Ancient musical instruments are sometimes valued more than modern ones. The reason is that similar tools are different high quality work. The first musical instruments are considered to be winds, pipes and tweeters of various types. Naturally, you can only admire such exhibits in a museum. But there are a number of tools that can be purchased at auctions.
Old musical instrument- this concept is broad. It refers to products that make sounds and were made back in the days Ancient Greece and Egypt, as well as less “old” objects capable of emitting musical sounds and having a resistor. It is noteworthy that they do not have a resistor percussion instruments that produce musical sounds.
1) The ancestor of stringed instruments is the hunting bow, which was used by our ancestors. Since the string produced a methodical sound when pulled, it was subsequently decided to string several strings of different thicknesses and lengths, resulting in sounds of different ranges.
Replacing the enclosure with a full box resulted in sounds that were beautiful and melodic. The first string instruments include:
- Gusli.
- Guitar.
- Theorbu.
- Mandolin.
- Harp.
It is worth paying attention to violins, which are in particular demand. The most popular violin maker is Antonio Stradivari. Experts agree that Antonio made the best violins in 1715; the quality of these instruments is simply amazing. Distinctive feature The master's work should be considered a desire to improve the shape of the instruments, changing them to a more curved one. Antonio strived for perfect sound and melodiousness. He decorated the body of the violins with precious stones.
In addition to violins, the master made harps, cellos, guitars and violas.
2) A wind musical instrument can be made of wood, metal or other material. Essentially, it is a tube of various diameters and lengths that produces sound due to air vibrations.
The larger the volume of a wind instrument, the lower the sound it produces. There are wooden and copper instruments. The principle of operation of the former is simple - it is necessary to open and close holes that are located at different distances from each other. As a result of such actions, air masses vibrate and music is created.
To the vintage wooden instruments include:
- flute;
- bassoon;
- clarinet;
- oboe.
The instruments got their name from the material from which they were made in those days, but modern technologies do not stand still, so the material was replaced partially or completely. Therefore, today these instruments look different and are made from different materials.
Get sound from brass instruments is obtained by changing the position of the lips and due to the force of the air being blown in and out. Later, in 1830, a mechanism with valves was invented.
Brass instruments include:
- Trombone.
- Pipe.
- Tubu et al.
In most cases, these instruments are made of metal, and not only copper, brass and even silver are used. But the works of medieval masters were made of wood partially or completely.
Perhaps the most ancient wind instrument is the horn, which was used for various purposes.
Bayans and accordions
Bayans, accordions and all types of accordions are classified as reed musical instruments.
Traditions allow us to call only those instruments that have a keyboard with right side. But in the USA, the concept of “accordion” also includes other types of hand accordions. At the same time, varieties of accordions may have their own names.
Approximately in late XIX centuries, accordions were made in Klingenthal; German accordions are still in demand among Russian musicians.
There are also hydroid models that can be classified as artifacts; most of these models are no longer in use, but require attention due to their rarity and uniqueness.
Shrammel's button accordion is an instrument that has a unique structure. On the right side there is a push-button keyboard. This type of accordion is used in Viennese chamber music.
Trikitix accordion - on the left side there is a 12-button bass, on the right side there is a keyboard.
The chromatic accordion from Britain, despite the fact that the instrument is made in Germany, is considered the favorite instrument of musicians from Scotland.
The old Schwyzerörgeli accordion has similarities with the Belgian bass system, and the accordion is also called an organ from Scotland.
It is also worth paying attention to one copy from the times of the USSR - this is the “Baby” accordion, which has a unique design. The peculiarity of this instrument is that the accordion is smaller in size. It was used to educate children, but not only. Due to its compactness, the instrument has some structural features:
- the first row is the bass and the second row is the chords;
- major and minor missing;
- one button performs the role of two.
You can buy such an accordion today inexpensively compared to models from Germany intended for training. Despite the fact that the accordion has various reviews and there is criticism of the instrument, it is considered ideal for teaching children.
A bit of nationality
There are not so few folk instruments; each nation has its own. The Slavs were distinguished by the quantity and quality of models. Some of the first instruments of the Slavs are:
- Balalaika.
- Accordion.
- Tambourine.
- Dudka.
1) The balalaika, along with the accordion, is considered a symbol of Russia and is perceived as the most widespread instrument. Historians do not answer when exactly the balalaika appeared; the approximate date is considered to be the 17th century. The balalaika consists of a triangular body and three strings, the vibration of which leads to the appearance of music.
The balalaika acquired its modern appearance in 1833, thanks to the musician Vasily Andreev, who began improving the balalaika.
2) The button accordion is a type of hand accordion that was designed by a Bavarian master. A similar type of accordion was discovered in Russia in 1892. In 1907, a master from St. Petersburg, Pyotr Egorovich Sterligov, made an instrument for harmonica player Yakov Fedorovich Orlansky-Titarenky. The work took the master about two years. And the instrument received its name in honor of the singer and storyteller named Bayan.
3) The tambourine is an instrument of indefinite pitch that has its own variations in different cultures. It is a circle covered with leather on both sides; metal bells or rings were also attached to the tambourine. Tambourines had different sizes and were often used for shamanic rituals.
But there is also an orchestral tambourine - the most common instrument today. A plastic tambourine is a round wooden hoop covered with leather or other membrane.
4) The pipe is a type of folk wind instrument that was common in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The pipe is a small tube with holes.
Keyboard instruments
One of the most famous instruments that has survived to this day is the organ. Its original design had its own peculiarities: the organ keys were so large that you had to press them with your fists. The sound of the organ invariably accompanied church services. This instrument dates back to the Middle Ages.
The clavichord is very similar to the piano, but its sound was quiet, so there was no point in playing the clavichord in front of a large number of people. The clavichord was used for evenings and playing music at home. The instrument had keys that were pressed with your fingers. Bach had a clavichord, he played musical works on it.
The clavichord was replaced by the piano in 1703. The inventor of this instrument was a master from Spain, Bartolomeo Cristofori, who made instruments for the Medici family. He called his invention “an instrument that plays quietly and loudly.” The principle of operation of the piano was as follows: the keys had to be struck with a hammer, and there was also a mechanism for returning the hammer to its place.
The hammer struck a key, the key struck a string and caused it to vibrate, causing a sound; there were no pedals or dampers. Later, the piano was modified: a device was made that helped the hammer drop halfway. The modernization has significantly improved the sound quality and facilitated the process of playing music.
There are quite a lot of ancient instruments; this concept includes models of Slavic culture, accordions made in the USSR and violins from the time of Antonio Stradivari. It is difficult to find such an exhibit in private collections; for the most part, you can admire rare instruments in various museums. But some models are successfully sold at auctions, asking buyers to pay a not too high price for the instruments. Unless, of course, we are talking about specimens that fall under the concept of “antiques”.
Life is short, art is eternal.
The first convincing evidence of musical instruments dates back to the Paleolithic era, when man learned to make instruments from stone, bone and wood in order to produce various sounds. Later, sounds were extracted using a faceted rib from bone (the sound produced was reminiscent of gnashing teeth). Rattles were also made from skulls, which were filled with seeds or dried berries. This sound often accompanied the funeral procession. The most ancient instruments were percussion. The idiophone is an ancient percussion instrument. The duration of the sound and its repeated repetition were associated with the rhythm of the heartbeat. In general, for ancient people, music was primarily rhythm. Following the drums, wind instruments were invented. The ancient prototype of the flute discovered in Asturis (37,000 years old) is striking in its perfection. The side holes were knocked out in it, and the principle of sound production is the same as that of modern flutes!!!
Stringed instruments were also invented in ancient times. Images of ancient string instruments have been preserved on numerous rock paintings, most of which are located in the Pyrenees. Thus, in the Gogul cave nearby there are “dancing” figures “carrying bows”. The “lyre player” struck the strings with the edge of a bone or wood, producing sound. In the chronology of development, the invention of string instruments and dance occupy the same time space.
In one of the caves in Italy, scientists found footprints on fossilized clay.
The tracks were strange: people either walked on their heels or jumped on tiptoes on both legs at once. This is easy to explain: a hunting dance was performed there. The hunters danced to menacing and exciting music, imitating the movements of powerful, dexterous and cunning animals. They chose words to the music and in songs they talked about themselves, about their ancestors, about what they saw around them.
At this time, an aerophone appears - an instrument made of bone or stone, appearance which resembles a diamond or the tip of a spear.
Threads were made and secured into holes in the wood, after which the musician ran his hand along these threads, twisting them. As a result, a sound resembling a hum appeared (this hum resembled the voice of spirits). This instrument was improved during the Mesolithic era (20th century BC). It became possible to play two or three sounds simultaneously. This was achieved by cutting vertical holes. Despite the primitiveness of the method of making such instruments, this technique was preserved for a long time in some parts of Oceania, Africa and Europe!!!
A fully preserved 37,000-year-old flute made from the bone of a bird of prey was discovered in a cave in the Swabian Albs in southwestern Germany.
The completely preserved flute with five finger holes and a V-shaped “mouthpiece” was made from the radius of a predatory subspecies of griffin (presumably a griffon vulture – author). Also, along with it, archaeologists found pieces of several more flutes, but made from mammoth bones.
The bird bone musical instrument was found in a region where similar instruments had previously been found, says study leader Nicholas Conard of the University of Tübingen, but the flute is "the best preserved one ever found in a cave." Until now, such ancient artifacts have been found extremely rarely, and most importantly, they have not made it possible to establish the date of the appearance of music as cultural phenomenon in everyday life of mankind.
To establish the most accurate dating of the discovered tools, independent laboratory analyzes were carried out in Germany and the UK. And in both cases the same date appeared - 37 thousand years ago, which was in the era Upper Paleolithic. The oldest flute gives archaeologists reason to assume that local population had its own culture and traditions. The most ancient flutes- a clear indication of the existence of a musical tradition that helped people interact and strengthen social unity.
Nicholas Conard, together with a team of archaeologists from the University of Tübingen, discovered a mammoth ivory flute in the Geisenklosterle cave near Blaubeuren. This is one of the three oldest wind instruments in the world found by archaeologists. All three were found in the Geisenklosterle cave, but the latest find is very different from the previous two. This is not just a musical instrument, but also, undoubtedly, a luxury item.
Using radiocarbon dating, the researchers dated the age of the sediment layer in which the flute fragments were located from 30 to 36 thousand years. This means that the mammoth tusk flute is a thousand years younger than the bone flute found at the same site in 1995. The second study helped to finally determine the age of the musical instrument - about 37 thousand years.
The value of the mammoth ivory flute lies not in its record age, but in its significance for the debate about the origins of culture.
We can now say that the history of music began about 37 thousand years ago,” Conard emphasizes.
At that time, the last Neanderthals still lived in Europe, who coexisted with the first people modern type. Thanks to this flute, we know that the inhabitants of what is now Europe during ice age culturally they were no less capable than modern people!!!
According to Conard, a single musical instrument from the Ice Age could have been an accident, but after the third discovery it must be recognized that there can be no talk of an accident. Music was an important part of the life of ancient people. This is evidenced by the fact that three flutes were found in one cave. Archaeological finds from the Ice Age are disproportionately tiny “samples” from the entire complex material culture. Friedrich Seeberger, an expert in archaeological music, reconstructed Ice Age flutes. It turned out that they can play a variety of pleasant melodies. The instrument made from a huge mammoth tusk differs sharply from its counterparts made from bird bones. It was extremely difficult to make, since the tusk is very hard and curved. The master split the tusk longitudinally, carefully hollowed out halves 19 centimeters long and connected them again. The sound of such a flute was deeper and louder than that of bird bone flutes.
If a person put so much effort into making a flute, it means he gave great importance the sounds of music. Perhaps his fellow tribesmen sang and danced to the tunes of the flute, and talked with the spirits of their ancestors.
The so-called Swabian Venus was also discovered next to the flutes:
During excavations of the site of primitive hunters in Mezina in 1908, interesting discoveries were made, including a figurine similar to the Swabian Venus and an entire orchestra of musical instruments.
I already wrote about one of the finds - https://cont.ws/@divo2006/439081 - On the territory Russian Empire a 20,000-year-old calendar has been found that unites and explains many calendar systems later spread throughout the entire Earth!!!
At the site of the dwelling in Mezin, an entire “orchestra” was found, consisting of bone tubes from which pipes and whistles were made. Rattles and rattles were carved from mammoth bones. Dry leather covered the tambourines, which hummed when struck by a mallet. These were the primitive musical instruments. The melodies played on them were very simple, rhythmic and loud.
About 30 years ago, a reconstruction of the sound of these instruments was carried out, and today you have a unique chance to hear the music that our ancestors played 20,000 years ago.
Concert on the most ancient musical instruments, 20,000 years old. (reconstruction).
I would also like to draw your attention to the fact that approximately 19,000 years passed between the finds in Europe and in Mezina, they are separated by thousands of kilometers, and people are interested in music, make religious objects identical to each other, and carefully monitor the movement of visible objects. celestial bodies, and records his observations, in the form of ornaments, on products made from mammoth bones. At the same time, the methods of processing bones are not clear, and are beyond our control today.
Modern science assures us that the people of the past were extremely primitive and differed little from monkeys. But how then to explain jewelry in the Denisovo cave of Altai, 50,000 years old, musical instruments presented in this article, runic writing on Venus from the Voronezh site, the most complex astronomical observations and calculations from Mezin 20,000 years, and the Achinsk rod 18,000 years, and much more.
The abundance of wind, string and percussion instruments speaks of the cultural wealth of the ancient Russians. Absorbing the sounds of nature, people created simple rattles and whistles from scrap materials. Every child in Rus' had the skills to make and play simple musical instruments. This was an integral part folk culture and life since the times Ancient Rus'. Many of them are used to this day unchanged - others have been improved and formed the basis of folk orchestras.
Russian folk music (instruments):
Balalaika
The balalaika has become a symbol of Russian culture. This is a three string plucked instrument with a triangular deck. The first mention of the instrument dates back to the 17th century. But mass distribution I received the instrument only a hundred years later. The classical balalaika originated from the East Slavic domra with two strings and a round soundboard.
Status folk instrument was assigned to her for a reason. The root of the word balalaika is the same as in the words balakat or balabolit, which mean meaningless, unobtrusive conversation. So the instrument most often served as an accompaniment for the leisure of Russian peasants.
Gusli
Another stringed folk instrument, but much older than the balalaika. The first historical evidence of the use of gusli dates back to the 5th century. The ancestor of the instrument is not precisely established, but, according to the most common hypothesis, they originated from the ancient Greek cithara. There were several types of gusli with a resonator various shapes and the number of strings from 5 to 30.
Gusli of all types (wing-shaped, helmet-shaped, lyre-shaped) were used to accompany the voice of the soloist, and the musicians were called guslars.
Horn
A small mouthpiece wind instrument with a bell at the end of the barrel and six playing holes (at the same time the name of a group of wind instruments). The traditional horn was carved from juniper, birch or maple. The ensemble and dance variety of the instrument originated from the signal horns of shepherds and warriors, who accompanied both leisure and work.
The first information about horns recorded on paper dates back to the 17th century, but in fact they began to be used much earlier. Since the 18th century, references to horn ensembles have appeared.
Domra
The traditional Slavic plucked string instrument is the ancestor of the balalaika. The fundamental differences from the first to the last lie in the configuration of the deck (oval and triangular, respectively). It became widespread in the 16th century, presumably evolving from Mongolian two-stringed plucked instruments.
There are three- and four-string versions of the instrument. Domra was considered an instrument of traveling buffoons (domra player - domrachey).
Accordion
Bayan is a Russian folk musical instrument with Bavarian roots. The constructive basis for it was the harmonica. The first instrument was created by master Mirwald in 1891, and the very next year button accordions appeared in Russia. However, the name of the instrument was first mentioned in 1903 (before that it was called chromatic harmony).
This is a solo concert or ensemble instrument. However, he often accompanies people's leisure time at public celebrations or family holidays.
Russian accordion
The hand accordion came to Russia musical culture along with the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Her ancestor was chinese instrument shen. Chinese ancestor passed long haul from Asia to Russia and Europe, but the harmonica received mass popular love after the 1830s, after the opening of the first production. But even with established production, most of the instruments were made by folk craftsmen, which contributed to a wide variety of designs.
Tambourine
It is almost impossible to establish the time and place of the appearance of the tambourine as a musical instrument - it was used in various rituals of many peoples. Ritual tambourines most often consist of a leather membrane on a round wooden frame - a shell. Bells or round metal plates were often suspended from the shell of Russian musical tambourines.
In Rus', any percussion musical instrument was called a tambourine. The military and ritual tambourine clearly stands out. They served as the basis for musical tambourines used during buffoon performances and other entertainment events.
Firewood
Percussion instrument with a telling name firewood “grew” from an ordinary bundle of firewood. Its operating principle is similar to a xylophone. The sound is extracted with a special beater made of wooden plates. At the bottom of each plate, a recess is selected, the depth of which determines the pitch of the sound. After adjustment, the plates are varnished and bundled. Dried birch, spruce and maple are used to make firewood. Maple firewood is considered the most euphonious.
Whistle
A small ceramic wind instrument, the whistle, was often equipped with decorative elements. Bird whistles with decorative paintings were especially popular. Preferred creatures and designs often indicate the region where the tool was made.
The whistles make high trills. Some types of whistles are filled with water and then the trills are produced with a shimmer. Whistles were created as children's toys.
Ratchet
A series of wooden plates fastened with cord is the Slavic ratchet. Shaking such a bunch creates sharp popping sounds. Ratchets are made from durable wood - oak, for example. To increase the volume, spacers about five millimeters thick are inserted between the plates. The instrument was used at fairs and folk festivals to attract attention to a particular performance.
Wooden spoons
Another symbol of Russian culture is wooden spoons. This is the only percussion instrument that can be eaten. Ancient Russians used spoons to make rhythmic sounds as much as they used them to eat. Spoons made of different types of wood with characteristic paintings are used in sets of two to five. The most common option is with three - two are clamped in the spooner’s left hand, and with the third he hits the lower sides of the scoops.
Modern scientists believe that the first representatives of Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens, appeared in Africa approximately 160 thousand years ago. About a hundred and ten thousand years later primitive people settled across all continents of our planet. And they have already brought music in its primitive form to new lands. From different tribes musical forms differed, but common primary sources can be clearly traced. It follows that music as a phenomenon originated on the African continent before the settlement of prehistoric people around the world. And this was at least 50 thousand years ago.
Terminology
Prehistoric music manifested itself in an oral musical tradition. Otherwise it is called primitive. The term "prehistoric" is usually applied to the musical tradition of the ancients European peoples, and in relation to the music of representatives of other continents, other terms are used - folklore, traditional, popular.
Ancient musical instruments
The first musical sounds are human imitation of the voices of animals and birds during the hunt. And the first musical instrument in history is the human voice. With the strength of the vocal cords, a person could already masterfully reproduce sounds in a wide range: from the singing of exotic birds and the chirping of insects to the roar of a wild animal.
The hyoid bone, which is responsible for the production of sounds, according to anthropologists, was formed approximately 60 thousand years ago. Here is another starting date in the history of music.
But not only the voice was produced prehistoric music. There were others, in particular palms. Clapping hands or knocking stones against each other are the first manifestations of rhythm created by man. And one of the subtypes of primitive music is the sound of grain grinding in the hut of a primitive man.
The first prehistoric musical instrument, the existence of which is officially confirmed by archaeologists, is. In its primitive form it was a whistle. The whistle pipe acquired holes for the fingers and became a full-fledged musical instrument, which was gradually improved to the form of a modern flute. Prototypes of the flute were discovered during excavations in southwestern Germany, dating back to the period 35-40 thousand years BC.
The role of prehistoric music
Many people believe that music can tame the most ferocious animal. AND ancient man subconsciously began to use sounds to attract or repel animals. The opposite is also possible: that music pacified man, turning him from a beast into a thinking and feeling creature.
The prehistoric period in the history of music ends at the moment when music passes from oral tradition to written tradition.
21 Nov 2015The history of musical instruments. Video lesson.
When did musical instruments originate? You can get very different answers to this question (from 100 years to tens of thousands). In reality, no one can answer this question, since it is unknown. But it is known that one of the most ancient instruments found during archaeological excavations, more 40 thousand years(it was a flute made from an animal bone, the femur of a cave bear). But wind instruments did not appear first, which means that musical instruments arose even earlier.
What instrument appeared first?
The first prototype of a musical instrument was human hands. At first, people sang, clapping their hands, which were, as it were, his musical instrument. Then people began to pick up two sticks, two stones, two shells, and instead of clapping their hands, they hit each other with these objects, producing different sounds. The tools people used largely depended on the area where they lived. If they lived in a forest area, they took 2 sticks; if they lived by the sea, they took 2 shells, etc.
Thus, instruments appear on which the sound is produced by striking, which is why such instruments are called drums .
The most common percussion instrument is, of course, drum . But the invention of the drum dates back to a much later time. We cannot say now how this happened. We can only guess something. For example, one day, after hitting a hollow tree in order to drive bees away from it and take honey from them, a man listened to the unusually booming sound that comes from hitting a hollow tree, and the idea came to him to use this in his orchestra. Then people realized that it was not necessary to look for a hollow tree, but that they could take some kind of stump and hollow out the middle of it. Well, if you cover it on one side with the skin of a killed animal, you will get an instrument very similar to drum. Many nations have instruments of similar design. The only difference between them is that they are made from various materials and slightly different in shape.
In music different nations percussion instruments play different roles. They played a particularly important role in music African peoples. There were various drums, from small ones to huge drums, reaching 3 meters. The sound of these huge drums could be heard several kilometers away.
There was a very sad period in history associated with the slave trade. Europeans or Americans sailed to the African continent to capture and then sell its inhabitants. Sometimes when they arrived in a village, they found no one there; the residents managed to leave there. This happened because the sounds of the drum, which came from the neighboring village, warned them about this, i.e. people understood the “language” of drums.
Thus, the group was the first to arise percussion instruments .
What group of instruments appeared after the drums? These were wind instruments, which are called so because their sound is produced by blowing air. We also don’t know what prompted man to invent these tools, but we can only assume something. For example, one day, while hunting, a man came to the shore of a lake. Dul strong wind and suddenly the man heard a sound. At first he was wary, but after listening he realized that it was the sound of broken reeds. Then the man thought: “What if I break the reed myself, and blow air into it, try to make it sound?” Having successfully done this, people learned to produce sounds by blowing air. Then the man realized that short reeds made higher sounds, and long ones made lower sounds. People began to tie reeds of different lengths and, thanks to this, produce sounds of different pitches. This instrument is often called a Pan flute.
This is due to the legend that a long time ago in Ancient Greece there lived a goat-footed god named Pan. One day he was walking through the forest and suddenly saw a beautiful nymph named Syrinx. Pan to her... And the beautiful nymph disliked Pan and began to run away from him. She runs and runs, and Pan is already catching up with her. Syrinx prayed to her father, the river god, to save her. Her father turned her into a reed. Pan cut that reed and made himself a pipe out of it. And let's play on it. No one knows that it is not the flute who sings, but the sweet-voiced nymph Syrinx.
Since then, it has become a tradition that multi-barreled flutes, similar to a fence of shortened reed pipes, are called Pan flutes - from the name ancient Greek god fields, forests and grass. And in Greece itself it is still often called syrinx. Many nations have such instruments, but they are called differently. The Russians have kugikly, kuvikly or kuvichki, the Georgians have larchemi (soinari), in Lithuania - skuduchai, in Moldova and Romania - nai or muskal, among the Latin American Indians - samponyo. Some call the Pan flute a pipe.
More later people They realized that it is not necessary to take several tubes, but that you can make several holes in one tube, and by pressing them in a certain way, you can produce different sounds.
When our distant ancestors made some inanimate object sound, it seemed to them a real miracle: before their eyes, dead objects came to life and found a voice. There are many legends and songs about the singing reed. One of them talks about how at the grave murdered girl the reed grew, when it was cut and made into a pipe, she began to sing and talk in a human voice about the death of the girl, calling the name of the killer. This fairy tale was translated into poetry by the great Russian poet M.Yu. Lermontov.
The fisherman sat cheerfully
On the river bank,
And in front of him in the wind
The reeds swayed.
He cut dry reeds
And drilled the wells
He pinched one end
It blew at the other end.
And as if animated, the reed began to speak -
Thus arose the second group of musical instruments, which are called brass
Well, the third group of musical instruments, as you probably already guessed, is string group tools . And the very first string instrument was simple Hunter bow. Many times before a hunt, a person checks whether the tension is good bow string. And then one day, having listened to this melodious sound of a bowstring, a man decided to use it in his orchestra. He realized that a short string produces higher sounds, and a longer string produces lower sounds. But playing on several bows is inconvenient and the man pulled not one string on the bow, but several. If you imagine this instrument, you can find in it similarities with harp .
Thus, three groups of musical instruments arise: drums, winds and strings.