A new era in the history of Europe opened in 375. Then numerous hordes of Huns invaded its borders, starting a devastating war. The massive movement of the Huns to the West gave impetus to the Great Migration, which contributed to the death of the slave-owning Roman Empire. New, early feudal social orders were emerging in Europe, and the Middle Ages began. An important result of the Great Migration was the formation of a new political and ethnic map of the European continent.
Together with the Huns, the Bulgarians, Khazars, Savirs and other Turkic-speaking tribes came to the Eastern European steppes. Thus, the era of the Great Migration of Peoples played a huge role in the further historical destinies of the local peoples of a huge region that stretched in the north to the banks of the Middle Volga. It is to these peoples, who had their own statehood, a vibrant and original culture, that the most ancient roots of the Tatar people go back.
Of course, both the Huns and the Turks (Turkuts) who came after them cannot be considered the direct ancestors of the Tatars. Of the numerous tribes of the Hunnic union, only the Bulgarians, Savirs and Barsils, who found themselves in the 6th-7th centuries. as part of the Turkic Khaganate, Great Bulgaria and Khazaria, then went to the forest-steppe regions of the Middle Volga region. Having mixed here with the local Finno-Ugric population, they laid the foundation for the formation of the Bulgarian nation as part of the new state of Volga Bulgaria.
§3.Xiongnu-HunsAndGreatresettlementpeoples
Xiongnu-Huns through the eyes of Europeans. “A hitherto unknown human race, the Huns, were a new tribe in Europe, which even our ancestors did not know about,” wrote the historian of that time, Ammianus Marcellinus. No one is engaged in arable farming and never touches the plow. All of them, without a specific place of residence, wander to different places, as if eternal fugitives, with wagons in which they spend their lives, driving draft animals and herds before them; They put the greatest care into caring for their horses... The Huns are born horsemen, “they are rooted to the horses,” they even sleep, bending over the narrow neck of their cattle.”
Who were these Huns, about whom medieval authors spoke with horror and disdain? Where are they from?
Origin and economy of the Huns. The beginning of their power. Two or three millennia ago, in the steppes of modern Mongolia and Northern China, in Altai and in the Baikal region, they lived Turkic-speakingtribes. In Chinese sources they were known as the Hong Nu or Xiongnu. Their authors reported that they were a very strong and numerous people who did not want to obey anyone.
The Huns' habitat did not give them the opportunity to actively develop agriculture, so they were primarily engaged in cattle breeding and led a nomadic lifestyle. Their main wealth were horses and sheep.
In the III-II centuries. BC The Huns were undergoing a process of decomposition of tribal orders. The tribal nobility began to fight for primacy in the unification of nomads. Chinese historian of the 2nd century. AD Sima Qian left us a colorful description of the events that marked the beginning of the power of the Huns.
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According to the same historian Sima Qian, “under Maodong, the Xiongnu (Huns) became incredibly stronger, conquered all the northern barbarians and formed a state equal in strength to the Middle State,” i.e. China.
Hun power. The Hunnic state was a centralized empire that absorbed nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples. The head of the state was the ruler Shanyu. His power was strictly hereditary and deified. Shanyu was called the “Son of Heaven.” He controlled the entire territory of the state, personally led the troops, had the right to life and death of every subject, and was the supreme judge.
Shanyu was surrounded by a large group of assistants, advisers and military leaders. The highest officials of the state after the Shanyu were the “wise princes”, his sons and closest relatives. A step lower were other relatives. From among them, temniks were appointed (from the ancient Turkic word “tyumen” ten thousand), i.e. captains over ten thousand horsemen. Within the boundaries of his domain, the temnik appointed in turn captains of thousands, centurions and tens.
The main duty of the entire male population was military service. Every Xiong was considered a warrior, and the slightest evasion from military duties was punishable by death.
Maodun successfully undertook campaigns of conquest, expanding the borders of his state. First of all, he annexed the northern territories of the Altai foothills and the Baikal region, rich in a variety of minerals. Immediately after the seizure of new lands, the Xiongnu masters began to develop iron deposits. Settlements of metallurgists, foundries and blacksmiths appeared, who supplied the army with weapons and camping equipment. It was then that most of the Xiongnu cities and fortresses, craft and agricultural settlements arose. Thus, the reports of medieval authors that the barbarian Huns “move from place to place in search of water and grass, and they have no cities surrounded by internal and external walls, no permanent residence,
and they do not cultivate the fields,” turned out to be far from reality. A significant part of the Huns also led a sedentary lifestyle.
Not far from the Baikal city of Ulan-Ude, on the left bank of the river. Selenga, archaeologists excavated the ruins of a large Xiongnu city called Ivolginsky. The city was fortified with five rows of earthen ramparts and ditches. During the excavations, dozens of dwellings with a unique heating system from chimney channels, granaries, cellars for food supplies, furnaces for smelting iron and copper, the remains of workshops, artisans' tools, various products made of iron, cast iron, bronze and bone, processed with amazing skill, were discovered. An important place among the finds is occupied by weapons: complex bows with bone plates and whistling arrows. Lots of jewelry made of silver, gold and precious stones. The pottery, decorated with wavy patterns, is made by hand and on a pottery wheel.
The Huns had many cities like Ivolginsky. Two of them Longchen And Daylin were capitals. According to Sima Qian, “in the summer, the Huns gather for a large meeting in Longcheng, where they make sacrifices to the ancestors, heaven, earth, human spirits and heavenly spirits. In the autumn, when the horses are fattened, they gather for a large meeting in Dailin, where the number of horses and livestock is counted and checked.” These cities had temples, residence palaces, and other public buildings. The population of the surrounding villages was engaged in agriculture.
Confrontation with the Chinese Empire and its consequences. The Chinese Empire could not come to terms with the appearance of such a powerful and warlike power in the north. The Xiongnu captured the territory along which the Great Silk Road ran, and thereby interfered with China's trade with the West.
For a long time, China did not recognize the Xiongnu state, demanded its submission, and sent large military detachments to destroy it. The Xiongnu were interested in trade with China: the exchange of livestock products for grain, textiles and handicrafts promised benefits.
But the empire’s irreconcilable policy towards its neighbors forced the Huns to rise up to fight. In the 1st century BC Xiongnu troops surrounded and destroyed the Chinese army numbering over 320 thousand people. The Huns demonstrated their strength, and China paid them tribute for many years from then on.
The Chinese are making attempts to expel the Huns from their territory. There is a continuous war between the Huns and China. In an effort to protect themselves from attacks by the Huns and other nomadic tribes, the Chinese in the north of the country begin to build a powerful fortress wall hundreds of kilometers long. She entered. history called the Great Wall of China and has largely survived to this day.
Constant wars with the Chinese and other neighbors exhausted the strength of the Huns. Unity within their state also weakened. The Huns split into two parts. As a result, they were completely defeated by Chinese troops in the 1st century. AD
Advancement of the Huns to the West. Attnla. After the defeat, some of the Huns begin to move to the West. They are joined by force or voluntarily by other nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of Southern Siberia. Having passed through the steppes of modern Kazakhstan, they appear on the shores of the Aral and Caspian seas.
In 375, the Huns (as they were called in the West) crossed the Volga. They rush further and penetrate into the territory of Eastern Europe. The massive advance of the Huns to the West gave impetus to the Great Migration of Peoples, which lasted for several centuries.
In the 5th century The Huns, led by the famous commander Attila, reach the borders of modern Italy, Spain, France and participate in the defeat of the once powerful Roman Empire. Having conquered vast territories, the state keeps all of Europe in terror. After Attila's death in 453 G. The Hunnic state collapsed and ceased to exist.
In the Huns' association there were tribes who spoke mainly the Turkic language. When moving from the East to the West, they drove many peoples from their inhabited places, among whom were the Bulgarians and Suvars, the distant ancestors of the Tatar people. Some of these tribes, willy-nilly, joined the Huns, others, leaving their native places, went to calmer northern regions.
Middle Volga region in Hunnic times. During the period of the Huns' invasion, part of the tribes that advanced with them settled in the Volga region. Among the settlers, obviously, were the Huns themselves. Archaeologists find objects here that are unique to them. Thus, near the village of Tatarskoye Suncheleevo, Aksubaevsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan, large bronze cauldrons with two handles, very beautifully decorated, were found. They certainly once belonged to the Huns.
Near the village of Turaevo, Mendeleevsky district, there is an ancient cemetery, which dates back to the 4th-5th centuries. The high hills above the graves were once visible from afar. Finds made during excavations, an iron helmet decorated with gold and silver, chain mail, a sword with a gilded handle and scabbard, arrow and spear tips, and battle axes indicate that there was a rich burial of military leaders here. These were warriors from Turkic tribes that migrated with the Huns. Thus, the Hunnic invasion left its mark on the history of the region, in the history of the Tatar and other local peoples.
QuestionsAndassignments
1. Who were the Xiongnu ethnically? Where did these tribes originally live? 2. Compare the ideas about the Xiongnu of Europeans and their real way of life. What conclusions did you come to? 3. When was the Hunnic state created?4. Who did the ruling layer of the Xiongnu state consist of? How was governance structured in this empire? 5. Describe the economic activities of the Huns. 6. Why was the Xiongnu army a powerful force? 7. Tell us about the confrontation between the Hunnic state and the Chinese Empire. Determine the main results and consequences of this confrontation. 8. How did the Hun invasion affect the history of the region?
§4.TurkicKhaganate (551-630gg.)
Homeland and origin of the Turks. In the VI century. a small group of population called « Turk","Turkuts". They lived in Southern Altai and considered themselves descendants of the Huns. One of the legends about the origin of the Turks tells that the Huns were allegedly completely exterminated by their neighbors; Only one ten-year-old boy survived, whose enemies cut off his arms and legs and threw him into a swamp. The boy was saved by a she-wolf. She fed him, took him to the mountains and hid him in a cave. The young man was eventually killed, and the she-wolf gave birth to ten sons from him. This genus multiplied; one of the she-wolf's grandchildren received the name Ashina. He became the founder of the Turkic dynasty.
In the IV - early VI centuries. the Turks led settled way of life, engaged in iron mining and smelting in the foothills of Altai. However, they were vassals of the Mongol-speaking Rourans. The entire economy and weapons of the Rouran army depended on the Turkic miners, iron smelters and blacksmiths.
Turks during the reign of Bumyn. Under the ruler Bumynya The Turks became stronger, stopped taking the Jujans into account and moved their possessions far to the east. They sought to maintain peaceful relations and trade contacts with China. In 545, an embassy of the Chinese emperor arrived at Bumyn's headquarters. “The Turks congratulated each other and said: now our state will prosper! After all, the ambassador of a great power came to us,” this is how this event is described in one Chinese chronicle. Bumyn responded by sending his ambassadors to China with rich gifts. Thus, the Turkic state received international recognition.
An opportunity soon presented itself for complete liberation from the hated Juran dependence. The Türkic Tele tribes, exhausted from the Rouran yoke, rebelled and went on a campaign against their enslavers. Along the way they met the Turkuts, with whom they had no intention of fighting. The Teles expressed complete submission to Bumgau. After this, the chronicles report, “relying on his strength and numbers,” Bumyn turned to the Rouran sovereign with a request to give him a princess as his wife. The angry khan replied: “You are my smelter! How dare you make such an offer to me?” Then the determined Bumyn asked for the hand of the Chinese princess and married her. His authority among the nomads increased. Taking advantage of the current situation, in 551 Bumyn defeated all the main forces of the Rourans and appropriated the title of Ilkagan to himself. This is how the first one arose TurkicKhaganate
Campaigns of the Turks. Wars of Istemi Kagan. In 552 Bumyn Kagan died. Under his descendants, the possessions of the Turks were significantly expanded. They waged continuous wars with neighboring tribes, seizing their wealth, new lands, and turning prisoners into their warriors and slaves. Even the Chinese emperor, after another defeat, was forced to pay the Kagan an annual tribute in the amount of 100 thousand pieces of silk fabric. The dominance of the Turks was established in vast regions.
Some time after the formation of the Khaganate, Turkic troops began to move west along the path laid by the Huns. The western campaign was led Istemi-kagan, Bumyn's younger brother, and his son Kara-Churin. Having subjugated a number of tribes of Southern Siberia, the Aral region and Southern Urals, they reached the banks of the Volga in 558.
In Central Asia, the Turks defeated the powerful state of the Hephthalites, as well as the Sogdians, and entered into an alliance with Sasanian Iran. Iran and the Turkic Khaganate divided between themselves AverageAsia all lands east and north of the Amu Darya became part of the Kaganate. In the newly conquered lands, the Turks managed to establish control over the Great Silk Road, which contributed to the strengthening of the economic power of the state.
Collapse of the Khaganate. Now the Turkic Khaganate extended from the Yellow Sea in the east to the Black Sea steppes in the west. Such vast lands could not coexist for a long time within the framework of a single empire created by force of arms. There were no close economic ties between the individual regions. The state was weakened by frequent internecine wars, the desire of individual representatives of the Turkic aristocracy to independently govern the occupied territories, the struggle for power in ruling stratum. As a result, the Khaganate in 581-603. split into two parts: West(from Altai to the Black Sea with the center in Semirechye) and Oriental (from Altai to the Great Wall of China with the center on the Orkhon River). In 630, both of these states ceased to exist.
However, half a century later, a EastTurkic Khaganate It existed until the 740s. and gave the world magnificent examples of runic writing in the form of inscriptions on the tombstones of Kul-Tegin, Tonyukuk and Bilge Kagan. These inscriptions tell about the life and exploits of the rulers and commanders of the Turkic Khaganate against the background of its general history.
Turks in the history of Eurasia. The Turkic Khaganate played an important role in the history of the peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. The Turks did not destroy settled agricultural areas, limiting themselves to collecting tribute from the population. Their policy was aimed at developing trade. The Turks also contributed to the unification of heterogeneous Turkic-speaking tribes and nationalities within a single state. In the depths of this association were laid basicsmodernTurkicpeoples The Turks were the first to create a culture based on writing. At first it was Sogdian writing. Later it formed the basis of runic writing, which was used by the entire population of the Kaganate. It was born with her common Turkicliterarylanguage It is on it that the famous texts are written on the tombstones erected in honor of Kul-Tegin, Tonyukuk and Bilge Kagan. In Turkic times, urban planning, architecture and art received their further development. Historical sources contain information about the construction of roads and postal stations.
Imenkovskaya culture. During the existence of the Turkic Kaganate, i.e. in the VI-VII centuries, migration of peoples was common. The wave of resettlement reached the banks of the Volga and Kama. At a time when the Turkic Kaganate was waging wars for the steppes of the Azov, Caspian and Black Sea regions, new tribes appeared in our area, at the confluence of the Volga and Kama. In science they are called Imenkovsky(the existence of these tribes was first revealed by the results of excavations near the village of Imenkovo, Laishevsky district).
The traditions and culture of the Imenkovtsy differ sharply from the customs of the local tribes. For example, they first burned the dead, their remains were placed in clay pots and buried in small pits.
The Imenkovtsy had developed agriculture. They were the first among the local tribes of the region to begin cultivating the land using a plow pulled by a horse. Their main occupation also included cattle breeding.
The Imenkovsky tribes established and maintained trade relations with very remote areas, right up to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. They are among the first among local peoples to begin to use metallic money when trading. The first money was made of cast bronze and had an oblong shape.
The ethnicity of the Imenkovtsy is still a subject of scientific debate. Some scientists consider them Turks, others ancient Slavs. There is no exact answer yet. It is only obvious that the Imenkovtsy, like some other tribes, at one time were forced to leave their inhabited places as a result of the aggressive wars of the Turkic Kaganate.
QuestionsAndassignments
1. Describe the lifestyle and activities of the Turks in the 4th - early 6th centuries. 2. When and under what circumstances did the first Turkic Khaganate arise? 3. What lands were part of the Turkic Kaganate? 4. When and into what parts did the Turkic Kaganate break up? Explain the reasons for this phenomenon. 5. Determine the role of the Turks in the history of the peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. 6. Describe the activities and culture of the Imenkovites. How were they different from the local tribes? 7. How did the ethnic composition of the population of the region change in general as a result of the invasion of the Huns and the wars of conquest of the Turkic Kaganate? 8. How is the history of the peoples of our region connected with the history of the Turkic Kaganate?
§5.GreatBulgariaAndKhazarKhaganate
(VII-Xcenturies)
Heirs of the Huns in the steppes of Eastern Europe. The Turks of Istemi Kagan and Kara-Churin, having conquered in the middle of the 6th century. Caspian and Black Sea steppes encountered numerous peoples here. Among these peoples were the Bulgarians, Savirs, Avars, Utrigurs, Kutri-Gurs and others Turkic-speaking tribes that came here as part of the Hunnic horde back in the 370s.
Some of them took part in Attila's campaigns against Europe. After his death, the Bulgarians served as mercenaries for the Byzantine Emperor Zeno and ravaged the Balkan Peninsula. Bulgarians in Eastern Europe are repeatedly mentioned in historical works by authors of the 6th century. So, in one of them it is reported that “beyond the Caspian gates”, i.e. on the territory of modern Dagestan, “the Burgars (Bulgars) live with their own language, they are a pagan and barbarian people, they have cities.” Obviously, these Bulgarians were one of the powerful tribes in the Hunnic alliance. They began to act especially actively after the death of Attila’s power.
As a result of the collapse of the Turkic Khaganate in 630, new state formations arose on its ruins. An association was formed in the Caspian lowland and adjacent territories of the Ciscaucasia Khazar, who considered themselves the direct heirs of the Turkic Kagan. Its ruler was indeed from the powerful ruling Turkic family of Ashina. In the Black Sea and Azov steppes, on the Taman Peninsula and the Kuban region, an association was formed Bulgarians Kubrat.
Kubrat Khan and his power. There is very little information about Kubrat, the creator of this state association. His connections with the imperial house in Constantinople (Byzantium) are known. It is alleged that Kubrat was brought up at the court of the emperor, was baptized and was known as a successful commander and smart politician. Sources speak of him as the nephew of the “Hun” ruler Organa from the Turkic family of Dulo.
State capital Phanagoria was located on the Taman Peninsula. This ancient city, once destroyed by the Huns, was rebuilt by the Bulgarians and turned into a center of crafts and trade. Other settled settlements arose nearby, whose residents were engaged in agriculture and crafts, including pottery. The bulk of the population lived predominantly seminomadic lifestyle.
Bulgarians after the death of Kubrat. Great Bulgaria did not last long. After the death of Kubrat in the 50s and early 60s. VII century the state collapsed. Its territory was divided among the sons and heirs of the khan. According to sources, Kubrat “left five sons, bequeathing that they should under no circumstances separate from each other and live together so that they would always rule over everything and not fall into slavery to another people.” The Bulgarian oral tradition says that Kubrat, dying, called his sons to him, ordered them to bring a bunch of twigs and ordered each one to break it. No one succeeded; the rods remained intact. “So you too,” Kubrat said, “together you will be invincible, but each one individually can easily be defeated and destroyed.” However, the sons did not follow their father's advice and began to fight for the throne.
Taking advantage of the favorable moment, the Khazars attacked the Bulgarians and defeated them. One of Kubrat's sons named Asparuh was forced to take his horde to new lands, to the banks of the Danube. Here the Bulgarians, having conquered the Slavs, created a new state in 681 Danube Bulgaria.
Most of the Bulgarians, together with another son of Kubrat, Batbaem, remained on its indigenous lands in the Ciscaucasia and Black Sea steppes. Soon they occupied the Crimean peninsula and partially advanced northward into the steppes and forest-steppes of the Dnieper region. It was in this area, near the village of Maloye Pereshchepino, Poltava region of Ukraine, that the famous treasure of gold and silver dishes, precious weapons and jewelry, including two rings of Kubrat himself, was discovered. It is quite possible that this treasure (“the treasure of Kubrat Khan”) was buried a little later, somewhere at the end of the 7th century, during the military clash between Batbay and the Khazars.
Khazars and the formation of the Khazar Kaganate. As already noted, the Khazars played a major role in the collapse of Great Bulgaria. A little later, its former lands came under the rule of the Khazar Kaganate.
Ancient authors began to mention the Khazars in the 6th century. One of the manuscripts says that “the language of the Bulgarians is similar to the language of the Khazars,” and the Khazars themselves are “a great people who came out of Barsilia.” Barsilia was then located in the Caspian region, on the territory of present-day Dagestan. On these lands back in the IV-V centuries. Numerous Turkic-speaking peoples lived: Barsils, Savirs, Avars, Bulgarians, Khazars, who found themselves here as part of the Hunnic state. They often feuded and fought with each other, and sometimes united to fight their neighbors.
These tribes were conquered by the Turkic kagan Is-temi, but not for long. The Khazars persistently sought to break away from subordination to the Turkic Khaganate. And when he weakened due to long wars, they, like the Bulgarians of Kubrat, in the 7th century. created their own state Khazar Khaganate. Compared to Great Bulgaria, it turned out to be more viable.
The Kaganate occupied quite a vast territory. It included the steppes and foothills of modern Dagestan and the Kuban region, the Azov lands, partly the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region and most of the Crimea.
The original capital of the Kaganate was Belenger. It was a large city, surrounded by stone and brick walls with semicircular towers up to 10 meters high. The borders of the Kaganate expanded, and it itself was subject to constant attacks from its southern neighbors. In this regard, the city later became the capital Semender. However, the Khazar Kagan did not manage to settle here for long.
Arab-Khazar wars and their consequences. The young Khazar state becomes a serious opponent of Byzantium and the Arab Caliphate. In the first half of the 8th century. The Arab-Khazar wars begin. The Arabs, trying to conquer the world under the flag of Islam, occupied Albania (Azerbaijan) and Armenia, the lands of the southern neighbors of the Khazars. Next in line was Khazaria.
One of the largest campaigns took place in 737. Arab troops numbering 120 thousand people, led by commander Marwan, invaded the territory of the Khazars and surrounded the city of Semender. The conquerors drove out the entire population from the foothills of the Caucasus and the Caspian Plain. Many Khazar cities and rural settlements were devastated.
The Kagan and his troops were hiding in the north in Podrnje and the Lower Volga. Following him, the tribes, tired of continuous wars, were forced to move to the north. There they captured the lands of the Bulgarians, who remained here with their leader Batbai. Part of the Bulgarians, and with them the tribes of Savirs (Suvars) and Barsils (Bersulas), leave these lands and rise up the Volga. In the middle of the USSR. they reach the territory of modern Tatarstan. However, another, quite significant, part of the Bulgarians remained part of the Khazar Kaganate. In an effort to save his state, weakened by constant wars, from complete collapse, the Khazar Kagan concluded a truce with the Arab Caliphate. According to the terms of the agreement, he accepts Islam. The new religion is spreading among the Bulgarians.
Economy and culture of the Khazar Kaganate. The long-awaited calm is coming to the country. It becomes the new, already third, capital Itil, located near the confluence of the Volga and the Caspian Sea. Itil was then one of the most beautiful and largest cities. One of the tributaries of the Volga divided it into two parts. In one part of the city the Kagan lived in his luxurious palace, and troops loyal to him were also located here. Clay huts and yurts huddled near the khan's palace. This part of the city was surrounded by a high fence.
Across the river were traders and artisans. According to one of the ancient manuscripts, in this part of the city there were about 10 thousand Muslims, for whom the Cathedral Mosque and about 30 ordinary mosques were built. Christians, Jews and pagans also lived here. Thus, in the Khazar Kaganate it was allowed to profess any religion.
Over time, the Khazar Kaganate became a strong, economically and culturally developed state. Urban planning was at a high level here, livestock breeding, agriculture, and crafts were developed. However, trade was of decisive importance for the economic life of the country. The Khazars were among the first in Eastern Europe to issue their own metal money.
One of the most significant indicators of cultural development is writing. It became widespread among the Khazars runicletter, which was brought to Eastern Europe by the peoples of the Turkic Kaganate. Archaeologists often come across clay pots, copper and silver vessels, bone items with signs or even small texts in the runic alphabet. Unfortunately, they are still not decrypted.
The culture and life of the Khazar Kaganate are clearly reflected in archaeological monuments saltovo-Mayatskaya culture. The territory of its distribution completely coincides with the territory of the Khazarins. The monuments of this culture are diverse: the remains of nomadic camps (seasonal camps) along the low banks of rivers, the ruins of cities and fortresses on high capes, burial grounds. They indicate that there was a process of settlement of nomads and the formation of agricultural and craft settlements.
At the beginning of the 9th century. The Khazars, with the participation of Byzantine craftsmen, built a fortress city on the left bank of the Don Sarkel. The city was surrounded by brick walls with corner towers and densely built up with semi-dugout dwellings. Sarkel maintained lively trade relations with Byzantium, Crimea, Transcaucasia and Central Asia.
There are numerous rural settlements. Judging by the discovered plowshares, sickles and scythes, the bulk of the Khazarin population led a sedentary lifestyle.
Another page of history was revealed by the burial grounds of the Saltovo-Mayak culture with different types of burials. Their characteristic features indicate that Alans (peoples of North Caucasian origin who left their homeland under the onslaught of the Arabs) and Bulgarians lived on the territory of the Don and Azov regions.
QuestionsAndassignments
1. Tell us which peoples occupied the territory of the Caspian and Black Sea steppes. When did they come here? 2. What do you know about the actions of the Bulgarians after the death of Attila? How did the process of their rise take place? 3. Name the state formations that arose after the collapse of the Turkic Kaganate. 4. Describe the economic activities of the population of Great Bulgaria. 5. Tell us about the fate of the Bulgarians after the collapse of the state. 6. Who are the Khazars? What do they and the Bulgarians have in common? 7. Compare the process of formation of the Khazar Kaganate and Great Bulgaria. 8. Outline the causes and consequences of the Arab-Khazar wars. 9. Describe the economy and culture of the Khazar Kaganate. 10. How was the religious policy of the Khazar rulers different? 11. Trace the historical connections between the Hunnic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate, Great Bulgaria and the Khazar Khaganate. 12. Evaluate the contribution of the Turks to the achievements of world civilization.
About the Turks.
About modern Turks, the same Wikipedia says something very vague: “Turks are an ethno-linguistic community of peoples speaking Turkic languages.” But she is much eloquent about the “ancient” Turks: “The ancient Turks are the hegemonic tribe of the Turkic Kaganate, led by the Ashina clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term Turkyuts (from Turkic - Turk and Mongolian -Yut - Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L.N. Gumilyov, is often used to designate them. By physical type, the ancient Türks (Türkuts) were Mongoloids.”
Well, okay, let them be Mongoloids, but what about the Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical “Mediterranean” subrace. What about the Uyghurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone doesn’t understand, all three peoples, according to today’s terminology, are Turks.
The picture below shows Chinese Uyghurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge the appearance of the second one for yourself. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) Look at the correct facial features. Today, even among Russians, you don’t often see something like this.
Especially for skeptics! There is no one who has not heard anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place where the mummies were found is the Xinjiang Uyghur National District of China - and in the photo are their direct descendants.
Distribution of haplogroups among Uyghurs.
Please note that R1a predominates, having the Asian marker Z93 (14%). Compare with the percentage of haplogroup C, also shown in the diagram. As you can see, C3, typical of the Mongols, is completely absent.
Small addition!
You must understand that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most widespread haplogroups, it is even found among the Amazon Indians. C today reaches high concentrations not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Kazakh-Argyns, Australian aborigines, Polynesians, and Micronesians. The Mongols are just a special case.
If we talk about paleogenetics, the range is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovo culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.
Let me explain for those who believe that haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence the sometimes perplexed questions - I, a Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye color, hair, etc.) is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just markers by which one can judge a person’s ancestors.
In the 6th century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Turkic Khaganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is, why? After all, the names of more ancient state formations have reached us.
Kaganate just meant a form of government (the state was ruled by a khaan elected by the people, kaan in another transcription), and not the name of the country. Today, instead of the word “America,” we do not use the word “Democracy.” Although such a name suits no one but her (just kidding). The term “state” in relation to the Turks is more appropriate “Il” or “El”, but not the Kaganate.
The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather its trade. Residents of Sogdiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I didn’t make a mistake when I wrote “my own”. There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to both raise silkworms and produce fabric from it no worse than Chinese, but this is a topic for another article.
And it is not at all a fact that the birthplace of silk is China and not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, was 70% written by the Jesuits in the 17th-18th centuries*, the remaining thirty were “added” by the Chinese themselves. “Editing” was especially intense during the time of Mao Zedong, he was still an entertainer. He even has monkeys, from which the Chinese descended. were their own, special.
*Note. Just a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Belle took part in the creation of the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, and was actually involved in Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all Chinese-Russian negotiations during the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activities was the so-called imperial edict of toleration of 1692, which allowed the Chinese to accept Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's scientific mentor was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot. Jesuits led by Regis in the 18th century participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the 17th and 18th centuries, missionaries translated 67 European books into Chinese and published them in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, the construction of mechanical watches and the technology of manufacturing modern firearms.
The Great Silk Road was controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same “black aristocracy” (Italian aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompagni, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lante), Crescentia, Colonna, Caetani, Chigi, Ludovisi, Massimo, Ruspoli, Rospigliosi, Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Theophylacti. And don't let the Italian surnames fool you. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long-standing tradition of initiates**. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was on their orders that later Jewish merchants took all the gold out of Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks***.
Notes
*It is the members of the aristocrazìa nera who are the true “masters of the world”, and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Kuhns. From Egypt, foreseeing its imminent fall, they move to England. There, quickly realizing what “good things” the teaching of the crucified man brings with it, most of them move to the Vatican. My dears, read the Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are “encrypted”.
** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.
*** If anyone doesn’t know, almost the entire gold reserve was also taken out of the USSR before its end.
It is worth adding here that the Hephthalite tribes, also called the White Huns, Chionite Huns, and to whom Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) belonged, were completely conquered by the Ashina Turks by that time (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk - we will trade with Byzantium, there is no less demand for it there.
Silk meant the same thing to the world economy at that time as oil does today. One can imagine what kind of pressure was put on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, a separate article is worth writing about the secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in the negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch, sent by Emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.
Information about the embassy has reached us in the works of several authors; I will use the description of Menander the Protector. This will allow us to get closer to the answer - who the Turks really were - Mongoloids or Caucasians: “From the Turks, who in ancient times were called Saks, an embassy came to Justin for peace. Basileus also decided at the council to send an embassy to the Turks, and a certain Zemarkh from Cilicia, who at that time was the strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to equip himself for this embassy.”
How confident do you have to be that “people are grabbing everything” presented to them on a platter called “official history” in order to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Turks? Let's look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (ancient Persian Sakā, ancient Greek Σάκαι, lat. Sacae) is the collective name of a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the 1st millennium BC. e. - first centuries AD e. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Ossetian sag "deer). Both ancient authors and modern researchers consider the Sakas, along with the Massagetae, to be the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Initially, the Sakas are apparently identical to the Avestan Turs; in Pahlavi sources under Turks already refer to Turkic tribes. In Achaemenid inscriptions, all Scythians are called “Sakas.”
Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is white deer. Remember Strabo's parva Scythia, later called Little Tartaria by cartographers.
I return again to the theme of bell ringing. This passage describes the purification ritual carried out by the Turks for Zemarkh: “They dried them (the embassy’s things) on the fire from the young sprouts of the incense tree, whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, ringing bells and beating tambourines...” You continue believe that the use of bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we are coming to you... (Pardon! I apologize for the tomfoolery... I couldn’t resist...)
Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed, which was held by four golden peacocks. In the middle of the room were placed many carts, in which there were many silver things, disks and something made of reeds. Also numerous images of quadrupeds made of silver, none of them inferior, in our opinion, to those that we have.” (emphasis mine)
Especially for those who consider Tartaria to be fake.
A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book "Empieres Of The Silk Road" notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. submitted to the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type are still found today - the result of invasions and sieges. From about 553, it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of Azov to the Pacific Ocean, in the area of modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China* to the Vitim River in the north. Klapro argued that all of Central Asia was subject to the Turks. (Klaproth, “Tableaux historiques de L'Asie”, 1826)
One should not assume that this was something unshakable, the Turks, just like other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, dispersed in different directions, were conquered, but again and again, like the legendary Phoenix bird, they rose from the ashes - Russia for that a good example.
*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the “remake” shown to tourists today: “... the magnificent and almost perfect structure that modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital has little in common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of the ancient wall is now in a dilapidated state" (Edward Parker, "Tatars. History")
Istarkhi called all fair-haired Turks Sakaliba. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and a number of eastern authors called the Hungarians Turks. In all early Arabic geographical works, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter “Turks”. The geographical school of al-Jahain, starting from Ibn Ruste and up to al-Marwazi, classified the Guz (Uyghurs), Kirghiz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtas, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, Russ as Turks.
By the way, the Turks of Ashina are considered by the Chinese to be “a branch of the house of the Huns.” Well, the Xiongnu (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-yay-yay... If not, contact your comrades from Sanity, they will show you pictures of Mongols, I answer...
And one more addition.
You know, I have always been surprised by the fact that people who do not have something attribute to themselves the possession of it. A typical example is "Sanity". What kind of, not even “sensible”, but simply “thought” can we talk about among “people”, whose brain apparatus is completely devoid of the mental functions themselves - only basic instincts and other people’s “attitudes”. There I mean top part their body, nothing else. Not to mention the presence of mentally ill people in their ranks... But, come on, they are “sane”, period. Jews among them are a separate story, they are on their own minds, in their articles Russophobia is literally everywhere... (Who in the topic, I think, guessed - we are talking about a “free artist” and some other “comrades”).
It was not by chance that I spoke about “other people’s attitudes” - all the reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to classify a significant part of the members of “Sanity” into the so-called fourth group with a predominance of right-brained instinctive-animal states.
The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Xiongnu) are: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Xiongnu is closely related to the question of what race and tribe the famous Huns in the history of Europe belonged to. This is evident from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to an area not only completely alien to Sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Xiongnu relates to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as the country through which the Huns moved to the West (if these two peoples are identical) or where the Xiongnu and the Huns collided (if they are different)." (K.A. Foreigners)
I refer everyone who wants to get acquainted with this issue in more detail to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Inostrantsev "The Xiongnu and the Huns, an analysis of theories about the origin of the Xiongnu people of the Chinese chronicles, the origin of the European Huns and the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, Second updated edition.) I will only give his conclusions.
“The results of our research boil down to the following three conclusions:
I) The Xiongnu people, who wandered north of China and founded a powerful state, were formed from the strengthened Turkish family. A significant part of the subordinate tribes consisted, in all likelihood, also of Turks, although, both from the founding of the state and especially during its prosperity, it included various other tribes, such as Mongolian, Tungusian, Korean and Tibetan.
II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (a disintegration caused more by political and cultural reasons than by ethnic differences - the southern Xiongnu were more subject to the influence of Chinese civilization, while the northern ones better preserved their tribal traits), the northern Xiongnu could not maintain independence, and some of them moved to West. According to historical news that has reached us, these evicted Xiongnu followed the usual path of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century AD.
III) In Northwest Asia and Eastern Europe, the Xiongnu or Hunnu Turks encountered other tribes. First of all, the Finnish tribes stood in their way (it is now difficult to decide whether the Turks completely dissolved in the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the conversion of the Finns into a nomadic, equestrian people). The further the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element among them thinned out, and other peoples, such as Slavic and Germanic, were mixed in. It is very likely that the subjects of Mo-de and Attila had very little in common. However, it seems to us beyond doubt that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th-5th centuries is connected and caused by the upheavals on the extreme eastern borders of Asia.”
What did these same Xiongnu look like?
Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (bedspread, mantle) found in one of the Xiongnu burials in Noin-Ula (31 mounds). The ceremony of (presumably) preparing the Soma drink is embroidered on the canvas. Pay attention to the faces.
If the first two, most likely, can be attributed to the Mediterranean subrace, then the man on horseback... If you met a similar type today, you would say - a pure “hare.”
Of course, the carpet was declared imported. Well... It’s quite possible... Professor N.V. Polosmak believes: “The dilapidated fabric, found on the blue clay-covered floor of a Xiongnu burial chamber and brought back to life by the hands of restorers, has a long and complicated history. It was made in one place (in Syria or Palestine), embroidered in another (possibly in North-West India), and found in a third (in Mongolia).”
I can assume that the fabric of the carpet could well have been imported, but why was it embroidered in India? Didn’t you have your own embroiderers? Then what about this?
In the picture, anthropological material from the burial of the 20th Noin-Ula mound represents well-preserved enamel covers from seven lower permanent teeth: right and left canines, right and left first premolars, left first and second molars. On the first left premolar, facets of artificial wear were found - linear marks and shallow cavities. This type of deformation could appear during handicrafts - embroidery or carpet making, when threads (most likely woolen) were bitten by teeth.
The teeth belong to a 25-30 year old woman of Caucasian appearance, most likely from the coast of the Caspian Sea or the area between the Indus and Ganges rivers. The assumption that this is a slave does not stand up to criticism - the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Xiongnu nobility. The main thing here is that the woman embroidered, and a lot, as evidenced by the marks on her teeth. So why was the found carpet rushed to be declared imported? Because those depicted on it do not fit into the official version, which says that the Xiongnu were Mongoloids?
For me, facts are of paramount importance - new ones appear and my opinion changes. In the official version of history, everything is the other way around - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.
Let us turn again to Wikipedia: “The Indo-Scythian kingdom is an amorphous state in terms of borders, created in the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by the eastern branch of the nomadic Scythian tribe - the Sakas.” Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but that of scientists (Doctor of Historical Sciences T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above where I talk about the territory of the Turkic state. Having a huge country always means moving not only material resources, but also people. Is it surprising if a woman born in one place ends up married thousands of kilometers from her father’s home?
All the carpets from the Noin-Ula burial mounds were made in one place and at approximately the same time. Their similarity was also pointed out by S.I. Rudenko: “The technique of embroidering drapery-mats is characterized by applying multi-colored threads of weak twist to the fabric and securing them to its surface with very thin threads.” A similar technique of embroidery “in the attachment” has been found in burials since the 1st century. BC e. throughout the territory inhabited by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why was it necessary to declare them imported?
What about the Mongols, you ask?
In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks back in the 6th century, and since then they have been part of the Turkic state? Could Genghis Khan, whom modern historians attribute to the Mongols*, become the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude this possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Can we talk about the Mongols as conquerors of the universe? Well... This doesn't even sound like a bad joke...
*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid al-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.
In modern history, the Turks have had the worst luck. Under Soviet rule, almost all references to this people were destroyed (Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of 1944, which actually prohibited the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates), and Turkic scholars went together to “logging.” The authorities simply preferred to replace the Turks with Mongols. For what? This is already the topic of another article, and it is closely related to the question of whether Stalin was in fact the sole ruler, or, albeit the main one, but still a member of the Politburo where issues were decided collectively, by a simple majority.
A completely reasonable question: the conquest of Rus' by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so all scientists are wrong, am I the only one so smart?
The answer is no less reasonable: scientists simply serve the current government. And the authorities also played tricks that weren’t quite the same - Russia lived through most of the 20th century with the firm confidence that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, was our Russian bright future. I'm not even talking about Christianity. Look with what zeal people, having betrayed their own gods, praise strangers. Continue further?
Above I talked about the mystery of the Turks, in fact there is no mystery - Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Xiongnu), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred more different names given by others - these are all the same people. As K.A. very wittily noted. Foreigners: “the Xiongnu clan defeated - everyone becomes Xiongnu, the Xian-bi clan defeated - everyone becomes Xian-bi, etc. This results in frequent changes in names in the history of nomadic peoples.”
Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasian population of Altai, Siberia, and Kazakhstan so quickly, within just one and a half thousand years, mutate into Mongoloids? What caused this? The proverbial fly in the ointment (Mongols)? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?
Let's sum it up.
We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mononational; in addition to the Turks themselves, there were a lot of other nationalities, and the national composition varied depending on geography. And the Turks themselves preferred to become related to the local nobility.
Neo-pagans today talk about it - there were “ours” everywhere; The “thinking” ones, in turn, stomp their feet and squeal - there are only Mongols everywhere. Neither one nor the other is wrong, Russia is a perfect example of this - are there many, say, Russians in the north of Yakutia? But it's the same country.
Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Goffman cites the results of studies of two Xiongnu burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, the second - Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to a comparison of the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, just as, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks differed from Georgians and Armenians.” You can compare modern Russians and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? Are these residents of different countries? Or are there no “national” cemeteries today?
The Turks themselves were Caucasians, in fact they were Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.
The Turks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.
Why were the Turks erased from our history? There are many reasons, but the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than is commonly thought today...
P.S. An inquisitive reader will definitely ask the question:
Why do you need this? Why rewrite history at all? What difference does it make how it actually happened, there is no need to change anything - let it be as it was, as we are all accustomed to it.
Without a doubt, the “ostrich pose” is very comfortable for the majority - I don’t see anything, I don’t hear anything, I don’t know anything... It’s easier for a person who has cut himself off from reality to endure stress - but reality doesn’t change because of it. Psychologists even have the term “hostage effect” (“Stockholm syndrome”), which describes the defensive-unconscious traumatic connection that arises between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capture, abduction and/or use (or threat of use) of violence.
Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: “Russia rose from its knees only to rise to the ground.” And while we will all be “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” we will again and again be put in the pose known to everyone from the Kama Sutra.
We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some wanker Byzantium! Awareness of this fact is our only chance to return to its former greatness.
It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy survive in the unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, Swedes, Estonians... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are much more frank, you just need to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. “... the Novgorodians drove the Muscovites beyond Shelon, but the western Tatar army suddenly attacked them and decided the matter in favor of the grand ducal troops” - this is Solovyov about the battle of June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking about the war of 1533 - 1586, describing the composition of the troops Principalities of Moscow: “besides the Russians, the princes of the Circassian, Shevkal, Mordovian, Nogai, princes and Murzas of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peypus.”
And it was the Steppe, call it Tartary or something else, that we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the lofty Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live poorly? Remember: “...And throwing away the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and hanged himself. The high priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: it is not permissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having held a meeting, they bought a potter's land with them for the burial of strangers; Therefore, that land is called the “land of blood” to this day.” (Matt., ch. 27)
I would like to end today’s article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... there is no other outcome for the All-Russian power: either to become what it has been called from time to time to be (a world power combining the West with the East), or ingloriously go down the path of fall, because Europe is itself In the end, we will be suppressed by our external superiority, and the Asian peoples who have awakened not by us will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners.”
Actually, I considered the article finished, but a friend just re-read it and asked me to add it - literally one or two more minutes of your attention.
People often, both in comments and in private messages, draw attention to the discrepancy between my views and the official version of history, provide links to “leftist” sites like “Anthropogenesis”, and sometimes to the opinions of fairly well-known scientists. My dears, I am familiar with the academic version no worse, and perhaps better than many KONT visitors, so don’t bother yourself.
Once upon a time, not very long ago, people believed that the flat earth rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the Universe. I'm not kidding, I'm absolutely serious. I have just very briefly voiced a version of the world order, which quite recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught in the best European universities.
The key word here is “believed.” They didn’t check it, but they believed it. The small group that decided to “check” faced an unenviable fate. Do you think anything has changed since then? No, today they no longer make fires in squares, today they act much smarter, those who think differently are simply declared fools. If the name Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many of those “ridiculed” have simply sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?
S.A. Zelinsky, speaking about methods of manipulating consciousness, cites a technique (one of many) called “ridicule”: “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people can be ridiculed , against which the struggle is being waged. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. Effect of action this technique is based on the fact that when individual statements and elements of a person’s behavior are ridiculed, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With skillful use of this technique, it is possible to form for a specific person the image of a “frivolous” person whose statements are not trustworthy.” (Psychotechnology hypnotic manipulation consciousness)
The essence has not changed one iota - you must be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy... The current society has never needed thinking individuals, it needs “common-minded” sheep. A simple question. Why do you think the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, is so popular in the Bible?
See you again, friends!
* This item is introduced into the syllabus at the discretion of the teacher
Lecture 1. IntroductionThe first Turkic tribes.
1.Historiography of general Turkic history.
2. The concept of nomadic culture.
3. Gun states
4. Turkic states
Today there are very few communities left in the world that received their names at the very beginning of history, defined their geography of residence, developed historically and have survived to this day, like stormy, continuous streams of a river. One of such communities is the Turkic nation or community. The “Golden Apple” for the Turks inhabiting the Turan space is represented by a symbol of a round ball made of pure gold or ruby, located on thrones located in the eastern, western, northern and south directions, which stimulate the thirst for its acquisition. This golden ball is both a symbol of victory and a symbol of dominance. It is located in those regions that are waiting to be conquered. The concept of Turan must be considered in the realities created by history.
Turan
Turan was originally the name given to the territory of what is now northern Iran, which was named so by the Persians. This word began to exist in the 4th century AD. The meaning of the root of the word Turan is the word Tura (Forward), which was used in the Iranian Avesta (the old religion of the Iranian Sassanids, the holy book of the Zoroastrians) with a certain meaning. In the holy book of the Zoroastrians, this word is used as a personal name and the name of a tribe of nomads.
The root of the word Turk or a root with a similar name appeared at the very beginning of our era. We must not forget that these words have always been associated with the meaning of “Turk”. The word "tura" in Persian means extremeness, courage, dedication. The most exact value Markuat defined Tur's words. According to the mentioned scientist, the well-known homeland of the Persians called “Airyanem waejo” was located in Khorezm. The war between the Persians and the Turanians at one time determined the course of world history.
The nomads living at the mouths of the Amu Darya River and Lake Aral called themselves Turans. One of the most important and significant facts is the work of Ptolemaeus (translation by the Armenian translator S?rakl? Anania’nin) which talks about the administrative territory in Khorezm called “Tur”, which confirms the existence of the Turan tribe.
The Great Migration of Tribes served as a change in the national map of Asians. Gradually the word Tura began to be used for the enemy tribes of the Persians such as the Yue-chi, Kushans, Chionians, Hephthalites and Turks. This idea reached its apogee in the works of Mahmud of Kashgar. This scientist, who is very fond of Turkism, speaks of the emergence of Turkic values and the mission of the Turks as a “sacred phenomenon” sent by God. Alisher Navoi, being a fan of Turkic culture, proved that the Turkic language is in no way inferior to Persian.
Geographical concept of terminology "Turan": This name comes from the name of the Turan people. The Turkic states were named Turan. The term is mentioned in a work called "Hvatay-namak" in the Pahlavi language in Arabic and Persian sources. Islamic scholars (Arab, Persian and Turkic) very often used the term Turan in their works. Arab geographers indicate that the Turks lived in the territories located in the eastern part of the Syrdarya River. Therefore, other geographers also believed that the homeland of the Turks (Turan) was the territory between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya.
The word Turan became known to Europeans from the oriental library of De Herbelot. The sources stored in this library say that Afrasiyab, the son of Faridun, comes from the Turkic family of Tur and was the great ruler of all countries located in the eastern and western parts of the Amu Darya River. the state of Turkestan, indicated on the 16th century maps of Ortelius and Mercator. The word Turan began to be used in the scientific terminology of European countries at the beginning of the 19th century.
Turanian languages
The term Turanian languages was first used by the historian Bunsen (1854).
Castren divides the ancient Altai languages into five subgroups: Finno-Ugric, Semitic, Turkic-Tatar, Mongolian and Tungusic. Subsequent studies have made some changes regarding the grouping of languages. The first two subgroups of languages were separated from the last three groups, forming the Altai group of languages.
SETTLEMENT OF THE TURKICS
The Turks, who are one of the most ancient and fundamental peoples, throughout their approximately four thousand-year existence settled across the continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe.
The name "Turk"
The fact that the Turks are an ancient people forced researchers to look for the name “Turk” in the oldest historical sources. Targits (Targit), mentioned by Herodotus as one of the eastern peoples, or the so-called Tirakas (Yurkas) (Tyrakae, Yurkae), who lived on the lands of “Iskit”, or Togharmans, mentioned in biblical legends, or Turughas, found in ancient Indian sources, or Thraki, or Turukki, which is mentioned in the old sources of Western Asia, or Tiki, which, according to Chinese sources, played an important role in the 1st millennium BC, and even the Trojans were Turkic peoples who bore the name “Turk”.
The word Turk was first used in writing in 1328 BC. in the history of China in the form of “tu-kiu”. The entry of the name “Turk” into the historical arena occurred along with the creation of the Gok-Turk state in the 6th century. AD The name “Turk”, found in the Orkhon inscriptions, in most cases passes as “Turyuk”. It is known that the first political entity that bore the word “Turk” in its name was a Turkic state called the Gok-Turkic Empire.
The meaning of the word "Turk"
The name “Turk” in sources and studies was assigned different meanings: T’u-kue (Turk) = helmet (in Chinese sources); turk = terk (abandonment) (in Islamic sources); Turk = maturity; Takye=a person sitting on the seashore, etc. From a document in the Turkic language, it was found that the word “Turk” has the meaning of strength, power (or “strong, powerful” as an adjective). According to the assumption of A.V. Le Coq (A.V.Le Coq) the word “Turk” used here is the same as “Turk”, meaning Turkic people. This version was confirmed by the researcher of Gok-Turkic inscriptions V. Thomsen (1922). Later this circumstance was fully proven by Nemeth's research.
The first political entity to use the word “Turk” to denote the official name of the Turkic state was the Gok-Turkic Empire (552-774). This suggests that the word “Turk” does not have an ethnic character characteristic of a particular community, but is a political name. Starting from the creation of the kingdom of the Gok-Turks, this word first meant the name of the state, and then became a common name for other Turkic peoples.
The habitat of the Turks before the beginning of nomadism since the last century is a cause of controversy. Historians relying on Chinese sources. The Altai Mountains are recognized as the homeland of the Turks, ethnographers - the northern regions of inner Asia, anthropologists - the region between the Kyrgyz steppes and the Tien Shan (God's Mountains), art historians - northwestern Asia or the southwest of Lake Baikal, and some linguists - the east and west of the Altai mountains or the Kingan ridge.
The Turks, who were the first to tame horses and began to use them as riding animals, spread high views about the state and society over wide geographical areas. Their sedentary and nomadic life is based mainly on the culture of animal husbandry and self-sufficient agriculture. Historical sources also indicate that the Turkic nomads were carried out due to economic difficulties, i.e. due to the insufficiency of the native Turkic lands for habitation. Severe droughts (Hunnic migration), dense population and lack of pastures (Oghuz migration) forced the Turks to wander. The Turks, who in addition to farming in small areas were engaged only in animal husbandry, also had other natural needs: clothing, various food products, etc. Then, when the available lands became insufficient to feed the ever-growing population, the lands neighboring the Turkic ones were still sparsely populated, rich in natural resources, and had a favorable climate.
These circumstances, identified in the sources of Turkic history as the main reasons for the migrations, contributed not only to their direction to different countries, but also an attack on other Turkic lands, comparatively more favorable for trade. Thus, some Turkic tribes, attacking others, forced them to nomadize (for example, nomads of the 9th-11th centuries).
Name Hun
The political unity of the Huns, stretching from the Orkhon and Selenga rivers to the Huango-Kho river in the south and centered in the Otuken district, considered the sacred country of the Turks, can be traced back to 4. BC. The first historical document related to the Huns was a treaty concluded in 318 BC. After this, the Huns increased pressure on Chinese lands. Local rulers, after long defensive wars, began to surround residential areas and places of military concentrations with defensive structures in order to protect themselves from Hunnic horsemen. One of the Chinese rulers, Xi-Huang-Ti (259-210 BC), built the famous Great Wall of China (214 BC) against the attacks of the Huns. And at this time, when the Chinese provided evidence of protection from Turkic attacks, two important events occurred: the birth of the Han dynasty, which for a long time raised insightful emperors (214 BC) and the arrival of Mete - Khan at the head of the Hunnic state. (209-174 BC).
Mete Khan, responding with war to the constant demands for land by the Mongol-Tungus tribes, conquered them and expanded his territory to northern Pechli, he returned to the southwest and forced the Yue-chi, who lived in Central Asia, to leave. Mete Khan, developing trade relations with China, took control of the steppes that extended to the bed of the Irtysh (Kie-Kun = country of the Kyrgyz), the lands of the Ting-lings, to the west of them, northern Turkistan and conquered the Wu-suns who lived along the banks of Issyk-Kul. Thus, Mete Khan gathered all the Turkic tribes that were in Asia at that time under his control and a single flag.
In 174 BC. The Great Hunnic Empire, with its military and property organization, domestic and foreign policy, religion, army and military equipment, art, was at the very height of power and subsequently served as an example to the Turkic states for centuries. Mete Khan's son Tanhu Ki-Ok (174-160 BC) tried to preserve this inheritance.
At the beginning of the 2nd century BC. the Asian Huns were three groups: 1- in the vicinity of Lake Balkhash the remains of the Chi-chi Huns, 2- in the vicinity of Dzungaria and Barkol - the northern Huns (they moved here in 90-91 BC from the Baikal-Orkhon region) , 3- in the territory of northwestern China - the southern Huns, who, having been promoted to the east by the Suenpi tribe from the Mongol clan, were almost completely expelled from their lands in 216. The Southern Huns, having disagreements among themselves, split into two more parts and China, which increased pressure, completely captured their territory in 20. However, the Asian Huns existed until the 5th century. and some people from the Tanhu clan created short-lived small states. Three of them: Liu Tsung, Hia, Pei-liang.
Some Huns, after the fall of Chi-chi's power, scattered and continued to exist, especially in the steppes east of the Aral Lake. The masses of the Huns, increased in number due to other Turkic tribes living there and the Huns who came there in the 1st-2nd centuries. from China, after some time they became stronger and headed, presumably due to climate change, to the west. After the Huns conquered the country of Alan in the middle of the 4th century, they appeared on the banks of the Volga in 374. A large offensive of the Huns under the leadership of Balamir fell first on the eastern Goths and destroyed their state (374). The Hun attack, which continued with amazing speed and skill, this time defeated the Western Goths along the banks of the Dnieper, and King Atanarik with a large group of troops. Gottov fled to the west (375).
The Great Migration of Peoples, which began in 375, is of great importance in the history of the world and especially Europe. The Great Migration had a direct impact on the fall of the Roman Empire, the ethnic and political formation of Europe and, starting a new era (the Middle Ages), is considered a turning point in the history of Europe. in 395 the Huns began to act again. This offensive was carried out from two fronts: one part of the Huns advanced from the Balkans to Thrace, and the other, most part, through the Caucasus to Anatolia. This offensive represents the first appearance of the Turks in Anatolia. taking Byzantium under their rule is the main goal of the Huns, and since the barbarian tribes, which constantly threatened Western Rome with ruin, were enemies of the Huns, it was necessary to maintain good relations with them. With the appearance of Uldiz on the Danube, the second wave of the Great Migration began. ...legislation, literature, traditions, everyday life etc.) An example of a local... in the mountains. Local nomads Turkic origin merged with the conquerors in... people about a just state, democracy and legality, embodied in such monuments history And culture ...
Story southern and western Slavs in the Middle Ages
Presentation >> HistoryOthers peoples. As for the internal life of the Slavs - the economy, everyday life, culture, - ... the process was attended by two people- Proto-Bulgarians ( people Turkic groups) and Slavs. ... - Moravian origin, these are the sources and history Great Moravia. ...
Story Bashkortostan (3)
Abstract >> Culture and artpagan peoples, legendary stories about origin Turkic tribes ...in a generation, illuminated story people, his everyday life morals, customs, and... culture peoples Russia, including the Bashkirs. Got them interested in a new way story and the morals of a freedom-loving people ...
The role of the Huns in the ethno- and sociogenesis of the Kazakh people
Abstract >> HistoryXiongnu with Kangyu. Life Huns according to the Romans... Among many aspects origin Kazakh people can be distinguished... can be traced throughout history Turkic peoples. Xiongnu-Chinese relations... synthesized in themselves culture many peoples Asia. First...
On September 7, a live broadcast of the Alpari Club Day project took place. Director of the Gumilyov Center Pavel Zarifullin answered Alexander Razuvaev’s questions.
At Club Day we looked at the current geopolitical situation in the Middle East and Central Asia. Particular attention was paid to resolving the Russian-Turkish crisis and the mediating role of Baku and Astana in this. As well as ethno-trainings from the Lev Gumilyov Center to overcome the Russian-Turkish crisis. Pavel Zarifullin also answered in detail the question: who are the Turks? About their role in world history and the formation of Russia.
Who are the Turkic peoples? What do they have in common? Where do they live?
Turkic peoples are a group of peoples who speak similar Turkic languages. Distributed very widely. From Balkan Peninsula, where the Turks and Gagauz live, to our harsh taiga, to Yakutia, because the Yakuts are also Turks. Well, the word “taiga” is of Turkic origin.
Those. This huge amount people, millions, hundreds of millions, scattered throughout the Eurasian continent from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. And, of course, all these peoples have a common root - one of the largest states of antiquity or the Middle Ages or the era that was just between the era of antiquity and the Middle Ages - this is the Turkic Khaganate. A gigantic state the size of the Soviet Union, which existed already in the 6th century, we know very little about it.
But there is a Eurasian idea, the idea of Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov, that our father Genghis Khan, our mother the Golden Horde, that modern Great Russia or the Muscovite Kingdom, originated within the Golden Horde, adopting the main successes and skills of this country.
But if you dig further, who is the grandfather of our country in this case? Russian Federation? And the grandfather of our country is the Great Turkic Khaganate, from which grew not only the Turkic peoples, but also many others. And Iranian, and Finnish, and Slavic.
The Turkic Kaganate is the era of conquests and campaigns, the era of the emergence of the Great Silk Road, as an already economic phenomenon, a phenomenon of economic integration. Turkic El in the 6th century simultaneously bordered Byzantium, Iran, China, and controlled the Great Silk. And, thanks to the Turkic Khaganate, the Byzantines and Europeans could meet with the Chinese even then. Those. The Turks have a huge, glorious past.
There were many other Turkic states, for example, the Seljuk Sultanates, the Ottoman Empire, and Desht-i-Kipchak. The Turks gave Russia an aristocracy. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev perfectly described that from half to three quarters of Russians noble families were of Turkic or Mongolian origin. Actually, this can be seen in the surnames of the great glorious families: Suvorov, Kutuzov, Apraksin, Alyabyev, Davydov, Chaadaev, Turgenev - these are Turkic surnames. Those. the proverb of Turgenev, himself a descendant of a Turkic aristocrat: “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar,” i.e. Turkic - it has the most direct relation to our country. So, our grandfather is the Turkic Kaganate and, if you scratch us for a long time, then, of course, the Russians will find a lot of Turkic.
What is the percentage of originally Persian and Turkic words in the Russian language?
Theodor Shumovsky, an accomplice of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov (they were imprisoned on the same case in Kresty), an outstanding Russian linguist, philologist, translator of the Koran, said that from a third to a half of Russian words are of Turkic and Persian origin. Why Turkic and Persian, because the Turkic and Persian peoples lived side by side for millennia, just as the Russians actually once lived together. And a lot of words have a mixed origin, for example the Russian word “hearth”, it has a Turkic-Persian origin. The first part of the word is Turkic, and the second is Persian. "Otjah" or "otgyah". The very original word “Ateshgah” means “temple of fire worshipers.” This is the name of the sanctuaries in Iran and Azerbaijan, the temples of the Zoroastrians. The Russian word “hearth” seemed to branch off and form from it. According to one version, the word “book” itself is of Turkic-Persian origin. From the word “kan” - knowledge, “gyah” - place, i.e. "place of knowledge" Then, among both the Turks and Persians, this word replaced the Arabic word “kitab”. But we still use our Turkic-Persian past.
And, of course, the heroes of our fairy tales, such as Kashchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga, have Turkic origin. Because the word “kashchei” comes from the Old Turkic “kus” - bird. Kashchei is a “shaman-bird worshiper”, a fortuneteller based on the flights of birds. The Turks worshiped birds, like the people who came from Siberia, from Altai. Altaians still worship birds and messengers. And many Turkic clans had bird patrons. Actually, the Russians adopted a lot from them and the names of our cities Kursk, Galich, Voronezh, Uglich, Orel, they have a similar function in name and etymology. They record the bird patrons of regions and cities. So, “kashchei” is from the Turkic word “kus” - “bird”. And the word “art” comes from the same root. As if to soar. Or the word “bush” - the place where the bird lives. “Kashchei the Immortal” is a shaman - a bird worshiper, he looks like that in a skeleton costume, our wonderful character. Let us also add that Kashchei is the king. In the same Rome, the Augustan kings descended from bird fortunetellers - from augurs. The figure of Kashchei in Russian fairy tales captures very ancient legends and archetypes. And, as we see, they are of Turkic origin.
Or Baba Yaga, translated from Turkic simply as “white old man,” white sorcerer. In Russian conditions, where matriarchy was strong in ancient times, the elder “changed” his gender. But although the white elder, I think, the creature is already asexual, because... This is a sacred creature that performs magical and healing functions.
It turns out that the Turkic is deeply embedded within us. For example, we watch Channel One, but we don’t think about why it is “first”? After all, there is a Russian word for “one”, “one”. Why isn’t it a “single” channel? The word “first” is from the Turkic “ber”, “bir” - one. Those. "first" from "first". The account was instilled from the Horde, and maybe even earlier - during the time of the Turkic Kaganate. The word “altyn” came to us that way, i.e. "gold". Actually, the “first” one came from there. The Russian word “fatherland”, naturally, comes from “ati” - “father”. Because the Slavs were once part of a variety of state formations that were created by the Turks, the Golden Horde, the Turkic Kaganate.
Well, if you remember earlier, the ancestors of the Turks were the Huns. Their language is called Proto-Turkic. This is Attila's empire. “Attila” is not a name either. This is an initiatory title, like “father of nations” - from “ati”. We are all familiar with the words “fatherland”, father, but our father turns out to be Turkic, according to this logic. What is reflected in the Russian language.
Not everyone remembers our previous club days. In one of them you said that in fact the Great Russians, as an ethnic group, appeared somewhere during the time of Ivan the Terrible, i.e. the ethnic group originated in the Horde. And we have maintained contact with the more ancient, ancient Russian ethnos, which in fact was already in decline during the period of Kievan Rus. This is the question: how Russian, as an ethnos, is a young ethnos, how strong was the Turkic component in it, and at the same time the connection with what historians call Kievan Rus?
Well, the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians, of modern Russians, is very complex. After all, there was an arrival of the Slavs in Zalesye, but these territories were originally Finnish. We talked about the place of the Turks in our language and ethnicity. But all the old names of cities, rivers, lakes are still Finnish. “Oka” is translated from Turkic as “white” and “Volga” as “white”, but only from Finnish dialects. Sudogda, Vologda, Murom are Finnish names. And the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians took place in a unique way. These are people from the Horde, the Turkic and Mongolian aristocracy, and Finnish tribes. It is known that among northern Russians there is still a significant amount of even genetically Finnish blood. And when they tell us that where is this trace of the Mongols, as such, in the Russian ethnos, in modern research, geneticists are constantly conducting them, where is our Mongolian? They argue that there was no Mongolian Rus', because this was not particularly reflected in genetics. This suggests that there were no predatory, aggressive campaigns of the Mongols, as such. And there was no yoke.
But we have a huge amount of Turkic component for one simple reason. The main haplogroup of Russians is R1a, but the Tatars have the same haplogroup. And it is very difficult to figure out who is Russian and who, relatively speaking, is not Russian, because the haplogroup is approximately the same among the Eastern Slavs and the Turks in our country (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Balkars, Nogais).
And we really had an aristocracy, most likely less Mongolian, but more Turkic, because the Turks went to serve the Mongol Empire, and they made up the majority in it.
Great Russian ethnogenesis followed the formation of the Moscow state, which largely copied its “alma mater,” the Golden Horde. The Moscow princes copied the army (Turkic words: “esaul”, “target”, “drum”, “guard”, “cornet”, “hurray”, “dagger”, “ataman”, “saber”, “koshevoy”, “Cossack” ", "to roam", "holster", "quiver", "horse", "damask steel", "hero"). Copied finances. Hence we have the words “money”, “profit”, “customs”, “treasury”, “label”, “brand” (and “comrade”), “artel”. They copied the transport system. This is how “coachman” arose - this is a Mongolian word in our language. From the Mongolian “yamzhi” - a system of transport corridors. And they dressed “in the Tatar way”: “shoe”, “kaftan”, “harem pants”, “sheep coat”, “bashlyk”, “sarafan”, “cap”, “veil”, “stocking”, “hat”.
This is such a new horde, you can call it that, there is no need to be shy about this word, “horde” is a wonderful word, it largely coincides with the word “order” in semantic meaning. A “New Horde” arose, but with a Slavic language and a Christian faith. That is why the Russians were later able to annex the lands that once belonged to the Horde. Because the local population perceived them as their own. There was another round of ethnogenesis. We are constantly pointed at Ukraine, but the situation there was somewhat different. On the territory of Ukraine, as a rule, people who did not like this Horde system, the “Yasa” of Genghis Khan, escaped.
The late Oles Buzina wrote about this that a lot of people fled to the Zaporozhye Sich, to whom this discipline, empire, and organization were disgusting. They were such an anarchic, free type of people, but they were praised there; in fact, the rabble fled there, which Genghis Khan’s “Yasu” refused to recognize. "Trash" in a good way, of course. They "cut off" from everyone.
And there they somehow grouped, nested, and so the Ukrainian dialect gradually arose, the Ukrainian ethnic group with its own laws, with its own ideas, completely in many ways opposed to the Muscovite kingdom. Such an anti-horde, if you can call it that. It’s also a very interesting, original education, an original ethnogenesis. We are still disentangling the result of this ethnogenesis.
Next question. Here on the financial market they were discussing that Gazprom could buy Bashneft, official news. I even joked that new company will be called, if this happens, “Tengrioil”. Tengri, Tengrism, which, by the way, is now gaining strength in the same White Horde, in Kazakhstan, what is it? Monotheism? In more detail, because again there are many questions on this topic.
But in the case of Gazprom in Tengri, I, of course, do not believe in their special religiosity. Tengri, in their case, is money. Because the Russian word “money” comes from the Turkic “tengri” naturally. "Tenge" is the currency of the Golden Horde. Now it is the currency of Kazakhstan. Russians began to call any financial means this way.
But the monotheism of the Turks is known. Those. before coming to the Great Steppe, which is their cradle, before the arrival of Jews, Muslims, Christians, the Turks worshiped one god thousands of years ago, even before the birth of Christ, if we talk about the ancestors of the Turks, the Huns. And Tengri - god - a single sky. And the great ruler, relatively speaking, Genghis Khan, is the will of the great sky. The Turkic religion has a rich history, rich cultural heritage. And, it is worth noting that very few peoples had their own written language for thousands of years. Basically, the ethnic groups of Eurasia exported writing from the Phoenicians or Greeks, or from the Arameans. And most types of writing, they have a very specific connotation to these peoples, the peoples of the Middle East and the Mediterranean.
In addition to two groups of peoples - the Germans and the Turks, who had independent runic writing for several thousand years. These runes are similar, but have different sound and semantic meanings. The Turks had their own runic alphabet, which, naturally, went back to the will of the sky, to the will of Tengri, came from the sacred runic calendar, from observations of the sun, moon, stars, space, the phenomenon of Tengri. According to legend, it was the heavens who once handed this runic writing to the first Turkic kagans. Therefore, to claim that the Turks are some kind of savage peoples (a constant idea of Western scientists and Russian nationalists) is very stupid. They will be more culturally advanced than many ethnic groups that still exist on planet Earth.
Expressed from a theological point of view, is Tengri God the father? From the point of view of Christian perception?
Yes. God is the Father. Lord of Hosts. From the point of view of Orthodoxy, “Lord of hosts” is translated as “Lord of the stars”, “Lord of the sky”. “Lord of the seven heavens” would be more correct, because our numeral “seven” comes from the Arabic “sebu” - seven. Here is Tengri - the Lord of all heavens. Supreme Commander of Space.
I have friends from Kazakhstan, and the meaning of Tengrism, as they say, is that there is one God, it’s just that each ethnic group has a traditional way of communicating with him. Such a question is the Turks as an ethnic group, modern Türkiye, the last conflict. In history, the Russian Empire fought with Turkey many times. Who are they to us? Enemies, partners or maybe allies against the West? This story.
But genetically, the Turkish Turks are, of course, very far from the Turks we know, from the Tatars, from the Altaians, from the Kazakhs. In general, they are much closer to the Persians, Arabs, and Greeks. Genetic data confirm this. It’s just that there weren’t very many Turks who once went to the “last sea”, to the west, to the White Sea, as they called the Mediterranean. Small tribes of nomads came, the most active part, because the main part remained at home, in the Steppe.
But those “who reached it,” the passionaries, became the aristocracy of the local peoples. They found descendants of the Persians, descendants of the Greeks there. They sculpted something out of this, some states. This is how they blinded Turkey. But the spirit, such a spiritualist, of the Turkic nomads, warriors, soldiers, of course, flourished in Turkey. And even the glorious wars, known as the Janissaries, are the Slavs who converted to Islam. Slavic boys, who were taken into good Turkic families, were raised in the Islamic and Turkic spirit, they then went and slaughtered for Islam, for the great Ottoman Empire, for their Turkic padishah, because we see in the super popular TV series “The Magnificent Century” (his all our housewives watch with pleasure).
Here it is - the Turkic spirit, spirituality, of course, it flourished in the Ottoman Empire. But it cannot be said that it was definitely a Turkic state. They began to build a Turkic state when the Ottoman Empire collapsed. Because they spoke the Ottoman language, which is some kind of mixture of Persian, Arabic, Slavic words with a small number of Turkic words.
Kemal Atatürk almost banned the Ottoman language. The Ottoman Empire was such an imperial project, a globalist project. He learned a lot from Byzantium, not from the point of view of religion, but from the point of view of geography, strategy, personnel policy. Their best sailors were the descendants of the Greeks, the “pirates” were the descendants of the French and Italians who converted to Islam. Those. they took everyone from everyone. They took Turkic cavalry, because Turkic cavalry is always the best, everyone knows this.
Those. the Ottoman project, I cannot say that it was definitely some kind of Turkic, just as in the Russian Empire it cannot be said that the Russian project was Slavic. Well, how Slavic is it, when the dynasty is German, the population is mixed, the nobility is half-Turkic, half of the Cossacks spoke Turkic dialects until the 20th century. It turns out that perhaps the Turks from the Russian Empire fought against the Slavs from the Ottoman Empire. It was such a mess.
The emergence of Turkic nationalism itself is associated with the figure of Kemal Ataturk, with the 20th century. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, they began to think about how to live, what they could cling to in order to simply survive in a hostile world. And they began the emergency Turkification of their country. In fact, they began to create the language anew, and in order to somehow restore it (because it was thoroughly Persian or Slavic - the Ottoman language), they sent ethnographic expeditions, Kemal Ataturk sent, to the Oghuz Turks, who lived exactly on the territory of the Soviet Union . These are Azerbaijanis, Turkmen and Gagauz. And they began to take words from them, instead of Arabic, instead of Persian. Those. The Turkic state of Turkey is in many ways an artificial construct, when the population, which is largely descendants of the Greeks and other tribes of Asia Minor, was artificially driven into Turkic nationalism and the new Turkic language.
Now, if Kazakhstan, of course, is a Turkic country, or Russia is even a more Turkic country, I think, than Turkey. But the Turks made pan-Turkism their sign. The United States actively used this in the “Great Game” against the Soviet Union. The complex of these ideas was aimed at destroying our big country.
So that all Turkic peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Altaians, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Tatars, one way or another, would perceive the Turks as their older brother. Although I’ll say it again, from a genetic point of view this is a little funny, because genetically Turks are no different from southern Italians, for example, from the inhabitants of Naples or Sicily. Just twin brothers. Well, since they had a powerful history, they had an Empire, they claimed to lead the Turkic world. Of course, neither the Russian Empire nor the Soviet Union liked this. The Russian Federation did not like this and does not like this kind of idea. Eurasian ideology could reconcile this complex of contradictions, very complex and discord between our countries.
Eurasianism arose as the idea of uniting Slavic and Turkic vectors. The Slavs and Turks, when they are separated, try to say that the Russian Empire is a Slavic kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire is a Turkish kingdom and they must fight among themselves. Then you start to look into it, it turns out that the Russian Empire is half a Turkic kingdom. And the Ottoman Empire is half a Slavic kingdom. Those. everything was crushed.
We, Eurasians, argue that when Turks and Slavs meet, it turns out well, it turns out to be a symphony. As Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said - complementarity. There are peoples who complement each other. And on the contrary, such a Turkic-Slavic symbiosis has always given birth to tenacious and creative peoples and individuals.
From this point of view, we can not only reconcile our country, Russia, which, of course, is the fruit of the Slavic-Turkic symbiosis. And more broadly - not just to restore the Soviet Union, but to make it more powerful, like the Eurasian Union, which is also based on the Slavic-Turkic brotherhood.
The main drivers of the Eurasian Union are the Slavs and Turks, Belarusians, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Kyrgyz.
But we can come to an agreement with the Turks. Because, I repeat once again, the ethnogenesis of the Turks is significantly connected with ethnogenesis and with the combination of Slavic and Turkic elements. I already spoke about the Janissaries. Most of the viziers during the heyday of the Ottoman Empire, they were traditionally also Slavic Serbs, Sokolovici. Well, as a matter of fact, we know very well about the red-haired wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. Everyone knows about Alexandra of Russia, who became the great queen of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, when we talk about Eurasianism, Eurasian integration, here we can find a common language with the Turks, establish joint affairs, economic and geopolitical. Because no one here says who is higher there? The Turks are the first people, and the rest are under them - this is the main idea of pan-Turkism.
If we say Eurasianism, then everyone is equal from this point of view. Together we are creating, as it were, a large tree of peoples, a large world of peoples, in the center of which stands the axis of the Slavs and Turks. Thanks to this axis, complementarity, and all other friendly peoples, Finnish, Ugric, and Caucasian, we all together form a large-scale community in our space. From the point of view of Eurasian ideology, by removing pan-Turkism or pan-Slavism or nationalisms of any kind, Russian nationalism or Turkish nationalism, we can (and now this will happen) improve relations with the fraternal Turkish Republic. Then it becomes fraternal, in the space of Eurasian brotherhood, camaraderie, friendship of peoples, and Turkey and I, I think, can do a lot together for peace and cooperation in Eurasia.
The role of Baku and Astana in the recent reconciliation and in this entire project?
Well, I think everyone tried, because everyone did not benefit from the confrontation between Turkey and Russia. This is not a new confrontation. Indeed, at one time, the war between the Russian Empire and Turkey was actively supported on both sides by our opponents, the Poles, Swedes, British, French, and Germans. They literally pitted, for example, the Pope against Turkey and Russia in order to draw back forces so that Russia would not interfere with Europe and Turkey would not interfere with Europe. So that we torture each other, beat each other, get tired and then the Europeans would come and make peace with us.
This is how all the Russian-Turkish wars took place. In this sense, the latest conflict between Russia and Turkey benefited only our Western competitors. And, of course, Astana tried, the role of Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev in this reconciliation is very great. And the Azerbaijani side, thanks to them.
But I think this conflict was not beneficial to anyone. And the people did not understand him. Because we constantly conduct sociological research and ethnic research. The conflict with America is understandable, and the Russian people seem to take part in this conflict and support their president. The conflict with radical Islamism is clear. Nobody welcomes radical Islamism. In Russia, no one, even normal Muslims, will support them.
But the conflict with Turkey was not clear to the people. And despite the fact that thousands of our state-paid propagandists howled like wolves in the Turkish direction, the people still perceived the Turks as a fraternal people. And they understood that the king and the sultan had a fight, and tomorrow they would make peace. In turn, we at the Lev Gumilyov Center conducted a special ethno-training, at which we organized energy peace between our countries, where one representative of Turkey solemnly asked for forgiveness from Russia, at this training.
I’ll explain the meaning of ethno-trainings. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said that an ethnic group, a people, forms an energy field. Such energy fields are created by any natural community of people, families, and organizations. But an ethnos is a collection of energy fields. We address this field directly, we have technology, and we create a certain event. And then that's how it happens. First, at our Lev Gumilyov Center, a person representing Turkey asked for forgiveness; he was played by a Gagauz; in Russia, she was played by an Ossetian (for some reason it happened that way). He asked for forgiveness. And after some time, a month later, the Turkish president asked Russia for forgiveness, asked to accept his apology. I think everyone tried, and energy level, both at the technological level and at the diplomatic level. And this conflict, I hope, will not happen again. And secondly, we will have to restore the results of this conflict for a very long time because economic relations were severed between our countries, and this is not beneficial to anyone.
Now everyone is talking about Uzbekistan. Tamerlane's role in this whole story?
Well, in the same Uzbekistan, Tamerlane was appointed such a sacred ancestor of the entire local population, although this is a little strange.
Firstly, he was not a chigizid. Some believe that it was. But this is not true.
There are also a lot of disputes. The fact remains that this is a very serious piece on the chessboard of humanity. The man who managed to create an Empire, if not the size of Genghis Khan, but comparable to him, not the size of the Turkic Khaganate, but actually comparable. He united all of Central Asia, Iran, part of India, and Asia Minor.
I write columnism, and have written several times that if Tamerlane had taken Moscow, then probably the capital of the future Empire would have been another city. And Islam, not Orthodoxy, would become the state religion. How fair is this?
The fact is that, no matter how much you take Moscow, it is only better for it. Everything in Moscow is like water off a duck's back. No matter how much you burn her, she will always get up and feel good again.
From the point of view of the collision with our civilization, Russian-Eurasian or the Union of Forest and Steppe, as we call it, of course, Tamerlane was an enemy, because he represented a slightly different culture. A renewed caliphate, in fact. He nurtured it and created it only with a center not in Baghdad, not in Damascus, but with a center in Samarkand. Islam was harshly imposed. Under him, Nestorian Christianity was destroyed in Central Asia, completely and irrevocably. He just went and killed everyone.
And before that, millions of Christians lived there, in Central Asia, the same Turks. And on various expeditions in Kyrgyzstan I come across rock carvings of crosses. Crosses, Nestorian creeds. It was the last Christians who hid from Tamerlane in the Kyrgyz canyons. And then he found them there and cut them and burned them. Those. the man was of incredible aggression, incredible strength.
And he brought ruin and death to the steppe, to our territory, to the territory of the modern Eurasian Union. He burned the steppes and captured everyone. And if he had captured Rus' then, he would not have spared anyone. Because the Mongols came, relatively speaking, they negotiated with the local population, the princes, passed through the country, took resources and moved on. But Tamerlane drove the population of entire regions, entire districts into his territory. And in this way it was more reminiscent of Nazi Germany, when they took the population of several regions and sent them to work.
Those. such slave-owning Asia came to us. This is one of the novels from Asia, about Asian despots, about some terrible pharaohs who drive entire tribes back and forth. Here he was a classic Asian despot, incompatible with the code of behavior on our territory, among, relatively speaking, kings or khans. In Russia and the Great Steppe, people have never been exterminated for their religion.
Kings or khans did not act this way and did not turn everything into an endless slave trade. Tamerlane carried the slave trade and brought his cultural code to us, but did not reach it. God or Tengri, they saved this territory from destruction.
The question is this. Azerbaijan, they are also Turks, part of the Turkic world. Their prospects. But it cannot be bypassed within the framework of Eurasian integration - there is also Armenia. How is this?
We, in my opinion, had a good broadcast, related to the issues of Karabakh, it was quite well attended. This is a video you can watch. And soon we will post the text of the ethno-training that we carried out on Karabakh.
I looked now, it’s quite safe, the passions have already subsided. The problem must be solved, it must be solved, because the land lies abandoned. Karabakh is a land that used to prosper. It was multinational, multinational, multireligious. There lived Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Kurds and Russians in this territory. Now it lies largely abandoned. Karabakh needs to be developed. The fact that the “Black Hills” is a closed area has been turned into a dead end, a transport dead end, this hinders the development of our trade, the development of our economies. And the Karabakh issue must be resolved.
Karabakh should probably be given a special status in the Eurasian Union, maybe it could be guarded by special troops of the Eurasian Union, have a rather complex status, different options can be discussed for a condominium.
But, nevertheless, the problem must be solved. I believe that our generation is obliged to solve this problem.
But most importantly, I think, from the point of view economic development Eurasian Union, the most great progress was achieved recently when the North-South route, discussed for decades, was approved by the leaders of Russia, Azerbaijan and Iran. Now the transport corridor will be actively developed, roads will be built, the fleet of ships in the Caspian Sea will increase. This will be real Eurasian integration if this happens. Then Azerbaijan will organically become part of the Eurasian Union, and there will be no need to invent anything.
Last question. September 12 is coming soon. The Orthodox Church honors Alexander Nevsky. I can't finish without mentioning this figure, because on the one hand wide circle knows the famous Soviet film, that he defeated the Germans. On the other hand, the “frostbitten” Russian Nazis really don’t like him, because he crushed the anti-Horde uprisings. Moreover, he is with Batu and his son, from their point of view, he is a pagan. Here, accordingly, is this figure.
Well, first of all, Alexander Nevsky is a symbol of Russia. This was the only, in my opinion, fair vote that could have taken place. People chose between Stalin and Stolypin, everyone quarreled, and then somehow calmed down and chose Alexander Nevsky. I remember there was such a competition on television - not a competition, a kind of voting. They really chose him as a symbol of Russia, because he created Russia. When it was necessary to choose between west and east, Alexander chose the east.
And as we find out, from a historical point of view, he did not lose, i.e. not only didn’t lose, but won. Because the entire east gradually went to Russia. Those who chose the west, like the inhabitants of Galicia and their prince Galician, well, we see in what idiotic state they are now on the outskirts of Europe. They are not even taken to this Europe. The Poles are sitting in the outskirts of Europe, but these are howling like dogs outside the outskirts. It’s not even the dogs that guard the garden, these are the Balts, so classic.
And the dogs that were kicked out. A classic dog from a Ukrainian cartoon who was kicked out. And the abandoned dog walks between the wolves, then goes to the Turkic wolves, then tries to penetrate back into the place from which he was kicked out. This, unfortunately, is the fate of Western Ukraine. Then they handed this devilish fate to all the other Little Russians.
Alexander Nevsky made a different choice. Yes, he went to the pagans, but to which pagans? The son of Batu Khan, his brother Khan Sartak was a Christian of the Nestorian faith.
He simply headed East. “Meeting” the sun galloped and his people “meeting” the sun followed him and reached Alaska.
And Alexander Nevsky walked first. We have been thinking for a long time about how the Russians even went to explore Lake Baikal. And the first to visit Lake Baikal was Alexander Nevsky, on the way to Karakorum. And now our theater master Andrei Borisov staged a wonderful performance at the Irkutsk Drama Theater based on Alexander Nevsky. And this is very symbolic. In Irkutsk, the understanding comes that Alexander Nevsky was the first to arrive at Baikal, and then his people came after him centuries later. And Alexander Nevsky was the first to go to the Horde in Sarai-Batu, in modern Astrakhan, in Sarai-Berke to Khan Berke, at his headquarters, which was located not far from Volgograd. And today the townspeople recognized Alexander Nevsky as the heavenly patron of Volgograd. He showed us the way.
This is our father. If the Turks are still figuring out who their father is, either Suleiman the Magnificent, or Kemal Ataturk, then we know who our father is, our “ati”. This is Alexander Nevsky, who showed us the way to the East, the “sunny path”. In this sense, he is the person who leads us. The first was Andrei Bogolyubsky, who led the capital from Kyiv, from the endless “pre-Maidan moods,” to Vladimir Rus. And Alexander Nevsky continued his path further; he led Russia to the East. Since then, Russia is an eastern country and Russians, of course, eastern people, in the vanguard of all other peoples of the East.
http://www.gumilev-center.ru/rossiya-i-tyurkskijj-ehl-2/
Turks (also Turkic peoples, Turkic-speaking peoples, peoples of the Turkic language group) - ethnolinguistic community. They speak languages of the Turkic group. Globalization and increased integration with other peoples have led to the widespread spread of the Turks beyond their historical area. Modern Turks live on different continents - in Eurasia, North America, Australia and in the territories of various states - from Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean, Southern and Eastern Europe and further east - all the way to the Russian Far East. There are also Turkic minorities in China, America, the Middle East and Western Europe. The largest settlement area is in Russia, and the largest population is in Turkey.
Turkic-speaking peoples have been known since the 3rd century. BC, but the first mentions of the ethnonym Turk appeared at the beginning of the 6th century. in the Mongolian Altai and belonged to a small people who later became dominant in Central Asia. Word Turk means strong, strong. One of the traditional occupations of the Turks was nomadic cattle breeding, as well as iron mining and processing.
The ethnic history of the proto-Turkic substrate is marked by the synthesis of two population groups:
- · formed to the west of the Volga, in the 3rd-2nd millennium BC, during centuries-long migrations in eastern and southern directions, it became the predominant population of the Volga region and Kazakhstan, Altai and the Upper Yenisei valley.
- · appeared in the steppes east of the Yenisei later and was of intra-Asian origin.
The history of the interaction and fusion of both groups of the ancient population over the course of two to two and a half thousand years is the process during which ethnic consolidation was carried out and Turkic-speaking ethnic communities were formed. It was from among these closely related tribes that in the 2nd millennium AD. modern Turkic peoples of Russia and adjacent territories emerged
D.G. writes about the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex. Savinov, according to which they “gradually modernized and mutually penetrated each other, became the common property of the culture of numerous population groups that became part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. The ideas of continuity of the ancient and early medieval culture of nomads are also reflected in works of art and ritual structures."
Since the 6th century AD, the region in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and the Chu River began to be called Turkestan. The toponym is based on the ethnonym “Tur”, which was the common tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of Central Asia. The nomadic type of state was for many centuries the predominant form of organization of power in the Asian steppes. Nomadic states, replacing each other, existed in Eurasia from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. until the 17th century.
In 552-745, the Turkic Khaganate existed in Central Asia, which in 603 split into two parts: the Eastern and Western Khaganates. The Western Kaganate (603-658) included the territory of Central Asia, the steppes of modern Kazakhstan and East Turkestan. The Eastern Kaganate included the modern territories of Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia. In 658, the Western Khaganate fell to the combined forces of the Chinese and Eastern Turks. In 698, the leader of the Turgesh tribal union, Uchelik, founded a new Turkic state - the Turgesh Kaganate (698-766).
In the V-VIII centuries, the Turkic nomadic tribes of the Bulgars who came to Europe founded a number of states, of which the most durable were Danube Bulgaria in the Balkans and Volga Bulgaria in the Volga and Kama basin. In 650-969. in the territory of the North Caucasus, the Volga region and the north-eastern Black Sea region there was the Khazar Khaganate. In the 960s it was defeated by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav. The Pechenegs, driven out by the Khazars in the second half of the 9th century, settled in the northern Black Sea region and posed a threat to Byzantium and the Old Russian state. In 1019, the Pechenegs were defeated by Grand Duke Yaroslav. In the 11th century, the Pechenegs in the southern Russian steppes were replaced by the Polovtsians, who were defeated and conquered by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. The western part of the Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde - became a predominantly Turkic state in population. In the XV-XVI centuries. it broke up into several independent khanates, on the basis of which a number of modern Turkic-speaking peoples were formed. At the end of the 14th century, Tamerlane created his own empire in Central Asia, which, however, quickly disintegrated with his death (1405).
In the early Middle Ages, a settled and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking population formed in the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, which was in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian populations. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Sogdian symbiosis.
Back at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. individual Turkic groups began to penetrate into Transcaucasia. The penetration of the Turks into the territory of Western Asia (Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Anatolia) began in the middle of the 11th AD. (Seljuks). The Seljuk invasion was accompanied by devastation and destruction of many Transcaucasian cities. In the 11th-14th centuries, the population of eastern Transcaucasia was subjected to Turkization due to the invasions of the Oghuz Turks and Mongol-Tatars. As a result of the conquests by the Ottoman Turks in the XIII-XVI centuries. territories in Europe, Asia and Africa, a huge Ottoman Empire was formed, but from the 17th century it began to decline. Having assimilated the majority of the local population, the Ottomans became the ethnic majority in Asia Minor. In the 16th-18th centuries, first the Moscow State, and then, after the reforms of Peter I, the Russian Empire, included most of the lands of the former Golden Horde, on which the Turkic states existed (Kazan Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia annexed a number of Azerbaijani khanates of Eastern Transcaucasia. At the same time, China annexed Central Asia (Dzhungar Khanate). After the annexation of the territories of Central Asia and the Kazakh Khanate and the Kokand Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, along with the Khiva Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate, remained. the only purely Turkic states.
The ethnonym (the name “Turk”) was first mentioned in Chinese written sources in 542. According to some researchers, translated from Mongolian “Turk” means a helmet shaped like a tukoetau. Initially, the term “Turk” also meant a representative of the nobility or military aristocracy, i.e. had purely social significance. Subsequently, it became a symbol of the dominant “royal” tribe and the tribes subject to it, which their neighbors also began to call Turks. In the second half of the 6th century. this term became widespread among the Byzantines, Arabs, Syrians, and found its way into Sanskrit, various Iranian languages, and Tibetan. Before the creation of the Khaganate, the word “Turk” meant only an alliance of ten (later twelve) tribes that formed shortly after 460 in Altai. This meaning was preserved by the term in the era of the Khaganates. It is reflected in the ancient Turkic texts in the expression “Turk hangover” (hangover union of tribes). Back in the middle of the 8th century. sources mention "twelve-tribal Turkic people." The same word also denoted the state created by the Turkic tribes-unions themselves - Turkel (Turkic country, state). Both of these meanings are reflected in ancient Turkic epigraphic monuments and Chinese sources. In a broader sense, the term began to denote the belonging of various nomadic tribes to the power created by the Turks. This is how the Byzantines and Iranians, and sometimes the Turks themselves, used it. The latter meaning of the term was further developed by Arab historians and geographers in the 9th-11th centuries, where the word “Turk” appears as the name of a group of peoples and languages, and not as the name of any one people and state. It was in Arabic scientific literature that a general concept arose about the genetic relatedness of the languages spoken by the Turkic tribes, and the geneological relatedness of these tribes themselves. Outside the sphere of Muslim education, such a broad interpretation did not appear. For example, Abulgazy Bahadur Khan in his “Turkic Chronicle” notes that there are five most famous clans in the Turkic state. These are: Uyghurs, Kanglys, Kipchaks, Kalashes, dwarfs. And in the Russian chronicles of 985 the tribe of Torks is mentioned - i.e. Turks, but this is only one of many nomadic associations of the Great Steppe, called together with the Berendeys, Pechenegs, Black Kloabuks, and Polovtsians. This is approximately the situation with the meaning of the term “Turk”. After clarifying the basic concepts associated with the name "Turk", it will be possible to move on to the process of formation of the steppe empire.
The beginning of the ethnogenesis of the Ashina Turks is associated with the Turs. According to the genealogical legend, the first ancestor of the Turks was a ten-year-old boy, the only survivor of the extermination of the people. He was nursed by a she-wolf, who later became his wife. The descendants of the ten sons of the she-wolf, having received the name Ashina, subsequently united all the local tribes and gave them the name Turk.
Bumyn Kagan, who ruled in the country of the Ashina Turks in the middle of the 6th century, was a descendant of Nadulushe (according to legend, the man who brought fire to people). In the 4th-5th centuries, when the Turkic ethnos was being revived in the historical arena of Central Asia, they were surrounded by the Chinese from the east, the Tungus-Manchus from the north, the Iranians from the west, and the Tocharian population from the south. Until the middle of the 6th century, the Turks were dependent on the Juan-Juans (Zhuan, Avars). The beginning of hegemony is associated with the subjugation of the Tele tribes living in Dzungaria (possibly the Oguzes). During the period of self-assertion, the Turks sent an embassy to the Avar Kagan, demanding a princess. To which the Juran ruler responded with the following indignant challenge: “You are my smelter - a vassal. How dare you do such a thing?
As a result of the war that began (551-555), the Rourans were completely defeated and, for the most part, physically exterminated. A new Central Asian empire arose on the lands in Northern Mongolia - the Turkic Khaganate (551-744). The founder of the Turkic state is considered BuMyn (Tumyn), who in 551 took the title of kagan. His successor Kara Kagan (552-553) and Mukan Kagan (553-572) completed the defeat of the Jurans.
In connection with activity in the west, a new stage in the ethnogenesis of the Turks moves to the territory of the Great Steppe and covers the oases of Turkestan. This stage determined new level ethnic contacts, and economic symbiosis with the eastern Iranian world. Within the framework of a single power there appear literary language and writing, and then general imperial standards in culture, especially expressed in material culture (dwellings, clothing, saddle with stirrups, harnesses, jewelry). These processes reflected the beginning of a new ethnic order. All this culminated in the formation of a pan-Turkic ethnic identity and pan-Turkic ideology. The Turkic Kaganate included such peoples as the Kyrgyz, Kipchaks, Oguzes, tribes of Avars, Kais, Khitans, etc.
In the ancient Turkic kaganates, the solution to many economic problems depended on trade. Neither raids, nor wars, nor booty from them, but constant barter trade served as a source of well-being for the nomads. During the period of the empire, the Turks became masters of most of the Great Silk Road. Sogdian merchants became the trusted representatives of the Turkic khans in this matter, concentrating in their hands a huge amount of silk fabrics of their own and Chinese production. Through Sogdian merchants, the nomads sold their livestock products, as well as military spoils. Merchants delivered them through Iran to Byzantium. The fate of the Silk Road depended on the relationship between the three great states. This partnership led to the conclusion of a military alliance between the Turks and the Byzantine Empire against Iran (in 567). Iran's refusal to improve relations forced the Turks to look for new territories for the export of silk. Thus, a road was built through the Volga region. Other routes connecting Siberia and the Volga region with Central Asia also passed through the steppes of Kazakhstan. One of the most ancient routes of communication was the meridian route between Turkestan and Siberia, through the steppes of Kazakhstan. Perhaps this route is much older than others (for example, the Great Silk Road), since the south and north of the Great Steppe were in the same economic and cultural system. Even in ancient times, some nomads went to the south for winter camps, and the main urban centers were located there. During the Bronze Age, copper and other metals were transported along the Great Meridian Route.
The urban culture of the Western Turkic Khaganate was created with the participation of the Sogdians. In the V-V1II centuries, with the support of the Turks, the Sogdians created a large number of trading settlements in Semirechye, Dzungaria, East Turkestan, and Southern Siberia. A significant part of the population was engaged in farming, trade and crafts.
In general, we can talk about a common Turkic complex, which included material culture, ideological ideas and spiritual thoughts widespread throughout the territory in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. The culture of nomadic tribes and sedentary regions appears in organic integrity and constitutes a single cultural system. Various cults of sacred mountains, rivers, caves, snakes and ancestor wolves were widespread among the Turks. The Kimako-Kylchak tribes held the cult of the river in great veneration. They talked about the Irtysh - “the river is the god of man” (Gardizi). The banners of the ancient Turks were decorated with a wolf's head. Along with their own beliefs, the nomadic Turks were also interested in other religious systems: Buddhism, Manichaeism, Christianity, Judaism. The most remarkable thing in the culture of the ancient Turkic period was the appearance of runic writing and rich written literature. Runic texts in honor of Bilge Kagan, Kultegin and other outstanding figures of the Turkic ale are at the same time both outstanding literary works and historical evidence of the era.
In the ancient Turkic era, the population of the Great Steppe gradually switched from the runic alphabet to the Arabic alphabet. The largest monuments on this graphic are “Divan-lugat-at-Turk” (Dictionary of the Turkic Language) by M. Kash Gari, “Kutadgu-bi Lik” (Blessed Knowledge) by Y. Balasaguni and others. A book about kimakaz was also compiled in Arabic graphics Zhdanakh-Kimaki. It is interesting that the author of this book was the heir of the Kimak ruler. This book was subsequently used by Arab-Persian travelers, merchants and scientists traveling to the Great Steppe. Ancient Turkic times are the time of the appearance, as the Chinese say, of a “reasonable book”, i.e. philosophical literature, various treatises devoted to epistemological problems, theory of music, art, etc. The most prominent figure in scientific world was al-Farabi.