ANTIQUE – the source from which everything drew inspiration later art. This is the cradle of world art Antiquus- ancient
Periods of development of ancient art
Cretan-Mycenaean or Aegean – III–II thousand BC
Gomerovsky - XI -VIII centuries, BC
Archaic - VII–VI centuries, BC
Classic - V – IV centuries BC
Hellenism - III – I centuries BC .
Classic
Hellenism
XI – VIII century BC e.
III–II thousand years BC e.
VII–VI century BC e.
V–IV century BC e.
III–I century BC e.
Knossos Palace
The Palace of Knossos is the most outstanding monument of Cretan architecture.
IN Greek myths it was called
L a b i r i n t o m
In the depths of the palace lived a half-man, half-bull - M i n o t a v r
The total area is about 16 thousand square meters. m
Homeric period
Name " Homeric period " was associated with the name of the legendary Homer, to whose pen the poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey” are attributed, telling about the events Trojan War and after its completion.
The formation of the famous Greek mythology, one of the most developed mythologies of the ancient world.
Most of the Homeric period was unwritten and only towards the end of it, i.e. around the 8th century. BC, the Greeks borrowed the Phoenician alphabet, significantly reworking it and adding vowels.
Homeric Greece period
Homer's works were discovered
the most important page in history
antique artistic
culture. It is no coincidence that the philosopher
Plato called the poet
« teacher of Greece."
Approximately VIII - VII centuries BC the blind singer-storyteller created
two great poems called
« Illiad and Odyssey
(several poems have been recorded
centuries later)
A single architectural language is the order system: a certain ratio of the carrying and load-bearing parts of the structure and the features of its decoration.
There are three types of Greek orders:
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Entrance to the Acropolis from the west through
central entrance - P r o p i l e i
The main building of the Acropolis is Parthenon Temple,
dedicated to Athena Parthenos (virgin).
Built by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates
One of the most beautiful Hellenic temples.
It is huge and powerful, built of golden-pink marble.
View of the Parthenon after the explosion
1687
Opposite the Parthenon they erected Erechtheion , dedicated to Pallas Athena (mother) and her husband Poseidon Erechtheus.
The layout of the Ereikhtheion is very complex and asymmetrical; the temple was built on different levels and is divided into two parts.
TO The temple is adjacent to three porticoes, including
And portico of the caryatids (sculptural image
female figures carrying the ceiling).
Lighthouse at the entrance to
Alexandria harbor
on the island of Faros
Nike of Samothrace
The statue was erected on the occasion of the victory of the Macedonian fleet over the Egyptian in 306 BC. e. The goddess was depicted as if on the bow of a ship, announcing victory with the sound of a trumpet.
The pathos of victory is expressed in the swift movement of the goddess, in the wide flap of her wings.
IV V. BC
Kept in the Louvre
Paris, France
Marble
Marble
Nike untying her sandal
- Goddess depicted
- untying her sandal before entering the temple
- Athens Marble
Venus de Milo
- On April 8, 1820, a Greek peasant from the island of Melos named Iorgos, while digging the ground, felt that his shovel, clinking dully, hit something hard.
- Iorgos dug nearby - the same result. He took a step back, but even here the spade did not want to enter the ground.
- First Iorgos saw a stone niche. It was about four to five meters wide. In the stone crypt, to his surprise, he found a marble statue.
- This was Venus.
- Laocoon*, you didn't save anyone! He is not a savior for either the city or the world. The mind is powerless. Proud Three mouth predetermined; circle of fatal events locked in a suffocating crown snake rings. Horror on the face the prayers and groans of your child; another son was silenced by poison. Your fainting. Your wheezing: “Let me be...” (...Like the bleating of sacrificial lambs Through the darkness both piercingly and subtly!..) And again - reality. And poison. They are stronger! In the snake's mouth, anger blazes powerfully... Laocoon, who heard you?! Here are your boys... They... are not breathing. But every Troy has its own horses.
Classical Greece The brightest and most significant period in the development of Greek culture is the classical period associated with the heyday of Athens, called the “golden age”. Pericles, who led the Athenian democracy, begins the reconstruction of the Acropolis, the sculptor Phidias supervises these works.
Pinakothek “To the left of the Propylaea,” says Pausanias, the author of the “Description of Hellas,” there is a building with paintings; those that time has not yet destined to become unrecognizable depict Diomedes and Odysseus; the latter steals the bow of Philoctetes on Lemnos, and the former carries away the image of Athena from Ilion Orestes is also depicted here,
Temple of Nike Apteros, to the right of the Propylaea, a small rectangular temple of Nike Apteros was built, dedicated to the goddess Nike wins. Translated, its name sounds like “Wingless Victory.” It is believed that under the conditions of a truce in the protracted Peloponnesian War, the Athenians thereby expressed the hope that victory would now not “fly away” from them. Since this temple housed a statue of Athena, it is often also called the Temple of Athena Nike. Relief of the balustrade of the temple of Nike Apteros.
Propylaea First, the Athenians climbed a wide stone staircase to the Propylaea - the main entrance to the Acropolis, which was a deep through portico with a colonnade; At the same time, the side passages were intended for pedestrian citizens, and horsemen and chariots passed along the middle one and carried out sacrificial animals.
Statue of Athena Promachos Once past the Propylaea, visitors found themselves on a flat, rocky cliff top. Directly in front of them they saw a huge bronze statue of Athena Promachos (Warrior) sculpted by Phidias. It is believed that the gilded tip of her spear served as a guide for ships approaching the city on clear days. Behind this statue, in an open area, there was an altar, and on the left a small temple was erected, where the priests performed rituals of worship of the patroness of the city, the goddess Athena.
Phidias. Athena Promachos Phidias had knowledge of the achievements of optics. A story has been preserved about his rivalry with Alcamenes: both were ordered statues of Athena, which were supposed to be erected on high columns. Phidias made his statue in accordance with the height of the column on the ground; it seemed ugly and disproportionate. The people almost stoned him. When both statues were erected on high pedestals, the correctness of Phidias became obvious, and Alkamen was ridiculed
Acropolis. Erechtheion One of the sacred temples of the Acropolis is the Erechtheion, built by an unknown architect on the site of the mythical dispute between Athena and Poseidon for dominance over Attica. This temple is famous for its portico, which is supported by graceful female figures - caryatids. One of the parts of this temple, dedicated to the legendary king of Athens Erechtheus, was called Erechtheion; here was his grave and sanctuary. However, later this name was transferred to the entire temple.
Erechtheion, neither the interior of this temple nor its marble relief friezes have survived to this day. All four original porticos were also damaged, including the most famous of them, the portico of the caryatids. But even in its damaged state, it still remains the main attraction of the Erechtheion.
Acropolis.Parthenon It contained a twenty-meter statue of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin), the patroness of the city, made of gold and ivory. The proportions of the columns and the plan, the subtlety of drawing details and the nuances of the architectural solution - everything testifies to the desire of the architects to achieve harmony. Speaking of nuances, we mean, for example, the slight inclination of the columns inward, giving the silhouette a subtle pyramidal shape and creating a feeling of its almost organic growth; a subtle shift of the outer columns to the corners, giving them additional strength and stability; finally, a slight rise in all horizontal lines from the edges of the structure to the center. Athena Varvakeion" (marble copy of the statue of Athena Phidias)
Chrysoelephantine technique He was accused of concealing the gold from which the cloak of Athena Parthenos was made. But the artist justified himself very simply: the gold was removed from the base and weighed, and no shortage was found. (Phidias attached the removable gold plates in such a way, on the advice of Pericles, that they could be weighed at any time).
“Athena Parthenos.” Phidias 438 BC. e. It was installed in the Athens Parthenon, inside the sanctuary and represented the goddess in full armor. The most complete copy is considered to be the so-called. "Athena Varvakion" (Athens), marble. The sculptural decoration of the Parthenon (Parthenon frieze, metopes, etc.) was carried out under his leadership.
Phidias. Phidias had knowledge of the achievements of optics. A story has been preserved about his rivalry with Alcamenes: both were ordered statues of Athena, which were supposed to be erected on high columns. Phidias made his statue in accordance with the height of the column on the ground; it seemed ugly and disproportionate. The people almost stoned him. When both statues were erected on high pedestals, the correctness of Phidias became obvious, and Alkamen was ridiculed
"Athena Promachos" by Phidias, a colossal image of the goddess Athena brandishing a spear on the Athenian Acropolis. Erected approx. 460 BC e. in memory of victories over the Persians. Its height reached 60 feet and towered over all the surrounding buildings, shining over the city from afar. Bronze casting. Not preserved.
Phidias. Golden ratio golden ratio, division in extreme and average ratio) division of a continuous value into two parts in such a ratio in which the smaller part is related to the larger one as the larger one is to the entire value. Interesting facts Golden ratio received the designation in algebra with the Greek letter φ precisely in honor of Phidias, the master who embodied it in his works.
Greek sculpture. “Laocoon” In the last, Hellenistic period, the optimism and harmony of Greek culture began to be lost, the culture of Hellenism was refined, distinguished by its complexity artistic language and strives to express the whole gamut of emotional experiences.
N.V. Zagladin The Macedonian campaign resembled a raid of barbarians, ruining everything in their path, rather than a well-thought-out conquest. Having defeated the troops of the Persian despotism, which formed the backbone of civilization, he was unable to create his own control system, attempts to bring the Persian nobility closer failed (he ordered 10 thousand Macedonians to marry the daughters of the Persian nobility)
Hellenism Synthesis of cultures and civilizations of the Ancient East and Ancient Greece-The relatives and generals of Macedon declared themselves kings. They relied on an army of Macedonians, Greeks and officials of the local nobility - the Hellenic ruling elite found itself embedded in the system of power and property relations of the East. After two generations they were no different from the eastern nobles. -The cities of the East became centers of Greek culture
During this period the main architectural structures not temples, but theaters, gymnasiums and other civil buildings. Hellenistic architecture is characterized by the use of the whimsical Corinthian order and the mixing of elements of all three orders. Appears new type buildings - the mausoleum in Halicarnassus (Tomb of King Mausolus), which gave the name to monuments of this kind, designed to perpetuate a specific person, a heroic ruler.
The crisis of the polis is the death of Greek civilization. the endless Peloponnesian wars ruined the policies, the active sale of land shook main support polis - the connection of the citizen with the land, the civil militia gave way to the mercenary, social tension grew (in Athens this was due to the lack of tribute received in earlier times from the allies, in Sparta the destruction of the community of equals led to conflicts between the poor and the rich) Population growth
Hanging Gardens of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar, out of love for his wife and, frankly, because of his own vanity, decided to lay out not an ordinary park, but a fairy-tale one that would glorify Babylon throughout the world. Herodotus wrote about the capital of the world: “Babylon surpasses in splendor any other city on earth.”
Babylonian Gardens However, the hanging gardens only seemed to be. To construct them, special basements were dug, covered on top with several rows of vaults. On the vaults lay large stone slabs, on which lay layers of brick, bitumen, reeds, lead and, finally, a thick layer of earth, in which the trees of the hanging garden grew.
Temple of Artemis of Ephesus The Temple of Artemis was located near ancient city Ephesus, approximately 50 kilometers south of the modern port city of Izmir in Turkey. Nowadays, Ephesus has been renamed the city of Selchuk. The ruins of the temple are located near the resort of Kusadasi, east of Pamukkale Halicarnassus Mausoleum. Mausolus reigned from 377 to 352 (353) BC. In 377, he succeeded his father, Hecatomnus of Milas, on the throne. Mavsol was married to his my own sister Artemisia (Artemisia). Nowadays this seems wild, but then such marriages in noble families were often practiced, not only among the Carian rulers, but also among the Roman ones.
Halicarnassus Mausoleum. Mausolus reigned from 377 to 352 (353) BC. In 377, he succeeded his father, Hecatomnus of Milas, on the throne. Mausolus was married to his sister Artemisia (Artemisia). Nowadays this seems wild, but then such marriages in noble families were often practiced, not only among the Carian rulers, but also among the Roman ones.
The lighthouse on Pharos was not at all like most modern structures of this type - thin single towers, but rather resembled a Futuristic skyscraper. It was a three-story (three-tiered) tower, whose walls were made of marble blocks held together with lead-laced mortar.
Colossus of Rhodes At the base of the statue were three giant stone columns on which the sculpture itself was based. The Colossus of Rhodes was made of bronze plates mounted on an iron base (similar to the design of the Statue of Liberty, whose frame is made of steel and its shell is made of copper). According to the testimony of Pilon of Byzantium, 15 tons of bronze and 9 tons of iron were spent on the statue.
Agricultural labor was considered as first-class labor, while crafts, trade, etc., despite their high profitability, were second-class occupations. These occupations were more characteristic of foreigners and slaves. For this reason, ancient citizens sought to use their slaves (foreigners, most often barbarians) in auxiliary work, leaving labor on the land to their family.
Land and labor on the land were seen as the most important source of well-being and a decent life. In ancient society, relapses of archaic psychology, based on the attitude towards the earth as a sacred object, persisted. Therefore, work on the land was considered a matter of honor for the ancient citizen, and not a means of enrichment. It was possible to get rich faster through trade, crafts, usury, and war. Agricultural labor served to demonstrate the qualities of a worthy citizen. Agricultural labor
Roman culture Roman culture developed under the influence of many peoples, but primarily the culture of the Etruscans and Greeks. Using foreign achievements, the Romans in many ways surpassed their teachers and raised the level of development of their power to unprecedented heights. Ancient religious beliefs Romans, are known very poorly and were associated primarily with the cults of Lares and Penates - deities of the hearth and the cult Genius-heads family and patron of a person. The mythology of the Romans was devoid of poetry and spirituality.
Culture of Ancient Greece
The culture of Ancient Greece is recognized by historical monuments, and also archaeological excavations. It dates from the 27th century BC to the 2nd century. BC During this period, culture underwent many changes. The heyday of the culture of Ancient Greece occurred in the 5th-4th centuries. BC
Ancient Greek culture is often called ancient. As shown historical research, the Greeks called their land Hellas, therefore their culture was not Greek, but the culture of Hellenism.
During the period of development of the ancient Greek state, culture also changed greatly. At some point in time she stood still, and at some point she simply burst into the forefront.
Ancient Greek culture has its own special stages of development. Each period is characterized by its own culture distinctive features. Historians distinguish 4 stages of cultural development.
Stage 1 Aegean culture
This culture originated on the island. Crete and Mycenae.
A characteristic architectural monument is the so-called Labyrinth - the Palace of Knossos. Only the 1st floor remains of it to this day. Actually it was big building, which accommodated about three hundred rooms. The development of painting can be judged from the remains of images on the walls of the Knossos Palace. Colored paints were actively used in painting.
The heyday of the Aegean culture dates back to the 15th century BC. and during the reign of Mi-nos. That is why the Aegean culture is also called Minos.
Age 2 - Homeric period
This period dates from the 11th to the 9th century BC. Information about this era is mainly taken from literary works, which survived to contemporaries: “Odyssey” and “Iliad”.
Many historians question the authenticity of what is described in the poems. However, these are the only sources on which one can rely and study the history and culture of the Homeric period.
This period is characterized by a rollback of ancient Greek culture. It was then that the written language that emerged disappeared again. Greek civilization was born again. Spiritual culture, basically mythology, was preserved and developed.
Stage 3 - Archaic culture
The period dates back to the 8th-6th centuries. BC During this period, ancient Greece was preparing for a huge rise in culture, economy and political life. Main achievement Archaic culture Ancient Greece is the creation of alphabetic writing. In addition, architecture and crafts actively developed.
The Greeks during the period of Archaic culture were literate thanks to the emergence of writing. The alphabet was simple, which made learning quite easy for every Greek. During the Archaic period, science and philosophy emerged.
Olympic Games
Originating in 776 BC. these games were able to stop all wars and uprisings for 5 days. During the Olympic Games in Olympia, civic spirit and patriotism rose. The games were held once every 4 years.
Stage 4 - Classical or Hellenistic.
This stage is a powerful push upward for all areas of life of the ancient Greeks. Then philosophy develops as a science, history and medicine appear. The main distinctive building of this time is the Acropolis.
Slide 2
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Slide 4
Theater of Ancient Greece
Slide 5
The origin of the theater is associated with festivities in honor of the god Dionysus, the patron saint of winemakers. 1. The emergence of theater
Slide 6
What does the Greek word for theater mean? The word theater means “place for a spectacle” or “spectacle” itself. Theater in Delphi, IV century. BC e. Modern look
Slide 7
Ancient theaters accommodated several thousand spectators. The theater building was usually located on natural hills (*The Theater of Dionysus in Athens was located on the hill of the Acropolis). 2. Theater structure
Slide 8
Most ancient theater in Greece. In those days, it accommodated almost the entire population of Athens - 17 thousand spectators. Theater of Dionysus
Slide 9
The theater building consisted of 3 parts: a) theatron (from the verb “I look”) - places for spectators; b) orchestra (from the verb “to dance”) - a round platform where the action took place. c) skena (e) (from the Greek “tent”), a building adjacent to the orchestra, it housed the Theatron scenery
Slide 10
The layout of the Greek theater ensured good audibility. If you throw a coin in the center of the orchestra, its ringing will be heard in the very back benches. There was no curtain in the ancient Greek theater.
Slide 11
In Ancient Greece there were two main types of performances - tragedy and comedy. Comedy is a cheerful, mocking performance in which certain things are shown in a funny way and criticized. human actions, vices. A tragedy is a play of serious content that usually ends with the death of the main character.
Slide 12
Dramatic performances took place as competitions between playwrights, choreographers, and actors. The competition lasted three days. Dramatic performances in Athens began at dawn and continued until the evening. 3. Organization of performances
Slide 13
Not only men, but also women and children visited the theater. Even servants - house slaves - were allowed to visit the theater. A small entrance fee was charged to cover the cost of maintaining the theater building. Poor citizens were given special “show money” - theorikon - to visit the theater.
Slide 14
Slide 15
The actors were only men. The number of actors did not exceed three, so that the same actor sometimes had to play several roles. Diction, voice was given great value. 34 manners of actor's pronunciation were distinguished. 4. Actors of the ancient theater
Slide 16
Theater masks and costumes
Slide 17
The mask answered the task of the Greek theater to create large, generalized images. The need for a mask was also caused by the fact that female roles performed by men. Without a mask, the actors' faces would be difficult to see from the audience in the back rows. Masks were made of wood or linen. The mask covered not only the face, but also the entire head. The mask was changed by the actor several times during the performance, if required. state of mind character.
Slide 18
A common feature the costumes were bright and colorful. The outer stage clothing was a chiton; a cloak (himation or chlamys) was thrown over the chiton. On the feet are shoes that increase height – buskins. COSTUME
Slide 19
Ancient choir Participants in the choir were called choreuts, the leader of the choir was called a luminary. The choir helped the viewer follow the plot and assessed the actions of the characters.