Kipling's work is one of the most striking phenomena of the neo-romantic movement in English literature. His works show the harsh life and exoticism of the colonies. He dispelled the common myth about the magical, luxurious East and created his own fairy tale - about the harsh East, cruel to the weak; he told Europeans about powerful nature, which requires every creature to exert all its physical and spiritual strength.
For eighteen years, Kipling wrote fairy tales, short stories, and ballads for his children and nephews. Two of his cycles gained worldwide fame: the two-volume “The Jungle Book” (1894-1895) and the collection “Just Like That” (1902). Kipling's works encourage little readers to think and self-educate. To this day, English boys memorize his poem “If...” - a commandment of courage.
The title "The Jungle Book" reflected the author's desire to create a genre close to ancient monuments literature. The philosophical idea of the two "Jungle Books" boils down to the statement that life wildlife and man is subject to the general law - the struggle for life. The Great Law of the Jungle determines Good and Evil, Love and Hate, Faith and Unbelief. Nature itself, and not man, is the creator of moral commandments (which is why there is no hint of Christian morality in Kipling’s works). The main words in the jungle: “You and I are of the same blood...”.
The only truth that exists for the writer is living life, unfettered by the conventions and lies of civilization. In the eyes of the writer, nature already has the advantage that it is immortal, while even the most beautiful human creations sooner or later turn to dust (monkeys frolic and snakes crawl on the ruins of a once luxurious city). Only fire and weapons can make Mowgli stronger than anyone in the jungle.
The two-volume “Jungle Book” is a cycle of short stories interspersed with poetic inserts. Not all short stories tell about Mowgli; some of them have independent plots, for example, the fairy tale short story “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi”.
Kipling settled his many heroes in the wilds of Central India. The author's fiction is based on many reliable scientific facts, the study of which the writer devoted a lot of time. The realism of the depiction of nature is consistent with its romantic idealization.
Another “children’s” book of the writer that has become widely known is a collection of short fairy tales, which he called “Just Like That” (you can also translate “Just Fairy Tales”, “Simple Stories”): “Where does the Whale have such a throat”, “Why does the Camel have a hump ", "Where did the Rhino get its skin", "Where did the Armadillos come from", "Baby Elephant, "How the leopard got its spots", "The cat that walked by itself", etc.
Kipling was fascinated by the folk art of India, and his tales organically combine the literary skill of the “white” writer and the powerful expressiveness of Indian folklore. In these tales there is something from ancient legends - from those tales that adults believed in at the dawn of humanity. The main characters are animals, with their own characters, quirks, weaknesses and strengths; they look not like people, but like themselves - not yet tamed, not classified into classes and species.
“In the very first years, long, long ago, all the land was brand new, just made” (hereinafter translated by K. Chukovsky). In the primordial world, animals, like people, take their first steps, on which their later life. Rules of conduct are just being established; good and evil, reason and stupidity are just defining their poles, but animals and people are already living in the world. Every living being is forced to find its own place in a world that is not yet organized, to look for its own way of life and its own ethics. For example, Horse, Dog, Cat, Woman and Man have different ideas about good. The wisdom of man is to “agree” with the beasts forever and ever.
During the course of the story, the author more than once turns to the child (“Once upon a time there lived, my priceless, a whale in the sea who ate fish”) so that the intricately woven thread of the plot is not lost. There is always a lot of unexpected things in action - things that are only revealed in the end. The heroes demonstrate miracles of resourcefulness and ingenuity, getting out of difficult situations. The little reader seems to be invited to think about what else could be done to avoid bad consequences. Because of his curiosity, the baby elephant was forever left with a long nose. The Rhino's skin was wrinkled because he ate a man's pie. A small mistake or fault leads to an irreparable big consequence. However, it does not spoil life in the future, if you don’t lose heart.
Each animal and person exists in fairy tales in the singular (after all, they are not yet representatives of species), so their behavior is explained by the personality characteristics of each. And the hierarchy of animals and people is built according to their intelligence and intelligence.
The storyteller tells about ancient times with humor. No, no, and even modern details appear on its primitive land. Thus, the head of a primitive family makes a remark to his daughter: “How many times have I told you that you cannot speak in common language! “Horrifying” is a bad word...” The stories themselves are witty and instructive.
Introduction
Reading books is one of my favorite activities. Until recently, I was drawn to the plot. I loved being in unusual situations mysterious places, together with the heroes of the books, overcame difficulties, fought for justice, searched for treasures. As I grew older, I began to pay attention to the style of sentences, the techniques with which authors achieve brightness and imagery of plots: epithets, metaphors, comparisons, which abound in the poems of M.Yu. Lermontov, A.S. Pushkin, I. Bunin, S. Yesenin, epics, Russian folk tales.
A fairy tale is a universal genre that covers all phenomena of surrounding life and nature. The Russian fairy tale genre is characterized by imagery, emotionality, accessibility, and expressiveness, which is manifested in phonetics, vocabulary, and syntax.
What techniques is the British fairy tale tradition based on? How is emotionality and imagery achieved in English fairy tales, when it is generally known that the English language is much poorer, more restrained and conservative? The object of my research was the animalistic tales of Rudyard Kipling from the collection “Just so stories”.
The subject of the study is the means of expressiveness of animal images, features of sentence construction, and poetics in these fairy tales.
Research hypothesis: after analyzing Kipling’s tales from the point of view of style, vocabulary, grammar, I will learn about stylistic devices, means of expressiveness of the English language, which in the future will help me better understand the culture of the people and the language, and will expand my knowledge in studying the English language.
Purpose of the study: to identify means of expression in English through a linguostylistic analysis of R. Kipling’s animalistic tales. In accordance with the hypothesis put forward, the subject and purpose of the study, specific tasks were identified:
characterize the features of R. Kipling’s artistic method;
consider the linguistic and stylistic features of the language of R. Kipling’s fairy tales;
identify the features of poetics and image systems.
The novelty of this work is due to its purpose, objectives and the very choice of research material. I first turned to analysis English text, in particular animalistic fairy tales.
The practical significance of the work lies in expanding knowledge about the culture of the language being studied, deepening knowledge in the field of vocabulary, grammar, and word formation. Determined by the possibility of using the material and research results in the further study of English oral folk art.
In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the work, the method of comparative analysis of the original text and its translation was used.
linguistic-stylistic feature of Kipling's tale
Main part
Before starting to analyze the fairy tales, I became acquainted with the writer’s work and discovered that Kipling began to “invent, imagine and write down fairy tales in response to the very first “What, Where and Why?” his eldest daughter Josephine." D.M. Damage. Preface to the third edition of “Just so stories” .p. 5 Then other little listeners appeared (Josephine’s friends) and new fairy tales. This is how a whole collection of fairy tales about animals arose.
Kipling traveled a lot and saw a lot. He knew history, archeology, geography, ethnography, zoology well. The fiction in fairy tales is based on his encyclopedic knowledge, so the descriptions of animals, nature, and landscapes are very accurate and reliable. The plots of the tales are inspired by African folklore, but none of Kipling’s tales have anything in common with the animal epic of the peoples of Central and South Africa. Thus, fairy tales are pure fiction, where the author, intertwining fiction with real facts, interestingly, witty and instructive tells children about how the world around them arose and developed. Konstantin Paustovsky wrote about R. Kipling: “His talent was inexhaustible, his language was precise and rich, his invention was full of plausibility, all his amazing knowledge, taken from real life, sparkles in abundance on the pages of his books.”
Rudyard Kipling was a wonderful storyteller and an amazing actor. When telling his stories to children, he opened his mouth exactly the way Keith did or said “Humph!” the way Camel could pronounce it. Therefore, Josephine asked her father to write down the fairy tales exactly as he told them, without changing a single word. The combination just so appears several times in the text. Talking about the emergence of the alphabet, Kipling insists that it happened exactly like this (it was just so): a curious Elephant’s Child tries to find out why melons taste just so (why melons tasted just so), etc. This led to the name of the series “Just so stories”.
Three tales from the cycle were taken for research:
How the Whale got his throat (How Keith got his throat);
How the Camel got his hump;
The Elephant's Child (Elephant).
The tales are written in a “sublime style” in an entertaining form, they use a variety of words created by the author - possibly comic exaggeration and modification of words heard in India and Africa. Throughout the book, he addresses the reader “O my Best Beloved” (my dear, my dear), which creates an atmosphere of special intimacy between the narrator and the listener, between the author and the reader. In addition, as already mentioned, images of animals create special trust and reality. The text testifies to this. For example, talking about Keith, he said: “All the fishes he could find in all the sea he ate with his mouth - so!” (All the fish that he could find in the sea, he ate just like that), “He swallowed them all down into his warm, dark, inside cupboards and then he smacked his lips -so...” (He swallowed them all into a warm and dark closet , which was called the stomach of the Whale and smacked its lips like this....) R. Kipling. “How the Whale got his throat” pp. 30, 32. In the fairy tale about the Elephant’s Child “The Elephant’s Child” we read: “the Crocodile winked one eye like this.” Kipling even tries depict the Baby Elephant’s speech when the Crocodile grabbed him by the nose: “Led go! You are hurtig be!” (Dovoldo. I am more de god) R. Kipling “The Elephant's Child” pp. 81,82.
A fairy-tale narrative begins with a “beginning” that introduces the listener to the world of the distant past. He emphasizes the unusualness of the situation and, thus, seems to justify the unusualness of what is being described. For example: “Once upon a time” (How the Whale got his throat), “In the beginning of years, when the world was so new-and-all” (How the Camel got his hump), “In the High and Far -Off Times” (The Elephant's Child).
The composition of fairy tales is simple: it is usually based on three times (or multiple) repetitions of the same action. Repeated action, as a rule, is associated with the repetition of verbal formulas in the form of dialogue or some kind of remark. For example, in the fairy tale “How Keith Got His Throat,” the author three times asks the reader not to forget about the suspenders (“you must not forget the suspenders,” “Have you forgotten the suspenders?”, “now you know why you were not to forget the suspenders"). Or in the fairy tale “How the Camel Got His Hump,” the Camel constantly says only one word “Humph,” and the Horse, Dog, and Donkey address the Camel threefold (“Camel, O Camel, come out and (trot, fetch, plough) like the rest of us”). In the fairy tale “The Baby Elephant,” the politeness of the Baby Elephant is emphasized by the repeated repetition of the adverb politely, and his curiosity by the repetition of the question “What does the Crocodile have for dinner?” (What does Crocodile eat for dinner?)
Kipling makes extensive use of retardation (slow development of action), which is achieved by the already mentioned technique of triplicity, as well as by detailing the description. The Python from the Baby Elephant tale is depicted as “Bi-Coloured -Python -Rock -Snake”, and the Crocodile is depicted as “yonder self-propelling man-of-war with the armour-plated upper deck” (warship with a live propeller and an armored deck). The rhythmic organization of speech and the use of consonances and even rhymes creates a special dimension to the narrative. At times it resembles the rhythm of lullabies. In the fairy tale “How the Whale Got His Throat,” the list of fish and sea animals that the Whale ate is written in the form of rhythmic and rhymed prose (the main meter is anapest) “He ate the starfish and the garfish, and the crab and the dab, and the plaice and the dace, and the skate and his mate…. (He ate bream, and ruff, and beluga, and sturgeon, and herring, and herring aunt...). We again encounter the technique of rhythmic rhymed repetitions in the description of the moment how the Sailor behaved inside the Whale: “He stumped and he jumped and he thumped and he bumped and he pranced and he danced and he banged and he clanged, and he hit and he bit...” (he stomped and jumped, knocked and strummed, danced, pranced, threshed, pounded...). The fairy tale “Baby Elephant” is filled with rhyming epithets: “scalesome, flailsome tail” (the tail is like a threshing flail and is all covered with scales), “musky, tusky mouth” (toothed, fanged mouth), “a mere-smear nose” (tiny nose).
Against the background of a neutral or softly colored familiar colloquial context, Kipling widely uses two categories of stylistically colored words - children's vocabulary (the so-called nursery words) and literary and book vocabulary.
After reading the fairy tales “How the Whale got his throat”, “How the Camel got his hump”, “The Elephant's Child”, I identified the following children's vocabulary: twirly - whirly (eel twirl). This is a children's neologism, derived from verbs to twirl - to twist and to whirl - to twirl using the suffix -y, which gives the word a pronounced emotional connotation, humorous or affectionate, characteristic of children's vocabulary. L.S. Golovchinskaya Commentary on the third edition of “Just so stories” p. 225 The word nubbly. in the sentence “This man is very nubbly” (this man is not to my taste) is formed from the noun nubble (piece, lump) using the suffix -y. Fairy tale “How the Whale got his throat” p. 33 Adjective snarly -yarly ( grumpy, creaky), formed from the verb to snarl (growl, snarl) using the suffix -y and the word yarly, invented for rhyme by Kipling. Fairy tale “How the Camel got his hump” p. 45 The truncated children's word satiable is formed from the adjective insatiable (greedy). , insatiable), scuse me (excuse me) - a truncated children's word from excuse me and hijjus - a childish misuse of the adjective hideous (terrible, cruel). Fairy tale “The Elephant's child” p. 81
To create an unexpected, most often humorous effect, Kipling skillfully interweaves the narrative, which is conducted in a simple conversational manner, with words that he comes up with himself, modeled on children's vocabulary, and words-terms, book words and phrases, even archaisms. In the address of the “cunning Fish” to the Whale “Noble and generous Cetacean” (a noble and generous animal from the family of Cetaceans), Kipling deliberately uses the word-term Cetacean to give importance and pomposity to the speech. Fairy tale “How the Whale got his throat” page 30
The speech of Python and Crocodile from the fairy tale about the Baby Elephant abounds in archaisms: “Come hither, Little One,” said the Crocodile” (“Come here, my little one,” “yonder limped stream” (that transparent stream), this is how Python speaks about the Limpopo River. The words hither (modern here) and yonder (modern that) are archaisms.
To give fairy tales a special sound and intonation expressiveness, the author actively uses the technique of alliteration (repetition of homogeneous consonant sounds), synonymous rhymed repetition, epithets (figurative definition of the subject) Literature textbook for grade 8, part 2. M., “Prosveshchenie” 2008, p. 390 , 394.. Largest quantity I found alliteration techniques in the fairy tale “The Elephant's Child”, and alliteration is accompanied by epithets and synonymous rhymed repetitions. For example: “the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River” (sleepy, fetid, muddy green Limpopo River), “scalesome , flailsome tail”, “musky, tusky mouth”, “sloshy -slushy”, “slushy -squshy” Thus, neologisms were formed, which subsequently entered the vocabulary of the English language as stable phrases: “a man of infinite-resource-”. and-sagacity” (a man of boundless wisdom and ingenuity), Fairy tale “How the Whale got his throat” p. 32 “black and blue” (1. blue-black, 2. bad mood) Fairy tale “How the Camel got his hump” p. 45, “In the High and Far-Of Times” (in ancient times), “crocodile tears” (crocodile tears) Fairy tale “The Elephant's child” p. 80.
From a grammatical point of view, Kipling most often uses past tense verbs, which he also arranges in a rhyming sequence. For example, in the fairy tale “How the Whale got his throat” we read “He stumped and he jumped and he thumped and he bumped...and he stepped and he lepped”... The word lepped (irregular form of the past tense of the verb to leap (leapt) - “jump” formed by Kipling to rhyme with the word stepped - “to do pa.” In the sentence “I have stopped your ating,” the neologism ating is formed using the productive suffix -ing from the past tense form (ate) of the verb to eat. forming a rhyme with the word grating. “By means of a grating, I have stopped your ating.” Fairy tale “How the Whale got his throat” p.35
Conclusion
The British fairy tale tradition is a rich treasure bright images, folk humor, extraordinary adventures, magical events. British fairy tales are carriers of national identity, a kind of generalization of the British spirit and way of thinking. Taking in folklore and literary material, enriched with borrowings from the culture of other peoples (as Kipling did), fairy tales represent a unique synthesis of images, plots, and ideas. It is in fairy-tale works that the author expresses many of his views on the world, art, public relations; It is in fairy tales that the peculiarities of the artistic method, the love for colorful, rich descriptions, are fully manifested. I was convinced of this by reading and analyzing the tales of Rudyard Kipling. The author’s oriental appeal to the reader gives mystery and trust to the narrative, as well as an indication of ancient times when the event takes place, which in turn fascinates and arouses keen interest in the fairy tale. The repeated repetition of actions or descriptions at first causes a protest, but then you understand that Kipling is “conducting” a conversation with you, “wants” you to fully understand what he wants to say.
I saw the poetics of fairy tales through alliteration, synonymous rhymed repetition, and epithets. Children's words, Kipling's original neologisms, which play an expressive-emotional role in the text, and stable phrases give special emotionality and expression to fairy tales. I'm sure Kipling has plenty more interesting words, which develop and enrich the language, a lot of techniques and methods with the help of which a real miracle is created from ordinary letters, words and sentences - a fairy tale.
Literature
Rudyard Kipling. Just so Stories.-M.: Raduga, 2000.- 254
English-Russian dictionary. / Compiled by: V.D. Arakin, Z.S. Vygodskaya - M.: Russian language, 1998. - 848 pp.
Great Britain: Linguistic and regional reference book/ A.R.U. Room, G.A. Pasechnik-M.: Russian language, 1978.- 480 pp.
Literature. 8th grade Textbook for general education institutions. At 2 p.m. Part 2 / auto-composition. V.Ya. Korovina.-M.: Education, 2008.-339 pp.
R.D. Kipling Tales [Text] / R.D. Kipling M.: Children's literature, 1991.- 59 pp.
Rudyard Kipling
(1865-1936)
"Fairy tales just like that"
Integrated lesson.
"Book structure"; the concept is revealed"Translator".
Target:
Tasks:
§ introduce the biography of R. Kipling;
§ evoke: an emotional attitude towards the text read, cognitive interest;
§ broaden your horizons;
§ consolidate knowledge about the structure of the book;
§ reveal the content of the concept of “translator”;
Lesson form:
Method:
Form of work: collective, individual.
Equipment: board, book exhibition, crosswords, tablets, video
Download:
Preview:
Rudyard Kipling. Fairy tales just like that
Rudyard Kipling Integrated lesson. Target: Develop a cognitive interest in reading Tasks:
Lesson form: conversation, quiz, discussion, game. Progress of the lesson:
Guys, you are already familiar with the works of R. Kipling. What fairy tales by R. Kipling have you read? (Children list fairy tales)“Where does the Whale get such a throat”, “Why does the Camel have a hump”, “Where does the Rhino get its skin”, “Baby Elephant”, “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi”, “How the first letter was written”, etc. Now let's remember the heroes of these fairy tales. To do this, I want to invite you to solve a crossword puzzle. 1. Turtle's nickname II. – Did you like these fairy tales? What did you like about them? (Children's answers). Today in the lesson we will get to know Rudyard Kipling and his work. My assistants and I (the guys from the class) want to tell you fairy tale . It was told to us by Purr the Cat, the editor-in-chief of the magazine “Once upon a time” (the magazine is shown). |
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"Once upon a time there was Rudyard Kipling . Just, mur-meow, don’t say: “Who is this?” Of course, a writer. And also very famous. For example, he wrote about one of my close relatives - a cat who walks on her own. In general, he knew and loved animals and wrote many fairy tales about them. Remember Riki-Tiki-Tavi, the brave mongoose? And the inquisitive Baby Elephant who wanted to meet the Crocodile? And the wise bear Balu, the mighty boa constrictor Kaa and the leader wolf Akella? And, of course, you know Mowgli! Your Cat W." When Rudyard grew up and became an international famous writer, the children of the English and Russians, Indians and French began to read his wonderful fairy tales , and adults - with his stories, poems, stories. What Kipling created for children is unlikely to ever be forgotten. And, keeping my memory, Rudyard Kipling traveled a lot, visited almost all parts of the world, so the action of his tales takes place in Africa, then in England, then in Australia, then in America.
Was this really what happened? / Children's reasoning / III. Have you read short tales Kipling, which he called "Fairy tales just like that". R. Kipling is an Englishman, which means he wrote his fairy tales in English. But we read them in Russian. Who helped us? Translator (working with an explanatory dictionary). |
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One of R. Kipling's tales is called"How the first letter was written." |
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The Leader's Journey Rock inscription from North America tells how a chief named Mayenguk set off in 5 canoes. The journey lasted 3 days (3 suns under the curved sky). The eagle is a symbol of courage. Other animals are images of good guardian spirits. Why does everyone read differently? /The interpretation of the pictures may be different.
Game "We are primitive artists" We read the message of the primitive artist: |
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Later, people realized that it was much faster and more convenient to write icons - each icon represented a word. |
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Finally, people decided that it was easiest, most accurate and most convenient for the picture to correspond not to the whole word, but to the spoken sounds of speech. Appeared letters . |
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Rudyard Kipling puzzled us with his fairy tales with questions: “How? Where? Why?” and helped us make small discoveries. |
And now we will get acquainted with another wonderful fairy tale by R. Kipling from the series “Fairy Tales Just Like That,” which is called “Where the Armadillos Came From” (Viewing an excerpt from the cartoon “Hedgehog Plus Turtle” based on the fairy tale).
Once you shed your skin, you can't fit back into it. - (Kaa)
People definitely need to set traps for other people, and without this they will all be unhappy. - (Mowgli)
Everyone has their own fear. - (Hathi)
The law is like a tenacious vine: it grabs everyone and no one can escape it. - (Balu)
Money is something that changes hands and never gets any warmer. - (Mowgli)
It is better to be torn to pieces by beasts than to be killed by people - (Messui's husband)
There are many words in the jungle, the sound of which does not match the meaning. - (Bagheera)
The whole jungle will think tomorrow the way monkeys think today. - (Bandar-Logi)
Grief does not interfere with punishment - (Balu)
One of the beauties of the Law of the Jungle is that with punishment everything ends. There are no quibbles after that.
The animals say that man is the weakest and most defenseless of all living creatures and that touching him is unworthy of a hunter. They also say - and this is true - that cannibals become lousy over time and their teeth fall out.
Every dog barks in his yard! - (Sherkhan)
Words are the most powerful drug that humanity uses.
And the secret that was buried
At the foot of the pyramids
That's all there is to it,
What a contractor, although he
I respected the law very much,
Lightened Cheops by a million.
The stupidest woman can cope with a smart man, but only the smartest can cope with a fool.
What does the Law of the Jungle say? Strike first, then give your voice. By your carelessness alone, they will recognize you as a person. Be reasonable. - (Bagheera)
Brave heart and polite speech. You'll go far with them. - (Kaa)
At least a hundred villagers came running: they stared, chatted, shouted and pointed at Mowgli. “How ignorant they are, these people!” Mowgli said to himself. “Only gray monkeys behave like that.”
People are people, and their speech is similar to the speech of frogs in a pond. - (Gray Brother)
The Law of the Jungle taught Mowgli to restrain himself, because in the jungle life and food depend on it. But when the children teased him because he did not want to play with them or fly a kite, or because he pronounced some word incorrectly, only the thought that it was unworthy of a hunter to kill small, defenseless cubs did not allow him to grab and tear them in half.
People kill because they don’t hunt, out of idleness, for fun. - (Mowgli)
The people of the Jungle know that they should not rush while eating, because they cannot get back what they miss.
The puppy is ready to drown himself just to bite the moon in the water - (Mowgli)
People are always more willing to eat than to run - (Mowgli)
RUDDYARD KIPLING (1865-1936) “Once upon a time there was Rudyard Kipling. Just, moor-meow, don’t say: “Who is this?” Of course, a writer. And also a very famous one. For example, he wrote about one my close relative - a cat who walks on her own. And in general, he knew and loved animals and wrote many fairy tales about them. Do you remember Riki-Tiki-Tavi, the brave mongoose? And the inquisitive Elephant, who wanted to meet the Crocodile? , the mighty boa constrictor Kaa and the leader wolf Akella? And, of course, you know Mowgli! That’s how many wonderful stories Rudyard Kipling wrote for you during his long life. But, I swear by his mustache and tail, you don’t even suspect how hard his life was. in childhood, when he was the same age as you are now. Well, that is, I hope you know that Rudyard Kipling is an Englishman. But if you think that he was actually born in England, you are deeply. You’re wrong. Because he was born in India! Rudyard’s dad was a decorative artist, but something didn’t work out for him in England, and he left for India. Of course, I took my mother with me. And there they had Rudyard. And he lived the first six years of his life in India. By the way, he considered these years the happiest of his life. Father's affairs in India improved, they lived quite richly, and there was a whole crowd of servants in his father's house. All the servants adored little Rudyard. But he loved them, was friends with them, and did not address his servant in any other way than “brother.” Well, as is usual with adults, Rudyard’s mother was sometimes out of sorts and began to scold the servants. However, often it’s down to business. And little Rudyard settled these quarrels by standing up for his friends - laundresses, yard sweepers... And quite successfully.
And how many fairy tales and stories they told him! If you ask what language they did this in, then I will tell you straight away: this language was called Urdu, and Rudyard at that time knew it better than English, in which he later wrote his wonderful books... In general, it was a sunny, happy life, full of love and brotherhood. And then Rudyard turned six years old, and it was all over!.. Because an English boy at that age began to study. And it was considered better to study at home, in England. And Rudyard was sent from his beloved sunny India to his native foggy land, to a boarding house, which was maintained by one of his relatives. It was then that his great misfortunes began. Because my aunt-relative really didn’t like the nephew from India. He was somehow different. A visionary, unhearing, he did everything his own way, and not as it should be. And this strict teacher took the most decisive measures to, as they say, make a decent person out of a blockhead. She was not lazy to lecture him and pester him with comments. She fought against his fantasy, which she, you know, called a lie, with all her considerable strength - and succeeded: the cheerful inventor turned into a pale, silent, sad boy. However, from time to time, he still continued to fantasize. That is, from the teacher’s point of view, “it’s shameless to lie!” One day, as punishment for this, she sent him to school, hanging a cardboard sign on his chest, on which was written in large letters: “LIAR”... And Rudyard, unable to bear this final humiliation, became seriously ill. He went blind and almost went crazy...
On this, thank God, the aunt’s “good upbringing” ended: Rudyard’s mother, who urgently arrived, realized what was happening to her boy and took him from the boarding school. Having recovered, Rudyard studied at a private boys' school, where there was also enough drill, cramming, and insults. But he endured. And then he even wrote in one of his stories: he is grateful to school for preparing him for life and tempering his soul. After all, adult life, I’ll tell you a secret, is also not smeared with honey, and a person must be able to resist misfortunes, try to withstand difficulties and at the same time not become embittered at the whole world, but remain kind and sympathetic. Isn't it? When Rudyard grew up and became a world-famous writer, the children of the English and Russians, Indians and French began to read his wonderful fairy tales, and adults began to read his stories, poems, and stories. What Kipling created for children is unlikely to ever be forgotten.
And, preserving the memory of me, For one short moment, Ask about me Only from my books. R. Kipling "Request"
A translator is a specialist in translations from one language to another.
"The time will come when people will call it the ability to write."
The Journey of a Chief A rock inscription from North America tells how a chief named Mayenguk set out on a journey in 5 canoes. The journey lasted 3 days (3 suns under the curved sky). The eagle is a symbol of courage. Other animals are images of good guardian spirits.
Game "We are primitive artists"
Later, people realized that it was much faster and more convenient to write with icons - each icon represented a word.
Finally, people decided that it was easiest, most accurate and most convenient for the picture to correspond not to the whole word, but to the spoken sounds of speech. Letters appeared.
How can a modern person convey information? oral communication from person to person the alphabet of gestures drawing a written message telephone communication radio communication color signals (colored plates) sound signals light signals (bonfire, signal flare) semaphore alphabet (signalman with flags on a ship) flags of the international code of signals (on ships) musical notation alphabet mathematical Morse code formulas, etc.
"WHERE DID THE BATTLES COME FROM"
When the whale had eaten all the fish, the cunning little fish described to him all the delights of the man's snack and told him where to find him, but warned him that man is a restless creature. The whale swallowed the sailor along with his raft and suspenders. In the stomach of the whale, the sailor began to run, jump and generally behave very actively, so that the whale felt unwell. When he asked his prey to crawl out of his stomach, the sailor promised to think about it if the whale would take him home to the white cliffs of Albion. Before going home, the guy inserted a lattice of raft boards and suspenders into the whale’s throat, so that he could only eat very, very small fish. And the cunning fish swam away and hid in the mud, under the threshold of the equator, because it was afraid that the whale would be angry with it.
How a hump appeared on the camel's back
When the earth was completely new, the animals that helped man came to the camel living in the middle of the vast Howling Desert and tried to attract him to active activity, but he only answered “grib” and gave up on their requests. The animals complained to the genie; when the camel told him his usual “hump,” he rewarded him with a hump so that the beast could work for 3 days without lunch breaks.
How folds appeared on the skin of a rhinoceros
A fire-worshipping Persian baked sweet bread with raisins, but a rhinoceros drove him onto a palm tree and ate all the bread. When the rhinoceros took off all his smooth skin and went for a swim, the man poured stale crumbs and burnt raisins into it. To get rid of the tingling sensation, the rhinoceros began to rub against the palm tree, but only rubbed the folds and completely erased the buttons.
How the leopard became spotted
All animals lived in the High Feldt desert, where they were easily found by hunters: humans and leopards. To protect themselves, the animals went into the forest and acquired camouflage stripes and spots. The wise Babun advised the leopard to acquire spots, and the Ethiopian, too, to make changes to his appearance. In the forest they caught a zebra and a giraffe; they showed the hunters why they can hear and smell animals, but cannot see. The Ethiopian turned black and covered the leopard with 5 fingerprints.
Elephant child
When elephants did not have a trunk, a curious baby elephant asked many questions, for which he was beaten several times. Finally, he wanted to know what the crocodile had for dinner. He turned to the crocodile with this question; he grabbed him by the nose and began to pull him into the water. The python pulled the curious baby out by its hind legs, but the baby elephant's nose remained extended. With it he could get bananas, and also beat off all those who had previously spread their paws.
Old Kangaroo's Request
The kangaroo, who at that time had a fluffy skin and short legs, asked the three gods to make him different from the others, and so that everyone would know about him by 5 pm. He annoyed one of the gods so much that he asked the dingo to chase the kangaroo. As a result, the kangaroo's hind legs extended to make it easier to jump. But he refused to thank the dingo for acquiring the kangaroo.
How did armadillos appear?
The jaguari told her inexperienced son about the hedgehog (it must be thrown into the water in order to turn around) and the turtle (it is better to scratch it out of its shell), but they managed to confuse the fool, who, as a result of the hunt, only painfully pricked his paw. To escape, the turtle began to learn to curl up into a ball, and the hedgehog learned to swim. As a result of training, the turtle's scutes separated, and the hedgehog's needles stuck together. The Jaguar advised her son to leave them alone and called the new animals armadillos.
How the first letter was written
A primitive man named Tegulai Bopsulaya had his spear broken. While he was repairing it, Tefi’s daughter sent a drawing with the stranger to her mother with a request to send a new spear, but she was frightened by the strange drawings and raised the whole village to beat the stranger (and his hair was smeared with clay). This is how the first thought about the need for writing appeared.
How the first alphabet was compiled
Tegumai and Tefi came up with images of letters in a few days: A is like the open mouth of a carp, U is like its tail, o is like a stone or an open mouth, etc. The letters were combined into words.
Sea crab who played with the sea
In the most ancient times, a wizard showed the animals how to play, and they began to play: beaver - beaver, cow - cow, etc. smart person this game was too easy. sea crab I decided to pass and float sideways into the sea. Only Adam's daughter noticed this. The wizard approved the deeds of all animals (for example, he made the pieces of earth that the elephant threw into the Himalayan mountains). But Adam complained about the ebb and flow of the tides; It turned out that it was the Crab who was misbehaving. The wizard made him small and strips him of his armor once a year. The little girl gave the crab her scissors so that he could dig holes and open the nuts.
The man was lazy and did not want to row to the shore. To make the sea work for him twice a day, the wizard gave a command to the old man of the moon and the rat that was gnawing his net (the fisherman dragged the sea past the continents with his net).
The cat who walked by himself
A wise primitive woman tamed animals (a dog with tasty bones, a horse and a cow with fragrant hay). The cat, who walked wherever he wanted, watched all this (from the dog he even received a promise of eternal enmity for not going with her on reconnaissance); the woman promised that if she praised the cat once, he could go into the cave, two times, he could sit near the fire, three times, he could drink milk 3 times a day. The woman did not want this, but the cat, playing with her baby and catching a mouse, achieved praise three times, as evidenced by the skin that covered the entrance, the fire and the jugs of milk. But the man made an agreement with the cat: if he did not always catch mice, then the man would throw one of his five things at him (boots, a stone axe, a log and an ax), and the dog promised to chase him if he was not gentle with a child.
The moth that stomped its foot
Suleiman ibn Daoud had many grumpy wives and one beloved wife, Balkis, as well as a magic ring that summoned genies (however, Suleiman did not want to show off his strength and pacify his spouse with the help of genies). In the garden, he once saw a married couple of moths who were quarreling, and the husband claimed that all he had to do was stamp his foot and the entire palace of Suleiman would disappear. Balkin’s wife, who had taught him, dared him to stomp, and Suleiman, in cahoots with her husband, ordered the genies to carry the castle into the air. Thus, not only the moth’s wife was pacified, but also the scandalous sultanas.