In the work of early Gorky there is a combination of romanticism and realism. The writer criticized " lead abominations» Russian life. In the stories “Chelkash”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Once Upon a Time in Autumn”, “Konovalov”, “Malva”, he created images of “tramps”, people broken by the existing system in the state. The writer continued this line in the play “At the Bottom.” In the story "Chelkash" Gorky shows two heroes, Chelkash and Gavrila, the clash of their views on life. Chelkash is a tramp and a thief, but at the same time he despises property and […]
- Start creative path M. Gorky happened during a period of crisis in the social and spiritual life of Russia. According to the writer himself, he was pushed to write by the terrible “poor life” and the lack of hope among people. Gorky saw the reason for the current situation primarily in man. Therefore, he decided to offer society a new ideal of a Protestant man, a fighter against slavery and injustice. Gorky knew well the life of the poor, whom society had turned its back on. In his early youth he himself was a “barefoot.” His stories […]
- In Maxim Gorky's story "Chelkash" there are two main characters - Grishka Chelkash - an old etched sea wolf, an avid drunkard and a clever thief, and Gavrila, a simple village guy, a poor man, like Chelkash. Initially, I perceived the image of Chelkash as negative: a drunkard, a thief, all in rags, bones covered in brown leather, a cold predatory look, a gait like the flight of a bird of prey. This description evokes some disgust and hostility. But Gavrila, on the contrary, is broad-shouldered, stocky, tanned, […]
- What is truth and what is lie? Humanity has been asking this question for hundreds of years. Truth and lies, good and evil always stand side by side, one simply does not exist without the other. The collision of these concepts is the basis of many world famous literary works. Among them is M. Gorky’s social and philosophical play “At the Lower Depths”. Its essence is in the collision life positions and the views of different people. The author asks a question characteristic of Russian literature about two types of humanism and its connection with […]
- The greatest achievement of civilization is not a wheel or a car, not a computer or an airplane. The greatest achievement of any civilization, any human community is language, that method of communication that makes a person human. Not a single animal communicates with its own kind using words, does not pass on records to future generations, does not build a complex non-existent world on paper with such plausibility that the reader believes in it and considers it real. Any language has endless possibilities for […]
- In the early 900s Dramaturgy became the leading one in Gorky’s work: one after another the plays “The Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Lower Depths” (1902), “Summer Residents” (1904), “Children of the Sun” (1905), “Barbarians” (1905), “Enemies” (1906). The social and philosophical drama “At the Lower Depths” was conceived by Gorky back in 1900, first published in Munich in 1902, and on January 10, 1903 the play premiered in Berlin. The play was performed 300 times in a row, and in the spring of 1905 the 500th performance of the play was celebrated. In Russia “At the Lower Depths” was published by […]
- Poets and writers of different times and peoples used the description of nature to reveal inner world hero, his character, mood. The landscape is especially important climaxes works that describe the conflict, the problem of the hero, his internal contradiction. Maxim Gorky could not do without this in the story “Chelkash”. The story, in fact, begins with artistic sketches. The writer uses dark colors (“the blue southern sky darkened by dust is cloudy”, “the sun looks through a gray veil”, […]
- As was customary in classicism, the heroes of the comedy “The Minor” are clearly divided into negative and positive. However, the most memorable and striking are still negative characters, despite their despoticism and ignorance: Mrs. Prostakova, her brother Taras Skotinin and Mitrofan himself. They are interesting and ambiguous. It is with them that comic situations are associated, full of humor, and bright liveliness of dialogues. Positive characters do not evoke such vivid emotions, although they are sounding boards that reflect […]
- Evgeny Bazarov Anna Odintsova Pavel Kirsanov Nikolay Kirsanov Appearance Long face, broad forehead, huge greenish eyes, nose, flat on top and pointed below. Blonde long hair, sand-colored sideburns, a self-confident smile on thin lips. Naked red arms Noble posture, slender figure, tall stature, beautiful sloping shoulders. Light eyes, shiny hair, a barely noticeable smile. 28 years old Average height, thoroughbred, about 45. Fashionable, youthfully slender and graceful. […]
Danko (Fig. 2) became a symbol of feat, a hero ready for self-sacrifice. Thus, the story is built on an antithesis, and the heroes of the work are antipodes.
Antipode(from ancient Greek “opposite” or “opposing”) - in the general sense, something opposite to something else. In a figurative sense, it can be applied to people with opposing views.
The term "antipode" was introduced by Plato in his dialogue "Timaeus" to combine the relativity of the concepts of "up" and "down".
In the story “The Old Woman Izergil,” in addition to ancient legends, the author included a story about the life of the old woman Izergil herself. Let's remember the composition of the story. Memories of the old woman Izergil are compositionally placed between two legends. The heroes of legends are not real people, but symbols: Larra is a symbol of selfishness, Danko is a symbol of altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil (Fig. 3), her life and fate are quite realistic. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Rice. 3. Old woman Izergil ()
Izergil is very old: “Time bent her in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched, as if the old woman was speaking with bones.” The old woman Izergil talks about herself, about her life, about the men whom she first loved and then abandoned, and only for the sake of one of them she was ready to give her life. Her lovers did not have to be beautiful. She loved those who were capable of real action.
“...He loved exploits. And when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always room for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves are simply lazy, or cowards, or do not understand life, because if people understood life, everyone would want to leave behind their shadow in it. And then life would not devour people without a trace..."
In her life, Izergil often acted selfishly. Suffice it to recall the incident when she escaped from the Sultan’s harem along with his son. The Sultan’s son soon died, which the old woman recalls as follows: “I cried over him, maybe it was I who killed him?..”. But other moments of her life, when she truly loved, she was ready for a feat. For example, to save a loved one from captivity, she risked her life.
Old woman Izergil measures people by such concepts as honesty, directness, courage, and the ability to act. These are the people she considers beautiful. Izergil despises people who are boring, weak, and cowardly. She is proud that she lived a bright and interesting life, and believes that she should pass on her life experience to young people.
That is why she tells us two legends, as if giving us the right to choose which path to follow: along the path of pride, like Larra, or along the path of pride, like Danko. Because there is one step difference between pride and pride. This could be a carelessly spoken word or an action dictated by our selfishness. We must remember that we live among people and take into account their feelings, moods, and opinions. We must remember that for every word we say, every action we take, we are responsible to others as well as to our conscience. This is exactly what Gorky wanted to make the reader think about (Fig. 4) in the story “The Old Woman Izergil.”
Rice. 4. M. Gorky ()
Pathos(from the Greek “suffering, inspiration, passion”) - the emotional content of a work of art, feelings and emotions that the author puts into the text, expecting the reader’s empathy.
In the history of literature, the term "pathos" has been used in different meanings. So, for example, in the era of Antiquity, pathos was the name of the state of a person’s soul, the passions that the hero experiences. In Russian literature, critic V.G. Belinsky (Fig. 5) proposed using the term “pathos” to characterize the work and creativity of the writer as a whole.
Rice. 5. V.G. Belinsky ()
Bibliography
- Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
- Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
- Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. - 2012.
- Nado5.ru ().
- Litra.ru ().
- Goldlit.ru ().
Homework
- Tell us what antipode and pathos are.
- Give a detailed description of the image of the old woman Izergil and think about what features of Larra and Danko the image of the old woman embodies.
- Write an essay on the topic: “Larra and Danko in our time.”
Heroes early works Maxim Gorky - people are proud, beautiful, strong and brave, they always alone enter into the fight against dark forces. One of these works is the story “Old Woman Izergil”. This story introduces us to two romantic legends set many thousands of years ago.
Danko was a representative of one of the ancient tribes, Lappa - the son of a woman and an eagle. The similarity of the heroes is in their beautiful appearance, courage and strength, but otherwise they are the complete opposite of each other, that is, antipodes. However, there are serious differences in the appearance of the heroes. Larra's gaze was cold and proud, like that of the king of birds. In Danko’s gaze, on the contrary, “there shone a lot of fire and living fire.” The people of the Larra tribe hated him for his excessive pride. “And they talked to him, and he answered if he wanted, or was silent, and when the elders of the tribe came, he spoke to them like! with your peers." Larra fell and killed without regretting it at all, and for this people hated him even more. “...And he hit her and, when she fell, he stood with his foot on her chest, so that blood sprayed from her mouth to the sky.” The people of the tribe also understood that Larra was no better than them, although he believed that there were no more people like me, that is, he was an individualist. When asked why he killed the girl, Larra answers. “Do you only use yours? I see that every person has only speech, arms and legs, but he owns animals, women, land... and much more.”
His logic is simple and terrible, if everyone followed it, then on earth soon! There would only be a pitiful handful of people left, fighting for survival and hunting each other. Understanding the depth of Larra’s wrongness, unable to forgive and forget the crime he committed, the tribe condemns him to eternal loneliness. Life outside society gives rise to a feeling of inexpressible melancholy in Larra. “In his eyes,” says Izergil, “there was so much melancholy that one could poison all the people of the world with it.”
Pride, according to the author, is the most wonderful character trait. It makes a slave free and strong, it turns a nonentity into a person. Pride does not tolerate anything philistine and “generally accepted.” But hypertrophied pride gives rise to absolute freedom, freedom from society, freedom from all moral principles and principles, which ultimately leads to terrible consequences. It is this idea of Gorky that is key in the old woman Izergil’s story about Larra, who,! being just such an absolutely free individual, he dies spiritually for everyone (and above all for himself), remaining to live forever in his physical shell. The hero has found death in immortality. Gorky reminds us of the eternal truth: you cannot live in society and be free from it. Larra was doomed to loneliness and considered death to be his true happiness. True happiness, according to Gorky, lies in giving oneself to people, as Danko did.
The people of the tribe in which Danko lived, on the contrary, “looked at him and saw that he was the best of all” for his high fortitude, courage and ability to lead people. After all, it was Danko who was not afraid to lead his tribe through the forest thicket, and throughout the journey he maintained faith in the best. People, looking at him, believed in their salvation. Even when the people of the tribe became embittered with him, “became like animals,” because of their fatigue and powerlessness, they wanted to kill him, Danko was unable to! answer them in kind. His love for people extinguished his irritation and anger. And for the sake of these people, Danko sacrificed his life, tearing out his heart from his chest, which illuminated their path like a torch. Dying, he did not regret his life, but was glad that he had brought people to their goal. In the image of Danko, Maxim Gorky put an idealistic idea of a man who devotes all his strength to serving the people. And so his young and very warm heart flared up with the fire of desire to save the people of his tribe, to lead them out of the darkness. He tore his chest with his hands and tore his heart out of it and raised it high
overhead, illuminating the way for people bright light Danko boldly led them forward with his burning heart. And the people perked up and followed him “to the sea sunlight and clean air." “The proud daredevil Danko cast his gaze forward at the expanse of the steppe,” he cast a joyful glance at the free land and laughed proudly. And then he fell and died.” “People, joyful and full of hope, did not notice his death” and forgot about him, as one forgets about everything in the world. Larra was also ready to die, but not for the sake of people, but for himself, because the loneliness to which people doomed him was unbearable for him. But even wandering alone, Larra could not repent and ask for forgiveness from people, because he remained just as proud, arrogant and selfish.
The story “Old Woman Izergil” is dedicated to the problem of the purpose and meaning of life. Arrogant, proud
and a cruel person has no place among people. But also to a person with high strength spirit, a “burning” heart, full of love for PEOPLE and the desire to help them, it is also difficult to live among them. People are afraid of that power
which comes from people like Danko, and they do not appreciate it. In the story “Old Woman Izergil,” Gorky draws exceptional characters, exalts proud and strong-willed people for whom freedom is above all. For him, Izergil, Danko and Larra, despite the extreme contradictory nature of the first, the seeming uselessness of the feat of the second and the endless distance from all living things of the third, are genuine heroes, people who bring into the world the idea of freedom in its various manifestations. However, in order to truly live life, it is not enough to “burn”, it is not enough to be free and proud, feeling and restless. You need to have the main thing - a goal. A goal that would justify a person’s existence, because “a person’s price is his business.” “There is always a place for heroic deeds in life.” "Forward! - higher! everyone - forward! and - above - this is the credo of a real Man.”
Danko and Lara are the heroes of the work Old Woman Izergil, which was written by Maxim Gorky. Getting acquainted with the work, we learn from the old woman Izergil about the two heroes Danko and Larra, whose comparisons we have to make.
Comparison of Larra and Danko
Having become acquainted with the stories of the old woman who told and compared the legends about Larra and Danko, we can make our own comparative description of the heroes, highlighting their main features.
First, the old woman introduces us to the eagle’s son, Larra. He was handsome and young. It would seem that he has everything to do good in the world. However, he is too selfish, too concerned about himself and his person to benefit people. He has no intention of giving, he would only like to take. He does not need the company of people; he wants to find happiness alone. This is a hard-hearted person, without pity, without a heart, incapable of love or compassion. And so he got what he wanted. He is free, alone and wandering the earth. But is he happy? It’s unlikely, because his soul is suffering. Wandering the earth, Larra understands how unbearable loneliness is. What then is happiness?
And here we meet the second hero and the second legend about a representative of an ancient tribe. He is no less beautiful, brave, strong-willed than the previous one, and this unites the heroes. But that’s all they have in common, because unlike Larra, Danko is capable of sacrifice. He is courageous, fearless, merciful, loves people and strives to help them. The hero also dreams of freedom, but not his own, but the freedom of his tribe. He is capable of heroic deeds for the sake of the tribe, he sacrifices himself, tearing out his heart, illuminating the way for people. Did the people themselves appreciate his action? This is a different conversation, and for Danko himself it did not matter whether others would appreciate his actions or not. It was important at that moment, at that time, to do good for the people around me. And he did it.