Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy 1828 – 1910. Life and creative path. Introductory presentation for a lesson on the novel “War and Peace.” To live honestly... 1844 - 1851 Kazan University - philological - law faculty, expelled for negligence, poor performance in history. “History is a collection of fables and useless trifles that do not help in any way improve a person’s fate” - this position is reflected in the novel “War and Peace.” Fascinated by the philosophy of J.-J. Rousseau - the world can only be corrected through self-improvement: he keeps diaries, wants to learn 11 languages, the basics of forestry, music, illustrations. An attempt to get closer and help the peasants. He is considered an eccentric (“Morning of the Landowner”) 1851-1855 Caucasus - studies mountain languages, life, culture. "Childhood. Adolescence. Youth", "Cossacks". “I was not a student of literature, but immediately a great one.” An innovator in revealing the “dialectics of the soul” - a special psychologism, how human consciousness develops. "People are like rivers." Participates in the defense of Sevastopol, awarded a personalized weapon. “Sevastopol Stories” “Sevastopol in December” (1854), “Sevastopol in May” (1855), “Sevastopol in August” (1855). “The hero of my story is truth - and its goal: to prove that true hero the Sevastopol epic was the Russian people.” War in blood and suffering. Soldiers' heroism - officer aristocracy (casteism, desire for splendor, orders) Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin with 22 thousand sailors, with the support of the population, withstood the siege of 120 thousand enemy army (349 days) The main thoughts of the cycle It is the masses who solve the fundamental questions of history, determine the fate of the state. War is not banners and fanfare, but a dirty business, hard work, suffering, blood, tragedy; it reveals the true essence of man. Tolstoy's life credo. To live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again. And forever struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness. Spiritual crisis in the life of Lev Nikolaevich (1860-1870) “Arzamas horror” - a dream about own death, a feeling of emptiness and meaninglessness of life, disappointment that the ideals of brotherhood, class unity are crumbling, thoughts of suicide. 1870-80s – overcoming the crisis, “Confession”: “Why do everything if the only irrefutable reality is death.” Own understanding of Christianity as a rational religion - “The Kingdom of God on earth.” He denied the dogmas of faith, reproached the church for “justifying violence”, “I renounced the life of our circle, recognizing that this is not life, but only a semblance of life.” Breaks with his class and moves to the position of the patriarchal peasantry. The main works of Tolstoy 1863 - beginning of work on the novel "War and Peace" 1873 -77 - work on the novel "Anna Karenina" 1879-82 - "Confession" 1884-86 - "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" 1887 - "The Kreutzer Sonata", play “The Power of Darkness” 1889 – the novel “Sunday” is published “War and Peace” 1856 – the beginning of the plan for the story “Decembrists”. The image of a man who, after 30 years, finds himself in the city of his youth, where everything has changed, but he is the same. 1825 – Decembrist uprising – “the era of delusions and misfortunes of my hero.” Seeing a world without slavery, the officers were ashamed of what was happening in Russia and felt a duty to the oppressed people. "Three Pores" 1812 - “To understand him, I needed to be transported to his youth, which coincided with the glory of Russian weapons - 1812.” 1805-1807 – foreign trips Russian army - “failures and shame.” The structure and genre of the novel “War and Peace” Volume I – 1805 Volume II – 1806-1811 Volume III – 1812 Volume IV – 1812-1813. Epilogue – 1820 Epic novel Publication began – 1865 “1805” Criticism for inept handling of historical facts, inconsistency with the genre canon. Features of the genre of the epic novel - pictures of history (the Battle of Shengraben, the Battle of Austerlitz, the Peace of Tilsit, the War of 1812, the fire of Moscow, the partisan movement) Chronology of the novel 15 years. Social and political life: Freemasonry, the activities of Speransky, the Decembrist society. The relationship between landowners and peasants: the transformations of Pierre, Andrey, the riot in Bogucharovo. Showing various segments of the population: local, Moscow, St. Petersburg nobility, officials, army, peasants. A wide panorama of noble life: balls, receptions, dinners, hunting, theater. 600 characters and characters. Wide geographical coverage: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Otradnoye, Bald Mountains, Austria, Smolensk, Borodino.
Batsa Yana, student of grade 8-A, MAOU Secondary School No. 11, Kaliningrad
Presentation about the life of Leo Tolstoy
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy The work was completed by: 8th grade student “a” Batsa Yanina
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1829-1910) Count, Russian writer, corresponding member (1873), honorary academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Tolstoy's childhood Born on August 28, 1828 in the Krapivinsky district of the Tula province, on his mother's hereditary estate - Yasnaya Polyana. He was the fourth child. His mother died with the birth of her last daughter, when he was not yet 2 years old. A distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, took up the task of raising orphaned children.
Tolstoy's education His education first proceeded under the guidance of the French tutor Saint-Thomas (Mr. Jerome in Boyhood), who replaced the good-natured German Reselman, whom he portrayed in Childhood under the name Karl Ivanovich. In 1841, P.I. Yushkova took on the role of guardian of her minor nephews. Due to a conflict between his family and a teacher of Russian and general history and history of philosophy, Professor Ivanov, at the end of the year had poor performance in the relevant subjects and had to re-take the first year program. To avoid repeating the course completely, he transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he had problems with his grades. Russian history and German continued. Leo Tolstoy spent less than two years at the Faculty of Law: “Every education imposed by others was always difficult for him, and everything he learned in life, he learned himself, suddenly, quickly, with intense work,” writes Tolstaya in her “Materials for biography of L. N. Tolstoy."
Start literary activity Having dropped out of the university, Tolstoy settled in Yasnaya Polyana in the spring of 1847. In his diary, Tolstoy sets himself great amount goals and rules; Only a small number of them were able to follow. Among the successful ones are serious studies English language, music, law. In the winter of 1850-1851. started writing "Childhood". In March 1851 he wrote “The History of Yesterday.” In a remote village, Tolstoy began to write and in 1852 he sent the first part of the future trilogy: “Childhood” to the editors of Sovremennik.
The Heyday of Tolstoy's Work During the first 12 years after his marriage, he created War and Peace and Anna Karenina. At the turn of this second era literary life Tolstoy are conceived back in 1852 and completed in 1861-1862. “Cossacks” is the first of the works in which Tolstoy’s talent was most realized.
Tolstoy's military career Tolstoy remained in the Caucasus for two years, participating in many skirmishes with the mountaineers and being exposed to the dangers of Caucasian military life. He had rights and claims to the St. George Cross, but did not receive it. When it broke out at the end of 1853 Crimean War, Tolstoy transferred to the Danube Army, participated in the battle of Oltenitsa and the siege of Silistria, and from November 1854 to the end of August 1855 he was in Sevastopol.
Tolstoy lived for a long time on the dangerous 4th bastion, commanded a battery at the Battle of Chernaya, and was during the bombardment during the assault on Malakhov Kurgan. Despite all the horrors of the siege, Tolstoy wrote at this time the story “Cutting Wood,” which reflected Caucasian impressions, and the first of the three “Sevastopol stories” - “Sevastopol in December 1854.” He sent this story to Sovremennik. Immediately printed, the story was read with interest throughout Russia and made a stunning impression with the picture of the horrors that befell the defenders of Sevastopol. The story was noticed by Emperor Alexander 2; he ordered to take care of the gifted officer. For the defense of Sevastopol, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of St. Anna with the inscription “For Honor”
Last years of life. On the night of October 28 (November 10), 1910, L.N. Tolstoy, fulfilling his decision to live last years in accordance with his views, he secretly left Yasnaya Polyana, accompanied by his doctor D.P. Makovitsky. Yours last trip he started at Shchyokino station. The trip had no specific purpose. On the way, Tolstoy fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to get off the train that same day at the first large station near the settlement. This station turned out to be Astapovo, where on November 7 (20) L. N. Tolstoy died in the house of the station chief I. I. Ozolin. On November 10 (23), 1910, he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, on the edge of a ravine in the forest, where as a child he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that held the “secret” of how to make all people happy. In January 1913, a letter from the Countess was published Sofia Tolstoy, in in which she confirms the news in the press that a funeral service was performed at her husband’s grave by a certain priest in her presence. But before his death, he did not express a desire to be buried, but bequeathed that he should be buried more simply and cheaply.
Grave of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!
In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but after three years he abandoned his studies, as he quickly became bored with it. When Tolstoy turned 23, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During Tolstoy's service, a writer awakens, and he begins his famous cycle - a trilogy, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. Lev Nikolaevich also writes several autobiographical stories and stories (such as “Cutting Wood”, “Cossacks”).
Finding himself on his plot, Lev Nikolaevich creates own system pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to study educational activities. Completely fascinated by this type of activity, he goes to Europe to get acquainted with the schools. In 1862, Tolstoy married young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately left with his wife to Yasnaya Polyana, where he was fully engaged family life and household chores.
But by the autumn of 1863 he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy’s worldview was completely formed, which he self-explanatory name- “Tolstoyism”, the whole essence of which is well depicted in such works of the writer as “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “What is your faith”, “Confession”.
And in 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana with his attending physician. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at the Astapovo Ryazan-Ural station.
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Krapivensky district of the Tula province into an aristocratic noble family. House in Yasnaya Polyana.
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By origin, Lev Nikolaevich belonged to the famous noble families Tolstoy (on his father’s side) and Volkonsky (on his mother’s side), who gave birth to a number of statesmen and military figures famous in the history of Russia. Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky, grandfather of L.N. Tolstoy. Ekaterina Dmitrievna Volkonskaya, grandmother of Leo Tolstoy. Ilya Andreevich Tolstoy, grandfather of Leo Tolstoy. Pelageya Nikolaevna Tolstaya, grandmother of Leo Tolstoy.
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Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya in childhood, mother of Leo Tolstoy. Nikolai Ilyich, father of Leo Tolstoy. Maria Nikolaevna and Nikolai Ilyich had 4 sons: Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry, Lev, and the long-awaited daughter Maria. However, her birth turned out to be an inconsolable grief for the Tolstoys: Maria Nikolaevna died during childbirth in 1830. And in 1837 Nikolai Ilyich died. The children's teacher was their distant relative Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya. In 1841, the children were taken by their own aunt Pelageya Ilyinichna Yushkova, who lived in Kazan.
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In 1844, Lev Nikolaevich entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages, then transferred to the Faculty of Law. Government teaching did not satisfy his inquisitive mind, and in 1847 Tolstoy filed a petition to dismiss him from among the students. Tolstoy is a student. Building of Kazan University.
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy leaves Kazan and returns to Yasnaya Polyana. And in 1850 he was assigned to serve in the office of the Tula provincial government, but the service also did not satisfy him. Under the influence of his older brother Nikolai L.N. Tolstoy left for the Caucasus in 1851 and volunteered to serve in the artillery. Brother of the writer N.N. Tolstoy.
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In 1854-1855, Tolstoy took part in the heroic defense of Sevastopol. This time was for him a school of military and civil courage. The experience he gained in battles later helped Tolstoy the artist achieve true realism in battle scenes"War and Peace". In besieged Sevastopol, Tolstoy wrote Sevastopol Stories. For the first time in Russian literature, a writer chose as his heroes soldiers and sailors who fought for their Motherland. L.N. Tolstoy. Publication of “Sevastopol Stories” in the Sovremennik magazine.
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At the beginning of November 1855, Tolstoy was sent by courier to St. Petersburg. He stayed with I.S. Turgenev, in his apartment on Fontanka, near the Anichkov Bridge. In St. Petersburg, Turgenev brought Tolstoy into the circle famous writers, contributed to it literary success. Tolstoy became especially close to the writers grouped around Sovremennik. L.N. Tolstoy in the group of Sovremennik writers.
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Turgenev's persistent advice to leave military service still had an effect on Tolstoy: he submitted his resignation and in November 1856 received dismissal from military service, and at the beginning of 1857 he went on his first trip abroad through Warsaw to Paris. Paris
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From France, Tolstoy arrived in London in early March 1861. Here he was lucky enough to attend a lecture by Charles Dickens, who was one of Tolstoy's most beloved writers; He placed his portrait in his Yasnaya Polyana office among the portraits of close people. From London, Tolstoy returns to Russia via Brussels. London.
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Immediately after the wedding, Lev Nikolaevich and Sofya Andreevna left for Yasnaya Polyana, where they lived almost continuously for 20 years. In Sofya Andreevna he found a diligent assistant in his literary work. She parsed and rewrote the writer’s difficult-to-read manuscripts countless times, happy about it that she is the first to read his works. S.A. Tolstaya. L.N. Tolstoy.
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Since 1882, Tolstoy and his family lived in Moscow. The writer was impressed by the contradictions of a large capitalist city, which Moscow had become by that time. This aggravated spiritual crisis, which led Tolstoy to a break with the noble circle to which he belonged. Family of Leo Tolstoy.
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On October 28, 1910, at six o'clock in the morning, Tolstoy left Yasnaya Polyana forever. He and his companions were heading through Kozelsk to the south of Russia. On the way, Tolstoy fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to get off the train at Astapovo station. The last seven days of the writer’s life passed in the station master’s house. On November 7 at 6:50 a.m. Tolstoy died. Funeral in Yasnaya Polyana.
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Tolstoy's grave in Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy's death sparked a wave of anti-government demonstrations: factory workers went on strike; in St. Petersburg, near the Kazan Cathedral, a student demonstration took place; unrest and riots occurred in Moscow and other cities.
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1828. August 28 (September 9 new style) Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Krapivensky district, Tula province. 1841. After the death of his mother (1830) and father (1837), L. N. Tolstoy and his brothers and sister moved to Kazan, to his guardian P. I. Yushkova. 1844 - 1847. L.N. Tolstoy studies at Kazan University - first at the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic-Turkish Literature, then at the Faculty of Law. 1847. Without completing the course, Tolstoy leaves the university and comes to Yasnaya Polyana, which he received as property under a separate deed. 1849. Trip to St. Petersburg University to take exams for a candidate’s degree. 1849. Leo Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana. 1851. L.N. Tolstoy writes the story “The History of Yesterday” - his first literary work(unfinished). In May, Tolstoy travels to the Caucasus and participates as a volunteer in military operations. MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE AND WORK OF L. N. TOLSTOY 1859.
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1860 - 1861 L. N. Tolstoy studies the organization of school affairs abroad during his second trip abroad to Europe. In May, L.N. Tolstoy returns to Yasnaya Polyana. 1861 - 1862. L.N. Tolstoy - world mediator, protects the interests of the peasants; The Tula provincial nobility, dissatisfied with him, demands his removal from office. The story “Polikushka” has been written. 1862 L. N. Tolstoy publishes the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana”, finished the story “Cossacks”. 1863 - 1869. Leo Tolstoy works on the novel “War and Peace”. 1868. L.N. Tolstoy begins to work on “The ABC”, graduated in 1872. 1872. Resumes pedagogical activity L.N. Tolstoy, interrupted after the search, a congress of teachers gathers public schools. L.N. Tolstoy is trying to create teacher training courses in Yasnaya Polyana. Working on stories for children. 1873. Tolstoy began writing the novel “Anna Karenina”, finished in 1877. In June - August, L.N. Tolstoy participates in helping the starving peasants of the Samara province.
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1901 - 1902. L.N. Tolstoy lives during his illness in the Crimea, where he often meets with A.P. Chekhov and A.M. Gorky. 1903. Leo Tolstoy wrote the story “After the Ball.” 1905 - 1908. Leo Tolstoy writes articles “Why?”, “I Can’t Be Silent!” and others L.N. Tolstoy. 1895
Kasatkina Maria
In a presentation prepared by a student for a lesson literary reading, presents material about the life and work of the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy. The presentation will be useful not only for schoolchildren, but also for teachers and parents.
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Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1, Kameshkovo, Vladimir region Life and work of L.N. Tolstoy Performed by a student of class 4 “B” Kasatkina Maria
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828 – 1910), prose writer, playwright, publicist. Born on September 9 (August 28, old style) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province. By origin he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. He received home education and upbringing.
His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of “her spiritual appearance.” Tolstoy's father, participant Patriotic War, remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting, also died early (1837). The children were raised by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy and were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood”. “Childhood period” The writer’s father is Nikolai Tolstoy
L.N. Tolstoy with his brothers. Tolstoy was the fourth child in the family; he had three older brothers: Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergei (1826-1904) and Dmitry (1827-1856). In 1830, sister Maria was born. His mother died with the birth of her last daughter, when he was not yet 2 years old.
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent 2.5 years preparing to enter university; at the age of 17 he entered there. Lev Nikolaevich already at that time knew 16 languages, read a lot and studied philosophy. But his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in social entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and domestic circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of science. Kazan University P. I. Yushkova is the aunt of the writer Kazan University. House in Yasnaya Polyana.
After a summer in the village, in the fall of 1847, Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university. His lifestyle changed frequently during this period. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared. "The stormy life of adolescence"
In 1851, his older brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. Tolstoy lived for almost three years in Cossack village on the banks of the Terek. In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the Sovremennik magazine without revealing his name. Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition. The story "Childhood"
In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. A boring staff life forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began writing the cycle " Sevastopol stories" Crimean campaign
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a “great the hope of Russian literature." In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 - abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany. In the fall he returned to Moscow, then to Yasnaya Polyana. Among writers and abroad
In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village and helped establish more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana", the books "ABC" and "New ABC", as well as children's books for reading. People's School
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. For 17 years life together they had 13 children.
In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and developing his pedagogical views in print, Tolstoy worked on the novels: “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, the story “Cossacks”, the first of works in which Tolstoy's great talent was recognized as a genius.
The turning point years radically changed the writer’s personal biography (Tolstoy’s proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp discontent among family members, especially his wife). In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train in a small railway station Astapovo. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale. Astapovo station
Throughout his life, L.N. Tolstoy expanded his knowledge and was a highly educated person. In his works, L.N. Tolstoy said that only one who works, who does good to other people, who honestly fulfills his duty can be called a person. It is shameful and unworthy of a person to live by someone else’s labor. On November 10 (23), 1910, he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, on the edge of a ravine in the forest, where as a child he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that kept the secret of how to make all people happy.