The theme of spiritual rebirth is one of the leading ones in the works of A.P. Chekhov. “Ionych”, “Literature Teacher”, “Bride” - in these stories it was a red thread, and it is through their example that we have to reveal it.
I remember V. Mayakovsky, a fragment of the poem “About Rubbish”:

Threads entangled the revolution of philistinism,
Philistine life is worse than Wrangel.
Quickly turn the heads of the canaries,
So that communism is not beaten by the canaries!

Of course, there is no Wrangel, revolution (except perhaps internal, personal-spiritual), and especially communism in Chekhov’s stories, even more so, which cannot be said about the “canaries”. Eat. And in abundance. But they are not yet hitting communism, but something more valuable by Christian standards - human life, spirit and soul. And Anton Pavlovich Chekhov never ceases to expose the disgusting philistinism in all its corrupting vulgarity, and never tires of throwing more and more so-called “idealist heroes” into battle with it. Which of them gets stuck in this swamp of everyday life, which one climbs to the last breath - a natural confrontation for a society in which a person has the right to personality. And so that everything written above does not seem like a waste of words that does not relate to the topic of the essay, before moving on to the analysis of the above-mentioned works, I will make something like a thesis, the purpose of which will be to serve me as a guide. In my opinion, the theme of “rebirth of the soul” in Chekhov is directly related to the theme of “philistinism”: we can see that in the writer either the philistine becomes an idealistic hero, or the idealistic hero becomes an philistine. In the first case, which we will consider in a few moments (“Bride”; “Literature Teacher”), “philistinism” is the cause, and the idealist hero is the effect. In the second, the effect is the average person, the cause is the heroes different stories(works) own.
So, I ask for your attention, standing in front of us is a young girl of twenty-three years old. We can congratulate her: Nadya will soon get married. But why is her face so sad? Why is she so thoughtful that from the outside it seems like she’s about to cry? Why don’t we feel that anxious anticipation in her, why don’t we see that happy radiance inherent in these young ladies in such a “magical” period of their lives? Look how deeply Nadya breathes, how her young breasts rise and fall... Agree, you can feel not only the May freshness mentioned by the author at the beginning of the story, but also the freshness of the girl herself - her youth. So why is she unhappy?..
A seemingly “stale” man approaches her - this is Sasha, a guest in the Shumins’ house, who lives with them every summer. I wonder if he knows what role he has to play in the fate of this young girl? They start a conversation, from which we can see Sasha’s view of Nadya’s upcoming marriage. “I feel sorry for your youth,” he says. Here we notice the coincidence of his words with her thoughts, here is an example: Sasha: “The same as it was twenty years ago, no change,” Nadya’s thoughts: “And for some reason it seemed that it would be like this now all my life, without change , endlessly! And this coincidence makes me think that this is not why the heroine is unhappy, because not only Sasha, but also she herself, feels sorry for her youth to get married in a provincial town?
Well, here we will leave them and fast forward time a few hours... Aha! Here! Dawn is just beginning, it’s about two o’clock in the morning, but the girl is not sleeping: her own thoughts are preventing her from falling asleep. Or maybe with them comes the anticipation? “Tick-tock, tick-tock...” the watchman knocked lazily. - Tik-tok...” And this knock, suspiciously reminiscent of a clock, is in fact a countdown, a timer until “a new, wide, spacious life.”
In the end, Sasha persuades Nadya to go to study in St. Petersburg. She runs away from home, goes to university and a year later returns to her family, however, the night watchman will still continue to tap like a clock. And only after Sasha’s death will we never hear him again, since Nadya is leaving again for the “mainland,” but “as she believed, forever.”
Time to meet another Chekhov hero, and therefore our essay too (we will talk about the story “The Literature Teacher”). So he locked himself in his office and made a strange entry in his diary: “Run away from here, run away today, otherwise I’ll go crazy!” His last name is Nikitin. He has everything he wanted in last years: “a two-story plastered house” and a beautiful wife in the person of Mani Shelestova, as well as a position as a literature teacher at the gymnasium. What else does he need for complete happiness? Why now, sitting in his office, is he creakingly writing on paper such a terrifying “I’ll go crazy”? But the fact is that you and I are witnesses to a real human catastrophe - “loss of illusions.” This is a very difficult and scary stage in life, which brings a lot of new things into it, including new thoughts. And “these new thoughts frightened Nikitin,” and “he guessed that the illusion had dried up and a new, nervous, conscious life was already beginning, which was not in harmony with peace and personal happiness,” and he saw how boring and insignificant the people around him were . The plaster was crumbling.
Further, before moving on to the second case, represented in my essay by the story “Ionych,” I would like to draw your attention to the opposition that is being revealed between “study” and “family.” I quote the hero-family man Nyukhin from the monologue in one act “On the dangers of tobacco”: “... I was once young, smart, studied at the university, dreamed, considered myself a man... Now I don’t need anything!..”. The heroine of “The Bride” runs away from her marriage to St. Petersburg to start studying at the university. I didn’t say it in time, but Nikitin, sitting at the table in his office at the end of the story, thinks “that it would be nice to take a vacation now and go to Moscow and stay there, on Neglinny, in familiar rooms” where he spent his student years .
The image of the student, the “workaholic monk” was always held in high esteem by the classics, and you will agree that its romantic basis, i.e. hero's struggle with outside world, and is the reason that Chekhov uses this image in his works.
And we have to return to the analysis of stories. Let's meet our the last hero– Doctor Startsev (“Ionych”). Reading the story “Ionych”, you are convinced that the zemstvo doctor at the beginning and at the end of the work are two completely different people. The first is an idealistic hero who spares no effort and time for his work. He doesn't have any amenities (he walks), but he has kind heart and favorite job. The second is the type of influential man in the street. Startsev changes here both externally and internally: he has become fat, has shortness of breath and has a lot of practice in the city, drives a troika and everyone around him is trying to please him, and “what the hell, he’ll suddenly get angry.” He lives alone and bored, “nothing interests him.” But what caused such a contrasting rebirth of man? Startsev’s “only joy,” according to Chekhov, was his non-reciprocal love for Kotik. And it was her refusal to the zemstvo doctor that served as a turning point in his life. In fact, what is this whole idealistic theme for if there is no love in life?
Well, give me a couple more lines to conclude. Today we looked at the rebirth of an ordinary person into an idealistic hero in the stories “The Bride” and “Literature Teacher” and the way back in the story “Ionych”, we determined the reasons leading to this rebirth and the change of being that occurs with it. I would like to say once again that this topic directly depends on the theme of philistinism and has a large role in the work of A.P. Chekhov.

IN Lately a lot is said about the fact that the soul is immortal, and that it can return to Earth again, but in a different shell. But is it possible to experience rebirth for yourself?

From our article you will learn how you can be reborn physically and spiritually.

Physical rebirth

In Hinduism there is such a thing as rebirth. The human soul does not die, but only changes its shell, so it returns to the world in different guises again and again. This process is continuous, and it is impossible to cancel or influence it. Moreover, you can return to Earth not only in a human body: if a person has committed many unseemly acts, then he will return as an insect or animal.

It turns out that in order to be reborn physically, you only need to believe in the postulates of Hinduism and live according to your conscience, so that thanks to pure karma you can return to the world as a human being.

Spiritual rebirth

There is also the concept of spiritual rebirth - this is the cleansing of the soul from unseemly thoughts and actions, which will allow you to start life with clean slate. How to achieve this? To atone for your sins, you should develop spiritually; Daily prayers help to cleanse yourself, as well as helping disadvantaged people. Moreover, you need to help with all your heart, and not for selfish reasons, otherwise nothing will come of it.

The second step will be to sincerely pray for everyone living in the world, including the people who have harmed you. You should let go of your grievances and fears, learn to forgive your enemies and love people.

In addition, you need to live by the eternal law of the Universe, which states: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Therefore, it will be necessary to lead a righteous lifestyle, sowing only goodness. Soon the troubles will go away and the joy of life will return to you.

You may be interested in reading our article on the immortal soul -.

All his life A.P. Chekhov was interested in the topic of human spiritual rebirth. The writer thought about how people change. Chekhov always dreamed of changing a person in better side, but saw that his dreams were not always similar to reality.

He was interested in why good-natured, decent people suddenly become rude and hypocritical. What are the reasons for this? Anton Pavlovich in his works always analyzed, assumed and tried to explain the change in people for the better or for the worse.

According to the writer, spiritual rebirth was influenced by life-related changes: marriage, career advancement, grief in the family and many, many other life situations.

Let's look at several works and try to understand the writer's thoughts, agree with them or, conversely, refute them. For example, in the famous lyrical comedy « The Cherry Orchard“We meet such a hero as the young footman Yasha, an insignificant person, an ordinary guy from the village. Why did his life change for the worse? Where have the good feelings gone? spiritual qualities Russian village man?

Chekhov reveals these changes to us by connecting them with life situation. It's simple: Yasha, after spending five years with his landowner abroad, returned to his native land. But how these five years affected him! When Yasha was told that his mother had come to see him and had been sitting there since yesterday, he did not react to this in any way, he only showed his rotten insides: “God is absolutely with her!” Very necessary. I could come tomorrow.”

The wealth and beauty of metropolitan life abroad had a negative impact on the footman. He picked up “cheap things” there: “Yes, sir, it’s nice to smoke a cigar in the fresh air...” But since Yasha is an uneducated person, then, while trumping this, he does not understand that intelligent and socialite he didn't stop there.

Chekhov hated bookish phrases, fashionable words and everything far-fetched with which the Russian man wanted to portray himself as a European. Using Yasha as an example, the writer makes it clear to the reader that all this is stupid and absolutely unnecessary. Chekhov shows to what extent “lousy” a person can change, striving only for external gloss and despising those who (as it seems to him) are not as developed and enlightened as himself.

Anton Pavlovich always felt sorry for such people and wanted them to become simpler, more truthful, more natural. Chekhov has many such heroes. One of them is Olga Ivanovna Dymova, the heroine of the story “The Jumper”. This is a young woman living off a husband she doesn't care about, making fun of him with her friends who aren't really her friends.

It seems to Olga Ivanovna that Dymov himself does not notice this, because, from her point of view, he is a simple, narrow-minded person, unlike her - sophisticated, artistic, secular. She has many extraordinary acquaintances: artists, artists, among them there is also a “landowner - amateur illustrator.”

All her company are “spoiled by fate”, all are rich, bohemian people. Among this company, Doctor Dymov turns out to be a stranger. His young wife, who loved to sing, play the piano, paint, and sculpt, was drawn to this bohemian audience.

It was she who came to them, and not vice versa, because after the death of her husband, when there was no money and balls, there were no more these so-called friends. Only then did Olga Ivanovna realize how hypocritical and unfair she was towards her husband. After all, Dymov loved her, but did she love him? No, she liked being loved, she liked his attitude towards her and his reliability in everything.

Olga Ivanovna had great faith in her friends, who constantly praised her: “She is ruining herself: if she had not been lazy and pulled herself together, she would have made a wonderful singer.” It turned out that all the praise was just flattery, and Olga Ivanovna was a person with whom one could spend time, not without pleasure. When her husband died, Olga Ivanovna herself became of no use to anyone.

Save the cat! And other secrets of screenwriting Snyder Blake

"Spiritual Rebirth"

"Spiritual Rebirth"

The next rule of film drama is that every character in your film should change as the story progresses. The only ones who don't have to change are the bad guys. But the heroes and their friends change, and sometimes very much.

This is the absolute truth.

I don't really like the term "character arc" because it's so overused by producers and writers of how-to-write guides, but I think the essence it conveys is very important. Writers define this term as "the change that occurs to any character from the beginning, through the course of the story, and towards the end of that character's journey." If this can be done and we can trace what spiritual growth and what changes occur in each character during the development of the plot, the script sounds like a poem. The essence of what you want to convey to your audience: this story, this experience, is so important to everyone affected by it - even you, the audience - that it changes the life of every person who comes into the orbit of the story being told. Since time immemorial everything good stories show growth and change in their characters.

I think the reason why characters should change as the story progresses is because if you have worthy story, it must be vitally important to everyone involved. That is why for each character in the film you need to carefully think through the initial circumstances and see what he gets in the finale. I don’t know why, but I was the first good example The movie “Pretty Woman” comes to mind. Everything changes there: the characters of Richard Gere, Julia Roberts, Laura San Giacomo - even the “mentor” main character performed by Hector Elizondo. And they all change under the influence romantic story, which affects each of them. The only character who learns nothing is the “bad guy” Jason Alexander.

Pretty Woman is one of many skillfully crafted, successful films that applies this rule. It really works in everyone good pictures, those that remain in our memory, make us cry and laugh, which we are happy to review again.

I'll give you a hint.

IN in a certain sense all stories are about change. The ability to change is the litmus test that shows us who succeeds and who fails. Positive heroes readily accept the need to change and see this as a source of strength. Negative characters refuse to change. They are boiled in own juice, unable to break out of their usual routine, and all that remains for them in the event of unexpected changes is to resign themselves and die quietly. To achieve success in life, you need to be open to change. This is a principle not only of a good screenplay, but also of any of the most famous religious concepts. Change is always positive because it represents spiritual rebirth, the promise of a new beginning.

Spiritual rebirth.

Don't we all want to believe it?

Don't we want to jump headlong into the whirlpool of life after good movie? Break out of your routine, try something new, open up to the healing powers of change by watching a movie where everyone can change?

I still want it!

"Everyone changes." This is one of the slogans that I wrote on a yellow sticky note and stuck on top of my Mac monitor so that it would be in front of me while I was writing the script. Before I begin, I think through how each of my characters will change and mark on the board the major milestones they will change as the story progresses.

You must do the same.

If your script lacks depth, if you feel like there's something missing in the plot, test the story against the Rule of Change to see if you can work more on the spiritual transformations that each of your characters must experience.

When I say "everyone" I mean everyone except negative characters.

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“Spiritual kinship” This is a relationship not through kinship, but through indirect family and ritual ties. “Spiritual kinship” was strictly taken into account by law and was one of the most important legal concepts pre-revolutionary Russia. It is also reflected in Russian classical literature.

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From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KA) by the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PE) by the author TSB

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Spiritual kinship Religious ties in families were strong and unostentatious. As required by the ritual, each little godson or goddaughter had a godfather and godmother. Father godfather became a godfather, the son became a godbrother, and both godparents

From the book Handbook of Oriental Medicine author Team of authors

X. Cultural, historical and spiritual heritage of the Cossacks abroad of the twentieth century Almost fifty years ago, a talented poetess, Siberian Cossack Maria Volkova, who lived in Germany, wrote: The more difficult the path, the higher the honor! Let the unfinished cup be bitter! Under our

From the book Hernia: early diagnosis, treatment, prevention author Amosov V. N.

From the author's book

Malignant degeneration of hernias Of course, the warning with which we concluded the previous section directly applies specifically to cases when tissues grew, spurred by inflammation, and suddenly degenerated. Why are low-grade inflammations considered

In the works of A.P. Chekhov's main subject artistic image life appeared ordinary people, their everyday life, in which nothing unusual happens. Life Chekhov's characters flows slowly and imperceptibly. However, it is gradually developing big picture“the tragedy of the little things in life,” in which hidden evil and trouble triumph. Tolstoy's “dialectics of the soul” receives from Chekhov further development, helping the writer to truthfully recreate inner world heroes, convey various shades moods. In Chekhov's works we will not find clearly positive and negative characters. The life drama of the writer's heroes develops not through their fault, but as a result general ill-being reality. Nevertheless, even in such a seemingly hopeless life, sometimes something happens that can change a person for the better, which gives rise to the desire to abandon his old life and start a new life.
We see such a spiritual rebirth of a person in Chekhov’s story “The Lady with the Dog,” which became one of the most famous works writer. At first, the life of the main character Gurov follows a once and for all established routine, and even a holiday romance does not seem to promise any significant changes, but is perceived as vulgar entertainment in a vulgar life. “... It wouldn’t be a bad idea to get to know her,” Gurov decided casually, drawing attention to a lady walking alone with a dog. What usually happens in life happened: a romance began between the heroes.
At first, the heroine experiences what happened very hard, treating it “as if it were her fall.” It is no coincidence that the author compares her with a “sinner on old painting». State of mind The “lonely candle” that barely illuminated her face also helps to understand Anna Sergeevna; and the “dead look” of the city when they left the “stuffy” room; and “the sound of the sea,” speaking “of the eternal sleep that awaits us.” However, then everything goes on as usual. In order to emphasize the normality of what is happening, the author devotes only half a page to the description of all the meetings between Gurov and Anna Sergeevna that followed the first date. And then the inevitable separation. The heroes perceived everything that happened as “sweet oblivion”, as “madness”. No wonder, after seeing Anna Sergeevna off, Gurov felt “as if he had just woken up.”
So, the holiday romance ended, and the heroes returned to their former lives. However, Dmitry Dmitrich was very mistaken in believing that “a month will pass” and everything will be forgotten. Ordinary activities and entertainment not only no longer bring satisfaction, but are also frankly disgusting to Gurov. Love definitely reborn him. He is acutely aware of his current loneliness. “Wingless Life” brought Gurov to the point where he “didn’t want to go anywhere or talk about anything.” It is no coincidence that now the hero is often accompanied by the color gray: in the hotel the floor was “covered with gray cloth”; in front of Anna Sergeevna’s house he sees “a fence, gray, long”; the hotel bed is covered with a “cheap gray” blanket. However, it should be noted that subsequently gray the dress will become a favorite for the hero, since it will be the dress of his beloved woman. Now Gurov is haunted by one thought: to see Anna Sergeevna.
What about the heroine? In a certain sense, she was prepared for an affair with Gurov, whom she perceived as a person from another, better life. The symbol of the stuffy world from which the heroine is trying to escape in the story is a lorgnette: before falling in love with Gurov, Anna Sergeevna loses it in the crowd, that is, this is the beginning of an attempt to “escape.” Later, in the city theater, S. Gurov saw her again with a “vulgar lorgnette” in her hands - the attempt to “escape” failed; Next to her again was her husband-footman, whom she did not love or respect. But here is a new, completely unexpected meeting for Anna Sergeevna with Gurov. And the “madness” returns. Now both he and she live as if they were two lives: one “open” and the other “lived secretly.” But this one secret life, according to the hero and the author, is “the real, the most interesting life" And the hero’s internal monologue tells us about Gurov’s conviction that everyone lives like this.
So what's next? In fact, by the end of the story one a difficult situation results in a new, even more complex one. ABOUT future fate The characters can only be guessed at. Such an “open” ending emphasizes the depth and complexity of the conflict, which goes far beyond the personal destinies of the characters. The writer encourages us to think about a new life, when everything will really be wonderful for people. “And it seemed that a little more - and a solution would be found,” we read at the end of the story, “and then a new one would begin, wonderful Life; and it was clear to both that the end was still far, far away.” However, “love changed them both,” it gave them the opportunity to rise above the wingless world. A.P. himself was distinguished by his endless love for life. Chekhov therefore valued moments of open, cordial communication between people. This is confirmed by numerous Chekhov stories, among which we will certainly name “The Lady with the Dog” among the first.