The most common, after, are the Tatars. They live in the Volga region and Crimea. Mordovians and Mari also live there. The Bashkirs live in the central part of Russia. The western part of the country is inhabited by the Chuvash, Siberia by the Yakuts, Altaians and Khakass, the west of the region by the Buryats, Khanty and Mansi, and the east by the Evenks. In the Far North, Chukchi, Aleuts, in the north-west of the country - Karelians. The Caucasus is occupied by Kabardians, Circassians, Lezgins, Chechens, Ingush, Adygs, and Ossetians. Kalmyks live in the Caspian region.
The most numerous form autonomous republics and districts. There are 22 of them in total: Udmurtia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Mordovia, Karelia, Yakutia, Khakassia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, Komi, Adygea, North Ossetia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tuva, Buryatia, Mari-El, Bashkiria, Altai , Kalmykia, Crimea. There are 5 autonomous okrugs in Russia: Khanty-Mansiysk, Chukotka, Nenets, Crimean and Yamalo-Nenets. Also, some settlements and geographical objects in Russia are named by the names of nationalities - for example, the city of Khanty-Mansiysk.
1. Features national composition Russia………………………………………………………2
2. Short story settlement of Russia…………………………………………………………….5
3. Distribution of nations and nationalities by regions of Russia…………………….…..…7
4. Problems related to the development of nationalism that exist in modern stage in Russia…………………………………………………………….…….……..14
5. List of references………………………………………………………………19
Features of the national composition of Russia
One of the main indicators characterizing the population is the total number and trends in its change.
The Russian population in our country is still the largest (about 116 million people) and makes up almost 80% of the total population. Compared to 1989, its share in the entire population of the country decreased by 1.7 percentage points. This happened mainly due to the natural loss of almost 8 million people, which could not be compensated by the slightly more than three million migration increase of Russians.
The second largest population in the country is occupied by the Tatars, whose number is 5.56 million people (almost 4% of the country's population), the third place is occupied, oddly enough, by the Ukrainians, their number is approximately 2.9 million people.
Due to emigration and natural decline, the number of Jews (from 0.54 million people to 0.23 million people) and Germans (from 0.84 million people to 0.60 million people) decreased during the intercensal period.
Mainly due to migration growth, the number of Armenians (from 0.53 million people to 1.13 million people), Azerbaijanis (from 0.34 million people to 0.62 million people), Tajiks (from 0.34 million people) increased significantly 04 million people to 0.12 million people), Chinese (from 5 thousand people to 35 thousand people).
For the first time since the 1926 population census, the number of people who classified themselves as Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). Also, for the first time since the 1897 census, the number of people who called themselves Cossacks (about 140 thousand people) and a number of small peoples of Dagestan was obtained.
The number of citizens of the Russian Federation amounted to 142.4 million people (98% of all residents of the country), 1.0 million people have citizenship of other states and 0.4 million people are stateless persons. Of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation, 44 thousand people have dual citizenship. Approximately 1.3 million people did not indicate their nationality.
The national composition fully characterizes the ethnic structure of the population.
By linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to four language families: Indo-European (89%) - Slavic, Germanic, Romance groups; Altai (6.8%) – Turkic, Mongolian groups; Caucasian (2.4%) - Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan groups; Ural (1.8%) – Finno-Ugric, Samoyed groups. Some small peoples (Kets, Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated. The rapid pace of urbanization, migration processes and the growth of interethnic marriages contributed to assimilation and integration processes.
The original Russian regions in Russia are territories stretching from the European North, North-West to the central regions of Russia. The Russian population also predominates in the regions of the Urals, southern Siberia and the Far East. Russia as a whole is characterized by a diversity of national composition in many regions.
In the Russian Federation, 32 subjects of the Federation are distinguished on a national basis (21 republics, 10 autonomous okrugs and 1 autonomous region). The total area of 32 national entities makes up 53% of the territory of Russia.
All national entities have a complex population composition. However, the share of the titular nation is in some cases relatively small. Only in 9 subjects of the Federation the share of the titular nation exceeds 50%, for example, in Ingushetia - 74.5, in Kabardino-Balkaria -57.6%, in North Ossetia-Alania -53.0%, etc. The lowest share of the titular nation is in Khanty -Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – 1.6%.
Processes of ethnicity have become widespread in the Russian Federation.
assimilation. The objects of assimilation are small ethnic groups, peoples living in strong territorial mixing with other peoples, as well as national groups (often consisting of representatives of fairly large and well-consolidated ethnic groups living separately), which are characterized by dispersed settlement. Interethnic marriages serve as an important channel of the assimilation process in Russia, but “extra-family” assimilation also takes place.
From the small peoples of Russia in the 20th century. The Turkic-speaking Soyots were assimilated and merged with the Buryat people. The yugas close to the Kets dissolved among the surrounding Russian population, the process of assimilation (linguistic and then ethnic) partially affected many others small peoples Siberia and the Far East. Assimilation also included representatives of many ethnic
communities, mainly concentrated outside of Russia, and within it
itself - dispersedly settled. True, the speed of development of assimilation processes among different people living in Russia national groups different. The fastest to merge with the Russians are representatives of two East Slavic peoples close to them in language and culture - Belarusians and Ukrainians. In 1989, 63% of Belarusians and 57% of Ukrainians living in our country considered Russian their native language.
Those living in the Russian Federation undergo fairly rapid assimilation
representatives of other Slavic peoples: Poles, Bulgarians, Czechs,
Serbs. All these ethnic groups live dispersedly in Russia, which facilitates the process of their assimilation. Representatives of other non-indigenous ethnic groups in Russia are assimilating
Russians to a much weaker extent. So, the Germans, despite
long-term residence in our country, and a high proportion of people who have transferred
into Russian (58%), quite staunchly retain their ethnic
self-awareness. The process of assimilation of Koreans is proceeding even more slowly, which
is hampered by the pronounced cultural specificity of this ethnic
community, as well as its anthropological isolation. Although Koreans have been living in Russia for a long time and the majority of them (63%) consider Russian their native language, they, like the Germans, are good at preserving ethnic identity and show high intra-ethnic solidarity.
Representatives of Turkic-speaking ethnic groups living in Russia, who make up the main population of several republics of the former USSR, also show ethnic resilience ( Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks), which is facilitated by their significant cultural specificity. The vast majority of representatives of these peoples retain their national language.
A Brief History of the Settlement of Russia
History of settlement and development of land, differences in types of population reproduction, vastness of territory and diversity natural conditions caused a very uneven distribution of the Russian population. The European part (about 30% of the area) is home to 78.5% of the population, and the Asian part is 21.5%. In addition, in the zone of continuous settlement, or the “main zone of settlement” (the European part of Russia without the European North, the south of Siberia and the Far East), which occupies only 1/3 of the territory, 93% of the population is concentrated.
The average population density in Russia is 8.5 people. per 1 km 2, it is four times less than the world average. At the same time, population density ranges from less than one person per 1 m 2 in some areas of the Eastern macroregion to 354 people per 1 km 2 in the Moscow region.
The main settlement zone is very different from the rest of the country, which belongs to the Northern zone. The first is historically economically developed due to the favorable nature and climatic conditions, benefits geographical location; located here big number major cities and the majority of the population is concentrated. The Northern zone is a territory developed relatively recently (“newly developed”), with focal settlement; only about 7% of the population lives there.
Historical migrations of the Russian population to Siberia, the Urals, the North, Far East began back in the 16th and 17th centuries. in connection with the development of new lands. The flow of immigrants to the eastern regions of Russia especially increased at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries. in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Historical migrations were about forced relocations of peoples: in 1937, Koreans were resettled from the Primorsky Territory to Central Asia; in the 30s, Germans, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars to the eastern regions, to Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia. In the pre-war years, organized resettlement to the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, where mineral deposits were developed and factories were built. In the 50s there was a massive development of huge tracts of land in Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. In connection with the collapse of the USSR and the aggravation of interethnic relations in a number of republics of the new foreign countries, the re-emigration of the Russian-speaking population from the republics intensified Central Asia and Transcaucasia.
The most numerous and constant migrations of the population in Russia in the 20th century. there were internal migrations of people from rural areas to cities, from small towns to large ones.
Currently, internal migrations account for 80% of the migration turnover of the Russian population. The determining direction of internal migration is the Center, the Volga region and the South of the country, which as a result has led to a significant reduction in the population of the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East.
In 23 subjects of the Federation, the population has increased over the past period. The greatest growth was observed in the Republic of Dagestan - by 43%, Moscow - 17%, Krasnodar Territory - by 11%, Belgorod and Kaliningrad regions - 10% each. The increase in population occurred due to natural growth and the influx of migrants.
IN economic geography and regional studies, the main issues in the study of the population are the causes, patterns and features of the spatial and functional behavior of the population depending on trends in changes in the external environment.
I was also interested in this question. But I couldn’t find the time. Seeing that I was not the only one interested in this, I decided to look for information and tell you everything I learned.
How many nationalities live in Russia
So what kind of peoples live in Russia? About 200 nationalities live in Russia! I think it’s not worth listing all 200; I’d rather tell you about the most basic and memorable ones.
Tatar people(5.3 million live in Russia). They most often live in villages and hamlets, and the region most populated by Tatars, oddly enough, is Tatarstan. In a Tatar family, children are always taught to respect their elders. And girls are taught to run a household from an early age.
Bashkir people(1.5 million live in Russia). Most (1 million) of this people live in Bashkortostan. It is worth talking about their main holiday, it is called Kargatuy - “rook holiday”. It is celebrated during the arrival of rooks, and its purpose is to connect with the forces of nature.
Armenian people(0.6 million live in Russia). They are very friendly people. Their beautiful music appeared before our era.
Chuvash people(1.4 million live in Russia). Lives in completely different cities, towns and villages of the country. Their main activity is agriculture.
And this (as I said above) is not all nations. It is worth mentioning the following nationalities:
- Chechen people.
- Mordovian people.
- Yakut people.
- Buryat people.
- Kazakh people.
- Avar people.
Why are there so many nationalities in Russia?
In countries such as Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus (and many others) there are much fewer nationalities than in our country. But why?
Russia is a very big country. Therefore, the Russian people alone will not be able to fill it. Thanks to this, we can live next to people of a different nationality. For example, a Tatar lives next door to me. I really enjoy communicating with him and gaining new experiences.
Russia is rich in nationalities. I think we can be proud of this.
Russia is multinational state. How many peoples live in Russia? Which of them are the most numerous? How are they distributed throughout the country? Let's find out about this further.
How many peoples live in Russia?
Russia covers a vast territory, stretching from of Eastern Europe Its area is 17,125,191 square kilometers, in terms of this size the country ranks first in the world.
In terms of population, Russia is in ninth position, with 146.6 million people. How many peoples live in Russia? It is difficult to give an exact figure, but there are approximately 190 of them, including the autochthonous population and small indigenous peoples.
The main source of data on the population of Russia is the census, which was conducted in 2010. The nationality of the country's citizens is not indicated in their passports, so data for the census was obtained based on the self-determination of the residents.
Slightly more than 80% of residents identified themselves as Russians; other nationalities accounted for 19.1%. Approximately five and a half million people did not indicate their nationality. Based on these data, the total number of peoples of Russia who do not consider themselves Russians amounted to 26.2 million people.
Ethnic composition
Russians are the titular population of the country; they predominate in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These include Pomors, representing the subethnic group of Karelians and Russians in the region White Sea. The second largest people are the Tatars, which include the Mishars, Kryashens, Astrakhan and
The largest group of peoples are the Slavs, mainly Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles and Bulgarians. They belong to the Indo-European family, which in Russia is also represented by Romanesque, Greek, Germanic, Baltic, Iranian, Indo-Iranian and Armenian groups.
In total, the territory of the state is inhabited by peoples who belong to nine language families. In addition to Indo-European, these include:
- Altai;
- blue-tibetan;
- Ural-Yukaghir;
- Chukotka-Kamchatka;
- Yenisei;
- Kartvelian;
- Eskimo-Aleutian;
- North Caucasian.
The small peoples of Russia are represented by the Kerek (4 people), the Vod people (64), the Ents (227), the Ults (295), the Chulyms (355), the Aleuts (482), the Negidals (513), and the Orochs (596). These include peoples who belong to the Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan groups.
The largest nations of Russia are presented in the table below.
People | Number in million |
Ukrainians | |
Azerbaijanis |
Map of the peoples of Russia
The country's population is heterogeneously distributed. How many peoples live in Russia and how they are located on its territory can be clearly demonstrated by the map below. The vast majority live in the area between St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Novorossiysk and Primorsky Krai, where all the largest cities are located.
The largest Tatars and Ukrainians mainly inhabit the southwestern part of the country. Ukrainians make up a large share residents in the Chukotka and Khanty-Mansiysk districts, in the Magadan region.
As for the rest of the nations Slavic group, then the Poles and Bulgarians do not form large groups and are dispersedly settled. The Polish population lives compactly only in the Omsk region. Belarusians mostly inhabit the Moscow and St. Petersburg region, as well as the Kaliningrad region, Karelia, and the Khanty-Mansiysk district.
Tatars
The number of Tatars in Russia is more than 3% of the total population. A third of them live in the Republic of Tatarstan. Focal settlements are also located in the Ulyanovsk region, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, Bashkortostan, Tyumen, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Penza regions and in other subjects of the state.
Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims. Various groups Tatars have linguistic differences, and also differ from each other in traditions and way of life. Their language belongs to the Turkic languages of the Altai family; it has three dialects: Mishar (western), Kazan (middle), Siberian-Tatar (eastern). In the Republic of Tatarstan Tatar language is official.
The ethnonym “Tatars” appeared back in the 6th century among the Turkic tribes who called themselves that. After the conquest by the Golden Horde in the 13th century. the name spreads and already denotes the Mongols and the tribes conquered by them. Later the term was used in relation to nomads Mongolian origin. Having settled in the Volga region, these tribes called themselves Meselmans, Mishers, Bolgrs, Kazanls, etc., until in the 19th century they consolidated under the definition of “Tatars”.
Ukrainians
One of the East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, lives mainly in the territory of the state of Ukraine, where its population is about 41 million people. Large Ukrainian diasporas are located in Russia, the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Germany and other countries.
Including labor immigrants, approximately 5 million Ukrainians live in Russia. Most live in cities. Large centers of settlement of this ethnic group are located in Moscow and the Moscow region, Tyumen, Rostov, Omsk regions, in the Primorsky and Krasnodar territories, the Yamalo-Nenets district, etc.
The history of the peoples of Russia is not the same. Large-scale settlement Russian territories Ukrainians began during the existence of the empire. IN XVI-XVII centuries, according to the royal decree, Cossacks, gunners, archers from Ukraine and the Don were sent to Siberia and the Far East to develop the lands. Later, peasants, townspeople, and representatives of the Cossack elders were exiled to them.
The intelligentsia moved to St. Petersburg of their own free will at a time when the city was the capital Russian Empire. Currently, Ukrainians represent the largest number of people in it. ethnic group after the Russians.
Bashkirs
The fourth largest people in Russia are the Bashkirs. The vast majority live in the Republic of Bashkortostan. They also inhabit the Tyumen, Kurgan, and Orenburg regions. The Bashkir language belongs to the Altai family and is divided into a southern and eastern dialect and several dialects.
According to anthropological characteristics, the people belong to the Subural and South Siberian (among the Eastern Bashkirs) racial types. They represent Caucasians with a share of Mongoloidity. By religious affiliation they are Sunni Muslims.
The origin is associated with the tribes of the Pechenegs (South Ural Bashkirs - Burzyans, Usergans), as well as the Cumans (Kypchaks, Kanlys) and the Volga Bulgars (Bulyars). Their ancestors inhabited the region of the Urals, Volga and Urals. The formation of the people was influenced by the Mongols and Tungus-Manchus.
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous people The country includes 48 peoples. They make up approximately 0.3% of the country's total population. About 12 of them are small and number less than a thousand people.
The small peoples of Russia predominantly inhabit the northern regions of the state, the Far East and Siberia. They often lead a traditional economy, engaging in reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and cattle breeding.
The largest indigenous people are the Nenets, they number almost 45 thousand people. They occupy the coastal zones of the Arctic Ocean and are divided into European and Asian. The people raise deer and live in chums - cone-shaped huts covered with birch bark and felt.
The Kereks have the smallest population and are represented by only four people according to the census. Half a century ago there were approximately 100 people. The main languages for them are Chukchi and Russian, their native Kerek remained as a traditional passive language. In terms of their way of life and culture, they are similar to the Chukchi people, therefore they were subjected to assimilation with them.
Conclusion
Russia stretches for many kilometers from west to east, touching both the European and Asian parts of the continent. More than 190 peoples live on its vast territory. Russians are the most numerous and represent the country's titular nation.
Others large nations are Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Avars, etc. Small indigenous peoples live in the state. The number of most of them does not exceed several thousand. The smallest are the Kereks, Enets, Ults, and Aleuts; they inhabit mainly the region of Siberia and the Far East.