Latest literature- complex and diverse. To a certain extent, it is the modern stage that can be considered as a summing up of the twentieth century, which absorbed the artistic insights of the Silver Age, the experiments of modernism and the avant-garde of the 1910-1920s, the apotheosis of socialist realism in the 1930s, its self-destruction in subsequent decades and marked by the beginning the formation, on the basis of this great and tragic experience, of new artistic trends, characterized by an intense search for such value guidelines and creative methods that would open a way out of the protracted spiritual crisis experienced by Russia throughout the century.
The artistic world of Tatyana Tolstoy seems to be one of the brightest, most original in modern literature. Having already started working in an uncensored space, she was able to freely explore various routes of literary experimentation.
This series of lessons is offered as part of an elective course for 11th graders, but these materials can also be used in literature lessons in the 11th grade when studying the modern literary process of the late 20th - early 21st centuries.
- introduce you to a prominent representative of modern postmodern poetics;
- awaken interest in modern genres of literature;
- help to understand the complexity and debatability of our reality through studying the work of Tatyana Tolstoy;
- broaden horizons, deepen students’ knowledge of literature.
- activate students' creative abilities:
- contribute to the development of the ability to research, analyze, generalize:
- instill the skill of using a computer for educational purposes.
- T.N. Tolstaya is a prominent representative of modern postmodernist poetics (Presentation of the name. The concept of postmodernism).
- Model of the world in a modern dystopia (the novel “Kys”, the main character of which is a book).
- The image of Petersburg (Special facets of the “Petersburg text” in the story “The Okkervil River”).
- Pushkin’s myth in postmodern literature (Pushkin’s duel in the story “Plot”).
- “Women’s Handwriting” by Tatyana Tolstoy (“Family Thought” in the story “ Blank sheet”).
- The collision of dreams and reality (Dreams and dreams in the story “Date with a Bird”).
- Humanism and moral choice(The story “Sonya” as a heritage of classical Russian literature).
The fate of a “classic” - a contemporary (Presentation of the name. The concept of postmodernism) (Slide 3).
Tatyana Nikitichna Tolstaya, a famous prose writer and publicist, was born on May 3, 1951 in Leningrad. She was the sixth child in the family of academician-philologist Nikita Tolstoy, the son of writer A.N. Tolstoy and poetess N.V. Krandievskaya. On the maternal side, she also has “literary” roots: she is the granddaughter of the famous poet-translator Mikhail Lozinsky.
In 1974 she graduated from the department of classical philology of the Faculty of Philology of Leningrad State University. But I never worked by profession, because there was nowhere. She moved to Moscow, got married, and was hired at the “Chief Editorial Office of Oriental Literature” at the Nauka publishing house. Tatyana Nikitichna worked there for 8 years as a proofreader.
In 1983, Tolstoy the prose writer made her debut: the story “They Were Sitting on the Golden Porch” was published in the Aurora magazine, and Tolstoy the critic: her polemical article “With Glue and Scissors” appeared in “Questions of Literature.” The decade of the first – and still the best – stories by T. Tolstoy has begun. Her prose has been translated into many foreign languages, the most prestigious of them are English, German, French, Swedish.
In 1998, Tatyana Tolstaya was admitted to the Union of Writers of the USSR, and the next year she became a member of the Russian PEN Center. During these years, Tatyana Nikitichna “discovered for herself that there is such a convenient thing as journalism.” Journalistic essays appeared, which a few years later added to numerous collections of her prose. In 1991, T. Tolstaya led the column “Own Bell Tower” in the weekly Moscow News.
The talent of the Soviet prose writer, who had already “risen high” on the social ladder, was appreciated abroad. From 1990 to 2000, Tatyana Tolstaya lived primarily in the United States, teaching Russian literature at various universities. According to Tolstoy, she “teaches how not to write fiction, because it is impossible to teach writing.”
In 2001, his triumphant return to his homeland was marked by the prize of the fourteenth Moscow International Book Fair in the category “Prose 2001” and “Triumph” for his first novel “Kys”. Before this book, T. Tolstoy was known only as the author of four collections of stories: “They sat on the golden porch,” “If you love, you don’t,” “Sisters,” “The Okkervil River.” After “Kysi”, collections of reprinted stories and magazine and newspaper essays began to appear, occasionally “diluted” with new creations. These are “Raisin”, “Night”, “Day”, “Two”, “Circle”, “Don’t give a damn”, “White walls”.
Now T.N. Tolstaya is a member of many and varied Russian literary juries, cultural foundations, is a member of the editorial board of the American magazine “Counterpoint”, leads, together with film scriptwriter Avdotya Smirnova, the “School of Scandal” on the NTV channel, participates in many literary and semi-literary events, modestly saying: “Yes I don’t have much time anywhere. It’s just an effect of presence.”
Tatyana Nikitichna Tolstaya firmly and confidently takes her place on the Russian literary Olympus, being the brightest representative of modern postmodernist poetics (Slide 4).
The connection between T. Tolstoy’s prose and the Russian classical tradition is obvious, but there is also a connection with the modernist tradition of the 1910-1920s.
The most important artistic techniques of postmodernism: grotesque, irony, oxymoron.
The most important sign is intertextuality, quotation.
The most important task is the interpretation of the heritage of the classics.
Suggestions to the reader: identify plot moves, motives, images, hidden and obvious reminiscences.
Novel “Kys” (Slide 5).
The 21st century began with controversy about T. Tolstaya’s novel “Kys”, called one of the most striking literary events of recent years. T. Tolstaya has been working on the novel since 1986; the idea was born, according to the author, under the impression of the Chernobyl disaster. The action of the novel takes place after a certain Explosion in the town of Fedor-Kuzmichsk, which was formerly called Moscow. This town, surrounded by forests and swamps, is inhabited by people who survived the Explosion. The mouse becomes the national currency and the main food product, and a certain Kys, who hunts a person in the forest, becomes the object of intimidation and intimidation. Bizarre, full of irony and sophisticated language play, the metaphorical world of T. Tolstoy is difficult to retell - this is noted by almost all critics.
We can say that what is unfolding before us is a kind of encyclopedia of Russian life, in which the features of the past are easily guessed and a terrible picture of the future appears. Thus, the genre originality of the novel is realized in both social and philosophical aspects. On the one hand, Tolstoy’s novel presents a model of the world associated in the reader’s mind with a totalitarian state, and on the other hand, this dystopia paints a picture of a world that has “mutated” morally and spiritually, and then the Explosion is understood as a catastrophe that occurred in the minds of people, in in their souls, after the Explosion, the points of reference changed, the moral foundations on which reality was based for many centuries were lopsided.
T. Tolstoy’s novel “Kys” – dystopia, the main character of which is the Book. It is no coincidence that the author’s appeal to the topic of the book occurs precisely at the beginning of the new century. Recently, the question has increasingly arisen about what role the book will play in the life of a modern person. The book is being replaced by a computer, TV, video, and along with it a certain very important component of spirituality is leaving, and this absence cannot be compensated for by anything. The relationship to the book is one of the central motives of the genre dystopia – is refracted in an unusual way in the novel.
The author focuses on the process of awakening and developing the personality of the main character Benedict. It is interesting to note that in the image of Benedict one can initially see intertextual motif- This is a traditional image of Ivan the Fool in the style of Russian folklore.
The plot is based on the fact that Benedict is imbued with a pathological thirst for reading. Spiritual thirst requires a constant supply of book fuel. Reading becomes a process. The book ceases to be a source of knowledge, a means for the spiritual improvement of a person.
The image of Pushkin is of great importance for the concept of the novel. intertextual by it's nature. In the novel “Kys” Pushkin becomes synonymous with culture in general, synonymous with memory and historical continuity.
Students are offered questions and assignments on the content of the novel “Kys” and a topic for an essay.
Story “Okkervil River” (Slide 6)
Special facets of the “St. Petersburg text” are revealed in the story “The Okkervil River”. From the very first lines, the unusualness of St. Petersburg is determined, the dependence of the perception of the author and reader on literary associations: “The wet, flowing, wind-beating city behind the defenseless, uncurtained, bachelor window, behind the processed cheeses hidden in the cold between the windows, seemed then to be Peter’s evil intent, the revenge of the huge, bug-eyed, gaping-mouthed, toothed king-carpenter, catching up with everything in the night nightmares, with a ship’s hatchet in his raised hand, of his weak, frightened subjects.” The dark fantasy city forces its inhabitants to exist according to the laws of fictional, theatrical life.
The main character of the story is the middle-aged, lonely Simeonov, for whom it becomes bliss on a cold, damp St. Petersburg evening to lock himself in his room and remove from a torn bag an old record with the enchanting voice of Vera Vasilievna. Simeonov is somewhat reminiscent of Akaki Akakievich from Gogol’s “The Overcoat”; he has the same difficult-to-define appearance, incomprehensible age, and he also cherishes his dream. For Simeonov, an old record is not a thing, but the magical Vera Vasilievna herself. St. Petersburg trams passed by Simeonov's window, the final stop of which attracted Simeonov with its mythological sound: “Okkervil River.” This river, unknown to the hero, becomes a convenient scene into which he can fit the scenery he needs. So Simeonov “builds” Vera Vasilievna, so reminiscent of the young Akhmatova in her appearance, into the scenery of St. Petersburg of the Silver Age.
Tatyana Tolstaya leads her hero to the tragic destruction of a myth, and the meeting with the myth turned out to be just as offensively mundane.
Emphasizing the deep intertextuality story, critic A. Zholkovsky notes: “ Simeonov shows the typical image of a “little man” of Russian literature, deliberately made from Pushkin’s Eugene, whom the river separates from Parasha; Gogol's Piskarev, whose fantasies are shattered by the brothel prose of the life of the beauty he likes; and the helpless dreamer from Dostoevsky’s White Nights.”
Students are offered questions and assignments on the content of the story and a problematic question for an argumentative essay.
Story “Plot” (Slide 7)
The text of the story combines the heroes of the two most important Russian myths of the 20th century - the hero of the cultural myth - Pushkin and the hero of the ideological myth - Lenin. The writer plays with these myths, a kaleidoscope of cultural fragments provokes reader associations.
T. Tolstaya, modeling the plot, asks herself and her reader-co-author a question that has arisen more than once in Pushkin studies: what would Pushkin’s fate have been like if not for the fatal shot?
The plot takes an incredible zigzag: in a Volga town some nasty boy threw a snowball at the aging Pushkin, and the angry poet hits the little scoundrel on the head with his stick. In the city they then gossiped for a long time that “the Ulyanovs’ son was beaten on the head with a stick by a visiting blackamoor.” Further in the “Plot” the biography of Lenin is modeled.
The principle of metamorphosis as a way of dialogue with chaos is clearly manifested in the poetics of T. Tolstoy, in which “various optics of world perception transform and flow into each other, keeping in themselves the “memory” of distant cultural and artistic texts.”
Students are offered questions and assignments on the content of the story.
Story “Clean Slate” (Slide 8)
The world of men and women are different worlds. Intersecting in places, but not completely. It is completely natural that gradually “family thought” ceased to be the main thing for literature. A person in a world where “madness becomes the norm” (S. Dovlatov) is doomed to loneliness. An interesting solution to this problem is proposed by T. Tolstaya in the story “Blank Slate”. The main character, Ignatiev, is sick with melancholy. He goes to the doctor. The operation to regenerate the personality is successful. The ending of Tolstoy’s story is reminiscent of the ending of Zamyatin’s dystopia “We,” where the ideal of the family is replaced by the ideal of the Incubator. At the end of Ignatiev’s story, there is a blank sheet that will have to be destroyed, and the reader can already guess what will be written on this sheet.
Students are asked to write an essay after reading and discussing the story “The Blank Slate.”
Story “Date with a Bird” (Slide 9)
In the story “Date with a Bird” it sounds one of Tolstoy's key those – the collision of dreams and reality. Throughout the narrative, a bizarre fusion of author and hero is felt.
Before us everyday life ordinary people, without loud feats, without stunning dramas, the lives of ordinary heroes of history, the smallest grains of sand, in each of which is hidden a universe of thoughts and feelings. The boy Petya perceives the world around him directly and openly, as is typical of all children, but the deceitful life of adults and the insincerity of his family members become a revelation to him. It is not surprising that meeting a mysterious lady named Tamila plunges him into a fantasy world. With Tamila, not only the enchanting fairy world, but also the real world, which carries, along with the joy of first discoveries, the bitterness of loss and the inevitability of death. Through poetic allegories Tamila gradually instills fear of life in the boy, offering a crystal dream castle as an alternative. Is it good or bad? The critic A. Genis drew attention to this feature of Tolstoy’s stories. Students are asked to think about critic’s statement: “T. Tolstaya seeks to protect herself from the world, build a beautiful metaphorical world on the margins of the hero’s biography.”
Story “Sonya” (Slide 10)
Women's prose speaks in simple language about traditional values, about the highest categories of existence: family, children, love. Exactly the theme of love is central in the story “Sonya”. The time of action is pre-war, the heroes are young, happy, in love and full of hope. The appearance of a new face - Sonya - brings a pleasant variety to life and promises a new adventure. Sonya seemed to her friends to be a boring, naive, limited person; she “was romantic and sublime in her own way.” Sonya was happy with her “usefulness” and even the beautiful Ada later envied her. In the story, true romantic values are “tested for strength,” the main one of which is love. Sonya turned out to be the happiest because she believed in love. Sonya's daydreaming and romanticism allow her to be laughed at, her insecurity makes it possible to deceive, and her unselfishness allows her to be used selfishly.
Students are asked to answer questions and write an essay.
Information sources
- Tolstaya T.N. Kys. – M., Eksmo, 2000.
- Tolstaya T.N. Okkervil River. Stories. – M., Podkova (Eksmo-Press), 2002.
- Tolstaya T.N. Raisin. Collection of stories. – M., 2002.
- Tolstaya T.N. White walls. – M., Eksmo, 2004.
- Weil P., Genis A. Town in a snuffbox: Prose of Tatyana Tolstoy // Zvezda.-1990.- No. 8.
- Folimonov S.S. Stories by T.N. Tolstoy in class extracurricular reading// Literature at school. – 2006. – No. 2.
- Gaisina A.K. Time in a work of art // Literature at school. - 2008. – No. 11.
- Kholodyakov I.V. “Another prose”: gains and losses // Literature at school. – 2003. – No. 1.
- Modern Russian literature: Textbook for high school students and those entering universities // Ed. prof. B.A. Lanina.-M., Ventana-Graf, 2006.
(Tambov)
The Dream of the Soul in Tatyana Tolstoy’s story “Clean Slate”
The plot of Tatyana Tolstoy’s story “A Blank Slate” is typical of the “era of the nineties”: Ignatiev, exhausted by everyday troubles, worries and longing for the impossible, decides to undergo an operation to remove the suffering soul, wanting to become strong of the world this. The result is predictable: he turns into one of those impersonal, soulless people about whom Yevgeny Zamyatin wrote in the science fiction novel “We.”
By losing the ability to compassion, the hero loses the main component of human happiness - the ability to make others happy, his neighbors and those far away.
Soulless people really walk the earth. Literally. It has become fashionable to write about zombies now. New details on this topic are appearing in newspapers and magazines. But also formerly Sergey Yesenin noted:
“I’m scared - because the soul is passing,
Like youth and like love."
The soul passes. You don’t even need to “extract” it.
People often become colder and callous over the years.
Tatyana Tolstaya in her work asks the most important questions:
What happens to the soul?
In what depths, in what abysses does she hide?
Where does it go or how is it transformed, what does this eternal longing for truth, goodness, beauty turn into?
Tatyana Tolstaya knows that there are no clear answers to these questions. To stage them, she uses (following Zamyatin) the techniques of fiction.
Having presented her hero, who easily parted with his soul, in a new capacity with a blank sheet of paper in his hands, the writer just as easily parted with him, without giving an answer as to how one can overcome such a terrifying “cleansing of souls” that become indifferent. The hero became a blank slate. One could write on it:
“And with all my soul, which I don’t feel sorry for
Drown everything in the mysterious and sweet,
Light sadness takes over,
How Moonlight takes over the world."
Ignatiev’s soul was overcome by melancholy. Longing, doubt, pity, compassion - this is the way of existence of the soul in a person, because it is a “dweller of other places.” Ignatiev became faint-hearted and could not stand her presence in himself. By deciding to have the operation, he signed his own death warrant - he lost his immortal soul, he lost everything (but he thought that he had gained everything!).
Though weak, but alive, doubtful, but full of reverent fatherly love and tenderness (“he jumped with a push and rushed through the door to the barred crib”), restless, but pitying his wife and bowing before her (“The wife is a saint”), Ignatiev was interesting auto RU.
Having ceased to suffer, he ceased to occupy the writer. Everyone knows what a soulless person he is.
On his blank sheet of paper he will write a complaint - the first thing he was going to do after the operation. And Tosca will never come to him again, sit on the edge of his bed, or take his hand. Ignatiev will not feel how from the depths, from the abyss, “the Living One comes out of the dugouts somewhere.” From now on, his destiny is loneliness and emptiness. Everyone leaves him - both the author and the reader, since he is now a dead man, “an empty, hollow body.”
What did Tatyana Tolstaya want to tell us? Why is she talking about what is already known? This is how we see it.
The Russian language has established phrases: “to destroy your soul”, “to save your soul”, that is, man, being an earthly and mortal being, has the power to save or destroy his immortal unearthly soul.
There are five men (one of them a boy) and five women in the story. Everyone is unhappy, especially women. The first is Ignatiev’s wife. The second is Anastasia, his beloved. The third is his friend's divorced wife. The fourth one left the office of the big boss in tears, who was the first to get rid of the soul. The fifth listens into the telephone receiver to the entreaties of a dark-skinned man whose “entire living space is covered in carpets.”
“Woman”, “wife” is the soul. But Tatyana Tolstaya never says this word. Creates a taboo. (Doesn't want to say it in vain?)
How does the story begin? - “The wife is sleeping.”
Ignatiev's soul sleeps. She is sick and weak. It seems that Tatyana Tolstaya is talking about her, describing Ignatiev’s wife and child: “exhausted,” “weak sprout,” “little cinder.” Could Ignatiev become strong and lead his family out of pain and sorrow? It’s unlikely, because it is said: “Whoever doesn’t have it, it will be taken away from him.”
Having removed the soul, Ignatiev immediately decides to get rid of what reminds him of it - its visible embodiment - his loved ones.
Look at the people closest to you. This is the visible embodiment of your invisible soul. How are they next to you? This is the case with you and your soul.
He affirms this idea in his small masterpiece - the story “Blank Slate”.
Notes
1. Thick sheet. With
2. Yesenin with Mariengof (“There is unbridled happiness in friendship...” // Yesenin’s collected works: In 7 volumes. – M.: Nauka, 1996. Vol. 4. Poems not included in the “Collected Poems” - 1996. – C . 184-185.
3. Night at home // Collected works in three volumes: T.1. – M.: Terra, 2000. – P. 78.
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I write, I create, I live - part 3
or biography and creativity of great Russian people All parts: Culture in Russia |
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Key words: evidence, author, motive, parody, technique, postmodern discourse. The title of T. Tolstoy’s story “A Blank Slate” is significant in many ways and evokes certain associations among the modern reader. In particular, it may be associated with a well-known Latin expression tabula rasa, both in its literal meaning - a blank slate where you can write anything you want, and in its figurative meaning - space, emptiness. Indeed, at the end of the story, the hero, who voluntarily changed his inner essence, asks for a “blank slate” in order to “provide a boarding school” for his own son, whom he calls a “bastard.” The reader understands that the “blank slate” in the context of the final episode is an important detail, a symbol of the beginning of a new life for the hero whose soul has disappeared, and in its place an emptiness has formed. On the other hand, the catchphrase tabula rasa is associated with labors famous philosophers. Thus, Locke believed that only practice shapes a person, and his mind at birth is a tabula rasa. I. Kant and the American transcendentalists who were guided by him rejected Locke’s indicated thesis. From the point of view of R. Emerson and other transcendentalists, a person from birth has an understanding of truth and error, good and evil, and these ideas are transcendental, given to a person a priori, coming to him in addition to experience. Tatyana Tolstaya does not make direct allusions to these philosophical debates, but in her work the motif of the soul plays an important role, which in the subtext of the story is perceived in the traditions classical literature- as a battlefield between good and evil, between God and the devil. The story “Clean Slate” is divided into seven small fragments that are closely related to each other. Each fragment is based on episodes of the hero’s internal and external life. However, structurally, two parts can be distinguished in the text of the work - before the hero’s meeting with the mysterious doctor who “did not have eyes,” and after the meeting with him. The basis of this division is the opposition “living” - “dead”. In the first part of the story, the idea is emphasized that the “Living” tormented the hero: “And the Living cried subtly in his chest until the morning.” “Living” in the context of the work is a symbol of the soul. The word “soul” is never mentioned in the story, but the leitmotif of its first part is the motif of melancholy, and melancholy, as V.I. Dal points out, is “languor of the soul, painful sadness, mental anxiety.” strange world , in which the hero lives, melancholy follows him everywhere. One can even say that the author creates a personified image of the melancholy that “came” to the hero constantly, with which he was “amazed”: “Hand in hand, Ignatiev was silent with melancholy,” “Melancholy moved closer to him, waved her ghostly sleeve...” , “Toska waited, lay in a wide bed, moved closer, gave space to Ignatiev, hugged him, laid his head on his chest...”, etc. .Toska waves her sleeve like a woman, and these mysterious “waves” contribute to the appearance of strange visions in the hero’s mind. The author of the story gives a collage consisting of the thoughts and visions of the hero: “...locked in his chest, gardens, seas, cities were tossing and turning, their owner was Ignatiev, with him they were born, with him they were doomed to dissolve into oblivion.” The phrase “they were born with him” that we underlined recalls the statement of Kant and other philosophers that man from birth is not a tabula rasa. The author “includes” the reader in the hero’s stream of consciousness, which makes it possible to significantly expand the context of the work. It is noteworthy that almost all the pictures that are drawn in the mind of the strange hero are of an apocalyptic nature. “Residents, paint the sky in twilight color, sit on the stone thresholds of abandoned houses, drop your hands, lower your heads...”. Mention of lepers, deserted alleys, abandoned hearths, cooled ashes, grassy market squares, gloomy landscapes - all this enhances the state of anxiety and melancholy in which the hero finds himself. As if playing with the reader, the author draws a low red moon in the inky sky, and against this background - a howling wolf... In the subtext of this fragment, the well-known phraseological unit “howl from melancholy” is “read”, and the author’s hint is guessed: “howls” from melancholy the hero of the story. The hero's melancholy is motivated in the story by life circumstances - the illness of a child for whom his wife quit her job, as well as internal duality associated with the fact that, in addition to his wife, he also has Anastasia. Ignatiev feels sorry for the sick Valerik, feels sorry for his wife, himself and Anastasia. Thus, the motive of melancholy at the beginning of the story is closely connected with the motive of pity, which intensifies in the further narrative, in particular in the first part, and in the second part disappears because the soul of the hero disappears, and with it the melancholy. A feature of the chronotope of the story is the connection of different time layers - past and present. In the present, Ignatiev has “little white Valerik - a frail, sickly sprout, pitiful to the point of spasm - rash, glands, dark circles under the eyes,” in the present there is a faithful wife, and next to her in his soul is “unsteady, evasive Anastasia.” The author immerses the reader in the inner world of the hero, which amazes with its gloominess. His “visions” replace each other like footage from a chronicle. They are united by common moods, are fragmentary and arise in the hero’s mind the way miracles appear in fairy tales - with the wave of a magic wand. However, in Tolstoy’s story there are other “waves” - not of the good sorceress, but of melancholy. In the second “vision” there is a string of ships, old sailing ships that “leave out of the harbor to God knows where” because the ropes have become untied. Human life is often compared in literature to a ship setting sail. It is no coincidence that this “vision” appears in the hero’s mind; it is no coincidence that he sees sick children sleeping in the cabins. The stream of his thoughts reflected Ignatiev’s anxiety for his small, sick son. The third picture is imbued with oriental and at the same time mystical motifs. Rocky desert, a camel stepping steadily... There is a lot of mystery here. For example, why does frost glisten on a cold rocky plain? Who is he, the mysterious horseman, whose mouth “yawns with a bottomless pit”, “and deep sorrowful furrows have been drawn on his cheeks by flowing tears for thousands of years”? The motives of the apocalypse are palpable in this fragment, and the mysterious horseman is perceived as a symbol of death. As the author of a work created in the style of postmodernism, Tatyana Tolstaya does not strive to create clear certain paintings, images. Her descriptions are impressionistic, aimed at creating a certain impression. In the last, fourth “vision” that appeared in the hero’s mind, there are reminiscences and allusions from Gogol’s story “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”. There is the same fragmented perception here as in previous episodes. Anastasia, as a symbol of the devil’s temptation, and “will-o’-the-wisps over the swamp bog” stand nearby and are mentioned in the same sentence. “Hot flower”, “red flower”, which “floats”, “blinks”, “flashes”, is associated with the fern flower in Gogol’s story, which promises the hero the fulfillment of his desires. Intertextual connections of the fragment in question and Gogol's work are obvious, they are emphasized by the author with the help of clear reminiscences and allusions. Gogol has “marsh swamps”; T. Tolstoy - “swamp bog”, “springy brown hummocks”, fog (“white clouds”), moss. In Gogol, “hundreds of shaggy hands reach out to a flower,” and “ugly monsters” are mentioned. T. Tolstoy has “shaggy heads standing in moss.” The fragment under consideration also combines with Gogol’s text the motive of selling the soul (in Gogol - to the devil, in T. Tolstoy - to Satan). In general, Ignatiev’s “vision” or dream performs the function of artistic anticipation in the text of the story. After all, the hero of Gogol's story Petrus Bezrodny must sacrifice the blood of a baby - the innocent Ivas. This is the demand of evil spirits. Ignatiev in Tolstoy’s story “A Blank Slate” will also make a sacrifice - he will give up the most precious thing he had, including his own son. So, in the first part of the story his exposition is given. The leading motive of this part is the motive of melancholy that haunts Ignatiev, who is, in fact, a marginal hero. He is lonely, tired of life. His financial problems are not emphasized in the story. However, some details eloquently indicate that they were, for example, the mention that “his wife sleeps under a torn blanket,” that the hero wears a “tea-colored” shirt that his dad wore, “he got married in it, and met Valerik from the maternity hospital”, went on dates with Anastasia... The motives stated at the beginning of the work are developed in the further narrative. Ignatiev continues to be haunted by melancholy (“her flat, stupid head popped up here and there”), he still feels sorry for his wife, telling his friend that “she is a saint,” and still thinks about Anastasia. The mention of the famous fairy tale “Turnip” is not accidental in the story, and it is no coincidence that in the hero’s monologue it is adjacent to the name of his mistress: “And it’s all a lie, if the turnip is stuck, you can’t get it out. I know. Anastasia... You call and call - she’s not at home.” The situation in which Ignatiev finds himself is clearly and definitely outlined. He is faced with a dilemma: either a faithful but exhausted wife, or a beautiful but evasive Anastasia. It is difficult for the hero to make a choice; he does not want and, obviously, cannot refuse either his wife or his mistress. The reader can only guess that he is weak, that he has a job, but has no interest in it, no favorite activity, since it is not talked about. And therefore his melancholy is not accidental. Ignatiev realizes that he is a failure. One can blame the author for the fact that the character of the main character is not clearly outlined. However, it seems that T. Tolstaya did not strive for such clarity. She creates a conventional text, draws a conventional world in which everything obeys the laws of aesthetic play. The hero of the story plays with life. He makes plans, mentally works out possible options future happy life: “I’ll forget Anastasia, I’ll earn a lot of money, I’ll take Valera to the south... I’ll renovate the apartment...” . However, he understands that when all this is achieved, the melancholy will not go away from him, that the “living” will continue to torment him. In the image of Ignatiev, T. Tolstaya creates a parody of a romantic hero - lonely, suffering, misunderstood, focused on his inner worldview. However, the hero of the story lives in a different era than the heroes romantic works. It was Lermontov’s Pechorin who could come to the sad conclusion that his “soul is spoiled by light,” which apparently had a high destiny for him, but he did not guess this destiny. In the context of the romantic era, such a hero was perceived as a tragic figure. Unlike the romantic sufferers, the heroes of T. Tolstoy’s story, in particular Ignatiev and his friend, do not mention the soul. This word is not in their vocabulary. The motive of suffering is given in a reduced, parodic way. The hero does not even think about a high destiny. Reflecting on his character, you involuntarily recall the question of Pushkin’s Tatiana: “Isn’t he a parody?” The reader understands that Ignatiev’s melancholy and suffering are due to the fact that he does not see a way out of the situation that he himself created. From the point of view of Ignatiev’s friend, he is just a “woman”: “Just think, a world sufferer!”; “You revel in your imaginary torments.” It is noteworthy that the phrase “world sufferer” sounds in an ironic context. And although the hero’s nameless friend is a bearer of ordinary average consciousness, his statements confirm the assumption that Ignatiev’s image is a parody of romantic hero. He cannot change the current situation (he lacks either the will or determination to do this), and therefore it turns out to be easier for him to change himself. But Ignatiev does not choose the path of moral self-improvement, which was close, for example, to many Tolstoy’s heroes. No, it’s easier for him to get rid of the “living”, that is, the soul. “I’ll have an operation..., I’ll buy a car...” The author makes it possible to understand that material wealth will not save a person from suffering. In the third part of the story, it is no coincidence that Ignatiev witnesses how a dark, short “little man” called “his Anastasia,” whose name was Raisa, as he promised her a heavenly life, from his point of view. “You will live like cheese in butter,” “Yes, my entire living space is covered in carpets!!!” - he said, and then left the phone booth with tear-stained eyes and an angry face. But this incident did not stop the hero. He made a decision, although not immediately. A meeting with a classmate of his friend, who had “cut out” or “torn out” “her” (the reader had long ago guessed that we were talking about the soul) as something unnecessary, dead, served as an impetus for acceptance solutions. The hero was not alarmed by the fact that “a tear-stained woman came out of N.’s office,” because his and his friend’s attention was focused on something else - on gold fountain pens and expensive cognac, on the luxury that they saw there. The motive of wealth is strengthened in this part of the work. The author makes it clear that this motive in the minds of an ordinary, average person is closely connected with the image of a successful man. In a distorted world, heroes like N. are associated with real men. T. Tolstaya in in this case represents another example of parodic worldview. But the ideal of a real man, familiar to those around Ignatiev, is instilled in him both by his friend and by Anastasia, who drinks “red wine” with others and on whom the “red dress” glows with a “love flower.” The symbolism of color and the mention of a “love flower” are not accidental here. All these details echo the motives of temptation, with the episode from Gogol’s story “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” discussed above. “Love flower” is associated with “love potion,” which is a symbol of magical influence on a person’s feelings and actions. Anastasia became the “love flower” for Ignatiev, who says “demonic words” and smiles “a demonic smile.” She tempts like a demon. The ideals of the crowd become ideals for Ignatiev. And in order to fulfill his dream - to get rid of contradictions, “to tame the elusive Anastasia,” to save Valerik, Ignatiev needs to “become rich, with fountain pens.” In this clarification - “with fountain pens” - the author’s irony shines through. Ignatiev’s internal monologue also evokes an ironic smile: “Who is this coming, slender as a cedar, strong as steel, with springy steps that know no shameful doubts? This is Ignatiev coming. His path is straight, his earnings are high, his gaze is confident, women look after him.” In the flow of the hero’s thoughts, his wife is constantly associated with something dead. So, Ignatiev wanted to “caress the parchment strands of hair, but his hand met only the cold of the sarcophagus.” As a symbol of cold and death, the story several times mentions “rocky frost, the clanking of a lonely camel’s harness, a lake frozen to the bottom,” “a stiff rider.” The same function is served by the mention that “Osiris is silent.” Note that in Egyptian mythology, Osiris, the god of the productive forces of nature, dies every year and is reborn to a new life. Oriental motifs are also present in the hero’s dreams of how he - “wise, whole, perfect - will ride on a white ceremonial elephant, in a carpet arbor with flower fans.” Yes, when depicting the hero’s inner world, the author does not spare irony. After all, he desires a miracle, an instant transformation that would bring him recognition, fame, and wealth without any effort. A “miracle” happens, the hero changes, but only becomes different from what he imagined himself to be in his dreams. However, he no longer notices or understands this. The instant removal of the “Living” - his soul - made him what he should have become, taking into account his desires and thoughts. The author of the story freely plays with images of world culture, inviting the reader to solve them. The work is based on the widespread motif in world literature of selling the soul to the Devil, Satan, Antichrist, evil spirits, as well as the associated motif of metamorphosis. It is known that, like Christ performing a miracle, the Antichrist imitates the miracles of Christ. Thus, Satan, under the guise of an Assyrian, the “Doctor of Doctors,” imitates the actions of a doctor. After all, a real doctor treats both body and soul. The Assyrian “extracts,” that is, removes the soul. Ignatiev is struck by the fact that “he didn’t have eyes, but he had a look”, “an abyss looked out of his eye sockets”, and since there were no eyes - “the mirror of the soul”, then there was no soul. The hero is amazed by the blue beard of the Assyrian and his cap in the form of a ziggurat. “What kind of Ivanov is he...” - Ignatiev was horrified.” But it was already too late. His “belated doubts” disappeared, and with them, “his devoted friend - melancholy.” The hero finds himself in the kingdom of the Antichrist - the kingdom of moral evil. Here “people will be selfish, lovers of money, proud, arrogant, slanderous, disobedient to parents, ungrateful, unholy, unmerciful, untrue to their word..., insolent, pompous, loving pleasure more than God.” According to medieval expression, the Antichrist is the monkey of Christ, his false double. The doctor in Tolstoy's story "Clean Slate" is a fake double of the doctor. He puts on gloves not for the sake of sterility, but “so as not to get his hands dirty.” He is rude to his patient when he sarcastically remarks about his soul: “Do you think it’s big?” The author of the story uses the well-known mythological story, significantly modernizing it. T. Tolstoy’s story “The Blank Slate” is a vivid example of postmodernist discourse with many of its inherent features. After all, in the hero’s inner world there is something terrible and unusual; the hero feels internal disharmony. T. Tolstaya emphasizes the conventionality of the depicted world, playing with the reader. The motives of the aesthetic game play a structure-forming role in its story. The game with the reader has different forms of manifestation in the work, which is reflected in the depiction of events on the verge of the real and the surreal. The author “plays” with spatial and temporal images, giving the opportunity to freely move from one time to another, to update information of various kinds, which opens up wide scope for the reader’s imagination. The game is reflected in the use of intertext, mythologies, irony, and connection different styles. Thus, the colloquial, reduced, vulgar vocabulary of the degraded hero at the end of the work is a complete contrast to the vocabulary that is found in his stream of consciousness at the beginning of the story. The hero plays with life, and the author’s aesthetic play with the reader allows him not only to recreate well-known plot motifs and images, but also turns the hero’s tragedy into a farce. The title of the story “Blank Slate” actualizes the old philosophical debate about what the mind and soul of a person are from birth: tabula rasa or not tabula rasa? Yes, a lot of things are inherent in a person from birth, but his soul continues to remain a battlefield between God and the Devil, Christ and Antichrist. In the case of Ignatiev, the Antichrist won in T. Tolstoy’s story. LITERATURE Gogol N.V. Collected works: in 7 volumes / N.V. Gogol. - Evenings on a farm near Dikanka / comment. A. Chicherina, N. Stepanova. - M.: Artist. lit., 1984. - T. 1. - 319 pp. Dal V.I. Dictionary Russian language. Modern version. / V. I. Dal. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2000. - 736 pp. Myths of the peoples of the world: encyclopedia: in 2 volumes. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1991. - T. 1. - 671 pp. Tolstaya T. Blank slate / T. Tolstaya // Love it or not: stories / T. Tolstaya. - M.: Onyx: OLMA-PRESS, 1997. - pp. 154 -175. VALENTINA MATSAPURA FEATURES OF THE POETICS OF TATYANA TOLSTOY'S STORY "A BLANK SHEET" The article analyzes the features of the poetics of T. Tolstoy's story "A Blank Slate". In particular, the author focuses on the poetics of the title of the work, the features of its artistic structure, the role of symbolism, intertexual motifs, and the principles of aesthetic play. The story is considered as an example of postmodern discourse. Key words: story, author, motive, parody, play technique, postmodern discourse. VALENTYNA MATSAPURAPOETICS PECULIARITIES OF T. TOLSTAYA "S STORY "BLANK PAPER" Poetics Peculiarities of T. Tolstaya "s Story "Blank Paper" » are under consideration in the article. In particular, the author focuses her attention on the poetics of the story"s title, peculiarities of its artistic structure, the role of the symbolic and intertextual motives, the principles of aesthetic game. The story “Blank Paper" is viewed as a sample of postmodern discourse.Key words: narrative, author, motive, caricature, game technique, postmodern discourse.
VALENTINA face
(Poltava)
The title of T. Tolstoy’s story “A Blank Slate” is significant in many ways and evokes certain associations in the modern reader. In particular, it can be associated with the well-known Latin expression tabula rasa, both in its literal meaning - a blank slate where you can write anything you want, and in its figurative meaning - space, emptiness. Indeed, at the end of the story, the hero, who voluntarily changed his inner essence, asks for a “CLEAN letter” in order to “provide a boarding school” for his own son, whom he calls a “miscarriage.” The reader understands that the “blank slate” in the context of the final episode is an important detail, a symbol of the beginning of a new life for the hero whose soul has disappeared, and in its place an emptiness has formed.
On the other side, Popular expression tabula rasa is associated with the works of famous philosophers. Thus, Locke believed that only practice shapes a person, and his mind at birth is a tabula rasa. I. Kant and the American transcendentalists who were guided by him rejected Locke’s indicated thesis. From the point of view of R. Emerson, worthy of the transcendentalists, a person from birth has an understanding of truth and error, good and evil, and these Transcendental ideas are given to a person a priori and come to him in addition to experience. Tatyana Tolstaya makes no direct allusions to these philosophical debates, but in her work the motif of the soul plays an important role, which in the subtext of the story is perceived in the traditions of classical literature
as a battlefield between good and evil, between God and the devil.
The story “A Blank Slate” is divided into seven small fragments, which are closely related to each other. Each fragment is based on episodes of the hero’s internal and external life. However, structurally in the text of the work, two parts can be distinguished - before the hero’s meeting with the mysterious doctor who “did not have eyes,” and after the meeting with him. The basis of this division is the opposition “living” - “dead”. In the first part of the story, the idea is emphasized that the “Living” tormented the hero: “And the Living cried subtly into his chest until the morning.” “Living” in the context of the work is a symbol of the soul. The word “soul” is never mentioned in the story, but the leitmotif of its first part is the motif of melancholy, and melancholy, as V.I. Dal points out, is “languor of the soul, painful sadness, mental anxiety.”
In the strange world in which the hero lives, melancholy follows him everywhere. One can even say that the author creates a Personified image of melancholy, which “came” to the hero constantly, with which he was “amazed”: “Hand to hand, Ignatiev was silent with melancholy,” “Melancholy moved closer to him, waved her ghostly sleeves...” “Toska waited, lay in a wide bed, moved closer, gave space to Ignatiev, hugged him, put his head on his chest...”, etc. .
Tosca waves her sleeve like a woman, and these mysterious “waves” contribute to the appearance of strange visions in the hero’s mind. The author of the story gives a collage consisting of the thoughts and visions of the hero: “... locked in his chest, gardens, seas, cities were tossing and turning, their owner was Ignatiev, with him they were playing, with him they were doomed to dissolve into Nothingness.” The phrase “they were born with it” that we underlined recalls the assertion of Kant and other philosophers that man is not a tabula rasa from birth.
The author “includes” the reader in the hero’s stream of consciousness, which makes it possible to significantly expand the context of the work. It is noteworthy that almost all the pictures that are drawn in the mind of a strange hero are of an apocalyptic nature. “Residents, paint the sky in twilight color, sit on the stone thresholds of abandoned houses, damage your hands, lower your heads...”. The mention of lepers, deserted alleys, abandoned hearths, cold ashes, grassy market squares, gloomy landscapes - all this enhances the state of anxiety and melancholy in which the hero finds himself. As if playing with the reader, the author draws a low red moon in the inky sky, and against this background - a howling wolf... In the subtext of this fragment, the well-known phraseological unit “howl from melancholy” is “read”, and the author’s hint is guessed: “howls” from melancholy hero of the story.
The hero's melancholy in the story is motivated by life circumstances - the illness of a child for whom his wife quit her job, as well as internal duality associated with the fact that, in addition to his wife, he also has Anastasia. Ignatiev feels sorry for the sick Valerik, feels sorry for his wife, himself and Anastasia. Thus, the motive of melancholy is closely connected at the beginning of the story with the motive of pity, which intensifies in the further narrative, in particular in the first part, and disappears in the second part, because the soul of the hero disappears, and with it the melancholy.
The peculiarity of the story's chronotope is the connection of different time layers - past and present. In the present in Ignatiev - “little white Valerik - a frail, sickly sprout, pathetic in spasm - rash, glands, dark circles under the eyes”, in the present there is a faithful wife, and next to her in his soul - “unsteady, evasive Anastasia.” The author immerses the reader in the inner world of the hero, who amazes with his gloominess. His “visions” replace each other like footage from a chronicle. They are united by common moods, are fragmentary and arise in the hero’s mind the way miracles appear in fairy tales - with the wave of a magic wand. However, in Tolstoy’s story there is a different “wave” - not of the good sorceress, but of longing.
In the second “vision” there is a string of ships, old sailing ships, Which “are leaving the harbor to God knows where”, because the ropes have become untied. Human life often compared in literature to a ship setting sail. It is no coincidence that this “vision” appears in the hero’s mind; it is no coincidence that he sees sick children sleeping around the cabin. The stream of his thoughts reflected Ignatiev’s concern for his small, sick son.
The third picture is imbued with oriental and at the same time mystical motifs. Rocky desert, a camel stepping steadily... There is a lot of mystery here. For example, why does frost glisten on a cold rocky plain? Who is he, the Mysterious Horseman, whose mouth “yawns with bottomless pits”, “and deep sorrowful furrows have been drawn on the cheeks of thousands of years of flowing tears”? The motifs of the apocalypse are palpable in these fragments, and the Mysterious Horseman is perceived as a symbol of death. As the author of a work created in the style of postmodernism, Tatyana Tolstaya does not strive to create clear, defined pictures or images. Her descriptions are impressionistic, aimed at creating a certain impression.
In the last, fourth “Vision”, which appeared in the hero’s mind, there are reminiscences and allusions from Gogol’s story “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”. There is the same fragmented perception here as in the previous episodes. Anastasia, as a symbol of the Devil’s temptation, and “will-o’-the-wisps over the swamp bog” stand nearby and are mentioned in the same sentence. “Hot flower”, “red flower”, which “floats”, “blinks”, “flashes”, is associated with the fern flower in Gogol’s story, which promises the hero the fulfillment of his desires. The intertextual connections between the fragment under consideration and Gogol’s work are obvious; they are emphasized by the author with the help of clear reminiscences and allusions. Gogol has “marsh swamps”; in T. Tolstoy - “Swamp bog”, “springy brown hummocks”, fog (“white clouds”), moss. In Gogol, “hundreds of shaggy hands reach out to a flower,” and “ugly monsters” are mentioned. In T. Tolstoy “Shaggy heads stand in moss”. The fragment in question combines with Gogol’s text the motive of selling the soul (in Gogol - the devil, in T. Tolstoy - Satan). In general, Ignatiev’s “vision” or dream performs the function of artistic anticipation in the text of the story. After all, the hero of Gogol's story, Petrus Bezrodny, must sacrifice the blood of a baby - the innocent Ivas. This is the demand of evil spirits. Ignatiev in Tolstoy’s story “A Blank Slate” will also make a sacrifice - he will give up the most precious thing he had, including his own son.
So, in the first part of the story, this is his exposition. The leading motive of this part is the motive of melancholy that haunts Ignatiev, who is, in fact, a marginal hero. He is lonely, tired of life. His financial problems are NOT emphasized in the story. However, some details more eloquently indicate that they were, for example, the mention that “his wife sleeps under a torn blanket,” that the hero wears a “tea-colored” shirt that his dad wore, “he got married in it, and met Valerik from the maternity hospital,” went on dates with Anastasia...
The motives stated at the beginning of the work are developed in the subsequent narrative. Ignatiev continues to be haunted by melancholy (“her flat, stupid head popped up here and there”), he still feels sorry for his wife, telling his friend that “she is a saint,” and still thinks about Anastasia. Mention of Famous fairy tale“Turnip” is no coincidence in the story, and it is no coincidence that in the monologues of the characters it is adjacent to the name of the mistress: “And it’s all a lie, if they populate the turnip, you won’t be able to get it out. I know. Anastasia... You call and call - she’s not at home.” The situation in which Ignatiev finds himself is clearly and definitely outlined. He is faced with a dilemma: either a faithful but exhausted wife, or a beautiful but evasive Anastasia. It is difficult for the hero to make a choice; he does not want and, obviously, cannot refuse either his wife or his mistress. The reader can only guess that he is weak, that he has a job, but the camera is not interested in it, there is no favorite thing, because
it is NOT talked about. And therefore his melancholy is not accidental. Ignatiev realizes that he is a failure.
One can reproach the author for the fact that the character of the main character is not clearly outlined. However, it seems that T. Tolstaya did not strive for such clarity. She creates a conventional text, draws a conventional world in which everything obeys the laws of aesthetic play. The hero of the story plays with life. He makes plans, mentally works out possible options for a future happy life: “I’ll forget Anastasia, I’ll earn a lot of money, I’ll take Valera to the south... Renovate the apartment...”. However, he understands that when all this is achieved, the melancholy will NOT go away from him, that the “living” will continue to torment him.
In the image of Ignatiev, T. Tolstaya creates parodies of a romantic hero - lonely, suffering, misunderstood, focused on his inner worldview. However, the hero of the story lives in a different era than the heroes of romantic works. It was Lermontov’s Pechorin who could come to the sad conclusion that his “soul is spoiled by light,” which, apparently, was a high destiny for him, but he did not guess this destiny. In the context of the romantic era, such a hero was perceived as Tragic personality. Unlike the romantic sufferers, the heroes of T. Tolstoy’s story, in particular Ignatiev and his friend, do not mention the soul. This word is not in their vocabulary. The motive of suffering is given in a reduced, parodic way. The hero does not even think about a high destiny. Reflecting on his character, you involuntarily remember Tatiana Pushkinskoe’s question: “Isn’t he a parody? “The reader understands that Ignatiev’s melancholy and suffering are due to the fact that he does not see a way out of the situation that he himself created. From the point of view of Ignatiev’s friend, he is just a “woman”: “Just think, a world sufferer!” “You revel in your imagined torment.” It is noteworthy that the phrase “world sufferer” sounds in an ironic context. And although the hero’s nameless friend is the bearer of an ordinary average consciousness, his statements confirm the assumption that the image of Ignatiev is a parody of the romantic hero. to change the current situation (there is neither will nor determination for this), and therefore it turns out to be easier for him to change himself. But Ignatiev does NOT choose the path of moral self-improvement, which was close, for example, to many of Tolstoy’s heroes. No, it is easier for him to get rid of the “living” , that is, the soul. “I’ll have an operation..., I’ll buy a car...” The author gives the opportunity to understand that material wealth will not save a person from suffering.
In the third part of the story, it is no coincidence that Ignatiev witnesses how the dark, short “little man” called “his Anastasia,” whose name was Raisa, as he promised her a heavenly life, from his point of view. “You will live like cheese in butter,” “Yes, my entire living space is covered in carpets!” “- he said, and then left the telephone booth with tear-stained eyes and an angry face. But this incident did not stop the hero. He made a decision, although not immediately.
A meeting with classmates of his friend, who had “cut out” or “torn out” “her” (the reader had long ago guessed that we were talking about the soul) as something unnecessary, dead, served as the impetus for making a decision. The hero was not alarmed by the fact that a tear-stained woman came out of N.’s office, because his and his friend’s attention was focused on the second thing - on the gold fountain pens and expensive cognacs, on the luxury that they saw there. The motive of wealth is strengthened in this part of the work. The author gives the concept that this motive in the minds of an ordinary, average person is closely connected with the image of a successful man. In a distorted world, heroes like N. are associated with real men. T. Tolstaya in this case represents another example of a parodic worldview. But the ideal of a real man, familiar to those around Ignatiev, is instilled in him both by his friend and by Anastasia, who drinks “red wine” with others and on whom the “red dress” glows with a “love flower.” The symbolism of color and the mention of “love flower” are not accidental here. All of these details echo the motives of temptation, with the episode from Gogol’s story “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” discussed above. “Love flower” is associated with “love potion,” which is a symbol of magical influence on a person’s feelings and actions. Anastasia became the “love flower” for Ignatiev, who says “demonic words” and smiles “a demonic smile.” She tempts like a demon. The ideals of the crowd become ideals for Ignatiev. And in order to fulfill his dream - to get rid of contradictions, “to tame the elusive Anastasia,” to save Valerik, Ignatiev needs to “become rich, with fountain pens.” This clarification - “with fountain pens” - reveals the author’s irony. Ignatiev’s internal monologue also evokes an ironic smile: “Who is this coming, slender as a cedar, strong as steel, with springy steps, knowing no shameful doubts? This is Ignatiev coming. His path is straight, his earnings are high, his gaze is confident, women look after him.”
In the stream of thoughts of the hero, the wife is constantly associated with something dead. So, Ignatiev wanted to “caress the parchment strands of hair, but his hand met only the cold of the sarcophagus.” As a symbol of cold and death, the story several times mentions “rocky frost, the clanking of a lonely camel’s harness, a lake frozen to the bottom,” and “a stiff rider.” The same function is served by the mention that “Osiris is silent.” Note that in Egyptian mythology, Osiris, the god of the productive forces of nature, dies every year and is reborn to a new life. Oriental motifs are also present in the hero’s dreams in how he - “wise, whole, perfect - will ride in on a white ceremonial elephant, in a carpet arbor with flower fans.” Yes, when depicting the hero’s inner world, the author does not spare irony. After all, he desires a miracle, an instant transformation that would bring him recognition, fame, and wealth without any effort. A “miracle” happens, the hero changes, but only becomes different from what he imagined himself to be in his dreams. However, he no longer notices or understands this. The instant removal of the “Living” - his soul - made him what he should have been, taking into account his desires and thoughts.
The author of the story freely plays with images of world culture, we invite the reader to solve them. The work is based on the widespread motif in world literature of selling the soul to the devil, Satan, Antichrist, evil spirits, as well as the related motif of Metamorphosis. It is known that, like Christ performing a miracle, the Antichrist imitates the miracles of Christ. Thus, Satan, under the guise of the Assyrians, the “Doctor of Doctors,” imitates the actions of a doctor. After all, a real doctor treats both body and soul. The Assyrian “extracts,” that is, removes the soul. Ignatiev is struck by the fact that “he had no eyes, but there was a gaze,” “an abyss looked out of his eye sockets,” and since there were no eyes, “the mirror of the soul,” that means there was no soul. The hero is struck by the blue beard of the Assyrians and his cap in the form of a ziggurat. “What kind of Ivanov is he...” - Ignatiev was horrified.” But it was already too late. His “belated doubts” disappeared, and with them, his “betrayed under?? Ugh - melancholy." The hero finds himself in the kingdom of the Antichrist - the kingdom of moral evil. Here “people will be selfish, lovers of money, proud, haughty, slanderous, disobedient to parents, ungrateful, unholy, unmerciful, untrue to their word..., insolent, pompous, loving pleasure more than God.” According to medieval expression, the Antichrist is the monkey of Christ, his false double. The doctor in Tolstoy's story "Clean Slate" is a false double of the doctor. He puts on gloves not for the sake of sterility, but “So as not to get his hands dirty.” He is rude to his patient when he sarcastically remarks about his soul: “Do you think it’s big?” The author of the story uses a well-known mythological plot, significantly modernizing it.
T. Tolstoy's story “A Blank Slate” is a vivid example of Postmodernist discourse with many inherent features. After all, in inner world The hero has something terrible and unusual, the hero feels internal disharmony. T. Tolstaya emphasizes the conventionality of the depicted world, playing with the reader. The motives of the aesthetic game play a structure-forming role in its story. The game with the reader has different forms of manifestation in the work, which is reflected in the depiction of events on the verge of the real and the surreal. The author “plays” with spatial and temporal images, giving the opportunity to freely move from one time to another, to update information of various kinds, which opens up wide scope for the reader’s imagination. The game is reflected in the use of intertext, mythologies, irony, and the combination of different styles. Thus, the colloquial, reduced, vulgar vocabulary of the degraded hero at the end of the work is a complete contrast in comparison with the vocabulary that is found in his stream of consciousness at the beginning of the story. The hero plays with life, and the author’s aesthetic play with the reader allows him not only to recreate well-known plot motifs and images, but also turns the hero’s tragedy into a farce.
The title of the story “Blank Slate” actualizes the old philosophical debate about what the mind and soul of a person are from birth: tabula rasa or not tabula rasa? Yes, a lot of things are inherent in a person from birth, but his soul continues to remain a battlefield between God and the Devil, Christ and Antichrist. In the case of Ignatiev, the Antichrist won in T. Tolstoy’s story.
Gogol N.V. Collected works: in 7 volumes /N. V. Gogol. - Evenings on a farm near Dikanka /comment. A. Chicherina, N. Stepanova. - M.: Artist. lit., 1984. - T. 1. - 319 p.
Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Modern version. /IN. I. Dal. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2000. - 736 p.
Myths of the peoples of the world: encyclopedia: in 2 volumes - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1991. - T. 1. - 671 p.
Tolstaya T. Clean sheet / T. Tolstaya // Whether you love it or not: stories / T. Fat. - M.: Onyx: OLMA-PRESS, 1997. - P. 154 -175.
Tatiana Tolstaya
Stories
That's why, at sunset
Leaving into the darkness of the night,
From the white Senate Square
I bow to him quietly.
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people...
Let's say at the very moment when white forefinger Dantes is already on the trigger, some ordinary, unpoetic bird of God, scared away from spruce branches fussing and trampling in the bluish snow, pooping on the hand of the villain. Clack!
The hand, naturally, twitches involuntarily; shot, Pushkin falls. Such a pain! Through the fog clouding his eyes, he takes aim, shoots back; Dantes also falls; “Nice shot,” the poet laughs. The seconds take him away, semi-conscious; in his delirium, he keeps mumbling, as if he wants to ask something.
Rumors of the duel spread quickly: Dantes was killed, Pushkin was wounded in the chest. Natalya Nikolaevna is hysterical, Nikolai is furious; Russian society is quickly divided into the party of the killed and the party of the wounded; There is something to brighten up the winter, something to chat about between the mazurka and the polka. Ladies defiantly weave mourning ribbons into lace. The young ladies are curious and imagine a star-shaped wound; however, the word “breast” seems indecent to them. Meanwhile, Pushkin is in oblivion, Pushkin is in the heat, rushing about and delirious; Dal carries and carries pickled cloudberries into the house, trying to push the bitter berries through the clenched teeth of the sufferer, Vasily Andreevich hangs mournful sheets on the door for the crowd that has gathered and does not disperse; the lung is shot, the bone is rotting, the smell is terrible (carbolic acid, sublimate, alcohol, ether, cauterization, bloodletting?), the pain is unbearable, and old good friends, veterans of the twelfth year, say that it is like fire and incessant shooting in the body, like ruptures thousands of cores, and they advise you to drink punch and more punch: it’s distracting.
Pushkin dreams of lights, shooting, screams, the Battle of Poltava, the gorges of the Caucasus, overgrown with small and tough bushes, one in the heights, the clatter of copper hooves, a dwarf in a red cap, the Griboyedov cart, he imagines the coolness of the Pyatigorsk murmuring waters - someone put a cooling hand on feverish forehead - Dahl? - Dahl. The distance is clouded with smoke, someone falls, shot, on the lawn, among Caucasian bushes, medlars and capers; it was he himself who was killed - why now sobs, empty praises, an unnecessary chorus? - the Scottish moon sheds a sad light on the sad meadows overgrown with spreading cranberries and mighty cloudberries reaching to the skies; A beautiful Kalmyk woman, furiously coughing like tuberculosis - is she a trembling creature or does she have the right? - breaks a green stick over his head - civil execution; What are you sewing, Kalmyk girl? - Trouser. - To whom? - Myself. Are you still dozing, dear friend? Don't sleep, wake up, curly! A senseless and merciless peasant, bending down, does something with iron, and the candle, in which Pushkin, trembling and cursing, reads with disgust his life full of deceit, sways in the wind. The dogs are tearing the baby apart, and the boys are bloody in their eyes. Shoot,” he says quietly and with conviction, “for I stopped hearing the music, the Romanian orchestra and the songs of sad Georgia, and an anchar is thrown on my shoulders, but I am not a wolf by blood: I managed to stick it in my throat and turn it twice. He got up, killed his wife, and hacked to death his sleepy little ones. The noise died down, I went out onto the stage, I went out early, before the star, I was there, and all of them came out, a man came out of the house with a club and a sack. Pushkin leaves the house barefoot, boots under his arm, diaries in his boots. This is how souls look from above at the body they have thrown down. Writer's Diary. Diary of a Madman. Notes from House of the Dead. Scientific notes Geographical Society. I will pass through the souls of the people with a blue flame, I will pass through the cities with a red flame. The fish are swimming in your pocket, the path ahead is unclear. What are you building there, for whom? This, sir, is a government building, Aleksandrovsky Central. And music, music, music is woven into my singing. And every tongue that is in it will call me. If I’m driving down a dark street at night, sometimes in a wagon, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in an oyster car, shsr yeukiu, this is not the same city, and the midnight is not the same. Many robbers have shed the blood of honest Christians! Horse, my dear, listen to me... R, O, S, - no, I don’t distinguish the letters... And suddenly I realized that I was in hell.
“Broken dishes live for two centuries!” – Vasily Andreevich groans, helping to drag the crumpled sheets from under the convalescent. He strives to do everything himself, fusses, gets under the feet of the servants - he loves. "Here's some broth!" The devil is in it, in the broth, but here is the trouble for the royal favor, but here is the most merciful forgiveness for an unauthorized duel, but intrigue, slyness, feigned court sighs, all-submissive notes and an endless ride back and forth in a cab, “and report, brother ..."Master!
Vasily Andreevich beams: he finally got the winning student a link to Mikhailovskoye - just, just! Pine air, open spaces, short walks, and your shot chest will heal - and you can swim in the river! And - “be quiet, be quiet, my dear, the doctors don’t tell you to talk, everything will happen later! Everything will work out. Everything will work out.”
Of course, of course, the howling of wolves and the striking of the clock, long winter evenings by candlelight, the tearful boredom of Natalya Nikolaevna - first, frightened screams at the sick bed, then despondency, reproaches, whining, wandering from room to room, yawning, beating children and servants, whims, hysterics, loss of a glass-sized waist, the first gray hair in an unkempt lock of hair, and what is it like, gentlemen, in the morning, coughing up and spitting out the phlegm that accumulates, looking out the window as a dear friend in cut-off felt boots, with a twig in his hand, is chasing a goat in the freshly fallen snow, chasing a goat that has eaten the dry stems of dried flowers that have been sticking out here and there since last summer ! Blue dead flies are lying between the glass - tell them to remove them.
No money left. Children are idiots. When will the roads be fixed for us?.. - Never. I bet ten cellars of brut champagne - never. And don't wait, it won't. “Pushkin has written himself off,” the ladies chirp, growing old and sagging. However, the new writers, it seems, also have unique views on literature - unbearably applied. The melancholic lieutenant Lermontov showed some hope, but died in a stupid fight. Young Tyutchev is not bad, although a little cold. Who else writes poetry? Nobody. Pushkin writes outrageous poems, but does not flood Russia with them, but burns them on a candle, because, gentlemen, there is 24-hour supervision. He also writes prose that no one wants to read, because it is dry and precise, and the era requires pitifulness and vulgarity (I thought that this word would hardly be honored in our country, but I was wrong, how wrong I was!), and now the blood-spitting neurotic Vissarion and the ugly virshes-player Nekrasov - so it seems? - they race along the morning streets to the epileptic commoner (what a word!): “Do you understand yourself that you wrote this?”... However, all this is vague and vain, and barely passes on the edge of consciousness. Yes, old acquaintances have returned from the depths of the Siberian ores, from chains and shackles: they are unrecognizable, and it’s not in the white beards, but in the conversations: unclear, as if from under water, as if drowned people, in green algae, were knocking under the window and at the gate. Yes, they freed the peasant, and now, as he passes by, he looks impudently and hints at something robber. Young people are terrible and insulting: “Boots are taller than Pushkin!” - “Good!” The girls cut off their hair, look like street boys and talk about rights: ysht Vshug! Gogol died after going crazy. Count Tolstoy published excellent stories, but did not answer the letter. Puppy! My memory is weakening... The surveillance was lifted a long time ago, but I don’t want to go anywhere. In the mornings I have a persistent cough. Still no money. And it is necessary, groaning, to finally finish - how long can one drag on - the story of Pugachev, a work that has been loved since time immemorial, but still does not let go, everything pulls towards itself - previously forbidden archives are opened, and there, in the archives, a bewitching novelty, like It was not the past that opened up, but the future, something vaguely glimmering and appearing in unclear outlines in the feverish brain - back then, a long time ago, when I was lying, shot right through by this, what do you call it? - forgot; because of which? - forgot. It was as if uncertainty had opened up in the darkness.