Giuseppe Verdi, whose biography is presented in the article, is a famous Italian composer. The years of his life are 1813-1901. A bunch of immortal works created by Verdi Giuseppe. The biography of this composer is certainly worthy of attention.
His work is considered highest point the development of 19th century music in his native country. Verdi's activity as a composer spanned more than half a century. She was mainly associated with the opera genre. Verdi created the first of them when he was 26 years old (Oberto, Count di San Bonifacio), and he wrote the last one at 80 years old (Falstaff). The author of 32 operas (including new editions of works written earlier) is Giuseppe Verdi. His biography still arouses great interest, and Verdi’s works are still included in the main repertoire of theaters around the world in our time.
Origin, childhood
Giuseppe was born in Roncola. This village was located in the province of Parma, which at that time was part of the Napoleonic Empire. The photo below shows the house in which the composer was born and spent his childhood. It is known that his father ran a grocery business and maintained a wine cellar.
Giuseppe received his first lessons in Verdi's music from the local church organist. His biography is marked first important event in 1823. It was then that the future composer was sent to Busseto, a neighboring town, where he continued his studies at school. At the age of 11, Giuseppe began to exhibit pronounced musical abilities. The boy began to perform the duties of organist in Ronkola.
Giuseppe was noticed by A. Barezzi, a wealthy merchant from Busseto, who supplied the shop of the boy's father and had a great interest in music. The future composer owes what he received musical education exactly this person. Barezzi took him into his house, hired the best teacher for the boy and began to pay for his education in Milan.
Giuseppe becomes a conductor, studying with V. Lavigny
At the age of 15 he was already the conductor of Giuseppe Verdi's small orchestra. short biography it continues with the arrival in Milan. He went here with money raised by his father’s friends. Giuseppe's goal was to enter the conservatory. However, he was not accepted into this educational institution due to lack of ability. Nevertheless, V. Lavigna, a Milanese conductor and composer, appreciated Giuseppe’s talent. He started teaching him compositions for free. Giuseppe Verdi learned operatic writing and orchestration in practice in the opera houses of Milan. His short biography is marked by the appearance of his first works a few years later.
First works
Verdi lived in Busseto from 1835 to 1838 and worked as a conductor in the municipal orchestra. Giuseppe created his first opera in 1837, entitled Oberto, San Bonifacio. This work was staged 2 years later in Milan. It was a great success. By order of La Scala, the famous Milan theater, Verdi wrote a comic opera. He called it "Imaginary Stanislav, or one day of reign." It was staged in 1840 ("The King for an Hour"). Another work, the opera "Nabucco", was presented to the public in 1842 ("Nebuchadnezzar"). In it, the composer reflected the aspirations and feelings of the Italian people, who in those years began the struggle for independence, for deliverance from the Austrian yoke. The audience saw in the suffering of the Jewish people who found themselves in captivity an analogy with contemporary Italy. The choir of captive Jews from this work caused active political demonstrations. Giuseppe's next opera, Lombards Crusade, also echoed calls for the overthrow of tyranny. It was staged in Milan in 1843. And in Paris in 1847, the second edition of this opera with ballet (“Jerusalem”) was presented to the public.
Life in Paris, marriage to G. Strepponi
In the period from 1847 to 1849 he was mainly in the French capital Giuseppe Verdi. His biography and work at this time were marked by important events. It was in the French capital that he made a new edition of “The Lombards” (“Jerusalem”). In addition, in Paris, Verdi met his friend, Giuseppina Strepponi (her portrait is presented above). This singer took part in productions of “Lombards” and “Nabucco” in Milan and already in those years became close to the composer. They eventually got married 10 years later.
Characteristics of Verdi's early work
Almost all of Giuseppe’s works from the first period of his creative work are permeated through and through with patriotic sentiments and heroic pathos. They are associated with the fight against oppressors. This is, for example, “Ernani”, written after Hugo (the first production took place in Venice in 1844). Verdi based his work “The Two Foscari” on Byron (the premiere took place in Rome in 1844). He was also interested in Schiller's work. "The Maid of Orleans" was presented in Milan in 1845. In the same year, the premiere of "Alzira" based on Voltaire took place in Naples. Shakespeare's Macbeth was staged in Florence in 1847. The greatest success of the works of this time were the operas "Macbeth", "Attila" and "Ernani". The stage situations from these works reminded the audience of the situation in their country.
Response to the French Revolution by Giuseppe Verdi
Biography, summary works and testimonies of the composer's contemporaries indicate that Verdi warmly responded to French revolution 1848. He witnessed her in Paris. Returning to Italy, Verdi composed The Battle of Legnano. This heroic opera was staged in Rome in 1849. Its second edition dates back to 1861 and was presented in Milan (“The Siege of Harlem”). This work describes how the Lombards fought to unify the country. Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, commissioned Giuseppe to write a revolutionary anthem. This is how the work “The Trumpet Sounds” appeared.
1850s in the work of Verdi
The 1850s is a new period in the work of Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi. His biography was marked by the creation of operas that reflect experiences and feelings ordinary people. The struggle of freedom-loving individuals against bourgeois society or feudal oppression became central theme creativity of the composer of this time. It can be heard already in the first operas belonging to this period. In 1849, "Louise Miller" was presented to the public in Naples. This work is based on the drama “Cunning and Love” by Schiller. In 1850, Stiffelio was staged in Trieste.
Subject social inequality was deployed with even greater force in such immortal creations as Rigoletto (1851), Il Trovatore (1853) and La Traviata (1853). The character of the music in these operas is truly folk. They revealed the composer's gift as a playwright and melodist, reflecting the truth of life in his works.
Development of the "grand opera" genre
The following creations by Verdi belong to the genre " grand opera". These are such historical and romantic works as "Sicilian Vespers" (staged in Paris in 1855), "Un ballo in maschera" (premiered in Rome in 1859), "Force of Destiny", written by order of the Mariinsky Theater. By the way , in connection with the production last opera Verdi visited St. Petersburg twice in 1862. The photo below shows his portrait taken in Russia.
In 1867, Don Carlos appeared, written after Schiller. In these operas, Giuseppe's themes of fighting oppressors and inequality, close to his heart, are embodied in performances that are replete with contrasting, dramatic scenes.
Opera "Aida"
With the opera "Aida" a new period of Verdi's work begins. It was commissioned by the Egyptian khedive to the composer in connection with an important event - the opening of the Suez Canal. A. Mariette Bey, a famous Egyptologist, offered the author an interesting plot in which life is presented Ancient Egypt. Verdi became interested in this idea. Librettist Ghislanzoni worked on the libretto with Verdi. Aida premiered in Cairo in 1871. The success was huge.
The composer's later work
After this, Giuseppe did not create new operas for 14 years. He was reviewing his old works. For example, in Milan in 1881 the premiere of the second edition of the opera Simon Boccanegra, written in 1857 by Giuseppe Verdi, took place. They said about the composer that due to his advanced age, he could no longer create something new. However, he soon surprised the audience. 72-year-old Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi said he is working on a new opera, Othello. It was staged in Milan in 1887, and with the ballet in Paris in 1894. And a few years later, 80-year-old Giuseppe attended the premiere of a new work, also created after the production of “Falstaff” in Milan in 1893. Giuseppe found a wonderful librettist, Boito, for Shakespeare's operas. In the photo below are Boito (left) and Verdi.
In his last three operas, Giuseppe sought to expand forms and merge dramatic action and music. He gave recitative a new meaning and strengthened the role played by the orchestra in revealing the images.
Verdi's own path in music
As for Giuseppe's other works, Requiem stands out among them. It is dedicated to the memory of A. Manzoni, famous poet. Giuseppe's work is distinguished by its realistic character. It’s not for nothing that the composer was called a chronicler musical life Europe 1840-1890 Verdi followed the achievements of contemporary composers - Donizetti, Bellini, Wagner, Meyerbeer, Gounod. However, Giuseppe Verdi did not imitate them. His biography is marked by the creation independent works already in the early period of creativity. The composer decided to go his own way and was not mistaken. Verdi's intelligible, bright, melodically rich music has become very popular all over the world. Democracy and realism of creativity, humanism and humanity, connection with folk art home country, - these are the main reasons why Verdi gained great fame.
On January 27, 1901, Giuseppe Verdi died in Milan. His brief biography and work are still of interest to music lovers from all over the world.
Classical composers are known all over the world. Every name musical genius- a unique individuality in the history of culture.
What is classical music
Classical music is enchanting melodies created by talented authors who are rightly called classical composers. Their works are unique and will always be in demand by performers and listeners. Classical, on the one hand, is usually called strict, deeply meaningful music that is not related to the following genres: rock, jazz, folk, pop, chanson, etc. On the other hand, in the historical development of music there is a period of the late XIII - early XX centuries, called classicism.
Classical themes are distinguished by sublime intonation, sophistication, variety of shades and harmony. They have a positive effect on the emotional worldview of adults and children.
Stages of development of classical music. Their brief description and main representatives
In the history of development classical music stages can be distinguished:
- Renaissance or Renaissance - early 14th - last quarter of the 16th century. In Spain and England, the Renaissance period lasted until the beginning of the 17th century.
- Baroque - replaced the Renaissance and lasted until the beginning of the 18th century. The center of the style was Spain.
- Classicism is the period of development of European culture from the beginning of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century.
- Romanticism is a direction opposite to classicism. Lasted until the mid-19th century.
- Classics of the 20th century - modern era.
Brief description and main representatives of cultural periods
1. Renaissance - a long period of development of all areas of culture. - Thomas Tallis, Giovanni da Palestina, T. L. de Victoria composed and left immortal creations for posterity.
2. Baroque - in this era new musical forms appeared: polyphony, opera. It was during this period that Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi created their famous works. Bach's fugues are built in accordance with the requirements of classicism: obligatory adherence to the canons.
3. Classicism. who created their immortal creations in the era of classicism: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. The sonata form appears and the composition of the orchestra increases. and Haydn differ from the ponderous works of Bach in the simple construction and elegance of the melodies. It was still a classic, a striving for perfection. Beethoven's works are the border between romantic and classical styles. In the music of L. van Beethoven there is more sensuality and ardor than rational canon. The following stood out important genres, as a symphony, sonata, suite, opera. Beethoven gave rise to the Romantic period.
4. Romanticism. Musical works are characterized by color and drama. Various song genres are being formed, for example, ballads. Piano works by Liszt and Chopin received recognition. The traditions of romanticism were inherited by Tchaikovsky, Wagner, and Schubert.
5. Classics of the 20th century - characterized by the authors’ desire for innovation in melodies; the terms aleatorics, atonalism arose. Works by Stravinsky, Rachmaninov, Glass are classified in the classical format.
Russian classical composers
Tchaikovsky P.I. - Russian composer, musical critic, public figure, teacher, conductor. His compositions are the most performed. They are sincere, easily perceived, reflect the poetic originality of the Russian soul, scenic paintings Russian nature. The composer created 6 ballets, 10 operas, more than a hundred romances, 6 symphonies. World famous ballet " Swan Lake", opera "Eugene Onegin", "Children's Album".
Rachmaninov S.V. - the works of the outstanding composer are emotional and cheerful, and some are dramatic in content. Their genres are varied: from small plays to concerts and operas. The author's generally recognized works: operas " Stingy Knight", "Aleko" based on Pushkin's poem "The Gypsies", "Francesca da Rimini" based on a plot borrowed from Dante's "Divine Comedy", the poem "The Bells"; Suite “Symphonic Dances”; piano concerts; vocalise for voice with piano accompaniment.
Borodin A.P. was a composer, teacher, chemist, and doctor. The most significant creation is the opera “Prince Igor” by historical work“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” which the author wrote for almost 18 years. During his lifetime, Borodin did not have time to finish it; after his death, the opera was completed by A. Glazunov and N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Great composer is the founder of classical quartets and symphonies in Russia. The “Bogatyr” Symphony is considered the crown of world and Russian national-heroic symphony. The instrumental chamber quartets, the First and Second Quartets, were recognized as outstanding. One of the first to introduce heroic figures from ancient Russian literature into romances.
Great musicians
Mussorgsky M.P., about whom one can say, is a great realist composer, a brave innovator who touches on acute social problems, a magnificent pianist and an excellent vocalist. The most significant musical works are the operas "Boris Godunov" by dramatic work A.S. Pushkin and “Khovanshchina” - folk musical drama, the main character of these operas is the rebel people from different social strata; creative cycle “Pictures at an Exhibition”, inspired by the works of Hartmann.
Glinka M.I. - famous Russian composer, founder of the classical movement in Russian musical culture. He completed the procedure for creating a school of Russian composers, based on the value of folk and professional music. The master’s works are imbued with love for the Fatherland and reflect the ideological orientation of the people of that historical era. World famous folk drama“Ivan Susanin” and the opera-fairy tale “Ruslan and Lyudmila” became new trends in Russian opera. Symphonic works “Kamarinskaya” and “ Spanish Overture» Glinka - the foundations of Russian symphonism.
Rimsky-Korsakov N.A. is a talented Russian composer, naval officer, teacher, publicist. Two currents can be traced in his work: historical (“ The Tsar's Bride", "Pskovite") and fairy tales ("Sadko", "Snow Maiden", suite "Scheherazade"). A distinctive feature of the composer's works: originality based on classical values, homophony in the harmonic structure of early works. His compositions have the author's style: original orchestral solutions with unusually constructed vocal scores, which are the main ones.
Russian classical composers tried to reflect in their works the cognitive thinking and folklore characteristic of the nation.
European culture
Famous classical composers Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven lived in the capital of musical culture of that time - Vienna. Geniuses are united by masterful performance, excellent compositional solutions, and the use of different musical styles: from folk tunes to polyphonic developments musical themes. Great classics are characterized by comprehensive creative mental activity, competence, and clarity in the construction of musical forms. In their works, intellect and emotions, tragic and comic components, ease and prudence are organically linked together.
Beethoven and Haydn gravitated towards instrumental compositions, Mozart masterfully succeeded in both operatic and orchestral compositions. Beethoven was an unsurpassed creator of heroic works, Haydn appreciated and successfully used humor and folk genre types in his work, Mozart was a universal composer.
Mozart is the creator of the sonata instrumental form. Beethoven improved it and brought it to unsurpassed heights. The period of the Viennese classics became a period of quartet heyday. Haydn, followed by Beethoven and Mozart, made a significant contribution to the development of this genre.
Italian masters
Giuseppe Verdi - an outstanding musician of the 19th century, developed the traditional Italian opera. He had impeccable skill. The culmination of his composing activities were the operatic works “Il Trovatore”, “La Traviata”, “Othello”, “Aida”.
Niccolo Paganini - born in Nice, one of the most musically gifted personalities of the 18th and 19th centuries. He was a master of the violin. He composed caprices, sonatas, quartets for violin, guitar, viola and cello. He wrote concertos for violin and orchestra.
Gioachino Rossini - worked in the 19th century. Author of sacred and chamber music, composed 39 operas. Outstanding works - " Barber of Seville", "Othello", "Cinderella", "The Thieving Magpie", "Semiramis".
Antonio Vivaldi is one of largest representatives violin art of the 18th century. He gained fame thanks to his most famous work - 4 violin concertos "The Four Seasons". He lived an amazingly fruitful creative life, composing 90 operas.
Famous Italian classical composers left an eternal musical legacy. Their cantatas, sonatas, serenades, symphonies, operas will bring pleasure to more than one generation.
Peculiarities of a child’s perception of music
Listening to good music has a positive effect on the psycho-emotional development of a child, according to child psychologists. Good music introduces to art and shapes aesthetic taste, teachers think so.
Many famous creations were created by classical composers for children, taking into account their psychology, perception and specifics of age, i.e. for listening, while others were composed for little performers various plays, easily perceived by ear and technically accessible to them.
“Children's Album” by P.I. Tchaikovsky. for little pianists. This album is a dedication to my nephew who loved music and was a very gifted child. The collection contains more than 20 plays, some of them based on folklore material: Neapolitan motifs, Russian dance, Tyrolean and French melodies. Collection “Children's Songs” by P.I. Tchaikovsky. designed for auditory perception by children. Songs of an optimistic mood about spring, birds, a blooming garden (“My Garden”), about compassion for Christ and God (“Christ had a garden as a child”).
Children's classics
Many classical composers worked for children, the list of whose works is very diverse.
Prokofiev S.S. "Peter and the Wolf" - symphonic tale for children. Thanks to this fairy tale, children get acquainted with musical instruments symphony orchestra. The text of the fairy tale was written by Prokofiev himself.
Schumann R. “Children's Scenes” are short musical stories with a simple plot, written for adult performers, memories of childhood.
Debussy's piano cycle "Children's Corner".
Ravel M. “Mother Goose” based on the fairy tales of C. Perrault.
Bartok B. “First steps at the piano.”
Cycles for children Gavrilova S. “For the little ones”; "Heroes of Fairy Tales"; "Guys about animals."
Shostakovich D. “Album of piano pieces for children.”
Bakh I.S. "The music book of Anna Magdalena Bach." While teaching his children music, he created special pieces and exercises for them to develop technical skills.
Haydn J. is the progenitor of the classical symphony. He created a special symphony called “Children’s”. The instruments used: a clay nightingale, a rattle, a cuckoo - give it an unusual sound, childish and playful.
Saint-Saëns K. came up with a fantasy for orchestra and 2 pianos called “Carnival of Animals”, in which musical means masterfully conveyed the clucking of chickens, the roar of a lion, the complacency of an elephant and its manner of movement, a touchingly graceful swan.
When composing compositions for children and youth, the great classical composers took care of interesting storylines work, the availability of the proposed material, taking into account the age of the performer or listener.
The World's Greatest Composers of All Time: Lists in Chronological and Alphabetical Order, Reference Books and Works
100 Great Composers of the World
List of composers in chronological order
1. Josquin Despres (1450 –1521)
2. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525 –1594)
3. Claudio Monteverdi (1567 –1643)
4. Heinrich Schütz (1585 –1672)
5. Jean Baptiste Lully (1632 –1687)
6. Henry Purcell (1658 –1695)
7. Arcangelo Corelli (1653 –1713)
8. Antonio Vivaldi (1678 –1741)
9. Jean Philippe Rameau (1683 –1764)
10. George Handel (1685 –1759)
11. Domenico Scarlatti (1685 –1757)
12. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 –1750)
13. Christoph Willibald Gluck (1713 –1787)
14. Joseph Haydn (1732 –1809)
15. Antonio Salieri (1750 –1825)
16. Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (1751 –1825)
17. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 –1791)
18. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 –1826)
19. Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778 –1837)
20. Nicollo Paganini (1782 –1840)
21. Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791 –1864)
22. Carl Maria von Weber (1786 –1826)
23. Gioachino Rossini (1792 –1868)
24. Franz Schubert (1797 –1828)
25. Gaetano Donizetti (1797 –1848)
26. Vincenzo Bellini (1801 –1835)
27. Hector Berlioz (1803 –1869)
28. Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804 –1857)
29. Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809 –1847)
30. Fryderyk Chopin (1810 –1849)
31. Robert Schumann (1810 –1856)
32. Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813 –1869)
33. Franz Liszt (1811 –1886)
34. Richard Wagner (1813 –1883)
35. Giuseppe Verdi (1813 –1901)
36. Charles Gounod (1818 –1893)
37. Stanislav Moniuszko (1819 –1872)
38. Jacques Offenbach (1819 –1880)
39. Alexander Nikolaevich Serov (1820 –1871)
40. Cesar Frank (1822 –1890)
41. Bedřich Smetana (1824 –1884)
42. Anton Bruckner (1824 –1896)
43. Johann Strauss (1825 –1899)
44. Anton Grigorievich Rubinstein (1829 –1894)
45. Johannes Brahms (1833 –1897)
46. Alexander Porfirievich Borodin (1833 –1887)
47. Camille Saint-Saens (1835 –1921)
48. Leo Delibes (1836 –1891)
49. Mily Alekseevich Balakirev (1837 –1910)
50. Georges Bizet (1838 –1875)
51. Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839 –1881)
52. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 –1893)
53. Antonin Dvorak (1841 –1904)
54. Jules Massenet (1842 –1912)
55. Edvard Grieg (1843 –1907)
56. Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844 –1908)
57. Gabriel Fauré (1845 –1924)
58. Leos Janacek (1854 –1928)
59. Anatoly Konstantinovich Lyadov (1855 –1914)
60. Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev (1856 –1915)
61. Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857 –1919)
62. Giacomo Puccini (1858 –1924)
63. Hugo Wolf (1860 –1903)
64. Gustav Mahler (1860 –1911)
65. Claude Debussy (1862 –1918)
66. Richard Strauss (1864 –1949)
67. Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov (1864 –1956)
68. Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (1865 –1936)
69. Jean Sibelius (1865 –1957)
70. Franz Lehár (1870 –1945)
71. Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin (1872 –1915)
72. Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninov (1873 –1943)
73. Arnold Schoenberg (1874 –1951)
74. Maurice Ravel (1875 –1937)
75. Nikolai Karlovich Medtner (1880 –1951)
76. Bela Bartok (1881 –1945)
77. Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (1881 –1950)
78. Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky (1882 –1971)
79. Anton Webern (1883 –1945)
80. Imre Kalman (1882 –1953)
81. Alban Berg (1885 –1935)
82. Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev (1891 –1953)
83. Arthur Honegger (1892 –1955)
84. Darius Milhaud (1892 –1974)
85. Carl Orff (1895 –1982)
86. Paul Hindemith (1895 –1963)
87. George Gershwin (1898 –1937)
88. Isaac Osipovich Dunaevsky (1900 –1955)
89. Aram Ilyich Khachaturian (1903 –1978)
90. Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (1906 –1975)
91. Tikhon Nikolaevich Khrennikov (born in 1913)
92. Benjamin Britten (1913 –1976)
93. Georgy Vasilievich Sviridov (1915 –1998)
94. Leonard Bernstein (1918 –1990)
95. Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin (born in 1932)
96. Krzysztof Penderecki (born 1933)
97. Alfred Garievich Schnittke (1934 –1998)
98. Bob Dylan (b. 1941)
99. John Lennon (1940–1980) and Paul McCartney (b. 1942)
100. Sting (born 1951)
MASTERPIECES OF CLASSICAL MUSIC
The most famous composers in the world
List of composers in alphabetical order
| N | Composer | Nationality | Direction | Year |
| 1 | Albinoni Tomaso | Italian | Baroque | 1671-1751 |
| 2 | Arensky Anton (Antony) Stepanovich | Russian | Romanticism | 1861-1906 |
| 3 | Baini Giuseppe | Italian | Church music - Renaissance | 1775-1844 |
| 4 | Balakirev Miliy Alekseevich | Russian | "Mighty Handful" - nationally oriented Russian music school | 1836/37-1910 |
| 5 | Bach Johann Sebastian | German | Baroque | 1685-1750 |
| 6 | Bellini Vincenzo | Italian | Romanticism | 1801-1835 |
| 7 | Berezovsky Maxim Sozontovich | Russian-Ukrainian | Classicism | 1745-1777 |
| 8 | Beethoven Ludwig van | German | between classicism and romanticism | 1770-1827 |
| 9 | Bizet (Bizet) Georges | French | Romanticism | 1838-1875 |
| 10 | Boito Arrigo | Italian | Romanticism | 1842-1918 |
| 11 | Boccherini Luigi | Italian | Classicism | 1743-1805 |
| 12 | Borodin Alexander Porfirievich | Russian | Romanticism - “The Mighty Handful” | 1833-1887 |
| 13 | Bortnyansky Dmitry Stepanovich | Russian-Ukrainian | Classicism - Church music | 1751-1825 |
| 14 | Brahms Johannes | German | Romanticism | 1833-1897 |
| 15 | Wagner Wilhelm Richard | German | Romanticism | 1813-1883 |
| 16 | Varlamov Alexander Egorovich | Russian | Russian folk music | 1801-1848 |
| 17 | Weber Carl Maria von | German | Romanticism | 1786-1826 |
| 18 | Verdi Giuseppe Fortunio Francesco | Italian | Romanticism | 1813-1901 |
| 19 | Verstovsky Alexey Nikolaevich | Russian | Romanticism | 1799-1862 |
| 20 | Vivaldi Antonio | Italian | Baroque | 1678-1741 |
| 21 | Villa-Lobos Heitor | Brazilian | Neoclassicism | 1887-1959 |
| 22 | Wolf-Ferrari Ermanno | Italian | Romanticism | 1876-1948 |
| 23 | Haydn Franz Joseph | Austrian | Classicism | 1732-1809 |
| 24 | Handel George Frideric | German | Baroque | 1685-1759 |
| 25 | Gershwin George | American | - | 1898-1937 |
| 26 | Glazunov Alexander Konstantinovich | Russian | Romanticism - “The Mighty Handful” | 1865-1936 |
| 27 | Glinka Mikhail Ivanovich | Russian | Classicism | 1804-1857 |
| 28 | Glier Reingold Moritsevich | Russian and Soviet | - | 1874/75-1956 |
| 29 | Gluk (Gluk) Christoph Willibald | German | Classicism | 1714-1787 |
| 30 | Granados, Granados y Campina Enrique | Spanish | Romanticism | 1867-1916 |
| 31 | Grechaninov Alexander Tikhonovich | Russian | Romanticism | 1864-1956 |
| 32 | Grieg Edward Haberup | Norwegian | Romanticism | 1843-1907 |
| 33 | Hummel, Hummel (Hummel) Johann (Jan) Nepomuk | Austrian - Czech nationality | Classicism-Romanticism | 1778-1837 |
| 34 | Gounod Charles Francois | French | Romanticism | 1818-1893 |
| 35 | Gurilev Alexander Lvovich | Russian | - | 1803-1858 |
| 36 | Dargomyzhsky Alexander Sergeevich | Russian | Romanticism | 1813-1869 |
| 37 | Dvorjak Antonin | Czech | Romanticism | 1841-1904 |
| 38 | Debussy Claude Achille | French | Romanticism | 1862-1918 |
| 39 | Delibes Clément Philibert Leo | French | Romanticism | 1836-1891 |
| 40 | Destouches Andre Cardinal | French | Baroque | 1672-1749 |
| 41 | Degtyarev Stepan Anikievich | Russian | Church music | 1776-1813 |
| 42 | Giuliani Mauro | Italian | Classicism-Romanticism | 1781-1829 |
| 43 | Dinicu Grigorash | Romanian | 1889-1949 | |
| 44 | Donizetti Gaetano | Italian | Classicism-Romanticism | 1797-1848 |
| 45 | Ippolitov-Ivanov Mikhail Mikhailovich | Russian-Soviet composer | 20th-century classical composers | 1859-1935 |
| 46 | Kabalevsky Dmitry Borisovich | Russian-Soviet composer | 20th-century classical composers | 1904-1987 |
| 47 | Kalinnikov Vasily Sergeevich | Russian | Russian musical classics | 1866-1900/01 |
| 48 | Kalman Imre (Emmerich) | Hungarian | 20th-century classical composers | 1882-1953 |
| 49 | Cui Caesar Antonovich | Russian | Romanticism - “The Mighty Handful” | 1835-1918 |
| 50 | Leoncovallo Ruggiero | Italian | Romanticism | 1857-1919 |
| 51 | Liszt (Liszt) Ferenc (Franz) | Hungarian | Romanticism | 1811-1886 |
| 52 | Lyadov Anatoly Konstantinovich | Russian | 20th-century classical composers | 1855-1914 |
| 53 | Lyapunov Sergey Mikhailovich | Russian | Romanticism | 1850-1924 |
| 54 | Mahler Gustav | Austrian | Romanticism | 1860-1911 |
| 55 | Mascagni Pietro | Italian | Romanticism | 1863-1945 |
| 56 | Massenet Jules Emile Frederic | French | Romanticism | 1842-1912 |
| 57 | Marcello Benedetto | Italian | Baroque | 1686-1739 |
| 58 | Meyerbeer Giacomo | French | Classicism-Romanticism | 1791-1864 |
| 59 | Mendelssohn, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy Jacob Ludwig Felix | German | Romanticism | 1809-1847 |
| 60 | Mignone to Francis | Brazilian | 20th-century classical composers | 1897 |
| 61 | Monteverdi Claudio Giovanni Antonio | Italian | Renaissance-Baroque | 1567-1643 |
| 62 | Moniuszko Stanislav | Polish | Romanticism | 1819-1872 |
| 63 | Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus | Austrian | Classicism | 1756-1791 |
| 64 | Mussorgsky Modest Petrovich | Russian | Romanticism - “The Mighty Handful” | 1839-1881 |
| 65 | Napravnik Eduard Frantsevich | Russian - Czech nationality | Romanticism? | 1839-1916 |
| 66 | Oginski Michal Kleofas | Polish | - | 1765-1833 |
| 67 | Offenbach Jacques (Jacob) | French | Romanticism | 1819-1880 |
| 68 | Paganini Nicolo | Italian | Classicism-Romanticism | 1782-1840 |
| 69 | Pachelbel Johann | German | Baroque | 1653-1706 |
| 70 | Planquette, Planquette Jean Robert Julien | French | - | 1848-1903 |
| 71 | Ponce Cuellar Manuel Maria | Mexican | 20th-century classical composers | 1882-1948 |
| 72 | Prokofiev Sergey Sergeevich | Russian-Soviet composer | Neoclassicism | 1891-1953 |
| 73 | Francis Poulenc | French | Neoclassicism | 1899-1963 |
| 74 | Puccini Giacomo | Italian | Romanticism | 1858-1924 |
| 75 | Ravel Maurice Joseph | French | Neoclassicism-Impressionism | 1875-1937 |
| 76 | Rachmaninov Sergei Vasilievich | Russian | Romanticism | 1873-1943 |
| 77 | Rimsky - Korsakov Nikolai Andreevich | Russian | Romanticism - “The Mighty Handful” | 1844-1908 |
| 78 | Rossini Gioachino Antonio | Italian | Classicism-Romanticism | 1792-1868 |
| 79 | Rota Nino | Italian | 20th-century classical composers | 1911-1979 |
| 80 | Rubinstein Anton Grigorievich | Russian | Romanticism | 1829-1894 |
| 81 | Sarasate, Sarasate y Navascuez (Sarasate y Navascuez) Pablo de | Spanish | Romanticism | 1844-1908 |
| 82 | Sviridov Georgy Vasilievich (Yuri) | Russian-Soviet composer | NeoRomanticism | 1915-1998 |
| 83 | Saint-Saëns Charles Camille | French | Romanticism | 1835-1921 |
| 84 | Sibelius Jan (Johan) | Finnish | Romanticism | 1865-1957 |
| 85 | Scarlatti by Giuseppe Domenico | Italian | Baroque-Classicism | 1685-1757 |
| 86 | Skryabin Alexander Nikolaevich | Russian | Romanticism | 1871/72-1915 |
| 87 | Smetana Bridzhikh | Czech | Romanticism | 1824-1884 |
| 88 | Stravinsky Igor Fedorovich | Russian | Neo-Romanticism-Neo-Baroque-Serialism | 1882-1971 |
| 89 | Taneyev Sergey Ivanovich | Russian | Romanticism | 1856-1915 |
| 90 | Telemann Georg Philipp | German | Baroque | 1681-1767 |
| 91 | Torelli Giuseppe | Italian | Baroque | 1658-1709 |
| 92 | Tosti Francesco Paolo | Italian | - | 1846-1916 |
| 93 | Fibich Zdenek | Czech | Romanticism | 1850-1900 |
| 94 | Flotow Friedrich von | German | Romanticism | 1812-1883 |
| 95 | Khachaturian Aram | Armenian-Soviet composer | 20th-century classical composers | 1903-1978 |
| 96 | Holst Gustav | English | - | 1874-1934 |
| 97 | Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich | Russian | Romanticism | 1840-1893 |
| 98 | Chesnokov Pavel Grigorievich | Russian-Soviet composer | - | 1877-1944 |
| 99 | Cilea Francesco | Italian | - | 1866-1950 |
| 100 | Cimarosa Domenico | Italian | Classicism | 1749-1801 |
| 101 | Schnittke Alfred Garrievich | Soviet composer | polystylistics | 1934-1998 |
| 102 | Chopin Fryderyk | Polish | Romanticism | 1810-1849 |
| 103 | Shostakovich Dmitry Dmitrievich | Russian-Soviet composer | Neoclassicism-NeoRomanticism | 1906-1975 |
| 104 | Strauss Johann (father) | Austrian | Romanticism | 1804-1849 |
| 105 | Strauss Johann (son) | Austrian | Romanticism | 1825-1899 |
| 106 | Strauss Richard | German | Romanticism | 1864-1949 |
| 107 | Schubert Franz | Austrian | Romanticism-Classicism | 1797-1828 |
| 108 | Schumann Robert | German | Romanticism | 1810-1 |
There was a strong commonwealth between Russia and Italy in almost all branches of culture and art; it brought us closer and made us family. Many Russian composers and writers visited Italy at least once in their lives. Let's remember the greatest of them.
Glinka M. (1804—1857)
Another of our compatriots, in love with Italy, to whom the Italians, in turn, reciprocated... In 1830, he came to Italy to study “bel canto”. Here he became friends with Italian composers Bellini and Donizetti.
Glinka’s creative heritage includes the opera “Venice Night”, the piano piece “Capriccio” and many romances, the writing of which was inspired by Italian serenades. The most famous opera Glinka is dedicated to Ivan Susanin, who saved Moscow from the Polish invaders.
Tchaikovsky P. (1840—1893)
An outstanding composer, master symphonist, musical playwright, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky came to Italy so often and worked there so fruitfully that he is rightfully considered a “Russian Italian.” Among the many beautiful works that he created, I would like to highlight those written in Florence: “Eugene Onegin” (1878), “The Maid of Orleans” (1879), “Italian Capriccio” (1880). Ten years later he returned to Florence and, while living at the Washington Hotel, wrote the famous “ Queen of Spades"(1890), and upon returning to Russia - the string sextet "Memories of Florence" (1892). Italy also inspired the composer to create a suite for famous ballet"Nutcracker".
Igor Stravinsky (1882—1971)
Composer and conductor Igor Stravinsky, buried in Venice. Living in America and traveling around the world, outstanding composer and conductor Igor Stravinsky periodically came to Italy, which he loved so much that he expressed a desire to be buried in Venice on the island of San Michele, where the ashes of his friend, the great choreographer Sergei Diaghilev, rested. The last wish of the great musician was fulfilled. The coffin with his body, which arrived from New York, was greeted with a magnificent ceremony. The poet Joseph Brodsky was also present, who, watching the ashes of the great musician being carried on a gondola in the direction of the island of San Michele, sadly joked: “Here is the Grand Canal, there is the Stravinsky Canal...” A quarter of a century later, Brodsky rested next to Stravinsky... All long life composer and conductor Igor Stravinsky (he lived to be 90 years old) passed at a frantic pace. He fruitfully collaborated with choreographer Sergei Diaghilev, on whose order he wrote one of his best works— ballet-fairy tale “The Firebird” (1910). Among Stravinsky's famous works are the ballets “Petrushka”, “Pulcinella”, and the opera “Oedipus the King”. In the center of Rome, on Via del Popolo, in the Hotel De Rusi there is an elegant cafe "Stravinsky", which once again indicates the great popularity of the Russian composer among Italians...
Many singers, the “golden voices” of Russia, visited Italy, but the most famous of them, of course, was Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin.
Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin. (1873—1938)
You know everything about him, so we’ll limit ourselves to just mentioning two unforgettable evenings at Milan’s La Scala theater. The first took place in 1901, when Chaliapin performed the role of Mephistopheles in the opera of the same name (Toscanini conducted, Caruso performed the role of Faust), the second - in 1909, when he performed main party in the opera “Boris Godunov” (staged by the famous Toscanini). The Italians have the warmest memories of these evenings and of the great maestro Chaliapin. Even Toscanini, who was famous for his bad character, admitted that for the first time in his long career he worked in wonderful harmony with opera singer; Toscanini considered his talent outstanding and unique. You know that Chaliapin’s first wife was an Italian ballerina, her name was Iola Tornaghi, and that they had six children. After the divorce, the wife took the children to her homeland. One of Chaliapin's sons, Boris, became an artist, visited Gorky in Sorrento, the other, Fyodor, worked as an actor in one of the Roman theaters.
Pasternak B. (1890—1960)
Did you know that Pasternak B.’s novel “Doctor Zhivago” was first published in Italian in Milan in 1957? Sometimes this or that work of a writer or poet becomes famous first abroad, and then in his own country. This happened with Boris Pasternak, whose novel Doctor Zhivago was first published in Italian in Milan in 1957. Italy was his favorite European country, in 1912 he lived for several months in Venice, which captivated him with its beauty: “I was lucky enough to learn that day after day you can go on a date with a piece of built-up space, as with a living person”... In 1958, Pasternak became a Nobel Prize laureate, but the novel “Doctor Zhivago,” beloved by foreign readers and filmed back in 1965, was published in the USSR only 30 years later (!) - in 1988!!!
When asked: “Which Russian writers do you know?”, Italians name Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Dostoevsky F. (1821 - 1881)
The touching love for the Russian master of subtle psychological analysis is quite understandable: Italians are not only well acquainted with his work, but also consider him “theirs” also because Fyodor Mikhailovich spent almost 5 years in Florence, where he rented an apartment next to Palazzo Pitti and where he wrote novels "The Idiot" and "Demons".
Gogol N. (1809—1852)
Gogol N. is one of the first “Russian Romans”, because he spent most of his life in Rome. He was a Ukrainian, born near the ancient city of Poltava into a noble family. Gogol fell in love with Italy before he saw it for the first time. Gogol's house in Rome was located on the famous Via Felice (Happy Street, now Via Sistina). There is no need to list all his wonderful works, we will limit ourselves only to those written in Italy: “Dead Souls”, a new edition of the comedy “The Government Inspector” and the unfinished story “Rome”, where you will find Gogol’s story about the arrival of the Emperor of All Rus' Nicholas in the Eternal City in December 1845 I. It’s simply incredible how quickly Gogol mastered the Italian language! He mastered it perfectly colloquial speech and written language, which made it very popular in the Russian-Italian cultural environment.
Gogol was frequent guest in the salon of Zinaida Volkonskaya, another “Russian Roman”. Grateful fans erected a monument to Gogol in 2003 in Rome at Villa Borghese. His famous phrase is engraved on the pedestal: “I can only write about Russia in Rome...” In letters to friends, Gogol wrote about Rome and Italy, either with delight, or with passionate melancholy, or almost with religious awe: “You fall in love with Rome very much.” slowly, little by little - and for life.”
“Oh, Rome, Rome! Apart from Rome, there is no Rome in the world, I wanted to say, “happiness and joy, and Rome is greater than happiness and joy.”
“What kind of air! It seems that when you stretch your nose, at least 700 angels fly into your nasal nostrils. Amazing spring! “If you knew with what joy I left Switzerland and flew to my darling, to my beautiful Italy. She is mine! No one in the world will take it away from me! I was born here...”
“...all of Europe is for watching, and Italy is for living.”
“Here is my opinion! Whoever has been to Italy, say “forgive” to other lands. Whoever was in heaven will not want to come to earth. In a word, Europe in comparison with Italy is the same as a cloudy day in comparison with a sunny day.”
“Oh, Italy! Whose hand will tear me out of here? What a sky! What days! Summer is not summer, spring is not spring, but it is better than the spring and summer that exist in other parts of the world. What kind of air! I drink and I don’t get drunk, I look and I don’t get enough. There is heaven and paradise in the soul. Now I have few acquaintances in Rome, or, better yet, almost no one. But I have never been so cheerful, so satisfied with life.”
“...There is no better fate than to die in Rome...”
Kiprensky O. (1782—1836)
A brilliant portrait artist nicknamed the “Russian Van Dyck,” an academician of the St. Petersburg and Naples Academies of Arts, he was also a “Russian Roman” who lived in the capital of Italy for the last 20 years of his life. Kiprensky painted many portraits of Russian and Italian aristocrats and celebrities, the most famous of which is the portrait of A. S. Pushkin. This artist was so popular and loved by the Romans that they have brought down to this day many legends and anecdotes about him. According to one of them, the King of Bavaria once came to Kiprensky’s workshop and, not finding the master, left him his card signed “King of Bavaria.” Having returned, the artist hastened to send his card to the eminent guest, on which he wrote: “Orest Kiprensky - King of Artists.” He was not only witty, but also very kind person. The Romans said that when leaving the cafe, he took out the remains of his lunch or dinner to the stray dogs who faithfully waited for him on the street. Kiprensky died in 1836 and was buried in Rome in the famous church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte. The Academy of Arts paid a pension to his little daughter for several years.
Egorov A. (1776—1851)
Egorov A. was nicknamed “Russian Raphael” by the Italians... One of the most gifted masters academic drawing, A.E. Egorov was awarded the title of “Russian Raphael” by his contemporaries. In 1803, together with other graduates, he went to Rome. There were many legends about his stay in Italy. They said that at the very first visit to the life class, the Russian artist amazed those present with his skill: he depicted the sitter with lightning speed, sitting at his feet (when Egorov came to the class, everything comfortable places were already busy). One day Egorov had to stand up for the honor of Russian draftsmen: Italian artist stated that a Russian would never be able to depict the human figure the way an Italian would. Egorov took the coal and said: “Is this how you can do it?” with one stroke he drew a man on the wall, starting with thumb left leg. They say that after this incident, for Egorov’s drawing, Italian art lovers offered as many gold coins as were placed on the surface of the drawing. The main place in Egorov’s work is occupied by works on religious themes - icons for St. Petersburg churches and cathedrals. The most famous picture Egorova - “The Torment of Spaitel” (1814).
Bryullov K. (1799—1852)
Bryullov K. - in Rome they called Carlo il Grande ( Great Charles). He was a Frenchman by birth, but the emperor, appreciating his great talent, granted him Russian citizenship, a Russian surname and sent him abroad along with other pensioners Russian Academy arts Bryullov fully justified the trust by making his contribution to world culture! He lived in Rome for almost the entire creative period of his life - until his death in 1852. It was in the Italian capital that Bryullov created the famous painting: “The Last Day of Pompeii,” which was called the most grandiose work of fine art of the century. Unfortunately for the Italians, the painting was bought by Prince Demidov (for 40,000 francs) and sent to St. Petersburg as a gift to Emperor Nicholas I. Somewhat earlier, in 1823, the Tsar was presented with K. Bryullov’s painting “Italian Morning”. According to eyewitnesses, Nicholas I put the painting on a chair in his office and admired it for a long time, kneeling. Of course, this could only happen in the wonderful 19th century, when even emperors considered it their duty to kneel before a great work of art.) Karl Bryullov’s talent was highly appreciated by his contemporaries: he was awarded the Order of Vladimir III and IV degrees, and was elected professor of the Florence Academy of Arts. The history of his painting “Diana on the Wings of Night,” which the artist painted just before his death, is interesting. In this painting he depicted the place in the Non-Catholic Cemetery in Rome where he wanted to be buried. His last wish was fulfilled. When, a few years after Bryullov’s death, the paid lease of the cemetery plot expired, the state (Italy) paid for this place forever, so that Bryullov’s grave would be preserved forever.
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Agostino Agazzari(12/02/1578 - 04/10/1640) - Italian composer and music theorist.
Agazzari was born in Siena into an aristocratic family and received a good education from childhood. In 1600 he published two books of his madrigals in Venice. In 1601 Agazzari moved to Rome and became a teacher at the German-Hungarian College (seminary).
Adriano Banchieri(09/03/1568 - 1634) - Italian composer, music theorist, organist and poet of the late Renaissance and early Baroque. One of the founders of the Accademia dei Floridi in Bologna, one of the leading Italian music academies of the 17th century.
Alessandro Grandi (de Grandi)(1586 - summer 1630) - Italian composer of the early Baroque era, wrote in the new concertato style. He was a popular composer in northern Italy at the time, known for his church music and secular cantatas and arias.
Alfonso Fontanelli(02/15/1557 - 02/11/1622) - Italian composer, writer, diplomat, court aristocrat of the late Renaissance and early Baroque. One of the leading representatives of the Ferrara school of art of the late 16th century, one of the first composers in the style of the "Second Practice" in the transition to the Baroque era.
Antonio Cesti(baptized August 5, 1623 - October 14, 1669) - Italian Baroque composer, singer (tenor) and organist. One of the most famous Italian composers of his time, he mainly composed operas and cantatas.
Girolamo Frescobaldi(09/13/1583 - 03/01/1643) - Italian composer, musician, teacher. One of the most important composers of organ music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque. His works are the culmination of the development of organ music in the 17th century and influenced many major composers, including Johann Sebastian Bach, Henry Purcell and others, until the end of the 19th century.
Giovanni Bassano(c. 1558 - summer 1617) - Italian composer and cornettist (cornett - ancient wind instrument) wooden instrument) Venetian school early Baroque. He was a key figure in the development of the instrumental ensemble at St. Mark's Basilica (the most famous cathedral in Venice). He has compiled a detailed book on instrumental ornamentation, which is a rich source for research in modern performance practice.
Giovanni Battista Riccio (Giovanni Battista Riccio)(d. after 1621) - Italian composer and musician of the early Baroque, worked in Venice, made a significant contribution to the development of instrumental forms, especially for the recorder.