The Time of Troubles in the Moscow state was a consequence of tyrannical rule, which undermined the state and social order countries. Captures the end of the 16th century. and the beginning of the 17th century, which began with the end of the Rurik dynasty with the struggle for the throne, led to ferment among all layers of the Russian population, and exposed the country to extreme danger of being captured by foreigners. In October 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia (Lyapunov, Minin, Pozharsky) liberated Moscow from the Poles and convened elected representatives of the entire land to elect a tsar.
Small encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. St. Petersburg, 1907-09
THE END OF KALITA'S COURSE
Despite all the unsatisfactory evidence contained in the investigative file, Patriarch Job was satisfied with them and announced at the council: “Before the sovereign of Mikhail and Gregory Nagi and the Uglitsky townspeople, there was an obvious betrayal: the death of Tsarevich Dimitri was inflicted by God’s court; and Mikhail Nagoy ordered the sovereign’s officials, clerk Mikhail Bityagovsky and his son, Nikita Kachalov and other nobles, tenants and townspeople who stood for the truth, to be beaten in vain, because Mikhail Bityagovsky and Mikhail Nagiy often scolded for the sovereign, why did he, Naked, he kept a sorcerer, Andryusha Mochalov, and many other sorcerers. For such a great treacherous deed, Mikhail Naga and his brothers and the men of Uglich, through their own faults, came to all kinds of punishment. But this is a zemstvo, city matter, then God and the sovereign know, everything is in his royal hand, and execution, and disgrace, and mercy, how God will inform the sovereign; and our duty is to pray to God for the sovereign, the empress, for their long-term health and for the silence of internecine warfare.”
The Council accused the Naked; but the people blamed Boris, and the people are memorable and love to connect all other important events with the event that especially struck them. It is easy to understand the impression that the death of Demetrius should have made: the appanages had died in prison before, but there was an accusation of sedition against them, they were punished by the sovereign; Now an innocent child died, he died not in strife, not for the fault of his father, not by order of the sovereign, he died from a subject. Soon, in June, there was a terrible fire in Moscow, the entire White City burned out. Godunov lavished favors and benefits on those who were burned: but rumors spread that he deliberately ordered Moscow to be set on fire in order to bind its inhabitants to himself with favors and make them forget about Demetrius or, as others said, in order to force the king, who was at Trinity, to return to Moscow, and do not go to Uglich to search; the people thought that the king would not leave such a great matter without personal research, the people were waiting for the truth. The rumor was so strong that Godunov considered it necessary to refute it in Lithuania through the envoy Islenyev, who received the order: “If they ask about the Moscow fires, they will say: I did not happen to be in Moscow at that time; the thieves, the people of Nagikh, Afanasy and his brothers stole: this was found in Moscow. If anyone says that there are rumors that the Godunovs’ people lit the fire, then answer: it was some kind of idle thief who said it; a dashing man has the will to start. Godunov’s boyars are eminent, great.” Khan Kazy-Girey arrived near Moscow, and rumors spread throughout Ukraine that Boris Godunov had let him down, fearing the land for the murder of Tsarevich Dimitri; this rumor circulated between ordinary people; Aleksin's boyar son denounced his peasant; a peasant was captured and tortured in Moscow; he slandered a lot of people; They sent to search through the cities, many people were intercepted and tortured, innocent blood was shed, many people died from torture, some were executed and their tongues were cut, others were put to death in prison, and many places became desolate as a result.
A year after the Uglitsky incident, the king’s daughter Theodosius was born, but the next year the child died; Theodore was sad for a long time, and there was great mourning in Moscow; Patriarch Job wrote a consoling message to Irina, saying that she could help her grief not with tears, not with useless exhaustion of the body, but with prayer, hope, by faith, God will give birth to children, and cited St. Anna. In Moscow they cried and said that Boris had killed the Tsar’s daughter.
Five years after the death of his daughter, at the very end of 1597, Tsar Theodore fell ill with a fatal illness and died on January 7, 1598, at one in the morning. Kalita's male tribe was cut short; there was only one woman left, the daughter of Ioannov’s unfortunate cousin, Vladimir Andreevich, the widow of the titular Livonian king Magnus, Martha (Marya) Vladimirovna, who returned to Russia after the death of her husband, but she was also dead to the world, she was a nun; Her tonsure, they say, was involuntary; she had a daughter, Evdokia; but she also died in childhood, they say, also an unnatural death. There remained a man who not only bore the title of Tsar and Grand Duke, but also actually reigned at one time in Moscow by the will of the Terrible, the baptized Kasimov Khan, Simeon Bekbulatovich. At the beginning of Theodore's reign, he is still mentioned in the ranks under the name of the Tsar of Tver and takes precedence over the boyars; but then the chronicle says that he was brought to the village of Kushalino, he did not have many servants, he lived in poverty; finally he went blind, and the chronicle directly blames Godunov for this misfortune. Godunov was not spared from being accused of the death of Tsar Theodore himself.
THE HORRORS OF HUNGER
Let's give Boris Godunov his due: he fought hunger as best he could. They distributed money to the poor and organized paid construction work for them. But the money received instantly depreciated: after all, there was no increase in grain on the market. Then Boris ordered the distribution of free bread from state storage facilities. He hoped to set a good example for the feudal lords, but the granaries of the boyars, monasteries and even the patriarch remained closed. In the meantime, to free bread from all sides in Moscow and in major cities the hungry rushed in. But there was not enough bread for everyone, especially since the distributors themselves were speculating in bread. They said that some rich people did not hesitate to dress in rags and receive free bread in order to sell it at exorbitant prices. People who dreamed of salvation died in cities right on the streets. In Moscow alone, 127 thousand people were buried, and not everyone was able to be buried. A contemporary says that in those years dogs and crows were the most well-fed: they ate unburied corpses. While the peasants in the cities died waiting in vain for food, their fields remained uncultivated and unplanted. Thus the foundations were laid for the continuation of the famine.
POPULAR UPRISINGS IN THE TIMES OF TROUBLES
The rise of popular movements at the beginning of the 17th century was absolutely inevitable in conditions of total famine. The famous Cotton Rebellion of 1603 was instigated by the serf owners themselves. In conditions of famine, the owners expelled the slaves, because it was not profitable for them to keep the slaves. The very fact of the death of governor I.F. Basmanova, in the bloody battle of the end of 1603 with serfs, speaks of the very significant military organization of the rebels (many serfs, obviously, also belonged to the category of “servants”). The authority of the tsarist government and Boris Godunov personally declined sharply. Service people, especially in southern cities, were waiting for a change of power and the elimination of a monarch of a non-royal family, which they began to remind of more and more often. The true “Troubles” began, which immediately included those who had recently been forced to leave Central Russia and seek happiness in its border, mainly southern borders, as well as outside Russia.
MOSCOW AFTER THE MURDER OF FALSE DMITRY
Meanwhile, Moscow was littered with corpses, which were taken out of the city for several days and buried there. The body of the impostor lay in the square for three days, attracting curious people who wanted to curse at least the corpse. Then he was buried behind the Serpukhov Gate. But the persecution of the murdered man did not end there. The week from May 18 to May 25 stood severe frosts(not so rare in May-June and in our time), causing great damage to gardens and fields. The impostor has been followed by whispers about his sorcery before. In conditions of extreme instability of existence, superstitions flowed like a river: something terrible was seen over the grave of False Dmitry, and the natural disasters that arose were associated with it. The grave was dug up, the body was burned, and the ashes, mixed with gunpowder, were fired from a cannon, pointing it in the direction from which Rasstriga came. This cannon shot, however, created unexpected problems for Shuisky and his entourage. Rumors spread in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Germany that it was not “Dmitry” who was executed, but some of his servants, while “Dmitry” escaped and fled to Putivl or somewhere in the Polish-Lithuanian lands.
CONFRONTATION WITH THE Rzeczpospolita
The Time of Troubles did not end overnight after the liberation of Moscow by the forces of the Second Militia. In addition to the struggle against internal “thieves”, until the conclusion of the Deulin Truce in 1618, hostilities continued between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The situation in these years can be characterized as a large-scale border war, which was waged by local governors, relying mainly only on local forces. Characteristic feature Military operations on the border during this period included deep, devastating raids on enemy territory. These attacks were aimed, as a rule, at certain fortified cities, the destruction of which led to the enemy losing control over the territory adjacent to them. The task of the leaders of such raids was to destroy enemy strongholds, ravage villages, and steal as many prisoners as possible.
The Time of Troubles in Russia is historical period who shook government system in its very basics. It occurred at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th centuries.
Three periods of turmoil
The first period is called dynastic - at this stage, contenders fought for the Moscow throne until Vasily Shuisky ascended to it, although his reign is also included in this historical era. The second period was social, when various social classes fought among themselves, and foreign governments took advantage of this struggle. And the third - national - it continued until Mikhail Romanov ascended the Russian throne, and is closely connected with the fight against foreign invaders. All these stages significantly influenced the further history of the state.
Board of Boris Godunov
In fact, this boyar began to rule Russia back in 1584, when the son of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor, completely incapable of state affairs, ascended the throne. But legally he was elected tsar only in 1598 after the death of Feodor. He was appointed by the Zemsky Sobor.
Rice. 1. Boris Godunov.
Despite the fact that Godunov, who took over the kingdom during a difficult period of social distress and the difficult position of Russia in the international arena, was a good statesman, he did not inherit the throne, which made his rights to the throne questionable.
The new tsar began and consistently continued a course of reforms aimed at improving the country's economy: merchants were exempt from paying taxes for two years, landowners for a year. But this did not make Russia’s internal affairs easier - crop failure and famine of 1601-1603. caused mass mortality and an increase in the price of bread of unprecedented proportions. And the people blamed Godunov for everything. With the appearance in Poland of the “legitimate” heir to the throne, who was allegedly Tsarevich Dmitry, the situation became even more complicated.
First period of turmoil
In fact, the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia was marked by the fact that False Dmitry entered Russia with a small detachment, which kept increasing against the backdrop of peasant riots. Quite quickly, the “prince” attracted the common people to his side, and after the death of Boris Godunov (1605) he was recognized by the boyars. Already on June 20, 1605, he entered Moscow and was installed as king, but could not retain the throne. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry was killed, and Vasily Shuisky sat on the throne. The power of this sovereign was formally limited by the Council, but the situation in the country did not improve.
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Rice. 2. Vasily Shuisky.
Second period of troubles
It is characterized by performances by different social strata, but above all - the peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov. His army advanced quite successfully across the country, but on June 30, 1606, it was defeated, and soon Bolotnikov himself was executed. The wave of uprisings has subsided slightly, thanks in part to the efforts of Vasily Shuisky to stabilize the situation. But in general, his efforts did not bring results - soon a second Ldezhmitry appeared, who received the nickname “Tushino thief.” He opposed Shuisky in January 1608, and already in July 1609, the boyars who served both Shuisky and False Dmitry swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav and forcibly tonsured their sovereign into monks. On June 20, 1609, the Poles entered Moscow. In December 1610, False Dmitry was killed, and the struggle for the throne continued.
Third period of troubles
The death of False Dmitry was a turning point - the Poles no longer had an actual excuse to be on Russian territory. They become interventionists, to fight whom the first and second militia gather.
The first militia that went to Moscow in April 1611, special success It didn’t succeed because it was disunited. But the second, created on the initiative of Kuzma Minin and headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, achieved success. These heroes liberated Moscow - this happened on October 26, 1612, when the Polish garrison capitulated. The actions of the people are the answer to the question of why Russia survived the Time of Troubles.
Rice. 3. Minin and Pozharsky.
It was necessary to look for a new king, whose candidacy would suit all layers of society. This was Mikhail Romanov - on February 21, 1613, he was elected by the Zemsky Sobor. The time of troubles is over.
Chronology of events of the Troubles
The following table gives an idea of the main events that took place during the Troubles. They are located in chronological order by dates.
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From a history article for grade 10, we learned briefly about the Time of Troubles, looked at the most important thing - what events took place during this period and what historical figures influenced the course of history. We found out that in 17th century The Time of Troubles ended with the ascension to the throne of the compromise Tsar Mikhail Romanov.
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The Time of Troubles (Time of Troubles) is a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. The Troubles coincided with a dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power.
Causes of the Troubles:
1. A severe systemic crisis of the Moscow state, largely associated with the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Conflicting domestic and foreign policies led to the destruction of many economic structures. Weakened key institutions and led to loss of life.
2. Important western lands were lost (Yam, Ivan-gorod, Korela)
3. Sharply escalated social conflicts within the Moscow state, which covered all societies.
4. Intervention of foreign states (Poland, Sweden, England, etc. regarding land issues, territory, etc.)
Dynastic crisis:
1584 After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the throne was taken by his son Fedor. The de facto ruler of the state was the brother of his wife Irina, boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov. In 1591, under mysterious circumstances, he died in Uglich. youngest son Grozny, Dmitry. In 1598, Fedor dies, the dynasty of Ivan Kalita is suppressed.
Course of events:
1. 1598-1605 The key figure of this period is Boris Godunov. He was an energetic, ambitious, capable statesman. In difficult conditions - economic devastation, difficult international situation- he continued the policies of Ivan the Terrible, but with less cruel measures. Godunov pursued a successful foreign policy. Under him, further advancement into Siberia took place, and the southern regions of the country were developed. Russian positions in the Caucasus strengthened. After a long war with Sweden, the Treaty of Tyavzin was concluded in 1595 (near Ivan-Gorod).
Russia regained its lost lands on the Baltic coast - Ivan-Gorod, Yam, Koporye, Korelu. The attack was thwarted Crimean Tatars to Moscow. In 1598, Godunov, with a 40,000-strong noble militia, personally led a campaign against Khan Kazy-Girey, who did not dare to enter Russian lands. Construction of fortifications was carried out in Moscow (White City, Zemlyanoy Gorod), in border cities in the south and west of the country. With his active participation, the patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1598. The Russian Church became equal in rights in relation to other Orthodox churches.
To overcome economic devastation, B. Godunov provided some benefits to the nobility and townspeople, while at the same time taking further steps to strengthen the feudal exploitation of the broad masses of the peasantry. For this, in the late 1580s - early 1590s. The government of B. Godunov conducted a census of peasant households. After the census, the peasants finally lost the right to move from one landowner to another. Scribe books, in which all peasants were recorded, became the legal basis for their serfdom from the feudal lords. A bonded slave was obliged to serve his master throughout his entire life.
In 1597, a decree was issued to search for fugitive peasants. This law introduced “prescribed summers” - a five-year period for the search and return of fugitive peasants, along with their wives and children, to their masters, whom they were listed in the scribe books.
In February 1597, a decree on indentured servants was issued, according to which anyone who served as a free agent for more than six months became an indentured servant and could be freed only after the death of the master. These measures could not but aggravate class contradictions in the country. The popular masses were dissatisfied with the policies of the Godunov government.
In 1601-1603 There was a crop failure in the country, famine and food riots began. Every day in Russia hundreds of people died in the city and in the countryside. As a result of two lean years, bread prices rose 100 times. According to contemporaries, almost a third of the population died in Russia during these years.
Boris Godunov, in search of a way out of the current situation, allowed the distribution of bread from state bins, allowed slaves to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But all these measures were unsuccessful. Rumors spread among the population that punishment had been extended to people for violating the order of succession to the throne, for the sins of Godunov, who had seized power. Mass uprisings began. The peasants united together with the urban poor into armed detachments and attacked the boyars and landowners' farms.
In 1603, an uprising of serfs and peasants broke out in the center of the country, led by Cotton Kosolap. He managed to gather significant forces and moved with them to Moscow. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and Khlopko was executed in Moscow. Thus began the first peasant war. In the peasant war of the early 17th century. three large periods can be distinguished: the first (1603 - 1605), the most important event of which was the Cotton rebellion; the second (1606 - 1607) - a peasant uprising under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov; third (1608-1615) - the decline of the peasant war, accompanied by a number of powerful uprisings of peasants, townspeople, and Cossacks
During this period, False Dmitry I appeared in Poland, who received the support of the Polish gentry and entered the territory of the Russian state in 1604. He was supported by many Russian boyars, as well as the masses, who hoped to ease their situation after the “legitimate tsar” came to power. After unexpected death B. Godunova (April 13, 1605) False Dmitry, at the head of the army that had come over to his side, on June 20, 1605, solemnly entered Moscow and was proclaimed tsar.
Once in Moscow, False Dmitry was in no hurry to fulfill the obligations given to the Polish magnates, since this could hasten his overthrow. Having ascended the throne, he confirmed the legislative acts adopted before him that enslaved the peasants. By making a concession to the nobles, he displeased the boyar nobility. Faith in the “good king” also disappeared among the masses. Discontent intensified in May 1606, when two thousand Poles arrived in Moscow for the wedding of the impostor with the daughter of the Polish governor Marina Mniszech. In the Russian capital, they behaved as if they were in a conquered city: they drank, rioted, raped, and robbed.
On May 17, 1606, the boyars, led by Prince Vasily Shuisky, hatched a conspiracy, raising the population of the capital to revolt. False Dmitry I was killed.
2. 1606-1610 This stage is associated with the reign of Vasily Shuisky, the first “boyar tsar”. He ascended the throne immediately after the death of False Dmitry I by decision of Red Square, giving the cross-kissing record good attitude to the boyars. On the throne, Vasily Shuisky faced many problems (Bolotnikov's uprising, False Dmitry I, Polish troops, famine).
Meanwhile, seeing that the idea with impostors had failed, and using the conclusion of an alliance between Russia and Sweden as an excuse, Poland, which was at war with Sweden, declared war on Russia. In September 1609, King Sigismund III besieged Smolensk, then, having defeated the Russian troops, moved to Moscow. Instead of helping, Swedish troops captured Novgorod lands. This is how the Swedish intervention began in northwestern Russia.
Under these conditions, a revolution took place in Moscow. Power passed into the hands of a government of seven boyars (“Seven Boyars”). When the Polish troops of Hetman Zholkiewski approached Moscow in August 1610, the boyar rulers, fearing a popular uprising in the capital itself, in an effort to preserve their power and privileges, committed treason to their homeland. They invited 15-year-old Vladislav, the son of the Polish king, to the Russian throne. A month later, the boyars secretly allowed Polish troops into Moscow at night. This was a direct betrayal of national interests. The threat of foreign enslavement loomed over Russia.
3. 1611-1613 Patriarch Hermogenes in 1611 initiated the creation of a zemstvo militia near Ryazan. In March it besieged Moscow, but failed due to internal divisions. The second militia was created in the fall, in Novgorod. It was headed by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. Letters were sent to cities calling for support for the militia, whose task was to liberate Moscow from the invaders and create a new government. The militia called themselves free people, headed by the zemstvo council and temporary orders. On October 26, 1612, the militia managed to take the Moscow Kremlin. By decision of the boyar duma, it was dissolved.
Results of the Troubles:
1. Total number deaths equal to one third of the country's population.
2. Economic catastrophe, the financial system and transport communications were destroyed, vast territories were taken out of agricultural use.
3. Territorial losses (Chernigov land, Smolensk land, Novgorod-Seversk land, Baltic territories).
4. Weakening the position of domestic merchants and entrepreneurs and strengthening foreign merchants.
5. The emergence of a new royal dynasty On February 7, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. He had to solve three main problems - restoring the unity of the territories, restoring the state mechanism and economy.
As a result of peace negotiations in Stolbov in 1617, Sweden returned Novgorod land, but left behind the Izhora land with the banks of the Neva and the Gulf of Finland. Russia has lost its only access to the Baltic Sea.
In 1617 - 1618 failed another attempt Poland to capture Moscow and elevate Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. In 1618, in the village of Deulino, a truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was signed for 14.5 years. Vladislav did not renounce his claims to the Russian throne, citing the treaty of 1610. The Smolensk and Seversky lands remained behind the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite the difficult conditions of peace with Sweden and the truce with Poland, a long-awaited respite came for Russia. The Russian people defended the independence of their Motherland.
TROUBLES (TIME OF TROUBLES) - a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It coincided with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power, which brought the country to the brink of disaster. The main signs of unrest are considered to be anarchy (anarchy), imposture, civil war and intervention. According to a number of historians, the Time of Troubles can be considered the first civil war in Russian history.
Contemporaries spoke of the Troubles as a time of “shakyness,” “disorder,” and “confusion of minds,” which caused bloody clashes and conflicts. The term “troubles” was used in everyday speech of the 17th century, in the paperwork of Moscow orders, and was included in the title of the work of Grigory Kotoshikhin ( Time of Troubles). In the 19th and early 20th centuries. got into research about Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky. In Soviet science, phenomena and events of the early 17th century. classified as a period of socio-political crisis, the first peasant war ( I.I.Bolotnikova) and the foreign intervention that coincided with it, but the term “turmoil” was not used. In Polish historical science, this time is called “Dimitriada”, since at the center of historical events stood False Dmitry I, False Dmitry II, False Dmitry III- Poles or impostors who sympathized with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, posing as the escaped Tsarevich Dmitry.
The preconditions for the Troubles were the consequences oprichnina And Livonian War 1558–1583: economic ruin, rising social tension.
The causes of the Time of Troubles as an era of anarchy, according to the historiography of the 19th and early 20th centuries, are rooted in the suppression of the Rurik dynasty and the intervention of neighboring states (especially united Lithuania and Poland, which is why the period was sometimes called the “Lithuanian or Moscow ruin”) in the affairs of the Muscovite kingdom. The combination of these events led to the appearance of adventurers and impostors on the Russian throne, claims to the throne from Cossacks, runaway peasants and slaves (which manifested itself in Bolotnikov's peasant war). Church historiography of the 19th–early 20th centuries. considered the Troubles a period of spiritual crisis in society, seeing the reasons in the distortion of moral and ethical values.
The chronological framework of the Time of Troubles is determined, on the one hand, by the death in Uglich in 1591 of Tsarevich Dmitry, the last representative of the Rurik dynasty, on the other hand, by the election to the kingdom of the first king from the Romanov dynasty Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613, the subsequent years of struggle against the Polish and Swedish invaders (1616–1618), the return of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Filaret (1619) to Moscow.
First stage
The Time of Troubles began with a dynastic crisis caused by the assassination of the king Ivan IV the Terrible his eldest son Ivan, the rise to power of his brother Fedor Ivanovich and the death of their younger half-brother Dmitry (according to many, stabbed to death by the minions of the actual ruler of the country Boris Godunov). The throne lost the last heir from the Rurik dynasty.
The death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1598) allowed Boris Godunov (1598–1605) to come to power, who ruled energetically and wisely, but was unable to stop the intrigues of disgruntled boyars. The crop failure of 1601–1602 and the subsequent famine initially caused the first social explosion (1603, the Cotton uprising). External reasons were added to the internal ones: Poland and Lithuania, united in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, rushed to take advantage of Russia’s weakness. The appearance in Poland of the young Galich nobleman Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself Tsarevich Dmitry to be “miraculously saved”, became a gift to King Sigismund III, who supported the impostor.
At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I entered Russia with a small army. Many cities in southern Russia, Cossacks, and dissatisfied peasants went over to his side. In April 1605, after the unexpected death of Boris Godunov and the non-recognition of his son Fyodor as tsar, the Moscow boyars also went over to the side of False Dmitry I. In June 1605, the impostor became Tsar Dmitry I for almost a year. However, a boyar conspiracy and an uprising of Muscovites on May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the direction of his policy, swept him from the throne. Two days later, the tsar “shouted out” the boyar Vasily Shuisky, who gave the cross-kissing record to rule with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial.
By the summer of 1606, rumors spread throughout the country about a new miraculous salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry: an uprising broke out in Putivl under the leadership of a fugitive slave Ivan Bolotnikova, peasants, archers, and nobles joined him. The rebels reached Moscow, besieged it, but were defeated. Bolotnikov was captured in the summer of 1607, exiled to Kargopol and killed there.
The new contender for the Russian throne was False Dmitry II (origin unknown), who united around himself the surviving participants in the Bolotnikov uprising, the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, and Polish troops. Having settled in June 1608 in the village of Tushino near Moscow (hence his nickname “Tushino Thief”), he besieged Moscow.
Second stage
The Time of Troubles is associated with the split of the country in 1609: in Muscovy there were formed two kings, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Hermogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories recognizing the power of False Dmitry II, and territories remaining loyal to Shuisky. The successes of the Tushins forced Shuisky to conclude an agreement with Sweden, hostile to Poland, in February 1609. Having given the Russian fortress of Korela to the Swedes, he received military assistance, and the Russian-Swedish army liberated a number of cities in the north of the country. This gave the Polish king Sigismund III a reason for intervention: in the fall of 1609, Polish troops besieged Smolensk and reached the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. False Dmitry II fled from Tushin, the Tushino people who left him concluded an agreement with Sigismund at the beginning of 1610 on the election of his son, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne.
In July 1610, Shuisky was overthrown by the boyars and forcibly tonsured a monk. Power temporarily passed to the “Seven Boyars,” a government that signed an agreement with Sigismund III in August 1610 on the election of Vladislav as king on the condition that he convert to Orthodoxy. Polish troops entered Moscow.
Third stage
The Time of Troubles is associated with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, which had no real power and was unable to force Vladislav to fulfill the terms of the agreement and accept Orthodoxy. With the rise of patriotic sentiment since 1611, calls for an end to discord and restoration of unity intensified. The center of attraction of patriotic forces became the Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes, Prince. D.T. Trubetskoy. The formed First Militia included the noble detachments of P. Lyapunov, the Cossacks of I. Zarutsky, and former Tushino residents. IN Nizhny Novgorod and Yaroslavl gathered an army K. Minin, a new government was formed, the “Council of All the Earth.” The first militia failed to liberate Moscow; in the summer of 1611 the militia disintegrated. At this time, the Poles managed to capture Smolensk after a two-year siege, the Swedes managed to take Novgorod, a new impostor appeared in Pskov - False Dmitry III, who was “proclaimed” by the tsar there on December 4, 1611.
In the fall of 1611, on the initiative of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, who was invited by him, the Second Militia was formed in Nizhny Novgorod. In August 1612 it approached Moscow and liberated it on October 26, 1612. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a 16-year-old tsar. Mikhail Romanov, his father, Patriarch Filaret, returned to Russia from captivity, with whose name the people pinned hopes for the eradication of robbery and robbery. In 1617, the Peace of Stolbovo was signed with Sweden, which received the Korelu fortress and the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulin Truce was concluded with Poland: Russia ceded Smolensk, Chernigov and a number of other cities to it. Russia's territorial losses were only able to be compensated and restored by Tsar Peter I almost a hundred years later.
However, the long and difficult crisis was resolved, although the economic consequences of the Troubles - the devastation and desolation of a vast territory, especially in the west and southwest, the death of almost a third of the country's population continued to affect another decade and a half.
The consequence of the Time of Troubles was changes in the system of government of the country. The weakening of the boyars, the rise of the nobility who received estates and the possibility of legislatively assigning peasants to them resulted in the gradual evolution of Russia towards absolutism. The revaluation of the ideals of the previous era, the negative consequences of boyar participation in governing the country, which became obvious, and the severe polarization of society led to an increase in ideocratic tendencies. They were expressed, among other things, in the desire to substantiate the inviolability of the Orthodox faith and the inadmissibility of deviations from the values of the national religion and ideology (especially in opposition to “Latinism” and the Protestantism of the West). This strengthened anti-Western sentiments, which aggravated the cultural and, ultimately, civilizational isolation of Russia for many centuries.
In the times before the Troubles in Russian history Many negative factors and phenomena have accumulated. Together with the suppression of the royal dynasty and external troubles, they gave rise to the Troubles with grave consequences.
Announcement: turmoil begins in the brain, in the soul, and only then creeps into the economy and politics.
Troubles- This is a global crisis in all spheres of society. Historians believe that in Russia she was with 1598 By 1613 years. After the death of Ivan the Terrible's son Fyodor, the dynasty ended Rurikovich.
1598 – 1605 – ruled by Boris Godunov. He tried to achieve success in the economy, during foreign policy. But misfortunes happened. There were no harvests for three years in a row! This was perceived as God's punishment to the Russian people. People ate grass, bark from trees and all animals. They began to say that it was in vain that they chose Godunov as king.
CAUSES OF TROUBLES:
The crisis of the country's economy due to the Livonian War and subsequent wars.
Strengthening serfdom. Prohibition for peasants to leave their master.
Famine, disease epidemics.
Intensifying struggle for power within the country.
Popular uprisings of Khlopk, Bolotnikov and others.
The emergence of liars and impostors, supported by the enemies of Russia.
After the death of Boris Godunov, the following events occurred.
From June 1605 to June 1606 - reign of False Dmitry I in the Kremlin. The rebels then killed him and burned him, and his ashes were fired from a cannon towards Poland.
1606 – 1610 – reign of Vasily Shuisky. He was then deposed and sent to a monastery.
1607 – 1609 - military actions of False Dmitry II near the village of Tushino. His troops were defeated.
1609 – 1610 - heroic defense of Smolensk from Polish troops.
1610 – 1613 - the power of the “seven boyars” led by boyar Mstislavsky.
1611 - first militia nobleman Lyapunov ended in failure.
1612 - the second people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky defeated the Polish interventionists.
1613 - election of 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov as tsar.
Consequences of the turmoil:
- Temporary strengthening of the influence of government bodies - the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.
- The position of the nobility was strengthened.
- The coasts were lost Baltic Sea and the lands of Smolensk.
- Economic devastation, poverty of the people.
- Russia's independence was preserved.
- The Romanov dynasty began to rule.
If you let turmoil enter your brain and soul, you can lose everything you value.