Lecture, abstract. The theme of reason and feelings in the works of L.N. Tolstoy - concept and types. Classification, essence and features.

Composition

L. N. Tolstoy's story “After the Ball” refers to late works writer. It was written in 1903, but is based on the memories of Tolstoy's youth. The writer learned about the story described in the story while he was a student at Kazan University. Probably, this incident struck him so much that he remembered it all his life and, in the end, embodied it in his work.

Compositionally, “After the Ball” is a story-memory, a story about an incident from his youth that shook the hero-narrator to the core. The narrator, Ivan Vasilyevich, is an elderly man, respected and loved by everyone. We learn that he never served anywhere, but he helped many people get back on their feet and find themselves.

Apparently, Ivan Vasilyevich’s life was filled with bright events, which he gladly shares with young people. The author notes one special manner of the narrator: “... Ivan Vasilyevich had such a manner of responding to his own thoughts that arose as a result of the conversation and, on the occasion of these thoughts, telling episodes from his life. Often he completely forgot the reason for which he was telling, getting carried away by the story, especially since he told it very sincerely and truthfully.”

So, the narrator tells us about one morning that turned his whole life upside down. This happened in the 40s of the 19th century. The narrator was then studying at a provincial university. He lived enjoying his youth. Ivan Vasilyevich compares those times with his contemporary era. Like all older people, his words reveal a certain disapproval of “today’s” youth, their way of life and thoughts. It seems to me that the words of the author himself are heard here. Tolstoy is not happy that young people do not enjoy life, which should be typical for them, but create various political circles and are carried away by newfangled theories, often dangerous to reason and even life.

Ivan Vasilyevich enjoyed his youth, strength, beauty and wealth. Besides, he was in love. This feeling accompanied the hero constantly. But, at the moment he describes, the narrator experienced his strongest feeling. And no wonder: the object of his love was Varenka B., a rare beauty and clever girl. At this time, on the last day of Maslenitsa, the narrator went to a ball with the provincial leader, where Varenka was also present. Ivan Vasilyevich was immensely happy. He enjoyed the whole evening, without leaving a single step from the object of his love. Happiness, delight, love for the whole world overwhelmed the enthusiastic young man.

At this ball, the narrator first saw Varenka’s father, Colonel B. He seemed to Ivan Vasilyevich to be a kind, decent man, madly in love with his daughter, ready to sacrifice anything for Varenka’s sake. The dance of father and daughter delighted not only the narrator, but also all the guests at the ball. At the end of the dance, everyone applauded Colonel B. and his Varenka. The narrator was very pleased when Pyotr Vladislavich himself brought his daughter to him for the next dance.

Ivan Vasilyevich says this about his state of mind at the ball: “At that time I embraced the whole world with my love. I loved the hostess in the feronniere, with her Elizabethan bust, and her husband, and her guests, and her lackeys, and even the engineer Anisimov, who was sulking at me. At that time I felt a kind of enthusiastic and tender feeling towards her father, with his house boots and a gentle smile similar to hers.”

After the ball, the hero returned home, but emotional tension, excitement, and joy did not give him the opportunity to sleep peacefully. The narrator decided to wander around the city and calm down a little. Early in the morning of the first day of Lent, Ivan Vasilyevich walks around the city. Everything he sees seems touching and beautiful to him. The cheerful melody of a mazurka sounds in my head. But... at this time the narrator comes across a terrifying scene. He witnesses how a fugitive Tatar is punished. The sight was very scary. And it was even more terrible because Varenka’s father, the same Colonel B, was in charge of all this. He mercilessly watched the execution scene, without showing any emotions. And all this happened on the first day of Lent!

The first feeling that overwhelmed the narrator was shame: “I was so ashamed that, not knowing where to look, as if I had been caught in the very shameful act, I lowered my eyes and hurried to go home.” Everything he saw stood before Ivan Vasilyevich’s eyes: “... meanwhile, there was an almost physical melancholy in my heart, almost to the point of nausea, such that I stopped several times, and it seemed to me that I was about to vomit with all the horror that had entered me from this spectacle."

The narrator tries to understand the reason for the colonel's cruelty. Maybe he knows something that the hero doesn’t know, and that’s why he behaves so ruthlessly? But no matter how much Ivan Vasilyevich suffered, he could not solve this mystery.

The result of such a terrible morning was that the narrator decided never to serve anywhere, so that, God forbid, he would not become a participant. terrible crime, similar to the one he saw that morning on the parade ground.

It seems to me that in this work the image of the narrator is very close to the author, his inner world, his views on life. Ivan Vasilyevich is sensitive, emotional and deeply moral person. In my opinion, it psychological picture in his youth, he was largely copied from Tolstoy himself, his feelings and reactions are similar to the feelings and reactions of the writer. Therefore, the narrator is deeply sympathetic to L.N. Tolstoy; into his mouth he puts his thoughts about the soul, God, and man.

Other works on this work

1. For what purpose does L.N. Tolstoy turn to the past?

Unlike Lermontov (“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”), Gogol (“Taras Bulba”), who turned to the past in search of heroic characters, Tolstoy in the story “After the Ball” restores the past to show that its horrors live in the present, only slightly modified, that the past is with him social inequality, cruelty, injustice is invisibly present in today’s day (the time of writing the story), that renewal of life is necessary. The story echoes two eras - the one that Tolstoy portrays (the 40s of the 19th century, the era of Nicholas I), and the one that is present invisibly, in the setting of social, philosophical problems, moral issues (900s).

2. What is the main theme of the story?

This is the theme of the moral responsibility of each member of society for the lives of everyone. It is revealed through the image of the narrator, Ivan Vasilyevich, whose life, as he believes, was changed by one single incident.

3. How is the work constructed?

The composition is based on the technique of antithesis (the ball and after the ball), the story is told in the first person, there are two narrators in the work: a young man who introduces the reader to Ivan Vasilyevich, and Ivan Vasilyevich himself, the narrator and at the same time one of the main characters of the work. What we have before us is, in essence, a “story within a story.” This ring composition allows us to bring together, and therefore compare, two eras.

4. On whose behalf is the story told about what happened at the ball and after the ball? Can we consider that there are two narrators in the story “After the Ball”? How can you name each of them, bearing in mind that Ivan Vasilyevich is also the hero of the work?

Let's go back to the beginning of the story.

“You say that a person cannot understand on his own what is good and what is bad...

This is how everyone respected Ivan Vasilyevich spoke after a conversation between us...”

We understand that there are two narrators in the work. One tells the story from the author. Another one is designated by this author both as a participant in the events and as a narrator - this is Ivan Vasilyevich.

5. Read the beginning of the story in roles from the perspective of each of the narrators.

Performance on behalf of the author assumes calm and devoid emotional coloring reading. Having decided to read on behalf of Ivan Vasilyevich, it is necessary to convey emotional attitude this person to a story about his tragic fate. This is all the more important because the author states: “being carried away by the story... he told it very sincerely and truthfully.”

6. Re-read the final part of the story, which returns the reader to the conversation about the environment, about “what is good and what is bad.” Why did the author return to this conversation again at the end of the story? How is the conversation-conversation that frames the work combined with the theme and content of Ivan Vasilyevich’s story about the events at the ball and after the ball? Why can “After the Ball” be called a story within a story? How are the past and present related in the work?

“After the Ball” is a work that can be called a story within a story, since Ivan Vasilyevich’s narrative about the events at the ball and after the ball arose during a conversation between old friends. They are trying to decide “what is good and what is bad.” Ivan Vasilyevich offers episodes from his life that can help resolve this issue. The conversation between friends - the frame of the story - is the beginning and ending of this work. The frame of the story is also an important part in order to understand how concerned the participants in the conversation are with moral problems.

7. What feelings overcome young Ivan Vasilyevich at the ball? What does the hero of the story experience after parting with Varenka? What did he “see” and “hear” under the impression of a merry ball? How do the feelings experienced by the hero-narrator upon returning home manifest themselves in relation to his brother and footman Petrusha? How does the hero perceive the morning city landscape? Write down the words and expressions that most succinctly convey the state of Ivan Vasilyevich.

An enthusiastic feeling overwhelmed Ivan Vasilyevich at the ball: “I was not only cheerful and satisfied, I was happy, blissful, I was kind, I was not me, but some unearthly creature who knows no evil and is capable of only good.” . These feelings only intensified after his separation from his beloved girl. Both his brother and the footman Petrusha seemed to him “touchingly touching.” An equally tender feeling possessed him when looking at what surrounded him on the street: “everything was especially sweet and significant to me.”

8. What feelings took possession of Ivan Vasilyevich after what he saw? cruel punishment ta-tarina? Why are the words “began to discern”, “began to look”, “seen”, “heard”, “seen”, “caught a glimpse”, “heard”, “not knowing where to look”, “seen” so often repeated in his story about punishment? were the words heard? How do they help gradually reveal the growth of the feeling that the hero of the story experienced in scary morning execution? Write down the words that convey Ivan Vasilyevich’s state as a witness to the punishment.

“I was so ashamed...” says Ivan Vasilyevich. He goes home, and “there was an almost physical melancholy in his heart, almost to the point of nausea.” Repeated words that speak of close attention an involuntary witness to the punishment, to what is happening, they force the reader to delve into the essence of what is happening, to understand the hero’s experiences.

9. Tell us about the hero’s experiences and thoughts at the ball and after the ball.

In order to talk about the hero’s experiences and thoughts, you can retell the entire story. But we can characterize them briefly - the path from delight and happiness to shock and horror occupies the entire narrative. Another option is also possible: a description of our reader’s observations about how, from the charm that gripped the hero at the ball, from the feeling of complete happiness, a person suddenly moves to the tragic shock that arises from the scene of the legalized murder of a guilty soldier. It is also worth remembering that these sharply different pictures unfold against the background of music, which very accurately accompanies the events described on the pages of the story.

10. What colors predominate in the description of the ball and in the description of the Tatar’s punishment for escaping?

The story breaks up into two contrasting pictures and each of them differs sharply in its tonality, which is noticeable in both the musical and pictorial solutions of these pictures. Even if we look very carefully at the first joyful part of the story, we will see only white, pink and silver colors - a light, festive palette. The harsh, bad music of the second picture is accompanied by black color and “something motley, wet, red, unnatural” into which the back of the beaten man has turned. So, white and pink, black and red. The details that accompany this image only enhance the emotional impact of the paintings.

11. How is the colonel drawn at the ball and after the ball? Can the words spoken by the colonel at the ball - “everything must be done according to the law” - be correlated with his behavior during the execution?

The image of the colonel at the ball and after the ball is the image of the same person, who always follows the law in everything. There is no insidious desire in him to pretend to be something, to deviate from his habits. And the stronger the shock of the hero - he sees that there is no falsehood in a person, that he is always the same, and the more obvious is the organic nature of his behavior on the parade ground during the punishment of the soldier. The Colonel is an integral nature, but this integrity includes as its organic and essential part the ability to carry out cruel reprisals, cruelty by order of the charter. If this is so, then it is impossible to change or correct anything in his fate and in his personality.

12. At the very beginning of the story, Ivan Vasilyevich’s interlocutors talk about the importance of understanding “what is good and what is bad.” What answer does the writer give to these questions in the story “After the Ball”? What kind of illustrations would you draw for the work of L.N. Tolstoy? How would you respond with your illustrations to the “what is good” and “what is bad” in the picture of life captured in the story?

In the story “After the Ball,” the author gives clear answers to the questions: “what is good” and “what is bad.” One of these answers is the ball scene. The second is the scene after the ball. And the illustrations that could be created could contain either two contrasting paintings or two series of such paintings. Both the ball and the execution consisted of many moments, each of which can be captured in an illustration. The first episode would show how beautiful, touching, humane the relationship between father and daughter is at the ball. Their beauty, grace, demeanor, plasticity of dance, pure human communication evoke a grateful response from everyone who sees them. And just as emotionally expressive are the brutal scenes of execution, which demonstrate the darkest sides of human character. Here there is cruelty, cowardice, senseless ruthlessness, and a calm attitude towards the humiliation of others.

13. How does Ivan Vasilyevich appear in the characteristics of his interlocutors? What role did “chance” play in Ivan Vasilyevich’s life? How does the hero characterize his decision not to serve in military service and not to serve anywhere?

We see Ivan Vasilyevich as a person who is not alien to the joy of contact with beauty, the ability to respond to both good and bad, and sensitivity to what is happening nearby. In the author's description, he is presented as a kind, decent person. The interlocutors to whom he told his story evaluate him in the same way. An incident intervened in the usual course of his fate, which showed how Ivan Vasilyevich differs from any other person. In order to renounce the fate familiar to those around him, one must have a strong and decisive character and strength of conviction.

14. Working on the story “After the Ball,” L. N. Tolstoy expanded the episode of execution and persistently emphasized the contrast in the appearance of the colonel at the ball and after the ball. What was the writer trying to say with this?

Although Tolstoy expanded the description of the execution and at the same time emphasized the contrast in the appearance of the colonel at the ball and after the ball, the events that took place at the ball are depicted in more detail and more fully.

The contrast between these two parts of the story is obvious and the power of the description of the execution still suppresses the bright and joyful colors of the ball.

15. It is known that in the first edition of the story, Ivan Vasilyevich regrets that he did not marry Varenka. Why did L.N. Tolstoy exclude this motif from the final edition of the story?

If such a regret had remained in the text of the story, then the character of Ivan Vasilyevich would have changed greatly. In this case, he would have come to terms with the contrast in the colonel's behavior. From a person with a sensitive conscience and the ability to make extraordinary decisions, he would turn into one who humbly follows the usual standards.

16. What do you see as the critical power of storytelling?

The critical power of the story lies in its decisive depiction of the darker aspects of life, in its obvious affirmation of human dignity. Expanding the tragic part story, the author did not reduce the size of the description of the hero’s happiness at the ball. The proportions of good and evil in the story are not violated.

17. In the original editions, the story had the following titles: “Daughter and Father”, “And you say.” Why do you think the writer preferred the title “After the Ball”?
18. In his memoirs about L.N. Tolstoy, the famous lawyer and writer A.F. Koni, touching on the story “After the Ball,” could not ignore the contrast inherent in the work. He noted: “This fatal dissonance is more powerful than any long and complex drama.” In its literal meaning, the word “dissonance” means an inharmonious combination of sounds, and in a figurative sense it means discord, inconsistency, contradiction, a sharp discrepancy with something. In what meaning, in your opinion, did the memoirist use the word “dissonance”? Can the words “contrast” and “dissonance” be called in this case synonyms? Why is “dissonance” called “rocky” by the author of the memoirs?

In the evaluation of the story, the word dissonance is used as a synonym for contrast. Inconsistencies also arise in the emotional structure, in color, and in sound. The main reason why dissonance is called fatal is that its impact on the fate of the hero is great, that it is terrible as a social phenomenon.

19. The contrasting comparison of the two parts of the story was clearly reflected in the language work of art. Select antonyms from each part of the story that convey the sounds and colors of the ball and execution. Include them in your oral history.

The ball was wonderful, the hall was beautiful, the musicians were famous (serfs!), the buffet was magnificent and there was a sea of ​​champagne...

Something big, black...

Contrasting comparisons are also contained directly in the text: “I was singing all the time in my soul and occasionally heard the mazurka motif. But it was some other, cruel, bad music.”

It is hardly worth comparing the huddled body of the punished, having lost its human appearance, with the slender and dexterous dancers at the ball. Therefore, we will include them in the oral story with caution.

20. Characterizing the appearance of the colonel, Tolstoy emphasizes that “his face was very ruddy, with a white curled mustache a la Nicolas I, white sideburns brought to the mustache and with combed forward temples.” Comparing the appearance of the colonel, “a servant of Nicholas’s bearing,” with Nicholas I is an important artistic detail of the story. Think about why the writer resorts to comparing the appearance of the colonel with the appearance of the king. How does this comparison develop in the plot of the story “After the Ball”?

Drawing a portrait of “servants of Nicholas’ bearing,” the author seems to indicate the starting point in revealing his character and life position. For the author, who wrote the story under the impression of his youth, the appearance of the servant of Nicholas’s time was alive, which he embodied both in the portrait of the hero of the story, and in its comparison with the appearance of the autocrat. Thus, the author managed to vividly reproduce the Nicholas era.

The portrait of Varenka’s father speaks about this: “Varenka’s father was a very handsome, stately, tall and fresh old man. His face was very ruddy, with a white curled mustache a la Nicolas I, white sideburns drawn up to the mustache and combed forward temples... He was a military commander, like an old campaigner of the Nicholas style.” The appearance and behavior of the colonel quite fully and uncompromisingly reveals the typical appearance of a martinet of Nikolaev bearing, who behaves and thinks as prescribed. Material from the site

21. The hero of the work and narrator Ivan Vasilyevich calls an “incident” from his life “a long story.” But is this really a “long story”? After all, he immediately says that his “life changed from one night, or rather morning.” Read the story and watch how the writer, through the mouth of Ivan Vasilyevich, records the time of the night ball and the day that followed it. What events are these indications of the duration of action associated with? What is the time distance between the beginning of the story about the “wonderful” ball and the events that close the story of Ivan Vasilyevich?

We remember that the hero left the ball “at five o’clock, by the time he got home, sat at home, another two hours passed, so when I left, it was already light.” So the morning of the next day was marked for Ivan Vasilyevich with a tragic discovery: from the poetic world he unexpectedly moved into the tragic world of cruelty and lawlessness. And this journey took only a few hours.

22. Drawing the appearance of the hostess of the ball, the writer emphasizes that she was “in a velvet puce dress, with a diamond feronniere on her head and with open old, plump, white shoulders and breasts, like portraits of Elizabeth Petrovna.” Why does Tolstoy, in the story “After the Ball,” recreate the portrait of the ball hostess three times, each time comparing it with the portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna? To what extent does the mention of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna expand the time boundaries of Tolstoy’s work?

The author, hinting several times at the similarity of the hostess of the ball with the portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna, seems to be expanding the time frame. He includes in the system of relationships that excite and outrage him not only several episodes of recent times, but also an era that can be measured in more than a single decade.

23. With what feeling, remembering the distant past, does Ivan Vasilyevich describe the ball? Imagine that you have to depict a ball on an artistic canvas. What colors would prevail? Why?
24. How does the colonel appear in the ball scene? What about his appearance and behavior touches and delights the narrator?
25. Does the mood with which Ivan Vasilyevich returns home affect how he perceives the scene of the soldier being punished for escaping?
26. How do we see the colonel in this scene? How are his appearance and behavior described here? Let's “write” another picture. What paints will be needed? Why?
27. So what is the colonel really like? Was he being a hypocrite at the ball? Did he pretend to be a caring, kind father, a well-mannered, benevolent person?
28. Can Ivan Vasilyevich answer these questions? What feelings does he have? Did he understand the reasons for the contradictions in the colonel's behavior?
29. How did what he saw after the ball change the life of this honest, thinking man? Why didn't he become a military man, as he had previously planned? What conclusions did you come to? What did you devote your life to?
30. Point to specific examples Tolstoy's artistic mastery.
31. What impression did this story make on you? What got you excited? What did it make you think about?

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/ / / Ivan Vasilyevich at the ball and after the ball (based on Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball”)

Main actor Leo Tolstoy's story "" is Ivan Vasilyevich. To prove his theory that a person’s choice is influenced solely by chance, he told one story from his life.

This was at a time when Ivan Vasilyevich was still a young and quite attractive young man. The main character studied at one of the provincial universities. And like all students, he was a cheerful, carefree, lively fellow. He lived for his own pleasure, had fun with young ladies and had fun with his friends. But Ivan Vasilyevich’s greatest passion was social evenings and lavish balls, because he was an excellent dancer, and his appearance easily allowed him to charm young ladies. It was at one of these balls that this story happened.

This social evening was given by one “good-natured old man.” He was a military man with the rank of colonel. The evening was truly magical: pleasant music, delicious food, smiling faces. Everything was conducive to fun and good mood. At that time, Ivan Vasilyevich had ardent feelings for Varenka B.. The girl was truly beautiful. Her appearance and regal manners attracted the gaze of others. And all this magnificence was emphasized by the girl’s sweet smile.

All evening Ivan Vasilyevich was carried away only by Varenka. They danced all the dances: from quadrille to waltz. Main character I was truly happy. Ivan Vasilyevich’s feelings intensified a hundredfold when he saw Varenka dancing with her father. From that moment, Ivan Vasilyevich began to respect the girl’s father even more, because he was ready to give everything for the sake of the happiness of his child. The main character was inspired by his feelings. He was ready to hug and kiss the whole world.

Thus, at the ball we see Ivan Vasilyevich as a person who experiences real feelings. His emotions were not fake, he was truly happy.

Inspired by his happiness, Ivan Vasilyevich returns home after the ball. Scenes of the ball replay in his head, he remembers Varenka’s sweet smile and her unforgettable dance with her father. Still unable to fall asleep, Ivan Vasilyevich goes for a walk. He was simply walking along the city streets. It seemed that the main character could still hear the rhythms of the dance; he imagined himself at the ball. And everything that surrounded Ivan Vasilyevich shared his wonderful mood.

Suddenly, piercing and cruel music seemed to wake up the main character. He found himself near Varenka's house. A terrible picture opened before Ivan Vasilyevich’s eyes. A Tatar tied to two guns was led through the line of soldiers. It was a deserter. Every soldier the unfortunate man passed by beat him on the back with a stick. Varenka's father commanded the soldiers.

Ivan Vasilyevich became sick of looking at this picture. He could not bear the suffering of the unfortunate Tatar. His mutilated body no longer looked like a human body. The main character hurried to go home, and the unfortunate man’s pleas for mercy crashed into his head. Sadness and melancholy filled Ivan Vasilyevich’s soul. What he saw kept the main character awake for a long time.

After this incident, Ivan Vasilyevich decided to rethink his life. The main character decided not to connect his life with military service. He did not want to be in the place of the unfortunate Tatar. Varenka’s attitude towards her father changed and began to cause disgust. Later, feelings for the girl herself also cooled down.

After the ball, Ivan Vasilyevich seemed to have matured. He awoke a sense of pity and conscience, responsibility and humanity.

L. N. Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball” develops the theme of “tearing off all and every mask” from the carefree, washed, festive life of some, contrasting it with the lack of rights and oppression of others. But at the same time, the writer makes readers think about such moral categories as honor, duty, conscience, which at all times made a person responsible for everything that happens to him and to society. The composition of the story itself, built on the juxtaposition of images of a ball and the punishment of a fugitive soldier, conveyed through perception, leads us to these reflections. young man Ivan Vasilievich. It is he who has to understand “what is good and what is bad,” evaluate what he saw and make a choice of his future destiny.

The young man’s life was prosperous and carefree; no “theories” or “circles” interested either him or the other young students close to him. But at the same time, there was nothing reprehensible in their passion for balls, skating, and light feasts. We are imbued with sincere sympathy for Ivan Vasilyevich at the ball when we see him enchanted by the festive atmosphere of the dinner party, tenderly in love with Varenka. The words speak about the enthusiastic, responsive soul of this man: “I was not me, but some unearthly being, knowing no evil and capable of only good,” “at that time I embraced the whole world with my love.”

And for the first time in his life, this hot-tempered, impressionable young man was faced with cruel injustice, with humiliation of human dignity, shown not even towards him. He saw that a terrible reprisal against a man was carried out in an ordinary, habitual way by a man who himself had recently been kind and cheerful at the same ball.

IN living soul The young man was horrified by what he saw, he “was so ashamed” that he “lowered his eyes” and “hurried to go home.” Why didn’t he intervene in what was happening, didn’t express his indignation, didn’t accuse the colonel of cruelty and callousness? Probably because such a terrible scene, seen for the first time, simply stunned the young man, and was also confused by the sincerity with which the colonel behaved during this punishment. “Obviously, he knows something that I don’t know,” Ivan Vasilyevich thought. “If I knew what he knows, I would understand what I saw, and it would not torment me.” From the story we learn that Ivan Vasilyevich failed to “get to the root” in his thoughts. But his conscience did not allow him to later life to become a military man, because he could not deal with a person like this “according to the law”, to serve cruelty.

And the character of the colonel, this actually loving father, a pleasant person in society, was firmly entrenched in distorted concepts of duty, honor, and dignity, which made it possible to trample on the rights of other people and doom them to suffering.

In one of his articles, L. N. Tolstoy wrote: “The main harm is in the mental state of those people who establish, permit, prescribe this lawlessness, those who use it as a threat, and all those who live in the belief that violation of all justice and humanity is necessary for good right life. What terrible moral mutilation must occur in the minds and hearts of such people..."