local history museum exhibition collection
History of Chelyabinsk State local history museum began in 1913, when the botanist and geographer Ippolit Mikhailovich Krasheninnikov took the initiative to create a natural history museum in the city. On September 5, 1913, enthusiasts gathered at the Chelyabinsk Real School and decided to organize a natural history museum in Chelyabinsk (the thematic orientation of the museum was determined by the natural scientific interests of the organizers) and a local branch of the Ural Society of Natural History Lovers. To host the exhibition, it was decided to use the premises of a real school, where the collection of materials and books for the library began. However, the museum did not last long. Its development was hampered by administrative barriers. In addition, the First began world war. The museum, organized at the Chelyabinsk real school, was closed. During the short period of his work (1913-1914), the first collections were collected and a small library was formed. A few years later, the idea of organizing a museum in Chelyabinsk was revived. On April 18, 1918, the organizational meeting of the Priural Society for the Study of the Local Region took place, initiated by D.V. Moshkov. On July 1, 1918, members of the society opened a historical, ethnographic and natural history museum on Bolshaya Street (now Zwillinga Street), in the house of V. M. Krasheninnikova, for viewing and receiving collections. In the fall of 1918, D.V. Moshkov left for Omsk. Instead, Ivan Gavrilovich Gorokhov became the chairman of the Priural Society for the Study of the Local Region. Later he headed the local history museum.
Over the course of a year and a half, members of the society collected 154 books and 28 maps for the museum’s library, collections on mineralogy, geology, paleontology, zoology, botany, and archeology. By this time the museum received provincial status. In the fall of 1922, having changed several premises, the museum settled in a two-story stone building on Truda Street, 28 (now house number 88), which allowed local historians to actively begin implementing their plans. In the 1920s, large-scale archaeological research was actively carried out in the environs of Chelyabinsk, the results of which were presented in the form of publications in newspapers and collections. In 1924 and 1925, several exhibitions were organized dedicated to the results of the museum’s work, as well as the history of the Pugachev uprising and the Decembrist uprising.
The decline of the “golden decade of local history” for the Chelyabinsk Museum was marked by its move in 1929 to the building of the Holy Trinity Church (it was housed there for sixty years). In the 1930s, the museum came under strict control by state and party bodies, its activities were associated with ideological propaganda, which became the reason for a radical restructuring of the exhibition work: the emphasis was on presenting socialist construction to the detriment of other topics. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Chelyabinsk Regional Museum of Local Lore was closed, its premises were transferred to the NKVD. In 1946, museum staff opened the exhibition “The Role of Chelyabinsk in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945,” which ran until 1949. The museum later closed to visitors. Conducted in parallel research work.
- On February 1, 1957, I. G. Gorokhov resigned from his post as director of the Chelyabinsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. After P.V. Meshcheryakov took the place of director, he actively got to work. After a major renovation of the building, the nature department moved to the newly built second floor, and it was also systematized. The departments of history and the department of socialist construction were separated. In 1973, in the building on Kaslinskaya Street, 15, where the museum’s funds were located, an exhibition dedicated to the Soviet period of the history of the Chelyabinsk region was opened. In 1975, visitors were able to see sections of nature and pre-revolutionary history, housed in a church building on Kirova Street, 60a. The exhibition corresponded to the level of development of the museum business of those years, while simultaneously performing propaganda and ideological functions. In 1982, the museum received premises in a building at 49 Lenin Avenue, where, after renovation, construction began on an exhibition dedicated to the history of the Soviet period. In 1989, the building of the Holy Trinity Church was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church. The museum has lost its main areas. Thus, the Chelyabinsk Regional Museum of Local Lore did not have a separate specialized building, and therefore could not ensure the safety of objects, as well as present visitors with a solid, voluminous, large-scale exhibition. The museum did not have the most necessary office premises to accommodate workshops, laboratories, warehouses, a lecture hall, and storage space for documentation. Against the backdrop of problems with the exhibition and museum buildings, museum staff carried out research work. In 2003, the governor of the Chelyabinsk region P.I. Sumin signed the long-awaited decision to build a specialized building for the museum. The external appearance of the building resembles a fortress, but at the same time it was built in a modern style. Along with exhibition and exhibition halls In the new building of the local history museum, on more than ten thousand square meters, there are employee offices, storage rooms for funds, laboratories for restorers and a taxidermist, its own printing house, a darkroom, a conference room, workshops and storage facilities.
- June 1, 2006 took place grand opening new building of the Chelyabinsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. One of the first to open in the new building was a unique exhibition. Children's Museum. In the shortest possible time for museum practice - during 2006 and 2007 - the staff of the Chelyabinsk Museum of Local Lore prepared exhibitions of two more halls - nature and ancient history, history and folk life.
In 2008, the hall of history of the 20th century was opened. The exhibition covers the period from late XIX century until the early 1990s. In addition, the new building has the opportunity to hold large-scale exhibitions. Thus, in the first three years of the museum’s operation alone, 105 exhibitions were held in the new building. For recent years The structure of the museum was reorganized, basic documents were developed (charter, scientific concept, comprehensive development program), and the transition to accounting funds using the KAMIS system was carried out. The Museum of Local Lore, which became a state museum at the end of 2011, is a methodological center for museums in the Chelyabinsk region and conducts advanced training courses for museum workers. In addition, ChGKM publishes various collections, conducts seminars and scientific conferences.
The organizational structure of the museum has changed significantly since the 70s, which has made it possible to improve the work of museums and bring it to a new level of development. Over the years, the type of work of institutions has changed, and restructuring has been carried out repeatedly in order to improve the quality of work of the museum and each employee
In this field of activity there is very important factor is to search and attract sources of funding in order to be able to develop and improve the work of the museum.
Organizational structure of the museum: basics
In the early 90s, almost all museums in Russia worked according to a linear-functional management system. This type of functioning consisted of unity of command, where the main one is the director, who controls all his deputies. For example, in Tretyakov Gallery there were six deputies, and State Hermitage- five.
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Such museums were fully funded by the state, which at that time was essential for proper functioning. In the 90s, all activities and work were aimed at implementation, which in turn made an additional contribution to government funding.
Since 1992, funding has been significantly reduced, which has led to various organizational problems. The employees were faced with the question of attracting new sources and developing additional areas of activity, since museums could not cover their expenses.
We also had to almost halve the number of exhibitions and various outdoor events. The search for new ones led to multiple organizational changes.
Transformation of the linear-functional management structure
It began its partial transformation of the linear-functional system starting in 1994. The new structure can be divided into two types:
An example of a system of double subordination organized at the Tretyakov Gallery
Creation of the museum project headquarters
Since many project groups appeared in the transformation, the need arose to organize a special headquarters that should control them. Chiefs of Staff are project managers, and their number depends on the scale of the projects currently in progress.
Included project team includes various heads of departments for construction, engineering, mechanics and so on.
This system allowed Russian museums to reach a new level of development and create the correct organization in the work process. However, over time, many new problems arose due to the inaccurate definition of job responsibilities of the entire project headquarters.
The project headquarters had very great power, and the heads of departments, directors, and project groups could not agree among themselves. After trying many options, Russian museums decided to introduce a new management structure.
New museum management structure
The new organizational structure was borrowed from McKinsey, which specializes in consulting and innovation development. Using this structure, the following hierarchy of positions is distinguished:
- Board of Trustees;
- Director and President;
- Deputy Directors and Vice Presidents;
- Departments;
- Society of friends.
Using this list, you can notice that the new structure has an additional leadership position - president. In terms of the level of power, they stand in the same place, but they have a different number of employees subordinate to them.
For example, the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art currently has three deputies, and the president has five vice-presidents.
It allowed us to accurately determine everyone’s responsibilities, set employment limits, and properly organize the work process. The director and president bear equal responsibility and make decisions on all organizational issues together.
Using new structure The Metropolitan has risen to a completely new financial level. It cannot be said that this Russian museum was the only one to use this system; it is also relevant in many other countries.
Thanks to this structure, the British Museum was able to expand its scope of activities in the areas of marketing, project management and others. Until this time, the British Museum used a linear-functional structure, just like in Russia, and encountered organizational problems.
Linear-functional structure for small museums
For small museums, the development of Treasury employee A. Edward became effective, where he tried to improve the linear-functional structure:
- Board of Trustees;
- General manager;
- Department directors
- Departments.
This system is perfect for small institutions.
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Organizationally - legal form museum is: Municipal budgetary institution culture (table 1.)
Table 1. Characteristics of the organizational and legal form
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Organizational and legal form |
Membership type limitation |
Registration documents |
control |
Pros and cons |
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Municipal budgetary institution |
A participant in an institution is its Founder - an authorized state body or local government body. This type unitary enterprise is based on the right of economic management. |
Charter approved by an authorized state body or local government body |
All decisions on the management of the institution are made by the head or other body, which is appointed by the owner of its property |
The conditions for using profits are stipulated in the charter approved by the founder |
The enterprise may receive assistance from the state or local government. However, the management and other employees of the institution will not be sufficiently interested in efficient work. MBUs, as a rule, are not able to compete with private enterprises |
The municipal budgetary cultural institution "Zlatoust City Museum of Local Lore" operates in accordance with the basic legislation of the Russian Federation on culture, the Labor Code and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation, regional and local significance, and on the basis of the Charter.
Every year the museum staff puts a personal signature in the internal regulations.
The employee’s job description (Appendix 1) must also be strictly observed.
The museum is a legal entity, has a seal with its name and the name of the parent organization of the Committee on Culture and Art of the Western Civil Society, letterheads, and corporate symbols. All accounting matters are carried out by the centralized accounting department of the Committee for Culture and Art of the WGS.
The municipal budgetary cultural institution "Zlatoust City Museum of Local Lore" is a scientific, educational and research cultural institution, the main repository of monuments of national history, material and spiritual culture related to the history and nature of the region.
In the field of research work:
Studies the nature, processes of economic, political and cultural development of the region from ancient times to the present day;
Studies the museum's funds, which are one of the primary sources of knowledge about the region, establishes their scientific and artistic value;
In order to comprehensively study the region and create an exposition, it carries out scientific acquisition of funds.
The results of research work are used primarily to improve the scientific quality of the exhibition, which is one of the forms of publication of museum materials and scientific achievements museum, as well as to improve the content of scientific and educational work.
In the field of scientific and educational work: the local history museum, on the basis of its collections, displays, and exhibitions, conducts mass scientific and educational work, the content and forms of which are determined by the profile of the museum.
The museum holds lectures, excursions, folklore festivals, quizzes, cool watch, festive evenings, auctions.
In order to popularize its activities, the museum distributes posters, leaflets, posters, lecture topics and excursions.
The activities of the museum are financed by the Committee for Culture and Art from the budget in accordance with established standards.
In addition, the museum has the right to provide paid services:
Organize fairs and sales exhibitions;
Organize the work of the art salon;
Take photographs of visitors against the background of exhibitions and with exhibits;
Provide services for copying exhibits and other materials;
Organize traveling exhibitions;
Carry out publishing activities;
Organize commercial exhibitions in areas owned by the museum.
The activities of the Zlatoust City Local Lore Museum include three main areas. Fund work consists of collecting, describing, and storing exhibits. Research involves the scientific study of various materials. Educational work, unlike those listed above, has a pronounced extroverted character.
The Zlatoust City Local History Museum currently has five departments:
Funds Department;
Scientific and educational department;
Department of History;
Nature department.
Art department.
The collections department is engaged in collecting, storing, and replenishing the collection of museum exhibits. The history department is developing excursions, lectures, and thematic and exhibition work on the history of the region. The nature department is engaged in the development of excursions, lectures, thematic and exhibition work in the following areas: geography, ecology, zoology, geology, etc. Employees of the art department develop lectures, excursions of artistic and aesthetic orientation.
The tasks of the scientific and educational department are to organize and conduct events, conduct lectures, and excursions. And also, writing articles for WGO newspapers and preparing materials for television reports. In addition, employees of the scientific and educational department carry out advertising and PR campaigns to attract visitors to the museum, hold events for educational institutions of the district, organize meetings, conferences, round tables etc.
The total number of museum employees at the time of internship is 54 people. Of these, 21 are scientific workers, 23 are technical staff, 10 are caretakers.
Figure 2 shows the enterprise management structure
Rice. 2.
1. 2.2 Museum management system
financial statements local history museum
Technical equipment of the museum
Equipment
Planning
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Performers |
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Creating conditions for organization educational work |
Preparing classrooms for the new school year. Redecoration of classrooms |
Administration |
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Organization of educational activities |
Tariffing of clubs based on MBUK Submission of reports according to the form Development of paid services Organization of excursions (disabled people, orphans) Checking exhibition visits by schoolchildren Conducting safety training Plan schedule of excursions for the first half of the year Certification of tour guides |
During the year In a year In a year In a year September 2013 August 2013 |
Administration Administration administration |
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Regulatory and legal support |
Making changes and additions: Internal regulations. Regulations on bonuses and allowances. Job descriptions for employees of the institution. Development of local acts and regulations: Regulations on the institution's website; Rules for using the Internet; |
June - August 2013 August November 2013 |
Administration director |
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Organization of cultural activities |
Organization of student participation in municipal, regional, and international competitions. Organization and holding of cultural and leisure events with students |
During the year |
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Organization of activities to improve professional skills |
Formation of a list of students of advanced training courses for the 2013-2014 academic year. |
October 2013 |
Director |
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Employee certification |
Analysis of accepted documents for certification of the 2012-2013 academic year. Courses in ICT (information and computer technologies). Preparation of a preliminary list of candidates for the 2013-2014 academic year. |
April 2014 |
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Administrative and thematic meetings. Meeting with the director |
About the results of acquisition. |
September - December 2013 |
Director |
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Organizational and management scheme for delivery of regulatory, analytical and statistical materials |
Submission of information reports. Submission of statistical reports in a form based on acquisition data. Analytical report on the results of the half year |
director |
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director |
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Measures to protect life and health, safety precautions |
The sanitary and hygienic condition of the institution, light, drinking, air conditions in classrooms and classes; Compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements for classes: health-saving analysis of the schedule, prevention of overload with classes, vision prevention (carrying out eye exercises, physical education). |
Slavnitsky N. R. The structure of the City Museum in the 1920s // Proceedings of the State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. Vol. 21. St. Petersburg, 2011, pp. 84-100. In essence, this is a continuation of the story outlined in the work about (http://site/2519.html) In October 1918, the City Museum was created in Petrograd. As its director noted, L.A. Ilyin, “the emergence of the City Museum was not the result of a long process, but, like many significant undertakings of the present time, happened quickly and from the outside it may even seem accidental.” The fact is that in the spring of 1918 V.R. Menzhinskaya raised the question of using the Anichkov Palace. She involved V.Ya. in solving this problem. Kurbatov, and he, in turn, is L.A. Ilyina. After a short discussion, they came to the conclusion that the palace complex is not suitable for housing an educational institution, and the most rational way to use it is to create a new museum, and both spoke in favor of creating a City (municipal) museum, where “everything would be illuminated.” aspects of the life and activity of the city in general and not in relation to Petrograd only, but broadly to the idea of the city in general in its global understanding, and only then to give a picture of the characteristics of Russian cities and Petrograd in particular.” The structure of the City Museum took several years to develop, and its formation in 1918 was mainly influenced by two circumstances. First of all, the composition of the collections - as you know, the main core was the exhibits of the Museum of the Petrograd City Government. But no less important role in this was played by those representatives of the intelligentsia who stood at the origins of the Museum. The preliminary commission, created in the summer of 1918 under the chairmanship of V. R. Menzhinskaya, included L. A. Ilyin, V. Ya. Kurbatov, S. S. Zhikharev, V. S. Librovich, A. P. Bryzgalova, V. S. Anderson and L. I. Zheverzheev. In August 1918, the commission was transformed into the Working Board of the Museum (later the Museum Council), which also included new members - Z. G. Frenkel, M. N. Petrov, E. K. Zamyslovskaya, G. D. Dubelir. It was these people who became the organizers of the Museum and headed the departments. In June 1918, the Working Commission came to the conclusion that the museum should consist of 10 departments: 1) Cultural and educational, 2) Medical, 3) Technical, 4) Architectural, 5) Art, 6) Theater, 7) Library, 8 ) Statistical, 9) Charity, 10) Social life. However, according to the regulations, only seven departments were formed: 1) Social (statistics, charity, social assistance and social life), 2) Health protection, 3) Architectural and construction, 4) Technical, 5) Cultural and educational, 6) Library, 7) Arts in city life. A little later, the Bureau of Cities was formed, as well as the Art Department. In addition, the department of health protection in cities, compiled on the basis of the already mentioned hygienic exhibitions, later received the name “Department of Communal and Social Hygiene”. In addition, for some time there was a Theater, entertainment and music department of the museum. On September 18, 1919, the following structure was approved: Let us now take a closer look at each of the divisions. The Bureau of Cities, created on the initiative of Z. G. Frenkel and L. A. Ilyin, was entrusted with the following functions: notifying Soviet institutions about the work of the City Museum and collecting information about their activities, communicating with various public and government institutions and organizations in Russia and abroad, organizing a library of municipal magazines and newspapers (as well as processing press and providing Museum departments with information that might be of interest to them). However, it did not last long and already in September 1919 it was included in Administrative department, and later disbanded. The task of the Administrative and Organizational Subdepartment was to collect and present materials characterizing the principles of urban management. To do this, the subdepartment used materials collected by the Bureau of Cities, as well as literature on urban management transferred to it from the library. A little later, it began to receive materials of the “current moment” from local Soviets (both documents and photographs). In addition, the archive of the former Kolomna District Duma was transferred to the Museum. The fate of the Art Department is interesting. This unit, headed by V.Ya. Kurbatov (who also became deputy director of the museum), was supposed to be organized in the form of temporary exhibitions (due to the existence of the Museum of Old Petersburg). The department launched a vigorous activity, and by the end of January 1919 it prepared the exhibition “Views of Petrograd and its environs” - the first exhibition opened by the Museum Cities. In 1919, this department also included the exhibition “Interior decoration of housing”, created in the mansion of Countess Karlova (Fontanka embankment, 46), which was transferred to the City Museum on November 16, 1918. In July 1919, the director noted , that “that the Art Department is now not only a consultant, but also a filter, passing material before transferring it to other departments and the custodian of material of a special artistic nature.” But gradually this department was transformed - part of the exhibits was transferred to the Museum of Old Petersburg (as originally intended), and on the basis of the rest of the collection, the Department of Art in City Life and the Garden and Park Section, which was part of the Department of City Architecture, were created. In addition, when the museum was formed in the Anichkov Palace, the premises of Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna in the Anichkov Palace were included in its composition and were called the “Historical Rooms”. The Art Department was also involved in their arrangement, and in 1920 they were “transferred” to the subordination of the “Art in City Life” department. From the very beginning of its existence, the Department of Communal and Social Hygiene had the largest collection (along with the Museum of Old Petersburg) among all other departments of the Museum, since it already received materials from hygienic exhibitions in the summer of 1918. Initially, these materials were placed in 6 rooms of one of the rear wings on the estate of the Anichkov Palace next to the arena. The subject of study of this department, called the Department of Urban Health Protection in 1918, was the city and its population as a socio-economic and communal economic organization. The collection of this department included materials on sewerage, sanitary requirements for housing and living conditions in cities, water supply, street improvement, and cemetery work; as well as “materials characterizing the influence of large manufacturing enterprises on the sanitary condition of urban areas” and “materials on the development of special diseases in cities and on covering the general principles of sanitary services for the population in cities and in non-urban areas.” The theater, entertainment and music department did not last long. As already noted, its creation was envisaged in the original version of the Regulations on the Museum, but such a division was not listed in the approved Regulations. Nevertheless, the department functioned for some time under the leadership of L. I. Zheverzheev. The main objectives of the unit were formulated as follows: 1) comprehensive coverage of the role of theater and spectacle in cultural life cities; 2) collecting illustrated publications, engravings, prints, photographs, etc. theatrical and entertainment life of the city; 3) compilation of a reference library; 4) collecting plans, designs of theatrical structures and their theatrical and technical equipment. In February 1919, the department organized a series of lectures “Theater in the Life of the City” (these lectures were given by P. O. Morozov), but this activity was soon suspended due to the small number of students (15 - 25 people came to the lectures). It was also planned to open an exhibition " People's Theater“However, it was not possible to prepare it, and soon the department ceased to exist. The architectural department was created in 1919 and was originally called the Architectural and Construction Department. The head of this department from the very beginning was L. A. Ilyin. Through his efforts, one of the most significant exhibitions of the museum was created here. The basis for the department’s collection was the “Archive of Construction Assumptions” from the reign of Nicholas I (7 atlases, 23 volumes, 598 sheets of drawings), discovered in the Anichkov Palace, as well as various drawings, plans, photographs. The official opening of the Department took place on October 6, 1922, and it was fully opened to visitors on July 2, 1923. The exhibits of the Technical Department were originally supposed to cover “ technical issues included in the jurisdiction of the city administration": 1) communication routes (land, including streets, bridges, transport; water), 2) water supply, 3) city cleaning, 4) lighting, 5) communications in the city (mail, telegraph, telephone), 6) fire fighting. The exhibition premises were ready by February 1919, but the employees of the department were unable to expand their activities in this way, and it was soon disbanded (the exact date is not known, most likely this happened during the reassignment of the museum, but in May 1920 the department was still functioning, and they planned to transfer materials about the appearance of trams in St. Petersburg to its collection). Most of the materials (primarily on the planning and development of cities) were transferred to the Architectural Department. The socio-economic department was the last of the divisions of the City Museum to emerge and for some time did not even have its own premises. First of all, the department’s employees began collecting statistical material on work and housing issues, as well as drawing up charts characterizing “working budgets in connection with rising prices for basic necessities.” The cultural and educational department of the City Museum did not last long - when the question of staff reduction arose (and this happened already in January 1919), the head of the department, E. K. Zamyslovskaya, stated that all employees of the department had received an invitation to accept university departments in the province, so to carry out the reduction in this department you can do it very easily. However, this proposal was not accepted at that time, and the department continued its activities, preparing two exhibitions in 1919 - “A Toy and Its Meaning in a Child’s Life” and “A Primer and a Children’s Book.” The structure of the Library Department changed periodically. The need to create a library at the museum was recognized from the very beginning, and at the same time, already in April 1918 (that is, when discussing the structure and functions of the future museum), L. A. Ilyin spoke about the possibility of having a library for each department. Therefore, each department had its own libraries. To create a general library, its head, V. M. Anderson, attempted to achieve the transfer to the museum of the book collections of the library of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (70,000 books), the library of the Labor Assistance Committee (600 books), and the library of the former Main Directorate for Local Economic Affairs. This was not possible, and the library was replenished by individual receipts of books that were not needed by other departments, and most of the books were transferred from the “evacuated” libraries of Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, Yuryev, etc. (these cities ended up outside Russia as a result of the Civil War). In June 1920, at the suggestion of Ya. D. Shchupak, all materials (reference books, periodicals) of the Bureau of Cities, which had been liquidated shortly before, were transferred to the library. At that time, it was located in the mansion of Countess Karlova on the embankment of the Fontanka River. In addition, at the end of January 1919, P. Yu. Suzor approached the director of the Museum with a proposal to create a department of War-affected cities and measures and means or methods for their restoration, dedicated to the destruction of cities during the First World War. According to the author of the note, the department’s materials should have reflected: 1) A picture of the current situation in cities affected by the war. General plans of cities with the designation of the affected parts. Photographs, drawings, descriptions of the main buildings mutilated by enemy actions or fires caused by them (photos, drawings and descriptions of destruction and the current situation of damaged monuments and buildings of artistic or historical significance); 2) projects and assumptions of governments and local city administrations for the restoration of cities and villages to their original or modified form; 3) collection of samples building materials both natural and artificial used in different cities with data on their fire resistance and strength; 4) legal provisions stipulating the location of buildings, free spaces, improvements, city decorations and other literature; 5) ways and measures and means for the practical implementation of urban restoration - financial side- and the results achieved. This proposal was submitted to the Architectural and Technical departments for conclusion on February 14, 1919, but the department proposed by him was never created (perhaps the death of P. Yu. Syuzor prevented it; the conclusions of the departments could not be found). However, over time, the People's Commissariat of Education began to pay less and less attention to the City Museum, and problems with financing immediately arose. Already in January 1919, when members of the Museum Employees Committee, on the advice of a comrade People's Commissar Greenberg's education decided to turn to the Chairman of the Museum Board G. Yatmanov for assistance in finding funds; it turned out that “Comrade. Yatmanov reacted extremely negatively to the very existence of the City Museum, which he even considers an illegal institution.” At the same time, the Petrograd municipal management authorities did not abandon the idea of creating a museum. The City Duma formally continued to exist for some time after the October Revolution, but in September 1918, the Council of Commissioners of the Union of Communes of the Northern Region did not issue a resolution on its final abolition. By this time, management of the local economy had already been completely concentrated in the Soviet authorities. On June 28, 1919, at a meeting of the Council for regulating the plan of the city of Petrograd and its environs, a decision was made: “to organize the City Museum as a demonstration school for enterprises, which would house everything from the appearance of the city to the interior decoration of the rooms.” On August 14, V.V. Stepanov made a detailed report on the museum at a meeting of the Council. As a result of the debate, during which the question of the possibility of “linking” the City Museum, located in another department, with the Council of Communal Services was also raised, the issue of the need was fundamentally resolved creation of the Museum of the City of Petrograd. After this meeting, Stepanov carefully familiarized himself with the state of affairs at the City Museum and in mid-September spoke at one of the next meetings of the Council for the Settlement of Petrograd, where he emphasized that the City Museum was ceasing to be a “viable institution” and was “tending towards decay.” Chairman of the Council of Communal Services L. M. Mikhailov, who was present at that meeting, agreed with the need to establish a museum of the city of Petrograd and proposed to raise the question “of accelerating the decomposition of the City Museum in the sense of transferring to the Museum of City Construction those departments and their equipment that are related to Petrograd and should be in the New Museum." V. S. Krivenko also drew attention to the need for premises for the museum. Since the municipal management bodies did not have free space, he proposed using part of the premises of the Anichkov Palace for this purpose. That is, in September 1919, the Council of Communal Services formed a plan for the creation of the Museum of the City of Petrograd on the basis of part of the collections of the City Museum (those that were directly related to Petrograd), as well as the use for this of part of the premises of the Anichkov Palace, which was occupied in the same City Museum. It must be said that the City Museum was in a very difficult situation at that time. In October 1919, it became clear that the financial situation of the Museum was very uncertain (the estimate for the second half of 1919 was not met). The Workers' Collegium was going to send one of its members to Moscow to find out the current situation of the Museum. However, the business trip did not bring any results - it became clear that the People's Commissariat of Education was not able to maintain the City Museum, located in Petrograd. That same fall, another misfortune struck: during the offensive against Petrograd, N.N. Yudenich’s troops in October 1919 were used to defend the fortified area. In view of this urgent event, all the exhibits of the departments, library funds, as well as the records of the Museum were hastily removed from their places and stored in a very limited room, in that randomly disordered state to which the haste of wartime obliges. The administration began restoring the previous order in the departments only on April 1 of the following year (in the winter, as is known, the fuel crisis also broke out, which did not allow normal work to be carried out in unheated premises). In this situation (and in 1920 the funding situation did not improve), the management of the City Museum decided to transfer it to the department of the Council of Communal Services. The first official meeting between the museum's management and representatives of the Petrograd municipal administration took place on May 5, 1920, at one of the meetings of the Working Board of the City Museum. Then the opinions of the parties were clearly outlined - the leaders of the Council of Public Utilities insisted on the creation of the Museum of the City of Petrograd and the disbandment of departments not related to the history of St. Petersburg - Petrograd, and the leaders of the City Museum defended the need to preserve the City Museum. As a result of the meeting, it was decided to form a Conciliation Commission consisting of three members from the Working Board of the City Museum and three from the Council of Public Utilities to directly consider and agree on the existing program of the City Museum and the program of the Museum of the City of Petrograd available in the Council of Public Utilities. The conciliation commission, chaired by L.A. Ilyin, met for the first time on May 11, 1920. When discussing the name, most members agreed that it should not be narrowed, and the nature of the museum’s work should remain the same. At the same time, it was allowed to “take a practical point of view and add the word “Petrograd” to the current name (for budgetary reasons).” Stepanov spoke out against this formulation of the issue, emphasizing that “the transition of the City Museum should be carried out in such a way that the goals of the City Museum and Sovkomkhoz could be combined and, if possible, without damage to both sides... It’s not the details here, but the entire structure and if Petrograd life had not been sufficiently reflected in the City Museum, it would not have been of particular interest to the Council of Communal Services.” A few days later, he announced the program he had developed, according to which the museum was supposed to be divided into two departments: a) Historical (history of the city, city government); b) Museum of Urban Improvement and Urban Economy. He wanted to divide the historical department into several subsections on a chronological basis, and the second department was to consist of 19 subsections: 1) Natural history, 2) City planning and development, 3) Communication routes, 4) Water supply, 5) Lighting, 6 ) Cleaning the city, 7) Construction and housing, 8) Firefighting, 9) Population, 10) Food, 11) Public health, 12) public education, 13) Communication routes, 14) Commercial and industrial, 15) Labor, 16) Social security, 17) Theater and entertainment, 18) Sports, 19) General department (mainly statistical), giving an idea of the development of the activities of city government bodies in various sectors of the city economy, its financial situation, as well as the development of municipalization in the region production, trade and meeting the needs of the population. During the discussion, it became clear that there were no fundamental differences in the programs (no one objected to Stepanov’s desire to single out Petrograd), some discrepancy was only in the view of how and what kind of material should be presented in the departments. A representative of the department was invited to one of the following meetings (June 1) Scientific institutions and higher educational institutions People's Commissariat of Education M.D. Orekhov, who stated that the department has nothing against the transfer of the City Museum from its jurisdiction to Sovkomkhoz, but expressed the wish that in its scientific activities the museum would still be in close contact with the College of Scientific Museums of the People's Commissariat of Education . After this, the matter was transferred to the central authorities in Moscow, where the issue was resolved very quickly, and from July 1, the city museum came under the authority of the Council of Communal Services. The act noted that the Museum of the City remained in Petrograd and received the name of the Museum of the City of Petrograd. The same document stipulated that the Museum was directly under the jurisdiction of the Council of Communal Services and its Chairman. The Museum is in constant communication with the Museum Board of the Scientific Department of the Compros (Education Committee) regarding its scientific activities. At the same time, the museum retained all the previous premises, and all the collections were preserved in it. A little later, the Urban Planning Department developed principles further activities museum, which stipulated that the responsibilities of the Museum include: A) Collecting objects that reflect the structure and development of cities and settlements and their sectors of economy in the past and present, in positive and negative terms. B) systematization of these items and the formation of a permanent exhibition exhibition in all branches of urban planning and public utilities. C) organizing inspections of these exhibitions by the public and explaining to them the meaning of the exhibited objects and the progress of development of urban planning and public utilities. In the new Regulations, attention is drawn to the first point, according to which the Museum was charged with collecting collections reflecting the development of cities, and not just the city of Petrograd. This meant that the ideas of V.V. Stepanov (he, by the way, no longer took part in the work of the museum) were not accepted, and the museum retained its previous name - the City Museum. In general, the old structure of the museum was preserved - it consisted of 12 departments: 1) Old Petersburg; 2) Socio-economic; 3) Health Protection; 4) Water supply and sewerage; 5) Lighting; 6) Communications and relations (this department was never developed - N.S.); 7) Ways and means of communication; 8) Firefighter; 9) Architectural and construction; 10) Garden; 11) Arts in city life; 12) Cultural and Educational. A historical section was created in each of these departments. At the same time, the collections located in the “Historical Rooms” of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna, which were still under the jurisdiction of the City Museum, legally remained under the control of Museum Department Commissariat of Public Education (and the employees who ensured the safety of the collection were subordinate to the Department for the Protection, Accounting and Registration of Monuments of Art and Antiquities). However, two years later, in 1924, the “Historical Rooms” were again subordinate to the City Museum and were part of the Architectural Department. In February 1921, the Museum consisted of the following departments: When comparing the Regulations of 1920 and the structure of the museum in February 1921, one can pay attention to the emergence of the Technical Department. In fact, this was a new department whose task was to cover issues of providing cities with: 1) energy for production and transport for transporting raw materials and products, and 2) special devices for providing public services to the city population and transport for transporting the population throughout the city. However, this department began to function only at the end of 1927. Serious changes have occurred in the structure of the library. The fact is that the Museum included the Fundamental Library of the Urban Planning Department, which it was decided to combine with the museum library (all citizens were allowed there, but books were issued to the museum employees only). In 1921-1923 it was called the Fundamental Library, and in 1924 it became part of the created Library and Information Department. This department, in addition to the library, included the Section for the Organization of Public Utilities and the Scientific Reference Bureau, which collected reference material on issues of public utilities of the USSR, Western Europe and America advises on both theoretical and practical issues related to the organization of local public utilities. In addition, the Department was an independent unit Interior Decoration housing, located in the former mansion of Countess Karlova (Fontanka embankment, 46), which was included in the City Museum in March 1919. This section was organizationally included in the Architectural Department, but at the same time was self-supporting, and the budget it was made up of the amount of entrance fees received from visitors to the Department, as well as from amounts received from the rent of 5 apartments for rent. This exhibition was opened to visitors in 1924. However, by 1923 the structure had changed somewhat: In addition, in the summer of 1923, the Meat Museum was transferred from the territory of the city slaughterhouses to the Department of Communal and Social Hygiene. TsGALI. F. 72. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 49. |