Reflex- this is a stereotypical (monotonous, repeated in the same way), response of the body to the action of stimuli with the obligatory participation of the central nervous system.
Reflexes are divided into unconditional and conditional.
TO unconditioned reflexes include:
1. Reflexes aimed at preserving the species. They are the most biologically significant, prevail over other reflexes, are dominant in a competitive situation, namely: sexual reflex, parental reflex, territorial reflex (this is the protection of one’s territory; this reflex manifests itself in both animals and humans), hierarchical reflex (the principle of subordination is reflexively embedded in a person, i.e. we are ready to obey, but we definitely want to command too - relationships in society are built on this, but there is also a biological basis).
Most training and development methods are aimed at reaching the higher centers of the brain. The reflexes identify lower levels of dysfunction and the target of therapy is at that level and once problems are resolved in that area we allow connections to be built from the lower to higher centers.
The Moro reflex allows you to develop freedom of the whole body in bending or stretching. They can also occur with poor balance, impaired attention, poor visual coordination and oculomotor skills. Integration of the Moro reflex allows free movement between various parts bodies. This reflex should be integrated before 4 months.
2. Self-preservation reflexes They are aimed at preserving the individual, personality, individual: drinking reflex, eating reflex, defensive reflex, aggressiveness reflex (attack is the best defense).
3. Self-development reflexes: research reflex, play reflex (sharply expressed in children; adults - business games), imitation reflex (imitation of individuals, events), overcoming reflex (freedom).
Toning technique Reflection
The tonic reflector is associated with the vestibular one. This is a whole body response and is an important start to so-called muscle tone. This reflex should be integrated by 3 and a half months. Integration of this reflex allows the development of freedom of horizontal movement.
Asymmetrical tonic reflection of the neck
This reflex should be integrated by 9 months of age. Rotation of the head creates a complex muscular synergy, combining the head and hand, enabling the first movements of eye coordination to be performed. The integration of this reflex allows freedom between the head and the rest of the body.
Instinct- a set of innate aspirations expressed in the form of complex automatic behavior.
In a narrow sense, this is a set of complex hereditarily determined acts of behavior characteristic of individuals of a given species under certain conditions. Instincts form the basis of animal behavior. In humans, instincts are modified under the influence of individual experience.
Symmetrical Neck Reflex
This reflex should be integrated by 8 months of age. The integration of this reflex allows freedom between the upper and lower body, as well as freedom of head movement for the rest of the body. This reflex helps create visual and proprioceptive maps.
This reflex should be integrated into the year. Head control is the ability to hold the head vertical to gravity, establishing an axis between the body and the head. This allows you to hold your head when your body position is disturbed. This is a more advanced patron of the movement and remains active throughout life.
It differs from reflexes in complexity. Those. it is BEHAVIOR caused by certain INTERNAL influences(hormones, pain, sexual desire). In practice, instinct consists of an inherited group of reflexes that act on the animal AS A WHOLE, and do not just cause a reaction, for example, of a small group of muscles.
Conditioned reflexes- these are reflexes acquired during life, they are individual and are not inherited, they are formed only on the basis of unconditioned ones. Conditioned reflexes provide more subtle adaptation to conditions environment, because It is they that allow a person to proactively reflect reality (due to conditioned reflexes, we are prepared for the influence of real stimuli). Conditioned stimuli to which a conditioned reflex is formed are always of a signal nature, i.e. they signal that the unconditioned stimulus will soon act. A conditioned stimulus, after the development of a conditioned reflex, upon presentation, causes a reaction that was previously caused by an unconditioned stimulus.
If it is not integrated correctly, we may find poor coordination, awkwardness, poor balance and organization. It appears after 3-4 months and remains for life. The grasp reflex is when a newborn is born to grasp the mother's finger and this helps him with the suction reflex.
If this reflex is not integrated properly, it can interfere with writing, arm strength, and other movement functions such as dragging. This is very related to the suction reflex, which is why you may see children or adults who stick out their tongue when performing fine motor tasks, or who move their mouth but integrate these reflexes well.
6. The variety of synapses in the central nervous system...
Contact between a neuron and other cells is called synapse.
Synapses share according to the method of transmission of excitation on
1. synapses with electrical transmission of excitation
2. synapses with chemical transmission of excitation
The first group of synapses is few in number, up to 1-3% of total number. The ways of influencing the process are not known.
Reflexes are a reaction or automatic response in infants caused by some external stimulus. It depends on the reflexes of the child's ability to adapt and have more control over his body and environment. Reflexes must be observed by both the parents and the child's pediatrician, who will be responsible for a neurological assessment of the child that will detect if there is a problem and reduce future problems. The baby will be made, before he leaves the hospital, familiar to measure the baby's reaction to them and their reflexes.
Basic reflexes of a child
These are the ones that bring out the child in him and that some may disappear after a few months. When a child is pulled up under the armpits and vertical position, the child can move as if he wants to walk. This reflex is usually maintained for about four months.
The second group is synapses with chemical transmission.
Transmitter molecules go to the postsynaptic membrane, to the region of the subsynaptic membrane, which has many similar chemoreceptors and form a complex "mediator - receptor". This causes activation of the corresponding receptor-gated ion channels.
Mediators are
When the baby is lying on his back, he holds him to the side with his arms up. When an object is placed in a child's hand, he will try to close it. The contact established between a person and a child is favorable. It usually disappears after 6 months. Mouth pressure or suction reflex. When an object is gently placed or rubbed on a baby's lips, it is caused. This may continue until the fourth month.
When you rub top part thumb baby, they will automatically cut off all your fingers. Lasts up to nine or twelve months. Reflection of sides or balance. When the doctor lifts the child from the side, he will squeeze the leg from above, stretching the other, allowing it to “hang”. This way their sense of balance is tested.
1 .derivatives of amino acids.
The most widely distributed mediators in the central nervous system are amines:
acetylcholine- choline derivative,
catecholamines: adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine - tyrosine derivatives,
serotonin- tryptophan derivative,
histamine - histidine derivative ,
Other amino acid derivatives - GABA, glycine, glutamine etc.
Secondary reflexes of the child
These are those that appear in the first months of a child's life and which may also disappear over time. As the hand passes down the child's lower back and sides, it is observed that he slightly lifts the body up and to the sides. It can last up to the year of birth.
When the child is lying on a soft surface, he is held and pulled by the wrists, separating them slightly and allowing them to fall back. It lasts until the fourth month of life. When your baby's mouth touches or strokes his lips, he turns his head and opens his mouth to follow or look in the direction of the contact. This will help the child find food. In the first month, the baby may turn his head in search of what was placed on his lips.
1. Neuropeptides- endorphins, enkephalins
Subsynaptic membrane receptors
The name of the receptor is determined by the mediator with which it interacts:
cholinergic receptors, adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors, serotonin / tryptamine / receptors, histamine receptors, GABA receptors, endorphin receptors, etc.
When the baby is upside down, he will try to move his legs to move forward. You can help by placing your thumbs under your child's feet. This reflex usually lasts up to three months of life. Landau reflection: When a baby is suspended in the abdominal position, its trunk straightens, its head rises, and its legs and arms stretch. It usually appears during the fourth month and disappears by the tenth month.
Parachute Reflection: When a baby is held upside down and tilted forward, he will respond by reaching out and opening his arms. It appears within six months and disappears at nine. Crawling Reflection: When putting the baby on the stomach and on a strong and secure base, you can notice that it will be put on automatically. It usually appears for 6 or 7 months until he starts walking.
Mediators have 2 types of action
1.ionotropic - change the permeability of channels for ions
2.metabotropic - through secondary messengers they trigger and inhibit the corresponding processes in cells.
Mediators- these are biologically active substances, they are also synthesized in nerve cells. However, they do not stand out everywhere. They are concentrated and released only at the point of contact between the neuron and other cells.
Children's reflexes that remain into adulthood
Thus begins the process of a child learning to walk. There are reflexes that start when we are children and that continue into our adulthood. When one coughs in response to some stimulation of the airways. He yawns when necessary to stimulate breathing.
Flickering is a reflex that we express when the eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light. Neuropsychology and developmental psychology. Conditioned reflexes, dynamic stereotype and development. Pavlov made it clear how spirit collides with matter. His contributions, based on his methodology, partially closed the supposed gap between nature and culture.
All mediators can be divided on excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Therefore synapses are divided into excitatory and inhibitory.
Excitatory mediators interacting with the receptor of the subsynaptic membrane cause activation of sodium channels and form an incoming sodium current, which causes partial depolarization, i.e. receptor potential, which at the synapse level is designated as excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
It is important to consider its methodology, in in this case experimental. Showing how the Central Nervous System changed its unconditioned, natural and therefore universal responses into conditioned responses. The experiments of Pavlov and his followers are clear and convincing in how the concrete is embodied in nervous activity. How the environment is “embodied”, in other words Culture. Therefore, we argue that the closure of such a gap occurs. So much so that we can, without much fear, restrain ourselves from being mistaken in the fact that from the first wanderings of man, much more when the first tools were invented in the Paleolithic, since there is nothing that is “natural”.
Brake mediator causes an increase in the incoming potassium current or incoming chlorine current, i.e. causes local hyperpolarization. It shapes inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Final effect(action potential or inhibitory potential) is formed due to summation of EPSP or IPSP.
Under normal, natural conditions, the mediator is disconnected from the receptors and destroyed by enzymes (cholinesterase, etc.) that are present in the synapse. Approximately 20-30% of the transmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft in this way - the first method of inactivation.
In any case, conditioned reflexes take into account the human “nature of nature.” We have said many times that we are designed as sensorimotor processing networks. Reflex activity is the main element nervous physiology. It is true that his definition considers the condition of the automatic, given from the genetic rather than the conscious. Rationalist brand positions that are considered tend to be horrified by the simple formulation of the term. Reflexes would be too bad a version of the human condition.
Another method of transmitter inactivation is uptake - reuptake by the presynaptic membrane. Due to this, the synapse uses transmitter sparingly.
7. Inhibition in the central nervous system...
The central part of the reflex arc carries out its functions due to constant interaction between inhibition and excitation processes.
Central braking- This is inhibition that develops within the central nervous system. It is innate, genetically determined, it is a stereotypical reaction.
The same can be said about the action of the word. Thought, often assimilated by the word, will live on golden heights, far from crude movement, immediate response. This is an extreme rationalist tradition that does not spare itself to reflect on itself, that imposes itself. We go back to this class where we talk about facts and concepts. It is unfair to approach the issue of reflexes from a mechanistic, static and rigid posture. Moreover, they are intermediaries of eternal trade between a living being and its environment, capable of change and maturation in the adaptive process.
Braking- this is the inhibition of neuronal function in the central nervous system. There are primary and secondary central inhibition.
Secondary central braking- this is inhibition that occurs after the primary excitation and is initiated by it.
The nervous system operates on the principle of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. All reflexes are vegetative nervous system are called vegetative. Their number is very large and they are diverse: viscero-visceral, viscero-cutaneous, cutaneous-visceral and others.
All development is connected with the dynamics of reflection, always in context, in its connection. We come to the conclusion that physiology is a means to an end. And a person's goal is nothing other than the goal that comes from the ability to act. Maintain the identity that characterizes a person. Man becomes, because “man” sushi faces the obstacle of being considered “finished,” “perfect once and for all.” In this sense, psychology is nothing more than the expression of organized matter.
That's why we talk about "embodied knowledge." Know what to do in the practice of existence. In the sensorimotor conspiracy, our social history, our singularity, are immersed. That's why we always say we are learning. You learn from concrete experiences. It's true that you can learn to recite, which is not entirely a bad thing. But learning by doing, by being present, is authentic. For example, it is not worth explaining anything with bewilderment about psychoanalysis if you have not experienced the experience of suffering its consequences in your device.
Viscero-visceral reflexes are reflexes that arise from receptors of internal organs to the same or other internal organs;
Viscero-cutaneous - from receptors of internal organs to blood vessels and other skin structures;
Cutano-visceral - from skin receptors to blood vessels and other structures of internal organs.
Vascular, trophic and functional influences on organs are carried out through autonomic nerve fibers. Vascular influences determine the lumen of blood vessels, blood pressure, and blood flow. Trophic influences regulate metabolism in tissues and organs, providing them with nutrition. Functional influences regulate the functional states of tissues.
In other words, it is self-organizing. Behavior that is both autoplastic and alloplastic. Conditioned reflexes exhibit responses caused by agents that were previously neutral, without any meaning or effectiveness at all. Salivation following famous example, refers to unconditional behavior. Salivation is a common, accepted response. Bateson called unconditional response "null learning", aiming to specify everything that is given from a genetic template that remains unchanged where there is no error.
No experience from experience. With conditioned reflexes, something similar happens to synapses. Synapses are the same different levels evolutionary scale, as well as mitochondria, cell membranes, or chemical storage energy components. The natural order despises nothing and uses everything. This is why studying conditioning with dogs has the courage to think about humans. This does not mean that we make an immediate translation, a grotesque comparison. If we are now talking about conditioned reflexes, then it is clear that we are talking about a person.
The autonomic nervous system regulates the activity of internal organs, blood vessels, sweat glands, and also regulates trophism (nutrition) skeletal muscles, receptors and the nervous system itself. The speed of excitation along autonomic nerve fibers is 1-3 m/s. The function of the autonomic nervous system is under the control of the cortex cerebral hemispheres brain.
Plan:
1. Reflex. Definition. Types of reflexes.
2. Formation of conditioned reflexes:
2.1. Conditions for the formation of conditioned reflexes
2.2. The mechanism of formation of conditioned reflexes
3. Inhibition of conditioned reflexes
4. Types of higher nervous activity
5. Signal systems
Higher nervous activity (GNI) - This joint activities the cerebral cortex and subcortical formations, which ensures the adaptation of human behavior to changing environmental conditions.
Higher nervous activity is carried out according to the principle of a conditioned reflex and is also called conditioned reflex activity. In contrast to the VND, the nervous activity of the lower parts of the central nervous system is carried out according to the principle of an unconditioned reflex. It is the result of the activity of the lower parts of the central nervous system (dorsal, medulla oblongata, midbrain, diencephalon and subcortical nuclei).
The idea of the reflex nature of the activity of the cerebral cortex and its connection with consciousness and thinking was first expressed by a Russian physiologist I. M. Sechenov. The main provisions of this idea are contained in his work “Reflexes of the Brain.” His idea was developed and experimentally proven by academician I. P. Pavlov, who developed methods for studying reflexes and created the doctrine of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
Reflex(from Latin reflexus - reflected) - a stereotypical reaction of the body to a certain impact, taking place with the participation of the nervous system.
Unconditioned reflexes- these are innate reflexes that developed during the evolution of a given species, are inherited, and are carried out along innate nerve pathways, with nerve centers in the underlying parts of the central nervous system (for example, the reflex of sucking, swallowing, sneezing, etc.). Stimuli that cause unconditioned reflexes are called unconditioned.
Conditioned reflexes- these are reflexes acquired during the individual life of a person or animal, and are carried out with the participation of the cerebral cortex as a result of a combination of indifferent (conditioned, signal) stimuli with unconditioned ones. Conditioned reflexes are formed on the basis of unconditioned ones. Stimuli that cause conditioned reflexes are called conditioned.
Reflex arc (neural arch) - the path traversed by nerve impulses during the implementation of a reflex
Reflex arc consists of:
Receptor - a nerve link that perceives irritation;
Afferent link - centripetal nerve fiber - processes of receptor neurons that transmit impulses from sensory nerve endings to the central nervous system;
The central link is the nerve center (an optional element, for example for the axon reflex);
Efferent link - centrifugal nerve fiber that conducts excitation from the central nervous system to the periphery;
An effector is an executive organ whose activity changes as a result of a reflex.
Distinguish:
Monosynaptic, two-neuron reflex arcs;
Polysynaptic reflex arcs (include three or more neurons).
Concept introduced M. Hall in 1850. Currently, the concept of a reflex arc does not fully reflect the mechanism of the reflex, and in this regard Bernstein N. A. a new term was proposed - a reflex ring, which includes the missing link of control exercised by the nerve center over the progress of work executive body- so-called reverse afferentation.
The simplest reflex arc in humans, it is formed by two neurons - sensory and motor (motoneuron). An example of a simple reflex is the knee reflex. In other cases, three (or more) neurons are included in the reflex arc - sensory, intercalary and motor. In a simplified form, this is the reflex that occurs when a finger is pricked with a pin. This is a spinal reflex; its arc passes not through the brain, but through the spinal cord.
The processes of sensory neurons are included in spinal cord as part of the dorsal root, and the processes of motor neurons leave the spinal cord as part of the anterior one. The bodies of sensory neurons are located in the spinal ganglion of the dorsal root (in the dorsal ganglion), and intercalary and motor neurons are located in gray matter spinal cord. The simple reflex arc described above allows a person to automatically (involuntarily) adapt to changes in the environment, for example, withdrawing a hand from a painful stimulus, changing the size of the pupil depending on lighting conditions. It also helps regulate processes occurring inside the body.
All this helps maintain the constancy of the internal environment, that is, maintaining homeostasis. In many cases, a sensory neuron transmits information (usually through several interneurons) to the brain. The brain processes incoming sensory information and stores it for later use. Along with this, the brain can send motor nerve impulses along the descending pathway directly to the spinal motor neurons; spinal motor neurons initiate the effector response.