MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND WORK 1856, August 27 - Ivan Yakovlevich Franko was born in the village of Naguevichi, Drohobych district, into the family of a rural blacksmith. 1864–1867 - Study (from the second grade) at a normal four-year school of the Basilian Order in the city of Drohobych. 1865, in the spring - Died

Born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg (Austria) and at baptism received the names Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Theophilus. Mother - Maria Anna, née Pertl; father - Leopold Mozart (1719-1787), composer and theorist, from 1743 - violinist in the court orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg. Of the seven Mozart children, two survived: Wolfgang and his older sister Maria Anna. Both brother and sister had brilliant musical abilities: Leopold began giving his daughter harpsichord lessons when she was eight years old, and the music book with easy pieces composed by her father in 1759 for Nannerl was later useful in teaching little Wolfgang.

At the age of three, Mozart was picking up thirds and sixths on the harpsichord, and at the age of five he began composing simple minuets. In January 1762, Leopold took his miracle children to Munich, where they played in the presence of the Bavarian Elector, and in September to Linz and Passau, from there along the Danube to Vienna, where they were received at court (in the Schönbrunn Palace) and twice awarded reception with Empress Maria Theresa. This trip marked the beginning of a series of concert trips that continued for ten years.

From Vienna, Leopold and his children moved along the Danube to Pressburg (now Bratislava, Slovakia), where they stayed from December 11 to 24, and then returned to Vienna on Christmas Eve. In June 1763, Leopold, Nannerl and Wolfgang began the longest of their concert trips: they returned home to Salzburg only towards the end of November 1766. Leopold kept a travel diary: Munich, Ludwigsburg, Augsburg and Schwetzingen (the summer residence of the Elector of the Palatinate). On August 18, Wolfgang gave a concert in Frankfurt: by this time he had mastered the violin and played it fluently, although not with such phenomenal brilliance as on keyboard instruments; in Frankfurt he performed his violin concerto (14-year-old Goethe was among those present in the hall). Brussels and Paris followed, where the family spent the entire winter of 1763/1764.

The Mozarts were received at the court of Louis XV during the Christmas holidays at Versailles and enjoyed great attention in aristocratic circles throughout the winter. At the same time, Wolfgang's works were published for the first time in Paris - four violin sonatas.

In April 1764 the family went to London and lived there for more than a year. A few days after their arrival, the Mozarts were solemnly received by King George III. As in Paris, children gave public concerts during which Wolfgang demonstrated his amazing abilities. Composer Johann Christian Bach, a favorite of London society, immediately appreciated the child’s enormous talent. Often, having put Wolfgang on his knees, he would perform sonatas with him on the harpsichord: they would play in turns, each playing a few bars, and they would do it with such precision that it seemed as if one musician was playing.

In London, Mozart composed his first symphonies. They followed the examples of the gallant, lively and energetic music of Johann Christian, who became the boy's teacher, and demonstrated an innate sense of form and instrumental color.

In July 1765 the family left London and headed to Holland; in September in The Hague, Wolfgang and Nannerl suffered severe pneumonia, from which the boy recovered only by February.

They then continued their tour: from Belgium to Paris, then to Lyon, Geneva, Bern, Zurich, Donaueschingen, Augsburg and finally to Munich, where the Elector again listened to the play of the miracle child and was amazed at the successes he had made. As soon as they returned to Salzburg (November 30, 1766), Leopold began making plans for his next trip. It began in September 1767. The whole family arrived in Vienna, where at that time a smallpox epidemic was raging. The disease overtook both children in Olmutz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic), where they had to stay until December.

In January 1768 they reached Vienna and were again received at court; Wolfgang at this time wrote his first opera - The Imaginary Simpleton (La finta semplice), but its production did not take place due to the intrigues of some Viennese musicians. At the same time, his first large mass for choir and orchestra appeared, which was performed at the opening of the church at the orphanage in front of a large and friendly audience. A trumpet concerto was written by order, but unfortunately has not survived. On the way home to Salzburg, Wolfgang performed his new symphony at the Benedictine monastery in Lambach.

The goal of the next trip Leopold planned was Italy - the country of opera and, of course, the country of music in general. After 11 months of study and preparation for the trip, spent in Salzburg, Leopold and Wolfgang began the first of three journeys through the Alps. They were absent for more than a year (from December 1769 to March 1771). The first Italian journey turned into a chain of continuous triumphs - for the pope and the duke, for the king (Ferdinand IV of Naples) and for the cardinal and, most importantly, for the musicians.

Mozart met with N. Piccini and G. B. Sammartini in Milan, with the heads of the Neapolitan opera school N. Iommelli, G. F. and Maio and G. Paisiello in Naples. In Milan, Wolfgang received a commission for a new opera seria to be presented during the carnival. In Rome, he heard the famous Miserere by G. Allegri, which he later wrote down from memory. Pope Clement XIV received Mozart on July 8, 1770 and awarded him the Order of the Golden Spur.

While studying counterpoint in Bologna with the famous teacher Padre Martini, Mozart began work on a new opera, Mithridates, re di Ponto. At Martini's insistence, he underwent an examination at the famous Bologna Philharmonic Academy and was accepted as a member of the academy. The opera was successfully performed at Christmas in Milan.

Wolfgang spent the spring and early summer of 1771 in Salzburg, but in August father and son went to Milan to prepare the premiere of the new opera Ascanio in Alba, which was successfully held on October 17. Leopold hoped to persuade Archduke Ferdinand, for whose wedding a celebration was organized in Milan, to take Wolfgang into his service; but by a strange coincidence, Empress Maria Theresa sent a letter from Vienna, in which she stated in strong terms her dissatisfaction with the Mozarts (in particular, she called them a “useless family”). Leopold and Wolfgang were forced to return to Salzburg, unable to find a suitable duty station for Wolfgang in Italy.

On the very day of their return, December 16, 1771, Prince-Archbishop Sigismund, who was kind to the Mozarts, died. His successor was Count Jerome Colloredo, and for his inaugural celebrations in April 1772, Mozart composed the “dramatic serenade” Il sogno di Scipione. Colloredo accepted the young composer into the service with an annual salary of 150 guilders and gave permission to travel to Milan (Mozart undertook to write a new opera for this city); however, the new archbishop, unlike his predecessor, did not tolerate the Mozarts' long absences and was not inclined to admire their art.

The third Italian journey lasted from October 1772 to March 1773. Mozart's new opera, Lucio Silla, was performed the day after Christmas 1772, and the composer received no further opera commissions. Leopold tried in vain to gain the patronage of the Grand Duke of Florence, Leopold. Having made several more attempts to settle his son in Italy, Leopold realized his defeat, and the Mozarts left this country so as not to return there again.

For the third time, Leopold and Wolfgang tried to settle in the Austrian capital; they remained in Vienna from mid-July to the end of September 1773. Wolfgang had the opportunity to become acquainted with new symphonic works Viennese school, especially with dramatic symphonies in minor keys by J. Vanhal and J. Haydn; the fruits of this acquaintance are evident in his symphony in G minor.

Forced to remain in Salzburg, Mozart devoted himself entirely to composition: at this time symphonies, divertimentos, works of church genres, as well as the first string quartet appeared - this music soon secured the author’s reputation as one of the most talented composers in Austria. The symphonies created at the end of 1773 - beginning of 1774 are distinguished by their high dramatic integrity.

A short break from the Salzburg provincialism he hated was given to Mozart by an order from Munich for a new opera for the 1775 carnival: the premiere of The Imaginary Gardener (La finta giardiniera) was a success in January. But the musician almost never left Salzburg. Happy family life to some extent compensated for the boredom of everyday life in Salzburg, but Wolfgang, who compared his current situation with the lively atmosphere of foreign capitals, gradually lost patience.

In the summer of 1777, Mozart was dismissed from the archbishop's service and decided to seek his fortune abroad. In September, Wolfgang and his mother traveled through Germany to Paris. In Munich, the Elector refused his services; On the way, they stopped in Mannheim, where Mozart was friendly received by local orchestra players and singers. Although he did not receive a place at the court of Karl Theodor, he stayed in Mannheim: the reason was his love for the singer Aloysia Weber.

In addition, Mozart hoped to make a concert tour with Aloysia, who had a magnificent coloratura soprano; he even went with her secretly to the court of the Princess of Nassau-Weilburg (in January 1778). Leopold initially believed that Wolfgang would go to Paris with a company of Mannheim musicians, sending his mother back to Salzburg, but having heard that Wolfgang was madly in love, he strictly ordered him to immediately go to Paris with his mother.

His stay in Paris, which lasted from March to September 1778, turned out to be extremely unsuccessful: Wolfgang’s mother died on July 3, and Parisian court circles lost interest in to the young composer. Although Mozart successfully performed two new symphonies in Paris and Christian Bach came to Paris, Leopold ordered his son to return to Salzburg. Wolfgang delayed his return as long as he could and especially lingered in Mannheim. Here he realized that Aloysia was completely indifferent to him. It was a terrible blow, and only his father’s terrible threats and pleas forced him to leave Germany.

Mozart's new symphonies (for example, G major, K. 318; B-flat major, K. 319; C major, K. 334) and instrumental serenades (for example, D major, K. 320) are marked by crystal clarity of form and orchestration, richness and the subtlety of emotional nuances and that special warmth that placed Mozart above all Austrian composers, with the exception of J. Haydn.

In January 1779, Mozart again took up the duties of organist at the archbishop's court with an annual salary of 500 guilders. The church music that he was obliged to compose for Sunday services was much higher in depth and variety than what he had previously written in this genre. Particular highlights include the Coronation Mass and the Missa solemnis in C major.

But Mozart continued to hate Salzburg and the archbishop, and therefore happily accepted the offer to write an opera for Munich. Idomeneo, King of Crete (Idomeneo, re di Creta) was installed at the court of Elector Karl Theodor (his winter residence was in Munich) in January 1781. Idomeneo was a magnificent result of the experience acquired by the composer in the previous period, mainly in Paris and Mannheim. The choral writing is especially original and dramatically expressive.

At that time, the Archbishop of Salzburg was in Vienna and ordered Mozart to immediately go to the capital. Here the personal conflict between Mozart and Colloredo gradually assumed alarming proportions, and after Wolfgang's resounding public success in a concert given for the benefit of the widows and orphans of Viennese musicians on April 3, 1781, his days in the service of the archbishop were numbered. In May he submitted his resignation, and on June 8 he was kicked out.

Against his father's will, Mozart married Constanze Weber, the sister of his first lover, and the bride's mother managed to get a very favorable conditions marriage contract(to the anger and despair of Leopold, who bombarded his son with letters, begging him to come to his senses). Wolfgang and Constanze were married in Vienna's Cathedral of St. Stephen on August 4, 1782. And although Constanza was as helpless in financial matters as her husband, their marriage apparently turned out to be a happy one.

In July 1782, Mozart's opera The Rape from the Seraglio (Die Entfhrung aus dem Serail) was staged at the Vienna Burgtheater; it was a significant success, and Mozart became the idol of Vienna, not only in court and aristocratic circles, but also among concert-goers from the third estate. Within a few years, Mozart reached the heights of fame; life in Vienna encouraged him to engage in a variety of activities, composing and performing. He was in great demand, tickets for his concerts (the so-called academy), distributed by subscription, were completely sold out. For this occasion, Mozart composed a series of brilliant piano concertos. In 1784, Mozart gave 22 concerts over six weeks.

In the summer of 1783, Wolfgang and his bride paid a visit to Leopold and Nannerl in Salzburg. On this occasion, Mozart wrote his last and best Mass in C minor, which has not reached us in full (if the composer completed the work at all). The Mass was performed on October 26 in Salzburg's Peterskirche, with Constanze singing one of the soprano solo parts. (Constanza was apparently a good professional singer, although her voice was in many ways inferior to that of her sister Aloysia.) Returning to Vienna in October, the couple stopped in Linz, where the Linz Symphony appeared.

In February of the following year, Leopold paid a visit to his son and daughter-in-law in their large Viennese apartment near the cathedral (this beautiful house has survived to this day), and although Leopold was never able to get rid of his hostility towards Constanze, he admitted that his son’s business as a composer and performer was very successful.

The beginning of many years of sincere friendship between Mozart and J. Haydn dates back to this time. At a quartet evening with Mozart in the presence of Leopold, Haydn, turning to his father, said: “Your son is the greatest composer of all whom I know personally or have heard of.” Haydn and Mozart provided significant influence at each other; as for Mozart, the first fruits of such influence are evident in the cycle of six quartets that Mozart dedicated to a friend in a famous letter in September 1785.

In 1784, Mozart became a Freemason, which left a deep imprint on his life philosophy; Masonic ideas can be traced in a number of Mozart's later works, especially in The Magic Flute. In those years, many well-known scientists, poets, writers, and musicians in Vienna were members of the Masonic lodges(Haydn was among them), Freemasonry was also cultivated in court circles.

As a result of various opera and theater intrigues, L. da Ponte, the court librettist, heir to the famous Metastasio, decided to work with Mozart as opposed to the clique of the court composer A. Salieri and da Ponte’s rival, the librettist Abbot Casti. Mozart and da Ponte began with Beaumarchais's anti-aristocratic play The Marriage of Figaro, and by that time with German translation The ban on the play has not yet been lifted.

Using various tricks, they managed to obtain the necessary permission from the censor, and on May 1, 1786, The Marriage of Figaro (Le nozze di Figaro) was first shown at the Burgtheater. Although later this Mozart opera was a huge success, when first staged it was soon supplanted by the new opera by V. Martin y Soler (1754-1806) A Rare Thing (Una cosa rara). Meanwhile, in Prague, The Marriage of Figaro gained exceptional popularity (melodies from the opera were heard in the streets, and arias from it were danced to in ballrooms and coffee houses). Mozart was invited to conduct several performances.

In January 1787, he and Constanza spent about a month in Prague, and this was the happiest time in the life of the great composer. Director opera troupe Bondini ordered him a new opera. It can be assumed that Mozart himself chose the plot - old legend about Don Juan; the libretto was to be prepared by none other than Da Ponte. The opera Don Giovanni was first performed in Prague on October 29, 1787.

In May 1787, the composer's father died. This year generally became a milestone in Mozart’s life, as regards its external course and state of mind composer. His thoughts were increasingly colored by deep pessimism; The sparkle of success and joy of youth are forever a thing of the past. The pinnacle of the composer's path was the triumph of Don Juan in Prague. After returning to Vienna at the end of 1787, Mozart began to be haunted by failures, and at the end of his life - by poverty. The production of Don Giovanni in Vienna in May 1788 ended in failure; At the reception after the performance, the opera was defended by Haydn alone.

Mozart received the position of court composer and conductor of Emperor Joseph II, but with a relatively small salary for this position (800 guilders per year). The Emperor understood little of the music of either Haydn or Mozart; about Mozart’s works, he said that they were “not to the taste of the Viennese.” Mozart had to borrow money from Michael Puchberg, his fellow Mason.

In view of the hopelessness of the situation in Vienna (documents confirming how quickly the frivolous Viennese forgot their former idol make a strong impression), Mozart decided to undertake a concert trip to Berlin (April - June 1789), where he hoped to find a place for himself at the court of the Prussian king Frederick William II . The result was only new debts, and even an order for six string quartets for His Majesty, who was a decent amateur cellist, and six keyboard sonatas for Princess Wilhelmina.

In 1789, the health of Constance, then Wolfgang himself, began to deteriorate, and the family’s financial situation became simply threatening. In February 1790, Joseph II died, and Mozart was not sure that he could maintain his post as court composer under the new emperor. The coronation celebrations of Emperor Leopold took place in Frankfurt in the fall of 1790, and Mozart went there at his own expense, hoping to attract public attention. This performance took place on October 15, but brought no money.

Returning to Vienna, Mozart met with Haydn; London impresario Zalomon came to invite Haydn to London, and Mozart received a similar invitation to the English capital for the next winter season. He wept bitterly as he saw off Haydn and Zalomon. “We will never see each other again,” he repeated. The previous winter, he invited only two friends to rehearsals of the opera Cos fan tutte (Cos fan tutte) - Haydn and Puchberg.

In 1791 E. Schikaneder, a writer, actor and impresario, a longtime acquaintance of Mozart, ordered him a new opera on German for his Freihaustheater in the Vienna suburb of Wieden (the current theater an der Wien), and in the spring Mozart began working on The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflte). At the same time, he received an order from Prague for the coronation opera - La clemenza di Tito (La clemenza di Tito), for which Mozart's student F.K. Süssmayer helped write some spoken recitatives.

Together with his student and Constance, Mozart went to Prague in August to prepare the performance, which took place without special success September 6 (later this opera enjoyed enormous popularity). Mozart then left hastily for Vienna to complete The Magic Flute. The opera was performed on September 30, and at the same time he completed his last instrumental work - a concerto for clarinet and orchestra in A major.

Mozart was already ill when, under mysterious circumstances, a stranger came to him and ordered a requiem. This was the manager of Count Walsegg-Stuppach. The count ordered an essay in memory deceased wife, intending to perform it under his own name. Mozart, confident that he was composing a requiem for himself, feverishly worked on the score until his strength left him.

On November 15, 1791 he completed the Little Masonic Cantata. Constance was being treated in Baden at that time and hastily returned home when she realized how serious her husband’s illness was. On November 20, Mozart fell ill and a few days later felt so weak that he took communion. On the night of December 4–5, he fell into a delirious state and, in a semi-conscious state, imagined himself playing the timpani in the Dies irae from his own unfinished requiem. It was almost one in the morning when he turned to the wall and stopped breathing.

Constanza, broken by grief and without any means, had to agree to the cheapest funeral service in the chapel of the Cathedral of St. Stefan. She was too weak to accompany her husband's body on the long journey to the cemetery of St. Mark, where he was buried without any witnesses except the gravediggers, in a pauper's grave, the location of which was soon hopelessly forgotten. Süssmayer completed the requiem and orchestrated large unfinished text fragments left by the author.

If during Mozart's life his creative power was realized only by a relatively small number of listeners, then already in the first decade after the death of the composer, recognition of his genius spread throughout Europe. This was facilitated by the success that The Magic Flute had among a wide audience. The German publisher André acquired the rights to most of Mozart's unpublished works, including his remarkable piano concertos and all of his later symphonies (none of which were published during the composer's lifetime).

Pimperl, whom Mozart loved so much in childhood.

No one was present at the burial, so no one knew where the grave was. When, at the insistence of the good-natured Diner, Constanza decided to put a modest cross on the grave, not a single gravedigger could remember where Mozart was buried. This is unknown to this day. Good Puchberg agreed not to demand repayment of debts. A few years later, Constanza married the Danish diplomat Georg von Nissen. Süssmayer finished the Requiem, for which Count Walsegg's confidant appeared. The Requiem was a huge success.

Key dates in the life and work of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756, January 27. Leopold and Anna Maria (nee Bertel) Mozart had a son, Wolfgang.

1760. When Wolfgang was four years old, he received his first music lessons. First works: minuets and allegro for clavier. Concert trip to Vienna.

1763.6 June. The Mozart family with Wolfgang goes on a trip to Paris, performing concerts along the way, and on November 16 they enter the French capital. Wolfgang composes his first sonatas for clavier and violin; gives concerts, including in Versailles.

1764, April. After six months in Paris, Wolfgang and his family go to London, give concerts, and the king and queen become his enthusiastic listeners. The first symphonies were written in London.

1767. Salzburg: 1st part of the oratorio “The Debt of the First Commandment”, opera “Apollo and Hyacinth”.

1768. Vienna, first operas: “The Imaginary Shepherdess”, “Bastien and Bastienne”. Leopold keeps a catalog of his twelve-year-old son's works, their number reaches 139. Wolfgang conducts his “Solemn Mass.”

1769. Appointment of Wolfgang as the third accompanist of the Salzburg court chapel.

1769–1772. Trips to Italy: first string quartet; operas: “Mithridates, King of Pontus”, “Ascanius in Alba”, “Lucius Sulla”. Pope Clement XIV awards Mozart the Order of the Golden Spur; Wolfgang's election as a member of the Philharmonic Academies in Bologna and Verona.

1772. May. Performance of “The Dream of Scipio” in honor of the inauguration of Archbishop of Salzburg Jerome Count von Colloredo.

1773. String quartets, symphony in g minor, 1st keyboard concerto. 1774. Munich, opera “The Imaginary Gardener”.

1775. Premiere of the musical drama “The Shepherd King.”

1776. Salzburg: composition of three keyboard concertos, four masses, divertimentos, serenades, “Haffner Serenade”. Deterioration of relations with Colloredo.

1777. Mozart's petition for release from service with the Prince-Archbishop. 1777–1778. Munich, Augsburg, Mannheim: keyboard sonatas, violin sonatas,

vocal compositions. Meeting the Weber family, love for Aloysia. Departure with mother for Paris. It was not possible to settle in the capital of France.

1779. Return to Germany. Aloysius' refusal to Wolfgang, departure from Munich, service in Salzburg as court organist.

1780. Meeting Schikaneder, a theater figure.

Biography and episodes of life Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. When born and died Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, memorable places and dates important events his life. Composer quotes, images and videos.

Years of life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:

born January 27, 1756, died December 5, 1791

Epitaph

"Mozart lives here,
He believed in Something
What doesn't have a name
And there are no words to explain it.
He managed to say this with music.
When he died
Only his physical appearance was taken away.
They said he couldn't be identified
And the corpse was buried in a common grave.
But we choose to believe
That he was never buried
Because he never died.
Listen."
Staymin Karpen, epitaph to Mozart, translated by D. Samoilov

Biography

One day, Mozart’s father came home accompanied by his friend, court trumpeter A. I. Shakhtner. Entering the house, the men saw little Wolfgang, sitting at the table, carefully writing inscriptions on a sheet of music. When asked by his father what he was doing, young Mozart replied that he was writing a musical composition for the harpsichord. Such a serious answer amused both the father and Mr. Schachtner, but their laughter continued only until the moment they looked at the sheet of music, covered in uneven childish handwriting. The father read the notes, and tears flowed from his eyes: “How correct and meaningful everything is here!” - he exclaimed. But the genius at that time was only four years old.

The first years of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's life took place in Salzburg, the then capital of the small Austrian principality. Mozart's musical talent manifested itself very early: already at the age of three he could build chords, improvise and play melodies by ear. Under the guidance of his father Leopold Mozart, an outstanding musician of that time, Wolfgang Amadeus learned to play the harpsichord, violin and organ. By the way, his older sister Maria Anna was no less talented.

Mozart's personal life was not exactly stormy, but not without scandals. The composer had only one chosen one - Constance Weber - a girl from a famous Munich family, in whose house he rented a room. The love of the young people was strong and mutual, but the wedding was long prevented by Mozart’s father, who was more concerned about his career and material well-being son. However, the wedding still took place, and Constance became Mozart’s faithful companion, remaining his muse and benefactor until his very last days.

The death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart occurred in the 36th year of his life. It seemed that the composer felt the proximity of his own death. IN last days Throughout his life, he worked tirelessly on the “Requiem” and tearfully confessed to his wife that he was writing a funeral work for himself. Constance tried to occupy her lover with more cheerful topics, but, alas, there was no escape from fate: in the end, the genius fell ill from a serious illness. He did not get out of bed for two weeks, but was still conscious. And December 5, 1791 great composer passed away. Modern researchers claim that the cause of Mozart's death was a staphylococcal infection.

Life line

January 27, 1756 Date of birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
1761 The appearance of the first musical compositions young genius: “Andante in C major” and “Allegro in C major.”
1762 The beginning of the concert activities of Wolfgang and his sister.
1770 Young Mozart moves to Italy, where he meets outstanding masters working in the music industry.
1779 Wolfgang Amadeus returns to Salzburg and receives the position of court organist.
1781 The composer moves to Vienna, where he reaches the peak of fame.
August 4, 1782 Wedding date of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Constance Weber.
1787 Mozart receives the position of imperial and royal chamber musician.
November 20, 1791 The onset of Mozart's illness.
December 5, 1791 Date of death of Mozart.
December 6, 1791 Mozart's funeral at St. Mark's Cemetery in Vienna.

Memorable places

1. Mozart’s home in Salzburg (now the Mozart House Museum) at Getreidegasse 9, 5020 Salzburg.
2. St. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg, where Mozart was baptized.
3. The city of Munich, where the first concert of the young composer took place.
4. St. Stephen's Cathedral, where the betrothal of Wolfgang Amadeus and Constance took place.
5. Prater Park in Vienna is the composer’s favorite place for walks.
6. St. Mark's Cemetery, where Mozart is buried. Mozart's grave is marked with a commemorative cenotaph.

Episodes of life

In the process of learning to play the violin, young Mozart used the instrument of a family friend, Mr. Schachtner. Later, while playing his own violin, the boy noticed that the previous violin was tuned one-eighth of a tone higher than the previous one. Schachtner did not take the remark seriously, but Leopold Mozart, knowing about his son’s exceptional hearing, asked his friend to bring his violin for comparison. It turned out that Schachtner's violin was indeed tuned with an error of one-eighth of a tone.

When Mozart's relationship with his future bride was just gaining momentum, Constance Weber's guardian, Johann Thorowart, rudely intervened. He forced the young man to sign a written agreement that if Mozart did not marry Constance within three years, he would be forced to pay financial compensation in her favor for life. In order to prove the seriousness of his intentions, Wolfgang agreed. However, later Constance broke this obligation, arguing for her action that she completely trusted Mozart’s words and did not need any written confirmation. With this event, Mozart's love for Constance strengthened many times over.

Documentary about Mozart

Covenant

“Music, even in the most terrible dramatic situations, should always captivate the ear, always remain music.”

Condolences

“In my deep conviction, Mozart is the highest, culminating point to which beauty has reached in the field of music.”
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, composer

“Mozart is the youth of music, an eternally young spring, bringing to humanity the joy of spring renewal and spiritual harmony.”
Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich, composer

Methodological development of the lesson

on the subject " Musical literature»

second year of study at children's art schools and children's music schools

on the topic " Life path W.A. Mozart."

Compiled by: teacher of theoretical disciplines

Rassokhina Victoria Yurievna

Lesson summary on the subject Musical literature

Second year of study

Subject : Biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Target: Acquaintance with the work of composer V.A. Mozart.

TASKS:

educational:

- formation of knowledge about the stages of life and creativity of V.A. Mozart;

- create conditions for familiarization with the biography and features of Mozart’s work.

developing:

- continue the formation of cultural and communicative competence, help master the skills of analyzing the composer’s work;

Organize the activities of students to independently apply knowledge.

raising:

- contribute to the development of a more refined perception of works of art in students, help them feel the image of Mozart in an accessible and psychologically close way.

Equipment:

- CDdisks;

Music Center;

Textbooks;

Portrait of V.A. Mozart, visual material.

Lesson plan:

1. Org. moment.

4. Summing up. Reflection.

Progress of the lesson.

1. Org. moment (greetings).

2. Preparing students to perceive new material. Guys, I suggest you listen to an excerpt from the sonata.

Music sounds: Sonata in C major 1st movement

3. Studying new material.

Teacher: Children, now we have listened to a work by the great Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, it was Sonata in C Major, 1st movement. Mozart lived inXVIIIcentury and basic styleXVII- startedXIXcentury there was classicism. The main task of classicism was to appeal to images and forms ancient culture, to the ideal aesthetic standard. Also musical classicismXVIIIcenturies are called " Viennese classicism"and is associated with the names of three composers who lived and worked in Vienna - J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart and L.V. Beethoven.V. And today we will get acquainted with the work of W.A. Mozart. He was a brilliant and talented composer, during his short life, and he lived only 35 years, and despite the continuous concert activities, he composed a lot of works: about 50 symphonies, 19 operas, sonatas, quartets, quintets, Requiem and many other works of different genres.

In his sonata-symphonic work he relied on the achievements of Joseph Haydn. Mozart also contributed a lot of new and original things. Huge artistic value His operas are also represented: “The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, “The Magic Flute”. Also in other genres, he said his word, the word of a musical genius.

Amazing talent and early death Mozart attracted the attention of not only his contemporaries. The great Pushkin wrote a small tragedy “Mozart and Salieri”, and Rimsky-Korsakov created an opera based on this tragedy.

Nowadays, his music is heard in concerts and opera houses. His works are required in programs music schools, conservatory. Books and articles are written about him, trying to reveal the depth and beauty of his music, talk about his talent and life.

Childhood.

Mozart was born in the ancient, beautiful mountainous city of Salzburg, located on the banks of the picturesque Salzach River. His father was an educated and serious musician who served at the prince's court, played the violin, organ, led an orchestra, a church choir, wrote music and was an excellent teacher. Noticing the child's talent, the father begins to work with him. At three years old, the child could already find consonant intervals on the harpsichord. At the age of 4, he repeated little plays after his older sister Anna-Maria and memorized them. At the age of four he tried to compose a harpsichord concerto. By the age of six, he was already performing complex virtuoso works. He studied a lot and his parents tried to persuade him to stop studying so that he would not get overtired. Also during this time he mastered playing the violin and organ. The father decided to take Mozart and his talented sister on a concert tour, and the six-year-old musician set off to conquer the world.

First concert trip.

The Mozart family visited Munich, Vienna, Paris, London, Amsterdam, The Hague, and Geneva. The trip lasted 3 years, it was truly a triumphal procession. These concerts caused a storm of delight, surprise and admiration. Wolfgang's program was striking in its diversity and complexity. He played the harpsichord, violin and organ, improvised, and accompanied singers in works unfamiliar to him. He was called a "miracle"XVIIIcentury." Appearance Mozart also aroused the interest of the public, he was short, thin and pale, dressed in a heavy suit embroidered with gold, wearing a curled and powdered wig. He looked like a magic doll. For fun, listeners forced the child to play the keys, covered with a towel or scarf, and perform difficult passages with one finger. They tested his exquisite hearing, because he caught the difference between intervals of one-eighth of a tone, determined the pitch of a sound taken on any instrument or sounding object.

All this was very tiring for a small child, the concerts lasted 4-5 hours, and the father also continued his son’s education. In 1766, Mozart wrote his first sonatas for violin and clavier and symphonies. The famous Mozart family returned to their native Salzburg.

But the long-awaited rest did not last long. Leopold Mozart wanted to consolidate his son's success and began to prepare him for new performances. Intensive composition classes, work on concert programs, as well as classes in general education subjects and language learning. He was more interested in arithmetic; he painted tables, chairs and even the walls of rooms with numbers. At that time, every composer was required to speak Italian; Mozart subsequently spoke it perfectly.

He also received many orders for new works. Viennese opera house ordered him comic opera“The Imaginary Simpleton”, he successfully coped with the new genre. The opera was not staged on the Vienna stage. Wolfgang took his first failure hard. I suggest you listen to the overture to this opera. Let's remember what an overture is?

Students: The overture is the introduction to the opera.

Teacher: Right,let's listen to it.

Musicians began to treat Mozart as a miracle child; they saw him as a rival and were afraid to fade in the rays of his glory.

The father takes Mozart to Italy, in the hope that the child will conquer the Italians with his extraordinary talent.

Trip to Italy.

For three years they visited Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Florence. And again his concerts were a brilliant success. He played the harpsichord, organ, and accompanied as a violinist and organist. Everyone was especially amazed by the extraordinary mobility of his left hand. He also acted as a conductor and singer-improviser.

The Milan Opera House commissioned Mozart to perform the opera Mithridates, King of Pantia. The work was written in half a year, the opera was performed 12 times in a row!!! Let's listen to the overture to this opera.

Let me remind you that Mozart had a fantastically keen ear and a brilliant memory! So, while in Rome in Sistine Chapel During the performance of the polyphonic choral work "Misere", Mozart remembered it, and when he came home, he wrote it down. And this work was considered the property of the church and was performed only 2 times a year. It was forbidden to take out notes and rewrite them! But Mozart was not punished, since he only remembered them.

Mozart was elected a member of the Bologna Academy. His short studies with the famous Italian theorist and composer Padre Martini led to amazing results. In half an hour he wrote a very difficult polyphonic work. For the first time in the history of the Academy, such a young composer became its member.

During his stay in Italy, Mozart was greatly impressed by the works Italian composers, painters, sculptors. He carefully studied the style of Italian singing, instrumental and vocal music. This was reflected in his works written in Italy and later.

Leopold Mozart was calm about the fate of his son; his son would not lead the boring life of a provincial musician in Salzburg.

But these hopes were not destined to come true, all attempts to find work in Italy were unsuccessful, none of the brilliant young men important nobility couldn't really appreciate it. They were alarmed by the originality of Mozart's talent, the seriousness and thoughtfulness of his music. I had to return home to a dull, everyday environment. The difficult but happy childhood and youth are over. A life full of creative achievements and unfulfilled hopes began.

The hometown greeted the travelers unfriendly. The new ruler of Salzburg, Count Coloredo, appointed Mozart as conductor of his orchestra. The Count immediately felt independence of thought, intolerance to rude attitude, and the Count, it should be noted, was a cruel and domineering person. Coloredo always tried to hurt the young man and demanded complete submission. Mozart's position as a servant was insulting. He had to write small entertaining works, but he wanted to write operas and serious music.

Paris.

Having received leave with great difficulty, Wolfgang and his mother go to Paris. He is 22 years old, he hopes that the miracle of the child will be remembered in France.

But there was no place for him in Paris either. It was impossible to arrange a concert or get an order for an opera; he lived in a modest hotel room, earning a living by giving music lessons for pennies. His mother died, Mozart was in despair. Ahead lay even greater loneliness and hated service in Salzburg.

Five wonderful sonatas for clavier were written in Paris.I suggest listening to the first movement of the sonata in A minor.

The humiliating position of a servant made Mozart's life in Salzburg unbearable. The Count of Coloredo forbade him to perform in concerts, for greater humiliation he forced him to dine with the servants, he sat above the footmen, but below the cooks. And at this time in Munich it was running with brilliant success. new opera"Idomeneo, King of Crete."

Mozart submitted his resignation, but was refused. He insisted, and again submitted a petition, then, by order of Coloredo, he was pushed down the stairs. This was the last straw and he decides to leave. He is not afraid of hunger and need, he relies only on his talent. He was full of strength and hope.

Vein. Last period life and creativity.

In 1781, Mozart settled in Vienna and lived there until the end of his days. He wrote to his father: “My happiness begins only now.” The years of the highest dawn of his talent began.

Commissioned by the German theater in Vienna, he wrote the comic opera “The Abduction from the Seraglio.” The opera was enthusiastically received by the audience, but the emperor found it too difficult. Afterwards he composed three more operas: “The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, “The Magic Flute”.I suggest listening to Don Giovanni's aria from the opera Don Giovanni.

During these years, Mozart reached the pinnacle of his mastery in instrumental music. During one summer of 1788, he wrote his last three best symphonies. The composer never returned to this genre.

In the field of chamber instrumental music The influence of Haydn was especially strong. The two great composers met in 1786 and, as a sign of respect, Mozart dedicated six quartets to him. Haydn appreciated the depth of Mozart's talent.

Mozart's family life was happy; Constance Weber became his wife. She had a gentle and cheerful character, she was a gentle and sensitive person.

The composer's bright, interesting life, full of creative achievements, had another side. This is material insecurity, need. Over the years, interest in Mozart's performances declined, the publication of works was paid meagerly, and operas quickly disappeared from the stage. At court, he was listed as a composer of dance music, for which he received a meager salary. They could not find a better use for Mozart's talent.

He was a kind and sympathetic person, always ready to help a friend, but he himself fell into greater and greater need.

The last work Mozart's Requiem was a choral work of a mournful nature, performed in church in memory of the deceased. The mysterious circumstances of the order of the work greatly struck the imagination of the composer, who was already ill at that time. It later turned out that he was a servant of a noble nobleman, Count Walseg. The Count wanted to perform a Requiem on the occasion of the death of his wife, passing it off as his own composition. Mozart did not know all this. It seemed to him that he was writing music for his death.

In majestic and touching music, the composer conveyed a deep feeling of love for people.Let's listen to the number called Lacrimosa .

The creation of the opera took away from Mozart last strength. He could no longer attend the performance of his last opera"The Magic Flute", which was performed with great success in Vienna at that time. The director of the theater raised large sums of money, but he forgot about Mozart.

Mozart was buried in a common grave for the poor. This is how the life of the great Austrian composer ended sadly.

4. Consolidation of what has been learned. Reflection.

Final questions about Mozart's biography:

1. Where and when was Mozart born?

2. Tell us about his childhood years?

3. What events marked his trip to Italy?

5. What were Mozart’s conditions of service in Salzburg?

6. Tell us about the Viennese period of Mozart’s life and work, about his last works.