I. A. Bunin was born on October 22, 1870 in Voronezh. His childhood was spent on a family estate located in the Oryol province.
At the age of 11, Bunin began studying at the Yeletsk gymnasium. In his fourth year of study, due to an illness, he was forced to leave his studies and go to live in the village. After recovery, Ivan Bunin continued his studies with his older brother; both were very interested in literature. At the age of 19, Bunin is forced to leave the estate and provide for himself. He changes several positions, working as an extra, proofreader, librarian, and has to move often. Since 1891, he begins to publish poems and stories.
Having received approval from L. Tolstoy and A. Chekhov, Bunin focuses his activities on the literary sphere. As a writer, Bunin received the Pushkin Prize and also became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Bunin's story "The Village" brought him great fame in literary circles.
He perceived the October Revolution negatively, and therefore he left Russia, emigrating to France. In Paris he writes many works concerning Russian nature.
I. A. Bunin dies in 1953, having survived the Second World War.
Brief biography of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 4th grade
Childhood
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich was born on October 10 or 22, 1870 in the city of Voronezh. A little later, he and his parents moved to an estate in the Oryol province.
He spends his childhood on the estate, in the middle of nature.
Having not graduated from the gymnasium in the city of Yelets (1886), Bunin received his subsequent education from his brother Yuli, who graduated from the university with excellent marks.
Creative activity
Ivan Alekseevich's first works were published in 1888, and the first collection of his poems with the same title was published in 1889. Thanks to this collection, fame comes to Bunin. Soon, in 1898, in the collection “Under open air"his poems are published, and later, in 1901, in the collection "Listopad".
Later, Bunin was awarded the title of academician at the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg (1909), after which he left Russia, being an opponent of the revolution.
Life abroad and death
Abroad Bunin does not leave his creative activity and writes works that will be doomed to success in the future. It was then that he wrote one of the most famous works, “The Life of Arsenyev.” For him the writer receives the Nobel Prize.
Bunin's last work - literary image Chekhov was never completed.
Ivan Bunin died in the capital of France - in the city of Paris and was buried there.
4th grade for children, 11th grade
Life and work of Ivan Bunin
1870 is a landmark year for Russia. On October 10 (October 22), a brilliant poet and writer who won world fame, I.A. Bunin, was born into a Voronezh family of nobles. From the age of three, the Oryol province became home for the future writer. Ivan spends his childhood in his family; at the age of 8 he begins to try himself in the literary field. Due to illness, he was unable to complete his studies at the Yeletsk gymnasium. He improved his health in the village of Ozerki. Unlike his younger brother, another member of the Bunin family, Yuli, is studying at the university. But after spending a year in prison, he was also sent to the village of Ozerki, where he became Ivan’s teacher, teaching him many sciences. The brothers were especially fond of literature. The debut in the newspaper took place in 1887. Two years later, due to the need to earn money, Ivan Bunin leaves his home. Modest positions as a newspaper employee, extra, librarian, and proofreader brought in a small income for subsistence. He often had to change his place of residence - Orel, Moscow, Kharkov, Poltava were his temporary homeland.
Thoughts about his native Oryol region did not leave the writer. His impressions were reflected in his first collection entitled “Poems,” which was published in 1891. Bunin was especially impressed by his meeting with the famous writer Leo Tolstoy 3 years after the release of “Poems”. The next year was remembered by him as the year he met A. Chekhov; before that, Bunin had only corresponded with him. Bunin's story “To the End of the World” (1895) was well received by critics. After which he decides to devote himself to this art. The subsequent years of Ivan Bunin's life are completely connected with literature. Thanks to his collections “Under the Open Air” and “Leaf Fall”, in 1903 the writer became the winner of the Pushkin Prize (this prize was awarded to him twice). The marriage to Anna Tsakni, which took place in 1898, did not last long; their only 5-year-old child dies. Afterwards he lives with V. Muromtseva.
In the period from 1900 to 1904, many beloved famous stories: “Chernozem”, “Antonov apples”, no less significant “Pines” and “New Road”. These works made an indelible impression on Maxim Gorky, who highly appreciated the writer’s work, calling him the best stylist of our time. Readers especially loved the story “The Village”.
In 1909, the Russian Academy of Sciences acquired a new honorary member. Ivan Alekseevich rightfully became it. Bunin was unable to accept the October Revolution and spoke sharply and negatively about Bolshevism. Historical events in his homeland force him to leave his country. His path lay to France. Crossing Crimea and Constantinople, the writer decides to stop in Paris. In a foreign land, all his thoughts are about his homeland, Russian people, natural beauty. Active literary activity resulted in significant works: “Lapti”, “Mitya’s Love”, “Mowers”, “Distant”, the short story “Dark Alleys”, in the novel “The Life of Arsenyev”, written in 1930, he tells about his childhood and youth. These works were called the best in Bunin's work.
Three years later, another significant event occurred in his life - Ivan Bunin was awarded an honorary Nobel Prize. Famous books about Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov were written abroad. One of his appeared in France latest books"Memories". Ivan Bunin survived historical events in Paris - an attack by the fascist army, I saw their defeat. His active work made him one of the most important figures of the Russian Abroad. The date of death of the famous writer is November 8, 1953.
Biography by dates and Interesting Facts. The most important.
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Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a famous writer, poet, and outstanding author. Born October 10, 1870. Oryol province is the place where Bunin spent his childhood. Beautiful landscapes, freedom and space inspired Ivan to take his first steps in writing - he tried to compose short quatrains about the places around him.
Education
Since the family was not rich, Bunin received his primary education at home. The year 1881 was marked by admission to the Yeltsin gymnasium, which Ivan was unable to graduate due to lack of financial resources in the family. The writer’s older brother helped him obtain further education.
Literary activity
Ivan Alekseevich wrote his first poems at the age of seventeen. His first masterpieces were published already in 1888 in the collection “Poems”. His next poems have been published since 1898. And in 1915 the first stories were published.
Bunin received recognition not only for his work, but also for his translation of the work “The Song of Hiawatha” in 1896. The story “The Village” also brought wide fame to the writer. In his work, Bunin revealed a wide variety of topics and showed all aspects of life - he wrote about nature, peasant life, love and death.
Emigration
Bunin loved to travel, so his biography is full of emigration and life in different countries, where his ideas were created. best works, including “The Life of Arsenyev” - a novel that brought the writer the Nobel Prize.
Family
In 1891 he married proofreader Varvara Pashchenko, but failed to save the family. Bunin's second wife is Anna Tsakni. This marriage also turned out to be unsuccessful. Only after marrying Vera Muromtseva for the third time did Bunin find love and peace and lived with his wife until his death in November 1953.
Biography of Bunin, life and work, grade 4
In the nineteenth century, 1870, in the tenth month, a baby was born into the impoverished noble cell of society, who was named Ivan.
The boy spent his childhood years on a family estate near the town of Yelets. This is central Russia. These are very picturesque places. It was they who left a bright imprint in the mind of the future writer. He will subsequently reflect the beauty he saw in his works.
Ivan Bunin was taught reading, arithmetic and literacy at home.
At the age of eleven he was sent to a gymnasium, but due to a sad coincidence, the future writer did not finish it. He owes his education to his older brother Yuri. He taught his younger brother everything he knew and could do as best he could.
Ivan always had an irresistible craving for literary creativity. In 1888, the first poems from his pen were published. The name of the aspiring poet began to gain fame. And his poems had some success.
It is worth noting the fact that Bunin was personally acquainted with Maxim Gorky, Alexei Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov. Moreover, the latter had a huge influence on the personality and work of Ivan Alekseevich.
The revolution of 1917 was not understood by the writer, and for this reason he decided to emigrate from Russia forever. Solving the conflict by military means was contrary to his nature.
If we talk about Ivan Bunin’s life in exile, then, we can say, this is a series of moves from one country to another. Thus, he traveled almost all of Africa, part of Asia and Europe.
Despite his isolation from his homeland, Bunin works fruitfully. It was in exile that his best texts were written, which are included in the treasury of world literature.
The novel “The Life of Arsenyev” allowed Ivan Alekseevich to receive the highest literary award - the Nobel Prize.
Shortly before his death, Bunin's health deteriorated. He was ill a lot and for a long time, but until his last days he did not betray his literature.
At the end of his life, he wanted to complete the literary portrait of Anton Chekhov, but death did not allow Ivan to complete the work he had started. After all, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was his idol. The created literary portrait of Chekhov could become a tribute to the memory of the classic.
In 1953 in France, the heart of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin stopped beating. His ashes rest in one of the cemeteries in France.
It is also worth citing some interesting facts from the life of Ivan Alekseevich.
Firstly, his home education (his older brother taught him science) did not prevent Ivan from twice becoming a laureate of the Pushkin Prize in literature.
Secondly, the first attempt at writing took place at the age of seventeen, as an imitation of Pushkin.
Thirdly, Ivan is the first Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize.
Fourthly, Ivan was, one might say, a loser in amorous affairs. His love Varvara did not become his wife. And his other chosen ones did not bring him real human happiness and family peace.
Fifthly, Ivan Alekseevich strived with every fiber of his soul to emigrate to Russia, but his desire was not realized.
Sixthly, the Bunin family was related to Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Ivan was impressed by this fact.
Seventhly, Bunin, one might say, is a fatalist. He prophetically predicted his own death in one of his last diary entries.
3, 4, 5 grade
Interesting facts and dates from life
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born on October 22, 1870 in Voronezh into a noble family. He spent his childhood and youth on an impoverished estate in the Oryol province.
He spent his early childhood on a small family estate (the Butyrka farmstead in Yeletsky district, Oryol province). At the age of ten he was sent to the Yeletsk gymnasium, where he studied for four and a half years, was expelled (for non-payment of tuition fees) and returned to the village. The future writer did not receive a systematic education, which he regretted all his life. True, the elder brother Yuli, who graduated from the university with flying colors, went through the entire gymnasium course with Vanya. They studied languages, psychology, philosophy, social and natural sciences. It was Julius who had a great influence on the formation of Bunin’s tastes and views.
An aristocrat in spirit, Bunin did not share his brother’s passion for political radicalism. Julius, sensing the literary abilities of his younger brother, introduced him to Russian classical literature, advised me to write it myself. Bunin read Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov with enthusiasm, and at the age of 16 he began to write poetry himself. In May 1887, the magazine "Rodina" published the poem "Beggar" by sixteen-year-old Vanya Bunin. From that time on, his more or less constant literary activity began, in which there was a place for both poetry and prose.
In 1889, an independent life began - with a change of professions, with work in both provincial and metropolitan periodicals. While collaborating with the editors of the newspaper "Orlovsky Vestnik", the young writer met the newspaper's proofreader, Varvara Vladimirovna Pashchenko, who married him in 1891. The young couple, who lived unmarried (Pashchenko's parents were against the marriage), subsequently moved to Poltava (1892) and began to serve as statisticians in the provincial government. In 1891, Bunin's first collection of poems, still very imitative, was published.
The year 1895 became a turning point in the writer’s fate. After Pashchenko got along with Bunin’s friend A.I. Bibikov, the writer left his service and moved to Moscow, where his literary acquaintances took place with L.N. Tolstoy, whose personality and philosophy had a strong influence on Bunin, with A.P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, N.D. Teleshov.
Since 1895, Bunin has lived in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Literary recognition came to the writer after the publication of such stories as “On the Farm”, “News from the Motherland” and “At the End of the World”, dedicated to the famine of 1891, the cholera epidemic of 1892, the resettlement of peasants to Siberia, as well as impoverishment and the decline of the small landed nobility. Bunin called his first collection of stories “At the End of the World” (1897). In 1898, Bunin published the poetry collection “Under the Open Air,” as well as a translation of Longfellow’s “Song of Hiawatha,” which received very high praise and was awarded the Pushkin Prize of the first degree.
In 1898 (some sources indicate 1896) he married Anna Nikolaevna Tsakni, a Greek woman, the daughter of the revolutionary and emigrant N.P. Tsakni. Family life again turned out to be unsuccessful and in 1900 the couple divorced, and in 1905 their son Nikolai died.
On November 4, 1906, an event occurred in Bunin’s personal life that had an important influence on his work. While in Moscow, he meets Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, the niece of the same S.A. Muromtsev, who was the chairman of the First State Duma. And in April 1907, the writer and Muromtseva went together on their “first long journey,” visiting Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. This journey not only marked the beginning of their life together, but also gave birth to a whole cycle of Bunin’s stories “The Shadow of a Bird” (1907 - 1911), in which he wrote about the “luminous countries” of the East, their ancient history and amazing culture.
In December 1911, in Capri, the writer finished the autobiographical story “Sukhodol”, which, being published in “Bulletin of Europe” in April 1912, was a huge success among readers and critics. On October 27-29 of the same year, the entire Russian public solemnly celebrated the 25th anniversary of I.A.’s literary activity. Bunin, and in 1915 in the St. Petersburg publishing house A.F. Marx published his complete works in six volumes. In 1912-1914. Bunin took an intimate part in the work of the “Book Publishing House of Writers in Moscow”, and collections of his works were published in this publishing house one after another - “John Rydalets: stories and poems of 1912-1913.” (1913), "The Cup of Life: Stories of 1913-1914." (1915), "Mr. from San Francisco: Works 1915-1916." (1916).
The First World War brought Bunin “great spiritual disappointment.” But it was during this senseless world massacre that the poet and writer especially acutely felt the meaning of the word, not so much journalistic as poetic. In January 1916 alone, he wrote fifteen poems: “Svyatogor and Ilya”, “A Land without History”, “Eve”, “The day will come - I will disappear...” and others. In them, the author fearfully awaits the collapse of the great Russian power. Bunin reacted sharply negatively to the revolutions of 1917 (February and October). The pathetic figures of the leaders of the Provisional Government, as the great master believed, were capable of leading Russia only to the abyss. His diary was dedicated to this period - the pamphlet "Cursed Days", first published in Berlin (Collected works, 1935).
In 1920, Bunin and his wife emigrated, settling in Paris and then moving to Grasse, a small town in the south of France. You can read about this period of their life (until 1941) in Galina Kuznetsova’s talented book “The Grasse Diary”. A young writer, a student of Bunin, she lived in their house from 1927 to 1942, becoming Ivan Alekseevich’s last very strong passion. Vera Nikolaevna, infinitely devoted to him, made this, perhaps the greatest sacrifice in her life, understanding the emotional needs of the writer (“For a poet, being in love is even more important than traveling,” Gumilyov used to say).
In exile, Bunin created his best works: “Mitya’s Love” (1924), “Sunstroke” (1925), “The Case of Cornet Elagin” (1925) and, finally, “The Life of Arsenyev” (1927-1929, 1933). These works became a new word both in Bunin’s work and in Russian literature in general. And according to K. G. Paustovsky, “The Life of Arsenyev” is not only the pinnacle work of Russian literature, but also “one of the most remarkable phenomena of world literature.”
In 1933, Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize, as he believed, primarily for “The Life of Arsenyev.” When Bunin came to Stockholm to receive the Nobel Prize, people in Sweden already recognized him by sight. Bunin's photographs could be seen in every newspaper, in store windows, and on cinema screens.
With the outbreak of World War II, in 1939, the Bunins settled in the south of France, in Grasse, at the Villa Jeannette, where they spent the entire war. The writer closely followed events in Russia, refusing any form of cooperation with the Nazi occupation authorities. He experienced the defeats of the Red Army on the eastern front very painfully, and then sincerely rejoiced at its victories.
In 1945, Bunin returned to Paris again. Bunin repeatedly expressed his desire to return to his homeland; he called the decree of the Soviet government of 1946 “On the restoration of USSR citizenship to subjects of the former Russian Empire...” “a generous measure.” However, Zhdanov’s decree on the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad” (1946), which trampled A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko, forever turned the writer away from his intention to return to his homeland.
Although Bunin's work received wide international recognition, his life in a foreign land was not easy. The latest collection of short stories, Dark Alleys, written during the dark days of the Nazi occupation of France, went unnoticed. Until the end of his life he had to defend his favorite book from the “Pharisees.” In 1952, he wrote to F.A. Stepun, the author of one of the reviews of Bunin’s works: “It’s a pity that you wrote that in “Dark Alleys” there is some excess of consideration of female charms... What an “excess” there! I gave only a thousandth how men of all tribes and peoples “consider” women everywhere, always from the age of ten until the age of 90.”
At the end of his life, Bunin wrote a number of more stories, as well as the extremely caustic “Memoirs” (1950), in which Soviet culture is subject to harsh criticism. A year after the appearance of this book, Bunin was elected the first honorary member of the Pen Club. representing writers in exile. In recent years, Bunin also began work on his memoirs about Chekhov, which he intended to write back in 1904, immediately after the death of his friend. However, the literary portrait of Chekhov remained unfinished.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin died on the night of November 8, 1953 in the arms of his wife in terrible poverty. In his memoirs, Bunin wrote: “I was born too late. If I had been born earlier, my writing memories would not have been like this. I would not have had to survive... 1905, then the First World War, followed by the 17th year and its continuation, Lenin , Stalin, Hitler... How not to envy our forefather Noah! Only one flood befell him..." Bunin was buried in the Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery near Paris, in a crypt, in a zinc coffin.
Ivan Bunin short biography Russian writer will help write a report about Ivan Bunin. You can supplement the report on Bunin.
Ivan Bunin biography briefly
In 1881, Bunin entered the gymnasium, but due to financial problems he did not complete his studies. He studied at home with the support of his older brother Julius.
Since 1889, Bunin worked as a journalist, both in district and capital newspapers. In 1891, Bunin married Varvara Pashchenko, a proofreader for the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper. In the same year, Bunin released his debut collection of poems.
In 1895, after a divorce from Pashchenko, Bunin moved to Moscow, where he met L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, M. Gorky and artists of that time.
The story “Antonov Apples” - about the problems of impoverished noble estates - brought popularity.
The collection of poems “Falling Leaves” brings Bunin the Pushkin Prize.
After the revolution of 1905, Bunin begins to write about the share of the Russian village, to think about historical role Russia, which causes a flurry of criticism for the negative image of the Russian village. But the stories “Village” and “Sukhodol” were a success among readers. In 1906, Bunin met Vera Muromtseva, with whom he lived until the end of his life.
The work of 1915-1916 is dominated by the writer’s philosophizing about the absurdity of the existence of the world and the meaninglessness of the development of civilization. The main themes of the stories of this period (“Mr. from San Francisco” and “Brothers”) are death and fatal accident.
After the October Revolution, the Bunin family goes to France.
In 1933, Bunin won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
The best works of the writer were written precisely during emigration. Among them are “Mitya’s Love”, “The Case of Cornet Elagin” and the cycle of stories “Dark Alleys”. He himself believed that his work belonged rather to the generation of Tolstoy and Turgenev. Despite the fact that for a long time his works were not published in the USSR, after 1955 he was the most published emigrant writer in the country.
As a representative of an impoverished noble family, Bunin began early independent life. In his youth, he worked in newspapers, offices, and traveled a lot. The first of Bunin’s published works was the poem “Over the grave of S. Ya. Nadson” (1887); The first collection of poetry was published in 1891 in Orel. In 1903 he received the Pushkin Prize for the book “Falling Leaves” and the translation of “The Song of Hiawatha”; in 1909 he was again awarded this award for the 3rd and 4th volumes of the Collected Works. In 1909 he was elected honorary academician in the category of belles-lettres of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1920 he lived in France. Author of the novel “The Life of Arsenyev”, the stories “Sukhodol”, “The Village”, “Mitya’s Love”, the stories “The Gentleman from San Francisco”, “Easy Breathing”, “Antonov Apples”, the diary entries “Cursed Days” and other works. In 1933, Ivan Bunin won the Nobel Prize in Literature for "the rigorous mastery with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose." He died in 1953 and is buried in the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois cemetery. Bunin's works have been filmed several times. The image of the writer is embodied in the film by Alexei Uchitel “The Diary of His Wife.”
Origin, family
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin- a representative of a noble family that dates back to the 15th century and had a coat of arms included in the “General Arms of the All-Russian Empire” (1797). Among the writer’s relatives were the poetess Anna Bunina, the writer Vasily Zhukovsky and other figures of Russian culture and science. Ivan Alekseevich’s great-great-grandfather, Semyon Afanasyevich, served as secretary of the State Patrimonial Collegium. Great-grandfather - Dmitry Semyonovich - retired with the rank of titular adviser. Grandfather - Nikolai Dmitrievich - served for a short time in the Voronezh Chamber of Civil Court, then was engaged in farming in those villages that he got after the property division.
The writer's father - landowner Alexei Nikolaevich Bunin (1827-1906) - did not receive good education: After graduating from the first grade of the Oryol gymnasium, he left his studies, and at the age of sixteen he got a job in the office of the provincial noble assembly. As part of the Yelets militia squad, he participated in the Crimean campaign. Ivan Alekseevich recalled his father as a man who possessed remarkable physical strength, ardent and generous at the same time: “His whole being was... imbued with the feeling of his lordly origin.” Despite the dislike of studying that had taken root since his adolescence, until old age he “read everything that came to hand with great eagerness.”
Returning home from a campaign in 1856, Alexey Nikolaevich married his cousin Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Chubarova (1835(?) - 1910). Unlike her energetic, temperamental husband (who, according to the writer, “at times drank terribly, although he did not have ... a single typical trait of an alcoholic”), she was a meek, soft, pious woman; it is possible that her impressionability was transferred to Ivan Alekseevich. In 1857, the first-born son Julius appeared in the family, and in 1858, son Evgeniy. In total, Lyudmila Alexandrovna gave birth to nine children, five of whom died in early childhood.
Childhood and youth
Ivan Alekseevich was born on October 10, 1870 in Voronezh, in house No. 3 on Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya Street, which belonged to the provincial secretary Anna Germanovskaya, who rented out rooms to tenants. The Bunin family moved to the city from the village in 1867 to give their eldest sons Yuli and Evgeniy a high school education. As the writer later recalled, his childhood memories were associated with Pushkin, whose poems were read aloud by everyone in the house - both parents and brothers. At the age of four, Bunin and his parents moved to the family estate in the Butyrki village of Yeletsk district. Thanks to his tutor, Moscow University student Nikolai Osipovich Romashkov, the boy became addicted to reading; Home education also included teaching languages (among which special attention was paid to Latin) and drawing. Among the first books Bunin read on his own were Homer's Odyssey and a collection of English poetry.
In the summer of 1881, Alexey Nikolaevich brought youngest son to the Yeletsk boys' gymnasium. In a petition addressed to the director, the father wrote: “I wish to educate my son Ivan Bunin in the educational institution entrusted to you”; in an additional document, he promised to promptly pay the fee for the “right to study” and notify about changes in the boy’s place of residence. After passing the entrance exams, Bunin was enrolled in 1st grade. At first, Ivan Alekseevich, together with his friend Yegor Zakharov, lived in the house of the Yelets tradesman Byakin, who took 15 rubles a month from each of the tenants. Later, the high school student moved in with a certain cemetery sculptor, then changed housing twice more. In the course, Bunin had the hardest time learning mathematics - in one of his letters to his older brother, he mentioned that the exam in this subject was “the most terrible” for him.
Studying at the gymnasium ended for Ivan Alekseevich in the winter of 1886. Having gone on vacation to his parents, who had moved to their Ozerki estate, he decided not to return to Yelets. At the beginning of spring, the teachers' council expelled Bunin from the gymnasium for failure to appear “from Christmas leave.” From that time on, Julius, who was exiled to Ozerki under police supervision, became his home teacher. The older brother, realizing that the younger brother was disgusted by mathematics, concentrated his main teaching efforts on the humanities.
Bunin’s first literary experiments date back to this period - he wrote poetry from his high school years, and at the age of fifteen he composed the novel “Passion,” which was not accepted by any editor. In the winter of 1887, having learned that one of his literary idols, the poet Semyon Nadson, had died, Ivan Alekseevich sent several poems to the Rodina magazine. One of them, entitled “Over the grave of S. Ya. Nadson,” was published in the February issue. Another - "The Village Beggar" - appeared in the May issue. The writer later recalled: “I will never forget the morning when I walked with this number from the post office to Ozerki, picked dewy lilies of the valley through the forests and re-read my work every minute.”
"Orlovsky Bulletin". Wanderings
In January 1889, the publisher of the Orlovsky Vestnik, Nadezhda Semyonova, invited Bunin to take the position of assistant editor in her newspaper. Before giving consent or refusing, Ivan Alekseevich decided to consult with Julius, who, having left Ozerki, moved to Kharkov. Thus began a period of wanderings in the writer’s life. In Kharkov, Bunin settled with his brother, who helped him find an easy job in the zemstvo government. Having received his salary, Ivan Alekseevich went to Crimea and visited Yalta and Sevastopol. He returned to the editorial office of the Oryol newspaper only in the fall.
Varvara Pashchenko (1870-1918), whom researchers call the writer’s first “unmarried” wife, worked as a proofreader at Orlovsky Vestnik at that time. She graduated from seven classes of the Yelets girls’ gymnasium, then entered an additional course “for the special study of the Russian language.” In a letter to his brother, Ivan Alekseevich said that when he first met Varvara - “tall, with very beautiful features, wearing pince-nez” - he seemed to be a very arrogant and emancipated girl; he later described her as an intelligent, interesting conversationalist.
The relationship between the lovers was difficult: Varvara’s father refused to see Bunin as his future son-in-law, and he, in turn, was burdened by everyday disorder. The financial situation of his family at that time was precarious; Ivan Alekseevich’s parents, who sold Butyrki and transferred Ozerki to their son Evgeniy, actually separated; according to Bunin’s younger sister Maria, they sometimes “sat completely without bread.” Ivan Alekseevich wrote to Yulia that he constantly thinks about money: “I don’t have a penny, I can’t earn money, I can’t write something, I don’t want to.”
In 1892, Ivan Alekseevich moved to Poltava, where, with the assistance of Yuli, he got a job in the statistical department of the provincial government. Soon Varvara arrived there too. An attempt to start a family in a new place failed: Bunin devoted a lot of time to meetings with representatives of populist circles, communicated with Tolstoyans, and traveled. In November 1894, Pashchenko left Poltava, leaving a note: “I’m leaving, Vanya, don’t remember me ill.” Ivan Alekseevich suffered the separation from his beloved so hard that his older brothers seriously feared for his life. Returning with them to Yelets, Bunin came to Varvara’s house, but a relative of the girl who came out onto the porch said that no one knew her address. Pashchenko, who became the wife of writer and actor Arseny Bibikov, died in 1918 from tuberculosis. According to researchers, the relationship with her is captured in Bunin’s artistic autobiographies - in particular, in the novel “The Life of Arsenyev.”
Entering the literary environment. First marriage
People who knew young Bunin described him as a person in whom there was a lot of “power of life, thirst for life.” Perhaps it was these qualities that helped the aspiring poet, the author of the only collection of poetry at that time (published in Orel in 1891 in a circulation of 1,250 copies and sent free of charge to subscribers of the Orlovsky Vestnik), to quickly enter the literary circles of Russia at the end of the 19th century. In January 1895, Ivan Alekseevich, leaving his service in Poltava, came to St. Petersburg for the first time. In less than two weeks spent in the capital, he met the critic Nikolai Mikhailovsky, the publicist Sergei Krivenko, the poet Konstantin Balmont, visited the editorial office of the magazine “New Word”, met the writer Dmitry Grigorovich in a bookstore (the seventy-two-year-old author of “Anton the Miserable” amazed him with his liveliness look and a raccoon coat down to his toes), visited Alexei Zhemchuzhnikov’s house and received an invitation from him to dinner.
The series of meetings was continued in Moscow and other cities. Arriving at Tolstoy’s house in Khamovniki, the young writer talked with the writer about Lev Nikolayevich’s just-published story “The Master and the Worker.” Later, he met Chekhov, who surprised Bunin with his friendliness and simplicity: “I, then still a young man, not accustomed to such a tone at the first meetings, took this simplicity for coldness.” The first conversation with Valery Bryusov was remembered for the revolutionary maxims about art, loudly proclaimed by the symbolist poet: “Long live only the new and down with everything old!” Quite quickly, Bunin became close to Alexander Kuprin - they were the same age, together they began to enter the literary community and, according to Ivan Alekseevich, “wandered endlessly and sat on cliffs above the pale lethargic sea.”
In those years, Bunin became a member of the literary circle “Sreda”, whose members, gathering in the house of Nikolai Teleshov, read and discussed each other’s works. The atmosphere at their meetings was informal, and each of the circle members had nicknames associated with the names of Moscow streets - for example, Maxim Gorky, who loved to talk about the life of tramps, was named Khitrovka; Leonid Andreev was called Vagankov for his commitment to the topic of death; Bunin “got” the Zhivoderka for its thinness and irony. The writer Boris Zaitsev, recalling Bunin's performances in the circle, wrote about the charm of Ivan Alekseevich and the ease with which he moved around the world. Nikolai Teleshov called Bunin restless - he did not know how to stay in one place for a long time, and letters from Ivan Alekseevich came from Orel, then from Odessa, then from Yalta. Bunin knew that he had a reputation as a sociable person, greedily reaching out for new experiences, organically fitting into his bohemian-artistic time. He himself believed that behind his desire to constantly be among people was an internal loneliness:
In 1898, Bunin met the editor of the Southern Review publication, Odessa resident Nikolai Tsakni. His daughter, nineteen-year-old Anna, became the first official wife of Ivan Alekseevich. In a letter to Julius, talking about his upcoming marriage, Bunin said that his chosen one was “a beauty, but an amazingly pure and simple girl.” In September of the same year, the wedding took place, after which the newlyweds went on a trip by boat. Despite joining a family of wealthy Greeks, the writer’s financial situation remained difficult - so, in the summer of 1899, he turned to his older brother with a request to send “immediately at least ten rubles,” noting: “I won’t ask Tsakni, even if I die.” After two years of marriage, the couple separated; their only son Nikolai died of scarlet fever in 1905. Subsequently, already living in France, Ivan Alekseevich admitted that he did not have “special love” for Anna Nikolaevna, although she was a very pleasant lady: “But this pleasantness consisted of this Langeron, big waves on the shore and also the fact that Every day we had excellent trout with white wine for dinner, after which we often went to the opera with it.”
First confession. Pushkin Prize (1903)
Bunin did not hide his annoyance at the poor attention of critics to his early works; Many of his letters contained the phrase “Praise, please, praise!” Without literary agents capable of organizing reviews in the press, he sent his books to friends and acquaintances, accompanying the mailing with requests to write reviews. Bunin’s debut collection of poems, published in Orel, aroused almost no interest in the literary community - the reason was outlined by one of the authors of the Observer magazine (1892, No. 3), who noted that “Mr. Bunin’s verse is smooth and correct, but who would writes in rough verses? In 1897, the writer’s second book, “To the End of the World and Other Stories,” was published in St. Petersburg. At least twenty reviewers have already responded to it, but the general intonation was “compassionate and condescending.” In addition, two dozen reviews looked, according to Korney Chukovsky, a “microscopically small number” against the backdrop of the resonance that was caused by the release of any of the works of Maxim Gorky, Leonid Andreev and other “public favorites” of the turn of the century.
A certain recognition came to Bunin after the release of the poetry collection “Falling Leaves,” published by the symbolist publishing house “Scorpion” in 1901 and which, as Vladislav Khodasevich noted, became “the first book to which he owes the beginning of his fame.” Somewhat earlier - in 1896 - Bunin's translation of Henry Longfellow's "Song of Hiawatha" appeared, which was very favorably received by the literary community. In the spring of 1901, Ivan Alekseevich asked Chekhov to submit Falling Leaves and The Song of Hiawatha for the Pushkin Prize. Chekhov complied with this request, having previously consulted with lawyer Anatoly Koni: “Please, teach me how to do this, to what address to send it. I myself once received a prize, but I didn’t send my books.”
In February 1903, it became known that the commission for awarding the prize had appointed Count Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov as a reviewer of Bunin's works. Almost immediately after this news, writer Platon Krasnov published “Literary Characteristics of Ivan. Bunin" (“Literary evenings of the “New World””, 1903, No. 2), in which he noted that the poems of the candidate for the prize are distinguished by “extreme monotony”, and his poem “Falling Leaves” is “only a series of pictures of the forest in autumn.” Having compared the poems of Ivan Alekseevich with the works of Tyutchev and Fet, Krasnov stated that, unlike them, the young poet does not know how to “captivate the reader with such a topic as descriptions of nature.” Golenishchev-Kutuzov gave a different assessment of Bunin’s work - in a review sent to the commission, he indicated that Ivan Alekseevich has a “beautiful, imaginative, not borrowed from anyone, his own language.”
On October 18, 1903, the commission voting to award the Pushkin Prize took place (the chairman was literary historian Alexander Veselovsky). Bunin received eight electoral votes and three non-elective votes. As a result, he was awarded half the prize (500 rubles), the second part went to the translator Pyotr Weinberg. The Pushkin Prize strengthened Bunin's reputation as a writer, but contributed little to the commercial success of his works. According to Korney Chukovsky, in the Moscow Metropol Hotel, where the Scorpion publishing house was located, unopened packs of the collection “Leaf Fall” lay for several years: “There were no buyers for it. Every time I came to the publishing house, I saw these dusty bundles that served as furniture for visitors.” As a result, Scorpio announced a price reduction: “Ivan Bunin. “Leaf fall” instead of a ruble 60 kopecks.”
Second marriage
In October 1906, Bunin, who lived very chaotically that fall, “moving from guests to restaurants,” once again arrived in Moscow and stayed in Gunst’s furnished rooms. Among the events with his participation, a literary evening was planned in the apartment of the writer Boris Zaitsev. The evening, held on November 4, was attended by twenty-five-year-old Vera Muromtseva, who was friends with the hostess of the house. After reading poetry, Ivan Alekseevich met his future wife.
Vera Muromtseva (1881-1961) was the daughter of Nikolai Muromtsev, a member of the Moscow City Council, and the niece of the chairman of the First State Duma Sergei Muromtsev. Her father had a very calm disposition, while her mother, according to Boris Zaitsev, resembled Dostoevsky’s heroine - “something like General Epanchina.” Vera Nikolaevna, a graduate of the Higher Women's Courses, studied chemistry, knew several European languages, and at the time of her acquaintance with Bunin, she was far from the literary-bohemian environment. Contemporaries described her as “a very beautiful girl with huge, light-transparent, as if crystal eyes.”
Since Anna Tsakni did not give Bunin a divorce, the writer could not formalize his relationship with Muromtseva (they got married after leaving Russia, in 1922; Alexander Kuprin was the best man). The beginning of their life together was a trip abroad: in April-May 1907, Bunin and Vera Nikolaevna toured the countries of the East. Nikolai Dmitrievich Teleshov gave them money for the voyage.
In those blessed days, when the sun of my life stood at noon, when, in the bloom of strength and hope, hand in hand with the one whom God had destined to be my companion to the grave, I made my first long journey, a marriage journey that was at the same time and pilgrimage to the holy land.
I. A. Bunin
Pushkin Prize (1909)
The unsuccessful experience of cooperation with Scorpio forced Bunin to refuse further work with the symbolist publishing house; as Ivan Alekseevich himself wrote, at a certain moment he lost the desire to play with “new comrades at Argonauts, demons, and magicians.” In 1902, he got another publisher - the St. Petersburg partnership "Knowledge". For eight years it has been publishing the collected works of the writer. The greatest resonance was caused by the release of the 3rd volume, which contained new poems by Bunin (1906, circulation 5205 copies, price 1 ruble).
In the fall of 1906 (or the winter of the following year), the 3rd volume, together with a translation of Byron’s “Cain,” was sent by Bunin to the Academy of Sciences for nomination for the next Pushkin Prize. Two years later, Kuprin’s wife, Maria Karlovna, informed Ivan Alekseevich that the members of the commission had not received his books, and therefore Valery Bryusov was considered a likely contender for the award. The overlap may have occurred due to the fact that Pyotr Weinberg, who died in the summer of 1908, was appointed reviewer of Bunin’s works; the books he took for study were lost. Bunin quickly responded to the information received from Kuprina: he re-sent the 3rd and 4th volumes of his works to the Academy of Sciences, as well as a letter with the necessary explanations.
In February 1909 Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, who became the new reviewer of Bunin’s works, prepared a review of his works. The report noted that the candidate for the prize was not a novice author, but a poet who “won the menial task of presenting poetic thought in equally poetic speech.” At the same time, as the reviewer notes, the realistic description of the internal experiences of his lyrical hero sometimes borders almost on cynicism - in particular, we were talking about the poem “Loneliness”. A detailed analysis, which listed other “roughnesses” (vagueness of thought, unsuccessful comparisons, inaccuracies discovered when comparing the translated “Cain” with the original), ended with a verdict: Bunin’s works submitted to the commission do not deserve a prize, but are quite worthy of an “honorary review."
This review did not affect the voting results, and already in early May, Alexander Kuprin, who received information about the preliminary results of the competition, informed Bunin that they had both been awarded half the Pushkin Prize; the letter jokingly noted: “I’m not angry with you for whistling half a thousand from me.” Bunin, in response, assured his comrade that he was satisfied with the current situation: “I am glad... that fate has connected my name with yours.” The relationship between Kuprin and Bunin was friendly, but, nevertheless, there was always an element of slight rivalry in them. They were different in character: Alexander Ivanovich forever retained the qualities of a “big child”, while Ivan Alekseevich, who became independent early, with teenage years was distinguished by his maturity of judgment. According to the recollections of Maria Karlovna Kuprina, one day during dinner in their house, Bunin, proud of his pedigree, called her husband “a nobleman after his mother.” In response, Kuprin composed a parody of Ivan Alekseevich’s story “Antonov Apples,” entitled “Pie with Mushrooms”: “I am sitting by the window, thoughtfully chewing a washcloth, and a beautiful sadness shines in my eyes...”.
In October it was officially announced that the Pushkin Prize for 1909 was divided between Bunin and Kuprin; each of them received 500 rubles. Less than two weeks later, new news arrived from the Academy of Sciences - about the election of Bunin as an honorary academician in the category of fine literature. The corresponding presentation was made back in the spring by the writer Konstantin Arsenyev, who, in a description sent to the Academy, indicated that Bunin’s works are distinguished by “simplicity, sincerity, artistry of form.” During the elections to honorary academicians, eight out of nine votes were given for Ivan Alekseevich.
"Cursed Days"
In the 1910s, Bunin and Muromtseva traveled a lot - they visited Egypt, Italy, Turkey, Romania, Ceylon and Palestine. Some of Ivan Alekseevich’s works (for example, the story “Brothers”) were written under the influence of travel impressions. During this period, the stories “The Master from San Francisco” (1915), “The Grammar of Love” (1915), “Easy Breathing” (1916), and “Chang’s Dreams” (1916) that received many responses were published. Despite creative success, the writer’s mood was gloomy, as evidenced by his diary entries made in 1916: “Mental and mental dullness, weakness, literary sterility continue.” According to Bunin, his fatigue was largely due to the First World War, which brought “great spiritual disappointment.”
The writer met the October events in Moscow - together with Vera Nikolaevna he lived in house No. 26 on Povarskaya Street from the autumn of 1917 until the following spring. The diary that Ivan Alekseevich kept in the 1918-1920s became the basis for his book “Cursed Days,” which researchers called a significant document of a turning point. Having categorically refused to accept Soviet power, Bunin in his notes actually polemicized with Blok’s poem “The Twelve,” written in 1918. According to literary critic Igor Sukhikh, in those days “Blok heard the music of revolution, Bunin heard the cacophony of rebellion.”
On May 21, 1918, Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna left Moscow; at the Savelovsky station they were seen off by Yuli Alekseevich Bunin and Maxim Gorky’s wife, Ekaterina Peshkova. The couple traveled to Odessa, a city well known to the writer, in difficult ways: according to Muromtseva’s recollections, together with other refugees they traveled in a crowded ambulance car to Minsk, then made transfers; One day, while looking for a place to stay for the night, we ended up in a dubious den. Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna arrived in Odessa in the summer. At first they lived in a dacha behind the Big Fountain, later they moved to Knyazheskaya Street to the mansion of the artist Evgeniy Bukovetsky, who offered them two rooms. In a letter sent to critic Abram Dorman in the fall of 1918, Bunin reported that he experienced “constant pain, horror and rage while reading every newspaper.”
Bunin lived in Odessa for almost a year and a half - he wrote articles for local publications, headed the literary department of the Yuzhnoe Slovo newspaper, and participated in the activities of the OSVAG agency founded by General Anton Denikin. In private conversations, he periodically mentioned his desire to join the Volunteer Army. In an interview given to the newspaper “Odessa Listok” (1918, No. 120), the writer spoke very sharply about the “terrible contrasts” of the era - the coincidence of Turgenev’s centenary with the anniversary of the revolution. Prose writer Ivan Sokolov-Mikitov, who communicated with Bunin at that time, said that in Odessa Ivan Alekseevich was in an extremely depressed state.
On January 24, 1920, Bunin and Muromtseva boarded the small French steamship Sparta. After standing for two (according to some sources - three) days in the outer roadstead, the ship headed for Constantinople. As Vera Nikolaevna wrote in her diary, there were so many people on the ship that all the decks, passages and tables were used for sleeping; he and Bunin managed to occupy one cramped sleeping place for two. On the sixth day Sparta lost its way, on the seventh it entered the Bosphorus, and on the ninth it reached Tuzla. Then there were short stops in Bulgaria and Serbia. At the end of March 1920, the writer and his companion arrived in Paris.
Suddenly I completely woke up, suddenly it dawned on me: yes - so this is it - I’m in the Black Sea, I’m on someone else’s ship, for some reason I’m sailing to Constantinople, Russia - it’s the end, and everything, my whole old life is also the end, even if a miracle happens and we do not die in this evil and icy abyss!
I. A. Bunin
In Paris and Grasse
In the first years of his life in France, Bunin was little involved in literary activities. According to the assumption of the poet Gleb Struve, the writer’s temporary “creative impoverishment” was associated with his acute reaction to the political situation in Russia. Nevertheless, Ivan Alekseevich’s books continued to be published - in the early 1920s, collections of his stories written in the pre-revolutionary era were published in Paris, Berlin and Prague. A certain turning point occurred in 1924. On February 16, an event called “Mission of Russian Emigration” took place in Paris, in which prose writers Ivan Shmelev, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, church historian Anton Kartashev and others took part. Bunin made a report in which he indicated that the task of the Russian emigration was to reject the “Leninist commandments.” Responding to the reproaches of those who believed that people who did not recognize the revolution “want the rivers to flow backward,” the writer noted: “No, not like that, we don’t want a reverse flow, but only a different flow... Russia! Who dares to teach me love for her?
Also in 1924, Bunin’s collection “The Rose of Jericho” was published in Berlin, which, along with pre-revolutionary works, included poems and stories written in France. A year later, the magazine “Modern Notes” (1925, No. 23-24) published new story Bunin's "Mitya's Love", which caused a large number of reviews in emigrant publications. Then the stories “Sunstroke”, “The Case of Cornet Elagin”, “Ida” were written. In 1927, the writer began work on the novel “The Life of Arsenyev,” in which he began to reproduce impressions preserved in his memory from childhood and adolescence. Literary scholars have noted that from the works created during the emigrant period, the social message inherent in Bunin was completely gone - the writer was completely immersed in that “pre-revolutionary world, which was impossible to compare with the original.”
In the winter months, the Bunins, as a rule, lived in a Parisian apartment located at 1 rue Jacques Offenbach. In the warm season, the family usually moved to the Alpes-Maritimes, to the rented villa “Belvedere” in Grasse. In the mid-1920s, Galina Kuznetsova appeared in the writer’s life, whom researchers called his student and “Grasse’s Laura.” Kuznetsova, the wife of officer D. M. Petrov, left Russia with her husband in 1920. In the spring of 1927, she broke up with Petrov and settled in Bunin’s house in Grasse. The book she wrote, “The Grasse Diary,” reproduces the almost idyllic atmosphere that reigned in the villa: “In the mornings I cut roses... I fill the jugs in the house with flowers.” These entries contrast with Muromtseva’s diary confessions: “Today I am completely alone. Maybe it's better - freer. But the melancholy is terrible.” Kuznetsova lived in Grasse intermittently until 1942; in 1949 she moved to the USA.
In 1929, the writer Leonid Zurov, who later became the heir to the Bunin archive, joined the inhabitants of the Grasse villa. His acquaintance with Ivan Alekseevich occurred through correspondence. Correspondence communication ended with an invitation to France; Bunin personally promised to arrange for a visa and find money for the move. According to Kuznetsova, a young man appeared at the house with suitcases containing black bread, Antonov apples revered by Bunin, and linden honey. “When I.A. came out to him for the first time, he stood up and stretched out in front of him, as if at a show.” Zurov's work as Ivan Alekseevich's secretary lasted several years, but his relationship with the Bunins continued for decades.
Nobel Prize
Bunin's first nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature took place shortly after the writer's arrival in France. At the origins of the Nobel “Russian project” was the prose writer Mark Aldanov, who wrote in one of his questionnaires in 1922 that the most authoritative figures among the emigrants were Bunin, Kuprin and Merezhkovsky; their joint nomination for the award could raise the prestige of “exiled Russian literature.” Aldanov approached Romain Rolland with a proposal for such a nomination. He replied that he was ready to support Bunin separately, but not in conjunction with Merezhkovsky. In addition, the French prose writer noted that if Gorky had been among the contenders, he would have given his preference to him. As a result, Rolland made changes to the list proposed by Aldanov: in a letter sent to the Nobel Foundation, he indicated three names - Bunin, Gorky and Balmont. U Nobel Committee Questions arose about each of the candidates, and the prize for 1923 was received by the Irish poet William Yates. Subsequently, emigrant writers did not abandon attempts to nominate Bunin. So, in 1930, Aldanov negotiated with Thomas Mann about this. He first said that, respecting Ivan Alekseevich, it was difficult to make a choice between him and another Russian writer - Ivan Shmelev. Mann later admitted that since there was a representative of German literature on the list of candidates, he, as a German, was ready to vote for him.
Muromtseva was the first to learn about Bunin’s award for 1933. According to her memoirs, on the morning of November 9, a telegram came to them at the Grasse villa from the Swedish translator Kalgren, who asked a question about Ivan Alekseevich’s citizenship. The answer was sent to Sweden: “Russian exile.” In the afternoon, Bunin and Galina Kuznetsova went to the cinema. During the session, Leonid Zurov appeared in the hall, asking the writer to interrupt the viewing and return home - according to the secretary, Vera Nikolaevna received a phone call from Stockholm; despite the poor connection quality, she was able to make out the phrase: “Your husband is a Nobel Prize laureate, we would like to talk to Monsieur Bunin!” Information about the award spread quickly - by the evening journalists and photojournalists arrived in Grasse. The writer Andrei Sedykh, who temporarily took on some of the secretarial duties, later said that on that day the Bunins had no money and had nothing to pay for the work of the couriers who constantly brought congratulatory telegrams.
The official text of the Swedish Academy stated that "The Nobel Prize in Literature...is awarded to Ivan Bunin for the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose." In the creative community, the reaction to the award was mixed. So, if the composer Sergei Rachmaninov was among the first to send a telegram from New York with the words “Sincere congratulations,” then Marina Tsvetaeva expressed disagreement with the academy’s decision - the poetess noted that Gorky or Merezhkovsky are much more to a greater extent deserved the award: “Gorky is an era, and Bunin is the end of an era.”
The award ceremony took place on December 10, 1933 in concert hall Stockholm. In his Nobel speech, which the writer worked on for a long time, Bunin noted that the prize was awarded to an exiled writer for the first time. The Nobel medal and laureate's diploma were presented to him by King Gustav V of Sweden. The writer received a check for 170,331 Swedish kronor (715,000 francs). Ivan Alekseevich donated part of the prize to those in need. According to him, in the very first days after the news of the academy’s decision, he received almost 2,000 letters from people in difficult financial situations, so “I had to give out about 120,000 francs.”
During the Second World War
At the beginning of World War II, the Bunins moved to the high-mountain villa “Zhannette,” located on the outskirts of Grasse, next to the Napoleonic Road. Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna lived there almost continuously for about six years. Besides them, friends and family acquaintances were always in the villa. The top floor was occupied by Galina Kuznetsova and her friend Margarita Stepun, the sister of the philosopher Fyodor Stepun. In 1940, Leonid Zurov returned to Grasse. American pianist Alexander Lieberman and his wife found temporary shelter in Bunin’s house. According to Lieberman’s memoirs, in 1942, when he and his wife, having learned about the impending arrests of foreign Jews in Cannes, were looking for an “underground,” Ivan Alekseevich insisted on their settling in “Jeannette”: “So we did - and spent several anxious days with him.” days." From 1940 to 1944, the writer Alexander Bakhrakh was in Bunin’s house, who himself came to the villa asking for asylum. Muromtseva arranged a baptismal ceremony for him in a small church, and Zurov, through a priest he knew, drew up documents that saved Bakhrakh’s life during his arrest on the street. Subsequently, Alexander Vasilyevich published the book “Bunin in a Robe,” in which, in particular, he mentioned that among the writer’s guests was Pushkin’s granddaughter, Elena Rosenmayer, brought by Ivan Alekseevich from Nice.
The artist Tatyana Loginova-Muravyova, who visited Grasse during the war, said that Bunin constantly listened to English and Swiss news reports on the radio. In his office there were maps, on which the writer made notes with arrows. In his diaries, he recorded almost daily information about the movement of Soviet troops. From radio messages and letters, Ivan Alekseevich learned about the fate of his friends: “Balmont and Professor Olan died. Balmont disappeared from the world and from my life! And I vividly see meeting him in Moscow, in the Madrid rooms on Tverskaya... Letter from Vera Zaitseva: Nilus has died.”
During the war, Villa Jeannette lost its original respectability: the heating system stopped functioning, difficulties arose with water and electricity supply, and the furniture became dilapidated. In letters to acquaintances, Bunin mentioned “constant famine in the caves.” The Nobel Prize was spent, no new publications were expected; According to Zurov’s recollections, Bunin received offers to work in publications published in the occupied lands, but Ivan Alekseevich refused. In those days, he wrote: “I was rich - now, by the will of fate, I suddenly became poor... I was famous throughout the world - now no one in the world needs me... I really want to go home!” Trying to get at least a small fee, Ivan Alekseevich asked Andrei Sedykh, who had left for the United States, to publish the book “Dark Alleys,” which included works written in 1937-1942. In the letter, Bunin noted that he agreed to any conditions. Andrei Sedykh, who created the Novaya Zemlya publishing house in New York specifically for this project, published “Dark Alleys” in Russian in 1943 with a circulation of 600 copies. There were many problems with the English version of the book, and it was published after the war. For “Dark Alleys,” Bunin was paid $300.
Appearance, character, lifestyle
Bunin was a nobleman by birth, but his lifestyle - especially in his youth - turned out to be akin to that of commoners. Having left his parents' home early (and not having found his own for the rest of his life), he got used to relying only on himself. For many years, his refuge was rented corners, furnished rooms, hotels - he lived either in “Stolichnaya”, sometimes in “Loskutnaya”, sometimes in the village, sometimes in apartments with friends. In private conversations, the writer admitted that from his youth he was tormented by “contradictory passions.” The poetess Irina Odoevtseva suggested that both the unbridled temper and the ability to heroic deeds were largely determined by his heredity: “he received nervousness... not only from his alcoholic father, but also from his martyr mother.” People who communicated with Ivan Alekseevich paid attention to his unusually acute sense of smell, hearing and vision - he himself called his hypersensitivity “gut”. According to Bunin, in his youth he easily distinguished stars that other people could only see with the help of powerful optical instruments; Thanks to his excellent hearing, he could hear the sound of approaching horse bells several miles from home. His “spiritual vision and hearing” were just as sharp.
Memoirists wrote about Bunin’s “lordly bearing,” his innate elegance, ability to behave freely and feel natural in any society. According to Kuprin's wife Maria Karlovna, her husband - even in the most fashionable suits - looked awkward and awkward next to Ivan Alekseevich. Tatyana Loginova-Muravyova, who looked closely at Bunin’s appearance as an artist, paid attention to the mobility of all his facial features; sometimes it seemed that even his eyes were able to change color depending on his mood: they could be green, gray, blue. The writer knew about his “many faces”, so he reluctantly agreed to artists’ offers to work on his portraits.
Bunin considered the best time to work in the morning - as a rule, he sat down at his desk before breakfast. Both editors and colleagues knew about his strictness with words and any punctuation mark - Kuprin, in a conversation with Ivan Alekseevich, once noted that he “sweat is visible in every line.” According to the recollections of Mark Vishnyak, an employee of the Parisian magazine “Modern Notes”, Bunin’s attitude towards the construction of phrases in the text sometimes reached the point of “morbid scrupulousness”; The publishing houses with which he collaborated received urgent telegrams from him before submitting the manuscript for printing, asking him to change a word or move a comma. The writer explained his desire to immediately make the final correction as follows: “Tolstoy demanded from Severny Vestnik one hundred proofs of Master and Worker... And I ask for only two!” Ivan Alekseevich met the reform of Russian spelling, in which yat and erik disappeared from the alphabet, very negatively - he argued that “a ‘forest’ without ‘yat’ loses all its resinous aroma.”
The opinions of contemporaries about Bunin's character turned out to be contradictory. In some memoirs, he was presented as an easy, witty interlocutor, who, nevertheless, could not be called an open person. Others wrote that in the creative community he was perceived as a harsh, quarrelsome, discourteous writer. According to Irina Odoevtseva, sometimes he “could be very unpleasant without even noticing it.” Ivan Alekseevich significantly helped those who needed support, but at the same time he loved for his students to accompany him at events - such a public demonstration of his “retinue” sometimes irritated his colleagues, who called the writer’s followers “Bunin’s serf ballet.”
According to Bunin, he never knew how to manage money correctly, and the Nobel Prize, which, according to friends, could provide the writer with a comfortable old age, was wasted very quickly. The Bunins did not purchase their own housing and did not set aside any amounts “for a rainy day.” Andrei Sedykh, who together with Ivan Alekseevich sorted the mail that arrived in Grasse after receiving the prize, recalled letters coming from all over the world. When a certain sailor asked the writer to send him 50 francs, he responded to the request. Just as easily, he gave gifts to unfamiliar fans, and Vera Nikolaevna gave writers money to publish books or pay for their studies. Writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya argued that open house The Bunins attracted both unscrupulous publishers and lawyers with dubious reputations. The impracticality of the family led to the fact that three years after receiving the prize, Ivan Alekseevich wrote in his diary: “Agents who will forever receive interest from me, giving away the Collected Works for free... Not a penny of income from the money... And old age lies ahead. Going into circulation."
Last years. Death
After the war, the Bunins returned to their Parisian apartment. In June 1946, the Soviet Union issued a decree “On the restoration of USSR citizenship to subjects of the former Russian Empire, as well as persons who have lost Soviet citizenship living in France.” As Vera Nikolaevna wrote in those days, the publication of the document caused a lot of unrest in the emigrant community; a split occurred in some families: “Some wanted to go, others wanted to stay.” Bunin, answering a question from a Russian News correspondent about his attitude to the decree, restrainedly noted that he hoped that this “magnanimous measure” would be extended to other countries where emigrants live, in particular, to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The USSR Ambassador to France Alexander Bogomolov held two meetings, at which, in addition to him, Konstantin Simonov and Ilya Erenburg, who arrived in Paris, spoke. In addition, the ambassador personally invited Bunin to breakfast; During the meeting, Ivan Alekseevich was asked to return to his homeland. According to Bogomolov, the writer thanked him for the offer and promised to think about it. Here's what Konstantin Simonov remembers about it:
Having talked about returning, he said that, of course, he really wanted to go, see, visit familiar places, but his age bothered him. It's late, it's late... I'm already old, and there are no friends left alive. Of the close friends, only Teleshov remained, and even he, I’m afraid, might not die by the time I get there. I'm afraid to feel empty. (...) But I became attached to France, I got very used to it, and it would be difficult for me to wean myself from it. But take a passport and not go, stay here with a Soviet passport - why take a passport if not go? Since I’m not going, I’ll live the way I lived, it’s not about my documents, but about my feelings...
Konstantin Simonov
The return did not take place, and Bunin, having an emigrant passport, remained a stateless person until his last days.
In the post-war period, ties with Soviet writers began to be restored. Konstantin Simonov, whom I met at one of the meetings, visited Bunin at home more than once. Judging by Muromtseva’s diaries, she was somewhat alarmed by conversations about Simonov’s well-being, and the message about the presence of secretaries and stenographers made her think about the problems of emigrant writers: “Zaitsev does not have a [typewriter], Zurov has the minimum for normal life, Yan [Ivan Alekseevich] has the opportunity to go and treat bronchitis.” At that time, Bunin was given some literary works published in the USSR - for example, he read and spoke very warmly about “Vasily Tyorkin” by Alexander Tvardovsky and the story “The Tavern on Braginka” by Konstantin Paustovsky.
In 1947, Bunin, who was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema, at the insistence of doctors, went to the resort of Juan-les-Pins, located in the south of France. After undergoing treatment, he returned to Paris and managed to take part in an event organized by friends in his honor; in the fall of the same 1947, his last performance took place in front of a large audience. Soon, Ivan Alekseevich turned to Andrei Sedykh with a request for help: “I became very weak, I lay in bed for two months, I was completely ruined... I’m 79 years old, and I’m so poor that I don’t know at all how and how I’m going to exist.” . Sedykh managed to negotiate with the American philanthropist Frank Atran to transfer the writer a monthly pension of 10,000 francs. This money was sent to Bunin until 1952; after Atran's death, payments ceased.
In October 1953, Ivan Alekseevich’s health condition deteriorated sharply. Family friends were almost always in the house, helping Vera Nikolaevna care for the sick person, including Alexander Bakhrakh; Doctor Vladimir Zernov came every day. A few hours before his death, Bunin asked his wife to read Chekhov’s letters aloud to him. As Zernov recalled, on November 8 he was called to the writer twice: the first time he carried out the necessary medical procedures, and when he arrived again, Ivan Alekseevich was already dead. The cause of death, according to the doctor, was cardiac asthma and pulmonary sclerosis. Bunin was buried at the Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery. The monument on the grave was made according to a drawing by the artist Alexandre Benois.
Creation
Poetry
Bunin, who published several collections of poetry and received two Pushkin Prizes for them, has long had a reputation in the literary community as an old-fashioned landscape painter. In his youth, Russian poetry was looking for new forms of self-expression, and the classicist Bunin looked conservative compared to Bryusov, who brought “the breath of city streets” into his lyrics, or the early Blok with his unsettled heroes, penetrating into the very thick of life. As Maximilian Voloshin, who responded to Bunin’s collection “Poems” (1903-1906, publishing house “Znanie”), wrote in his review, Ivan Alekseevich found himself on the sidelines “from the general movement in the field of Russian verse.” At the same time, according to Voloshin, from the point of view of painting, Bunin’s poetic paintings reached the “end points of perfection.”
In the lyrics of young Bunin one can feel the influence of Yakov Polonsky, Apollo Maykov, Alexei Zhemchuzhnikov and Afanasy Fet. Critic Konstantin Medvedsky, when analyzing the works of Pushkin Prize laureates for 1903, cited several quotes from Bunin’s collection “Leaf Fall”, in which the “Fet school” is revealed - in particular, we are talking about the following lines: “The hollow water is raging, - / The noise is both dull and drawn-out. / Migrating flocks of rooks / They scream both cheerfully and importantly.”. In addition, Ivan Alekseevich’s contemporaries associated his poetic sketches with landscapes from the prose works of Turgenev and Chekhov. In the first decades of the 20th century, critics wanted Bunin to quickly get rid of “rehashes” and enter an independent path in poetry.
The main theme in Bunin's early poems was nature with its seasons, “gray skies” and “forests on distant slopes.” Later came the turn of philosophical reflections, when graveyards and gravestones appeared among the elements of the landscape, and the lyrical hero turned to cosmic problems and began to look for answers to eternal questions: “And the shadow fades, and the moon moves, / Is immersed in its pale light, as if in smoke, / And it seems that I’m about to understand / The invisible - walking in the smoke.”. Bunin has few poems about love, but the intimate experiences of his characters became a kind of prologue to the prose works of Ivan Alekseevich, written much later. For example, in his love lyrics there is that sensuality that is characteristic of the hero of “Mitya’s Love” ( “I entered her at midnight. / She was sleeping - the moon was shining”), as well as the sadness that appears in the story “Easy Breathing” (“The graveyard, the chapel above the crypt, / Wreaths, lamps, images / And in a frame entwined with crepe - / Big clear eyes”).
Stories and novellas
Bunin’s debut as a prose writer took place in 1893, when his story “Village Sketch” was published in the St. Petersburg magazine “Russian Wealth”, which later received a different name - “Tanka”. The editor of Russian Wealth, Nikolai Mikhailovsky, after reading the manuscript, wrote to the twenty-three-year-old author that over time he “will become a great writer.” In subsequent years, his stories “Castryuk”, “To the End of the World”, “Antonov Apples”, “Little Romance” and others were published in various publications. Critics showed restrained interest in the work of young Bunin and mentioned the “poetic colors” present in his prose, but for the time being, none of Ivan Alekseevich’s works were perceived in the literary community as a major event. As Korney Chukovsky noted, his early “half-elegies, half-novels... lacked iron and stone.”
The turning point occurred after the release of the story “The Village”. Bunin began working on it in 1909, read excerpts in literary circles, and people started talking about the work long before the manuscript went to press. The newspaper "Birzhevye Vedomosti" (1909, No. 11348) wrote that Bunin's new work is likely to "cause conversations and controversy on the right and left." The first part of “The Village” was published in the “Modern World” in March 1910, and the first review appeared even before the publication of the issue - the columnist of the newspaper “Morning of Russia” V. Baturinsky managed to get acquainted with the proofreading version in the editorial office and, ahead of his colleagues, prepared a review in which he called the story “an outstanding work of the current season.” Both critics and writers joined the discussion about “The Village”: the author was accused of “loss of a sense of artistic verisimilitude” (G. Polonsky); he was accused of “being afraid of his own studies and sketches” (Alexander Amphiteatrov); they wrote about the story as “an outrageous, completely false book” (A. Yablonovsky). Among those who supported Bunin was Zinaida Gippius, who noted in the magazine “Russian Thought” (1911, No. 6) that the story “The Village” is strict, simple and harmonious: “... you simply believe it.”
Despite the harshness of some assessments, “The Village”, as well as the story “Sukhodol” published after it (“Bulletin of Europe”, 1912, No. 4), secured Bunin’s reputation as a sought-after prose writer - magazines and newspapers began to acquire his works much more willingly, and “ The A. F. Marx Publishing and Printing Association invited the writer to enter into a contract for the publication of his Complete Works. The six-volume book was published in 1915 with a very impressive circulation of 200,000 copies.
In the same year, Bunin's story "Mr. from San Francisco" appeared. According to Muromtseva, the idea for the work arose from Ivan Alekseevich during their trip on a ship coming from Italy. A discussion began among the passengers about social inequality, and the writer invited his opponent to imagine their ship in cross-section: on the upper deck people walk and drink wine, and in the lower compartments they work: “Is this fair?” The story was generally well received by reviewers: for example, the literary historian Abram Derman (“Russian Thought”, 1916, No. 5) discovered in it some artistic techniques characteristic of Leo Tolstoy, for example, the test of death, and the writer Elena Koltonovskaya, who had previously been in Bunin’s prose has many flaws; after the release of “The Gentleman from San Francisco,” she called Ivan Alekseevich “the most major representative new literature" Alexander Izmailov assessed this work more restrainedly, to whom the story about a rich 58-year-old American who went to the Old World for entertainment seemed too drawn out - according to the critic, it could fit into the format of a small sketch.
One of the last works of art, written by Bunin in the pre-revolutionary period, was the story “Easy Breathing” (“Russian Word”, 1916, No. 83). The story about high school student Olya Meshcherskaya, shot at a train station by a Cossack officer, was invented by the writer while walking through the cemetery on the island of Capri, when he saw a portrait of a cheerful girl on one of the tombstones. The young heroine of the story represents that special female type that has always been interesting to Ivan Alekseevich - she has a mystery that subjugates men and forces them to commit reckless acts. The same gallery of fatal female images with a natural gift of enchanting includes characters from Bunin’s stories “Klasha” and “Aglaya,” as well as the story “Mitya’s Love,” created already in emigration.
The story “Mitya’s Love,” first published in the Parisian magazine “Modern Notes” (1925, No. 13-14) and telling about the love of a student Mitya for a student of a private theater school Katya, contains autobiographical motives. They relate not to the plot, but to the depth of feelings experienced by the young hero, and make us remember the mental torment of young Bunin, who lost Varvara Pashchenko. Her features - “inconstancy, unreliability of feelings” - are discernible in the image of Katya. As Muromtseva wrote, “nowhere did Ivan Alekseevich reveal his love experiences as in Mitya’s Love, having carefully camouflaged them.” This story, stylistically reminiscent of a large prose poem, marks a new stage in Bunin’s work:
Before Bunin, they didn’t write about love like that. Bunin's innovation lies in the fact that modern courage (“modernity,” as they said then) in depicting the feelings of the characters is combined with classical clarity and perfection of verbal form. The experiences of Mitya, endowed with super-ordinary emotionality, capable of feeling with exorbitant acuteness, pain and bliss the awakening of nature and himself... are undoubtedly autobiographical.
Anna Sahakyants
The book “Dark Alleys” (1943-1946), on which the writer worked in the pre-war and war years, caused a mixed reaction among Bunin’s colleagues and readers. If the poet Gleb Struve called the works included in the collection “the best stories about love and passion in Russian literature,” then Mark Aldanov informed the author about letters received by the editors of the New Journal, which published several short stories. According to Aldanov, the publication’s subscribers were outraged by the excess of erotic scenes, and a certain scientist sent a letter with the question: “Well, how is it possible? I have a wife." The collection, the name of which was suggested to the writer by Nikolai Ogarev’s lines “The scarlet rose hips were blooming all around, / There were dark linden alleys,” included the stories “Russia”, “Late Hour”, “Cold Autumn”, “Muse”, “Young Lady Clara”, “ Iron wool" and others.
"The Life of Arsenyev"
The idea for the novel “The Life of Arsenyev” - a book that influenced the decision of the Swedish Academy to award the Nobel Prize - appeared to Bunin in October 1920, on the eve of his fiftieth anniversary. Somewhat later, in 1921, the writer made preliminary outlines in which he tried to outline the outline of the work about growing up and becoming a person. Initially, its titles varied: “The Book of My Life”, “At the Source of Days”, “Nameless Notes”. The idea took several years to form, and actual work began on June 27, 1927. Judging by Muromtseva’s memoirs, every time, completing the next part, Ivan Alekseevich intended to stop working - he argued that “a human life cannot be written.” As a result, Bunin created five parts and “brought” his hero Alexei Arsenyev to the age of twenty.
Researchers have not come to a consensus regarding the genre of Bunin's novel. Literary critic Boris Averin, who studied creative history works, noted that the author’s early manuscripts, which reflected the “course of memory,” allow us to speak of “The Life of Arsenyev” as memoir prose. At the same time, when making edits, Ivan Alekseevich consciously distanced himself from the heroes of the work - he changed the names and removed from the text those details in which episodes of his own biography could be guessed. According to literary critic Anna Saakyants, “The Life of Arsenyev” united several genres - the book intertwined artistic biography, memoirs, and lyrical and philosophical prose. Literary critic Igor Sukhikh wrote that the basis of the novel is “a poetic transformation of the past.” Bunin himself urgently asked not to perceive the story of Alexei Arsenyev as the story of the author; he explained that “The Life of Arsenyev” is “an autobiography of a fictional person.”
The fifth part of the work, originally called “Lika,” is called by researchers the most important: it is in it that the hero grows up and experiences his first acute feeling. The test of love gives birth to an artist and a poet in him. Assumptions that the prototype of Alexei Arsenyev's beloved Lika is Varvara Pashchenko have been repeatedly refuted by Muromtseva. According to her, the heroine combines the features of those women whom Bunin loved over the years. For example, outwardly the heroine of “The Life of Arsenyev” more closely resembles the writer’s first wife, Anna Nikolaevna Tsakni; individual episodes reproduce the details of the relationship that developed between Bunin and Muromtseva herself. However, the feeling experienced by Alexei Arsenyev in relation to Lika largely coincides with the experiences of the young Bunin. The final lines of the novel (“I recently saw her in a dream...”) are close to the confession that sounded in one of Ivan Alekseevich’s letters after breaking up with Pashchenko: “I saw you today in a dream - it was as if you were lying, sleeping, dressed, on your right side.” .
In “The Life of Arsenyev” Bunin did what, without realizing it, young Arsenyev dreamed of when he longed to write and did not know what to write. Here is shown the simplest and most profound thing that can be shown in art: the artist’s direct vision of the world: not thinking about what is visible, but the very process of seeing, the process of intelligent vision.
Vladislav Khodasevich
Journalism, diaries, memoirs
In the pre-revolutionary period, many of Bunin’s contemporaries saw in him only a coldish writer of everyday life, nostalgically recalling the disappearing nests of the nobility. The appearance of his polemical notes, articles and essays on the October events allowed readers to see another Bunin - caustic and caustic, who perceived the revolution as a Russian rebellion, and its participants - as characters from the novel “Demons”. According to literary critic Oleg Mikhailov, many of Ivan Alekseevich’s articles written at that time were akin to the monologues of Dostoevsky’s characters. In the emigrant press of the 1920s, Bunin published publications in which, on the one hand, he insisted on refusing to compromise with the Bolsheviks, and on the other, he gave high marks to the leaders of the white movement. The writer knew General Denikin personally and spoke of him as a noble and easy-to-communicate person. Admiral Alexander Kolchak, according to Ivan Alekseevich, deserved a special place in history: “The time will come when his name will be inscribed in golden letters ... in the annals of the Russian land.”
In 1925, the Parisian émigré newspaper Vozrozhdenie began publishing excerpts from Bunin’s diaries, called “Cursed Days.” Researchers point out that the daily notes that Ivan Alekseevich kept in the 1918-1920s differ from the diaries presented in the book version. The writer prepared for publication not so much a calendar diary as a mosaic diary, including many scattered fragments. The first part of “Cursed Days” consists mainly of miniature sketches that recreate the general atmosphere in post-revolutionary Moscow: the writer records the texts of street posters, newspaper headlines, and random remarks from passers-by. The image of the city is created by faces snatched from the crowd, flashing with kaleidoscopic speed, as in an instant photograph. The second part, which tells about Odessa in 1919, is dominated by short stories and notes.
There was V. Kataev (a young writer). The cynicism of today's young people is simply incredible. He said: “I’ll kill anyone for a hundred thousand.” I want to eat well, I want to have a good hat, excellent shoes...” I went out with Kataev to take a walk, and suddenly for a minute I felt with my whole being the charm of spring, which I did not feel at all this year (for the first time in my life).
I. A. Bunin. Damn days
From the second half of the 1920s, the political message began to gradually leave Bunin's journalism - the writer focused on literary critical articles and memoirs, published the book “The Liberation of Tolstoy” (1937), wrote essays about the Semyonov-Tyan-Shanskys and the poetess Anna Bunina, began to memoirs about Chekhov, which remained unfinished and were published by Muromtseva after the death of Ivan Alekseevich. The former polemic returned to Bunin while working on the book “Memoirs,” published in 1950 - in it, according to researchers, the eighty-year-old writer demonstrated the temperament that was characteristic of him in the post-revolutionary era. As Andrei Sedykh, who visited Ivan Alekseevich in Paris in the summer of 1949, said, one day the owner of the house read excerpts from the still unfinished “Memoirs” to the guests. The writer Teffi and the poet Georgy Adamovich, who were present at the reading, experienced some confusion from the harsh assessments that Bunin gave to many of his contemporaries. Sedykh tried to soften the situation with the phrase: “You are a kind person, Ivan Alekseevich! Everyone was treated kindly."
Translations
Bunin, who left the gymnasium after the fourth grade, was constantly engaged in self-education. Thus, at the age of sixteen, he began to seriously study English, and in his mature years, for the sake of reading and translating the works of Adam Mickiewicz, he independently mastered Polish. Ivan Alekseevich's debut as a translator took place in the second half of the 1880s. He himself later admitted that, having taken on the task of translating Shakespeare’s tragedy “Hamlet” into Russian, “he tormented himself over it with extraordinary and ever-increasing pleasure.” At different periods of his life, Bunin turned as a translator to Byron's dramas, Tennyson's poems, Petrarch's sonnets, lyrical works Heine.
Bunin's translation of the poem "The Song of Hiawatha", first published in the newspaper "Orlovsky Vestnik" in 1896, was called "highly poetic" by critics. However, “Song…” is not the only work of the American poet that interested Ivan Alekseevich. In 1901, his translation of Henry Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life" was published. Textual analysis carried out by linguists showed that Bunin used different techniques for the two works. If, when transcribing the text of the poem, which is based on the legends and traditions of the Indians, the translator sought to preserve the intonation of the original, then in the “Psalm of Life” he introduced his own poetic motives: “The life of the great calls / We are called to go to the great, / So that we remain in the sands of time / The trace of our path." Linguists explain the difference in approaches “ artistic nature» originals, which either set a certain framework for the translator or allow him to go beyond it.
Originality of creativity. Innovation. Influences
Bunin, whose creative style began to take shape at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, was far from the trends that arose at that time and considered himself free from the influence of any literary schools. Researchers have called him one of the most "hard-to-understand artists" because even when trying to define him creative method A variety of variants arose, including “realistic symbolism,” “extraordinary realism,” and “hidden modernism.” The author of the monograph on Bunin, Yuri Maltsev, believed that Ivan Alekseevich was a prose writer who existed outside the usual cultural trends, and this gave reason to the philologist Tamara Nikonova to note: in the legacy of Ivan Alekseevich there is no “single, all-explaining and unifying scheme or system.”
Work system
Textual critics, studying Bunin's manuscripts, noticed that he, as a rule, began work on the next work without preliminary plans. The writer did not draw diagrams showing the relationships of the characters, did not think through the order of the chapters - he immediately reproduced the finished story, which he later polished and improved, achieving precise intonation and maximum expressiveness. Sometimes his stories were born instantly (for example, “Easy Breathing” Bunin wrote with “delightful speed”); sometimes it took hours and even days to find the right word: “I start writing, I say the most a simple phrase, but suddenly I remember that either Lermontov or Turgenev said something similar to this phrase. I turn the phrase around and it turns out vulgar.” This complex work took place already at a time when the process of composing was launched, when in the author’s mind not only a story had taken shape, but also the sound, rhythm, and melody of a story or story had taken shape.
Creative evolution
Over the decades, Bunin's creative style has changed. His early stories, as if born from his own early poems, were lyrical and almost eventless. Such works as “Antonov Apples”, “Bonanza”, “New Road” are elegiac, subtle and musical, and the narrator in them is a contemplative and observer, reminiscent of the hero poetic works. In the first half of the 1910s, the plot basis of Bunin’s works became somewhat more complicated, although the writer still did not strive for “external entertainment” or captivating narration - a person came to the fore, whose fate and worldview were revealed against the background of time, and for Sometimes a few everyday episodes were enough for the writer to create a specific story. At that time, Gorky, assessing the rhythm and intonation of Ivan Alekseevich’s stories, said: “He began to write prose in such a way that if they say about him: this is the best stylist of our time, there will be no exaggeration.”
During the First World War, the themes of Bunin's works expanded - his sphere of interests included other countries, cultures and civilizations. Among his heroes are a Ceylon rickshaw driver who is worried about the loss of his bride (“Brothers”), an American millionaire dying in a hotel in Capri (“The Gentleman from San Francisco”), a young German scientist who dreams of writing his name in the history of science (“Otto Matte"). During this period, social pathos appeared in Bunin’s works, and their creation, according to the author, was accompanied by internal “journalistic monologues”: “Woe to you, Babylon, strong city!” - these terrible words of the Apocalypse sounded relentlessly in my soul when I wrote “Brothers” and conceived “The Gentleman from San Francisco.” In emigration, social motives almost completely disappeared from Bunin’s work; the writer again returned to the desire to reveal inner world an individual person, but from a different perspective, outside of reference to a specific historical era with its fractures and shocks: “What remains is love, suffering, longing for the ideal.” According to literary critic Olga Slivitskaya, the content of Bunin’s prose at a certain moment began to fit into the model “Space and the Soul of Man,” when the heroes of one time or another were replaced by “man as part of the Universe.”
Bunin’s words are widely known: “There is no nature separate from us, every movement of air is the movement of our own life“... These words formulate the most essential thing: the place of man in the universe. Just as an atom, an unimaginably small part of the solar system, repeats its entire structure, so a person both confronts the Cosmos and includes it within himself.
Elements of innovation
Writer Ivan Nazhivin in the novel-pamphlet “Slightly Respected!” (Harbin, 1935) compiled a list of claims addressed to Bunin. According to Nazhivin, the Nobel laureate did not create a single type or image that could go down in the history of Russian literature on a par with Natasha Rostova, Liza Kalitina, Evgeny Onegin, Taras Bulba, Raskolnikov, Khlestakov, Oblomov and other heroes. Bunin’s characters are “cloudy spots, ghosts, words,” Nazhivin argued. Literary critic Tatyana Marchenko, responding to his reproaches, noted that all the types and archetypes mentioned by Nazhivin were representatives of a certain time or social environment. Bunin - perhaps unconsciously - developed these same characters, but taking into account “untapped opportunities”: “not Tatyana, separated from Onegin, but Tatyana, united with Buyanov or Ivan Petushkov, etc. to the infinity of artistic imagination.”
Thus, the experiences of the hero of “Mitya’s Love” are correlated with the suffering of Goethe’s Werther, who pulls the trigger because of a personal drama. But if Werther commits suicide because of “world sorrow,” then Bunin’s hero commits suicide because of “world happiness.” He passes away with a “happy sigh” because he is too tormented by earthly trials. Shortly before his death, Mitya hears night music from Charles Gounod's opera "Faust", sees himself soaring above the world - and at that moment he feels unusual lightness and freedom from suffering. One of the phrases uttered by the hero - “Oh, when will all this end!” - sounds like an antithesis to the Faustian exclamation “Stop, moment: you are beautiful!” At the same time, Ivan Alekseevich was also able to “stop a moment” - he did this in such stories as “Sunstroke” and “Ida”. According to Yuri Maltsev, “„ moment“—that new unit of time that Bunin introduces into Russian prose.”
Another peculiar discovery of Bunin is the appearance in his prose of short, miniature-like sketches, which the literary critic Ivan Ilyin called “ dreams”, and Yuri Maltsev - “fragments”. A significant part of them (including “The Calf’s Head”, “Cranes”, “The Romance of the Hunchback”, “First Class”) were presented in the book “Modern Notes” (Paris, 1931), where they look like episodes from a large, motley, polyphonic work. Sometimes they are perceived as short everyday anecdotes, sometimes as travel notes, but in all cases the “fragments” represent completed works.
In Bunin’s poem “Giordano Bruno,” written in 1906, there are lines that largely determine the author’s worldview: “In my joy there is always melancholy, / In melancholy there is always a mysterious sweetness!” Such antinomy allowed the writer to create many contrasting combinations (in his dictionary of epithets there are about 100,000 word usages), showing that directly opposite emotions, passions and experiences can coexist simultaneously in a person: “sad and cheerful songs”, “the heart beat wildly and joyfully” , “mockingly sad cuckoo”, “plaintively joyful squeal”, “mysteriously bright wilds”, “suffering-happy rapture”, “sad-festive”, “sultry-cold wind”, “happiness of guilt”, “unhappy with happiness ”, “horror of delight”, “joyful anger”, “crying enthusiastically”.
One of the features of the mature Bunin’s work was his ability to organize sudden endings in his works. For example, the beginning of the story “Rusya” (1940), which is the memoirs of a nameless hero who once worked as a tutor at a station near Podolsk, looks completely ordinary: a train stop, a lazy dialogue between a passenger and his wife, a conductor with a lantern. However, gradually, through the soporific intonation, signs of mysticism begin to appear. The hero mentally goes into the past, and the same area “magically blossoms.” Then a girl artist appears in his mind, whose real name is Marusya. The shortening has its roots either in Rus' or in mermaids, and the heroine herself, living among the swamps, is “picturesque, even iconographic.” A forgotten love story from twenty years ago, which ended in a dramatic breakup, turns into a stopped “beautiful moment” thanks to the train stopping.
Picturesque prose
Literary scholars paid attention to the picturesqueness of Bunin’s prose. Thus, Oleg Mikhailov wrote that for some of Bunin’s stories of the 1910s, Mikhail Nesterov could have been the best illustrator. The gallery of martyrs and righteous people created by the writer (among whom are the farmhand Averky from “The Thin Grass,” the crooked beggar Anisya from “The Merry Court,” the sentimental servant Arseny from “The Saints,” the dignified beauty Aglaya from the story of the same name) is reminiscent of the gathered together heroes of Nesterov’s canvas “On Rus'. Soul of the people."
According to Tatyana Marchenko, there is also a certain kinship between Bunin’s landscapes and the works of Viktor Vasnetsov, with whom the writer was personally acquainted. However, in terms of his inner worldview, Ivan Alekseevich’s prose is closer to the paintings of Mikhail Vrubel. For example, his work “Pan” (as well as “Bogatyr”, “Lilac”, “Queen Volkhova”) reflects the pagan element of the story “Rusya” to a greater extent than Vasnetsov’s “Alyonushka”, Marchenko believes. Vasnetsov’s painting, which depicts a girl sitting near a pond overgrown with sedge, correlates well with the content of “Rus,” while “Pan” allows “a glimpse into the mysterious essence of things.”
Influences
When talking about the influences that are found in Bunin’s prose, researchers most often name the names of Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov, Turgenev, and Gogol. According to Oleg Mikhailov, Bunin's image of man - with its multi-layeredness and inexhaustibility - largely comes from Tolstoy's idea of "fluidity of character." Critic Alexander Izmailov wrote that Ivan Alekseevich is “one of many bewitched, enchanted, carried away by Chekhov.” In Bunin's early plotless stories, critics heard either the intonations of Turgenev's prose poems or the author's voice from the lyrical digressions in the poem “Dead Souls.” Bunin himself wrote that for all his love for Russian literature, he “never imitated anyone.” When the literary critic Pyotr Bicilli drew attention to some similarities between “Mitya’s Love” and Tolstoy’s work “The Devil,” which begins with the words “And I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman with lust has already committed adultery with her in his heart,” Ivan Alekseevich responded : “Of course, without Tolstoy, without Turgenev, without Pushkin, we would not write the way we write... And if we talk about the assimilation of Tolstoy, is that so?”
Critics and some of Bunin’s colleagues argued that his late work contained so many hidden quotes, reminiscences and images borrowed from Russian classics that it was time to talk about “elementary epigonism.” For example, Nina Berberova argued that Ivan Alekseevich “created beauty in primitive forms, ready-made and already existing before him.” Objecting to those who reproached the writer for “rehashing” and “revising traditions,” literary critic Yuri Lotman noted: “It is in this perspective that Bunin the innovator is revealed, wanting to be the successor of the great classical tradition in the era of modernism, but in order to rewrite this entire tradition again."
Relations with contemporaries
Bunin and Gorky
For decades, Bunin's name was often mentioned - in different contexts - next to Gorky. In their relationship, researchers identify a number of key stages: a period of gradual rapprochement (the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries) was replaced by a time of very close communication (1900s), followed by a break (1917) with complete rejection of each other’s views, accompanied by public, sometimes very harsh estimates. The writers met in Yalta in 1899; according to Bunin’s memoirs, Gorky, in a sentimental mood, said at the first meeting: “You last writer from the nobility, the culture that gave the world Pushkin and Tolstoy.” A few days later, Ivan Alekseevich sent Gorky his book “Under the Open Air”; A correspondence began that lasted about eighteen years.
Responses to Bunin's early works from Alexei Maksimovich were mostly friendly. For example, after reading the story “Antonov Apples,” Gorky wrote: “This is good. Here Ivan Bunin, like a young god, sang.” Feeling a growing sympathy for Alexei Maksimovich, Bunin dedicated his poem “Falling Leaves” to him. Gorky, in turn, invited the young writer to collaborate in the magazine “Life”; then the publishing house “Znanie”, headed by him, began publishing Bunin’s collected works. Since 1902, in newspaper news, the names of Gorky and Bunin often appeared side by side: the writers were considered representatives of the same literary group; Ivan Alekseevich attended the premieres of performances staged based on the plays of Alexei Maksimovich.
In 1909, Bunin and Muromtseva went to travel around Italy. On the island of Capri, the couple visited Gorky, who lived there, who, talking about this meeting in a letter addressed to Ekaterina Peshkova, noted that Ivan Alekseevich was still active and pleased him with “his serious attitude to literature and words.” Muromtseva, recalling the long dialogues at Villa Spinola, noted that at that time Alexey Maksimovich and her husband “looked at many things differently, but still they truly loved the main thing.”
The last meeting between Bunin and Gorky took place in April 1917 in Petrograd. According to the memoirs of Ivan Alekseevich, on the day of his departure from the capital, Alexey Maksimovich organized a large meeting at the Mikhailovsky Theater, at which he introduced special guests - Bunin and Fyodor Chaliapin. The audience in the hall seemed dubious to Ivan Alekseevich (as did Gorky’s speech, addressed to the audience and beginning with the word “Comrades!”), but they parted quite amicably. In the first post-revolutionary days, Gorky arrived in Moscow and expressed a desire to meet with Bunin - he responded by asking him to convey through Ekaterina Peshkova that he considered “the relationship with him to be over forever.”
From then on, Gorky became an absentee opponent for Bunin: in the journalism of the 1920s, Ivan Alekseevich mentioned him mainly as a “propagandist of Soviet power.” Alexey Maksimovich also remotely polemicized with his former friend: in a letter sent to his secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov, he noted that Bunin had “become wild.” In another letter addressed to Konstantin Fedin, Gorky gave very harsh assessments of emigrant writers: “B. Zaitsev mediocrely writes the lives of saints. Shmelev is something unbearably hysterical. Kuprin doesn't write - he drinks. Bunin rewrites the “Kreutzer Sonata” under the title “Mitya’s Love”. Aldanov also writes off L. Tolstoy.”
Bunin and Chekhov
Bunin wrote several essays about A.P. Chekhov, included a separate chapter about Anton Pavlovich in his “Memoirs” and planned to prepare a large work dedicated to him. According to Muromtseva’s recollections, in the 1950s her husband managed to acquire Complete collection Chekhov's works, published by Goslitizdat, as well as a book in which his letters were published: “We re-read them... On sleepless nights, Ivan Alekseevich... made notes on scraps of paper, sometimes even on cigarette boxes - he recalled conversations with Chekhov.” Their first meeting took place in Moscow in 1895, and their rapprochement began in 1899, when Bunin arrived in Yalta. Quite quickly, Ivan Alekseevich became his own man in Chekhov’s house - he stayed at his dacha in Outka even on those days when Anton Pavlovich was away. In his memoirs, Bunin admitted that he did not have such a warm relationship with any of his fellow writers as with Chekhov. Anton Pavlovich came up with a humorous nickname for his friend - “Mr. Marquis Bukishon” (sometimes simply “Marquis”), and called himself “Autsky landowner”.
According to Nikolai Teleshov, who visited Chekhov before his departure to Badenweiler, Anton Pavlovich already knew about his fatal illness. Saying goodbye, he asked the participants of the Sreda literary circle to bow, and also to tell Bunin to “write and write”: “He will make a great writer. So tell him for me. Do not forget". Ivan Alekseevich, who was in the village of Ognevka in the summer of 1904, learned about Chekhov’s death from a newspaper: “I unfolded it ... - and suddenly it was like an icy razor slashed across my heart.” A few days later, he received a letter from Gorky - Alexey Maksimovich said that writers were beginning preparations for the release of memoirs about Chekhov, and asked Bunin to take part in this work. In November, after reading the manuscript sent by Ivan Alekseevich, Gorky noted that his essay about Anton Pavlovich was written very carefully.
Researchers tried to determine the degree of Chekhov's influence on Bunin's work. Thus, the writer Valery Geideko drew attention to the poetry of the prose of both, the “rhythmic organization of speech” characteristic of both writers, as well as their attraction to impressionism. Literary critic Oleg Mikhailov, on the contrary, argued that the creative styles of Chekhov and Bunin are completely different - the writers have neither thematic nor stylistic kinship; the only thing that brings them together is the “direction of common searches.” Chekhov himself, in one of his conversations with Bunin, noted that they “are like a greyhound like a hound”: “I could not steal a single word from you. You are harsher than me. You write: “the sea smelled like watermelon”... It’s wonderful, but I wouldn’t say that.”
Bunin and Nabokov
Bunin's relationship with Vladimir Nabokov is interpreted by researchers in different ways. If literary critic Maxim Shrayer sees in them the “poetics of rivalry,” then philologist Olga Kirillina discovers similarities at the level of the “nervous system and blood circulation.” For a long time, communication between the two writers was by correspondence. At the end of 1920, Nabokov’s father, Vladimir Dmitrievich, asked Ivan Alekseevich to evaluate his son’s poem, published in the Berlin newspaper “Rul”. In response, Bunin sent the Nabokovs not only a warm, encouraging letter, but also his book “The Gentleman from San Francisco.” A correspondence ensued, which in the spring of 1921 included twenty-two-year-old Vladimir Nabokov, who published under the pseudonym “Vladimir Sirin.” In his first letter, the aspiring poet called Bunin “the only writer who, in our blasphemous age, calmly serves the beautiful.”
In 1926, Nabokov’s first novel “Mashenka” was published, which, according to researchers, is Vladimir Vladimirovich’s “most Buninsky” work. On the copy given to Bunin, the author wrote: “Don’t judge me too harshly, I beg you. Yours with all my soul, V. Nabokov.” Three years later, Nabokov, who published the collection “The Return of Chorba,” sent Bunin a book with a dedicatory inscription: “To the Great Master from a diligent student.” Nabokov’s story “The Resentment” (1931) was dedicated to Ivan Alekseevich. Vladimir Vladimirovich reacted very positively to the award of the Nobel Prize to Bunin - in a telegram sent to Grasse it was written: “I am so happy that you received it!” At the end of 1933, the first meeting of the two writers took place - Bunin arrived in Berlin for an event organized in his honor by the publicist Joseph Hesse, and during the celebrations he met Nabokov personally.
Then the cooling period began. According to Olga Kirillina, Nabokov’s dedicatory inscriptions are evidence of the changed relationship - the previous enthusiastic confessions have disappeared from them, and the intonations have become different. Having released the novel “Invitation to Execution” (1936), he wrote on the volume sent to Bunin: “ Dear Ivan To Alekseevich Bunin with best greetings from the author.” A complete break did not occur, although mutual irritation grew. Tension was created, among other things, by public attempts by the emigrant community to determine which of the writers belonged to the main place on the literary Olympus. For example, in the second half of the 1930s, Mark Aldanov called on Bunin to admit that primacy had passed to Nabokov.
In his autobiographical book “Other Shores” (1954), Nabokov spoke about one of his meetings with Bunin, which took place in 1936 in a Paris restaurant. Its initiator was Ivan Alekseevich. The dinner made a grave impression on Nabokov: “Unfortunately, I can’t stand restaurants, vodka, snacks, music, or intimate conversations. Bunin was puzzled by my indifference to hazel grouse and my refusal to open my soul. By the end of lunch we were already unbearably bored with each other.” Nabokov included the same fragment - with some changes - in the second version of his memoirs - “Memory, Speak.” According to Maxim Shrayer, this meeting demonstrated that the creative dialogues between the writers had ended, and in human terms they had completely moved away from each other.
Nevertheless, their literary rivalry continued, and the publication of the book “Dark Alleys” became, according to Schraer, Bunin’s attempt to “even the score with Nabokov.” In one of the letters sent shortly before the war to the American Slavist Elizaveta Malozemova, Ivan Alekseevich noted: “If it weren’t for me, there would be no Sirin.” Around the same period, Nabokov, who was asked in a written interview to talk about Bunin’s influence on his work, said that he was not among the followers of Ivan Alekseevich. In 1951, an event dedicated to Bunin’s eightieth birthday was being prepared in New York. Mark Aldanov invited Nabokov to read some work by the hero of the day at this evening. Nabokov responded with a written refusal:
As you know, I am not a big fan of I.A. I really appreciate his poetry, but his prose... or memories in the alley... You say that he is 80 years old, that he is sick and poor. You are much kinder and more forgiving than me - but put yourself in my position: how can I say in front of a group of more or less common acquaintances an anniversary, that is, completely golden, word about a person who is alien to me in his entire make-up, and about the prose writer whom I am putting on below Turgenev?
Bunin and Kataev
Valentin Kataev, like Nabokov, was considered a writer who most accurately absorbed Bunin's lessons. Seventeen-year-old Kataev, who first heard about Ivan Alekseevich’s poems from the poet Alexander Fedorov, in 1914 himself came to Bunin, who was at that time in Odessa. Subsequently, talking about his acquaintance with the writer in the book “The Grass of Oblivion,” Valentin Petrovich mentioned that before him appeared “a forty-year-old gentleman, dry, bilious, dapper,” dressed in trousers sewn by a good tailor and English yellow low shoes. Galina Kuznetsova noted in her diary entries that Bunin also well remembered the moment a young man appeared in his house, who gave him a notebook with poems and directly said: “I’m writing... I’m imitating you.”
The audience was short, but when two weeks later Kataev came to Ivan Alekseevich for an answer, the “first miracle” happened in his life: Bunin invited him to find time for an additional conversation. From that moment their communication began, which continued - with interruptions - until 1920. In 1915, Kataev dedicated the poem “And the days flow by in a dull sequence” to Bunin. A year later, the newspaper “Southern Thought” published his short work, which contained the lines: “ And at home - tea and voluntary captivity. / A sonnet sketched in a notebook the day before, / So, in rough form... Pensive Verlaine, / Singing Blok and lonely Bunin».
When Bunin and Muromtseva, together with other refugees, reached Odessa in 1918, meetings became almost daily: Kataev brought new poems to the writer, and he worked a lot on his manuscripts, made notes, made edits, and gave advice, including on additional reading. “Initiation as a disciple,” according to Valentin Petrovich, happened only after he heard the first praise from Bunin. Kataev became a member of the Odessa literary circle “Sreda”, at the meetings of which Ivan Alekseevich was invariably present. The conversations there were very free, and Bunin recorded them in his diary. According to the writer Sergei Shargunov, who compared Bunin’s daily notes with the version that was prepared for the book “Cursed Days,” Ivan Alekseevich deliberately removed from the final edition some very sharp Kataev remarks - the writer did not want to “substitute the ‘literary godson’ who remained in the Soviet Russia." While in France, Muromtseva sorted through the exported archives and, among numerous envelopes, discovered a letter from Kataev “from the white front,” dated October 1919. It began with the words: “Dear teacher Ivan Alekseevich.”
Bunin, leaving Odessa on the ship "Sparta", could not say goodbye to his student before leaving: in the winter of 1920, he fell ill with typhus and was taken to the hospital, and later - as a former tsarist officer - to prison. They never met again. At the same time, Ivan Alekseevich followed Kataev’s work - according to Muromtseva, having received the book “The Lonely Sail Whitens” (in which the author tried to “cross Pinkerton’s plot with Bunin’s artistry”), the writer read it aloud, with comments: “Well, who else can do that? " In 1958, Kataev and his wife Esther Davydovna visited Vera Nikolaevna in Paris. Muromtseva said that in the perception of her husband, Valentin Petrovich forever remained a young man, so Bunin could not imagine that his student had become a father: “It seemed somehow incredible to Ivan Alekseevich: the children of Vali Kataev!”
For at least half a century, Bunin was not only a Teacher for Kataev, but also a kind of artistic idol, the personification of a certain artistic ideal... “To write well” for Kataev always meant “to write like Bunin.” (Of course, without imitating Bunin, without copying him, without reproducing his style, but, if possible, achieving the same stereoscopic volume and accuracy in his descriptions, revealing the ability to find the most accurate verbal expression for each of his visual reactions.)
Benedikt Sarnov
Bunin and emigrant writers
Bunin made some efforts to help some Russian writers move to France. Among them was Alexander Kuprin, a writer whose creative development took place in the same years as Ivan Alekseevich. Their relationship was by no means cloudless - as Muromtseva wrote, “it took Dostoevsky himself to understand everything.” In 1920, having arrived in Paris, Kuprin settled in the same house where Bunin lived, and even on the same floor with him. Perhaps this proximity sometimes burdened Ivan Alekseevich, who was accustomed to clearly planning his working day and was forced to observe the constant visits of guests who came to Kuprin. Nevertheless, having received the Nobel Prize, Bunin brought Alexander Ivanovich 5,000 francs. According to Kuprin’s daughter Ksenia Alexandrovna, this money greatly helped their family, whose financial situation was difficult. Kuprin's return to the USSR in 1937 caused a great resonance among the emigrants - opinions about his action were divided. Bunin, unlike some of his colleagues, refused to condemn the “old sick man.” In his memoirs, he talked about Kuprin as an artist who was characterized by “warm kindness towards all living things.”
On Bunin’s recommendation, Boris Zaitsev, a prose writer, in whose Moscow house Ivan Alekseevich once met Muromtseva, also moved to Paris in 1923. For a long time, Zaitsev and Bunin communicated very closely, were considered literary like-minded people, and together participated in the activities of the French Writers' Union. When news came from Stockholm that Ivan Alekseevich had been awarded the Nobel Prize, Zaitsev was one of the first to notify the public about this, transmitting the breaking news under the heading “Bunin crowned” to the Vozrozhdenie newspaper. A serious disagreement between writers occurred in 1947, when Ivan Alekseevich left the Writers' Union in protest against the exclusion from it of those who, in the post-war period, decided to accept Soviet citizenship. Together with them, Leonid Zurov, Alexander Bakhrakh, Georgy Adamovich, Vadim Andreev left the union. Zaitsev, as the chairman of this organization, did not approve of Bunin’s action. He tried to communicate with him in writing, but the dialogues led to a final break.
Bunin also took measures to relocate the prose writer Ivan Shmelev. The rapprochement of writers occurred in the post-revolutionary period, when they both collaborated with the Odessa newspaper “Yuzhnoe Slovo”. Leaving Russia, Bunin received a power of attorney from Shmelev to publish his books abroad. In 1923, Shmelev moved to France and lived for several months - at the insistence of Ivan Alekseevich - at his villa in Grasse; there he worked on the book “Sun of the Dead”. Their relationship was sometimes uneven; in many situations they acted as opponents. For example, in 1927, after Pyotr Struve left the newspaper Vozrozhdenie, Bunin refused to participate in the activities of this publication; Shmelev believed that such an approach would be beneficial to his opponents. In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich reacted extremely negatively to Bunin’s agreement to meet with Soviet Ambassador Alexander Bogomolov. The difference in approaches to some life issues was also reflected in creativity: thus, polemicizing with Bunin’s frankness when describing the sensual experiences of the hero in “Mitya’s Love,” Shmelev in his book “Love History” (1927) demonstrated rejection of “sinful passion.” Shmelev perceived Bunin’s book “Dark Alleys” as pornography.
Bunin did not communicate with the Acmeist poet Georgy Adamovich in the pre-revolutionary period. According to Adamovich, having once seen Ivan Alekseevich in the St. Petersburg artistic cafe “Halt of Comedians,” he did not make an attempt to get acquainted, because the founder of the school of Acmeism, Nikolai Gumilyov, did not welcome “possible extraneous influences.” In France, Adamovich, who was seriously involved in literary criticism, dedicated a number of works to Bunin; he did not always react approvingly to Georgy Viktorovich’s reviews. However, on a number of key issues, especially during the post-war split among the emigrants, Bunin and Adamovich acted as like-minded people. After the death of Ivan Alekseevich, Georgy Viktorovich supported the writer’s widow, advised Muromtseva during her work on her memoirs about Bunin, and defended her from opponents.
Bunin's acquaintance with the poet Vladislav Khodasevich occurred in 1906, but until their move to France, their relationship was superficial. In emigration they became close, Bunin invited Vladislav Felitsianovich to Grasse, and in the second half of the 1920s the writers corresponded. Some cooling occurred after, in a review of Bunin’s collection “Selected Poems,” written in 1929, Khodasevich gave high praise to Ivan Alekseevich as a prose writer and very restrained praise as a poet. Vladimir Nabokov, in one of his letters to his wife, spoke about a visit to Mur’s Parisian cafe in 1936: “There I briefly saw Khodasevich, who had turned very yellow; Bunin hates him.” Researchers argued that, on the contrary, Ivan Alekseevich helped Vladislav Felitsianovich with money, they met at literary events and exchanged books.
The writer Nina Berberova in her book “My Italics” (1972) recalled Bunin as an extremely ambitious, capricious, capricious person. Their communication began in 1927, when Khodasevich and his wife Berberova arrived at the Belvedere villa in Grasse. Judging by Muromtseva’s diaries, Nina Nikolaevna made a pleasant impression on the owners of the villa: “Simple, sweet, well-mannered.” During the war, Berberova, together with Boris Zaitsev, participated in the rescue of the Bunin archive, which was stored in the Turgenev Library. In the post-war period, Bunin and Berberova, as literary critic Maxim Shrayer noted, found themselves “in hostile camps of Russian emigration.” In her memoirs, Berberova wrote: “I try to avoid disintegration, and for Bunin it began on that day... when S.K. Makovsky picked him up to take him to Soviet ambassador Bogomolov to drink to Stalin’s health.”
The fate of the archive
Bunin's archive turned out to be fragmented. In May 1918, Ivan Alekseevich, leaving Moscow with Muromtseva, transferred a significant part of his documents (previously stored in the Moscow branch of the Lyon Credit Bank) to his older brother. Bunin took only a few materials with him to Odessa and then to Paris, including letters and youthful diaries. Julius Alekseevich died in 1921. Bunin's pre-revolutionary manuscripts, photographs, drafts, magazine and newspaper publications with critics' reviews, and books with dedicatory inscriptions that remained in his house went to the translator Nikolai Pusheshnikov, whose mother was Ivan Alekseevich's cousin. Pusheshnikov passed away in 1939. From the late 1940s, his family began donating manuscripts and autographs to the Central State Archive of Literature and Art and other state repositories. In addition, some documents from the Pusheshnikovs ended up in private collections.
In France, a new archive of Bunin was formed, left after the writer’s death with his widow. During the early “thaw”, Muromtseva agreed to send her husband’s materials in small batches to the Soviet Union - they went to TsGALI, the A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature, the State Literary Museum and other institutions. After the death of Vera Nikolaevna in 1961, Leonid Zurov became the heir to the archive, who, in turn, bequeathed it to Militsa Green, a teacher at the University of Edinburgh. In the early 1970s, she took dozens of boxes of scattered materials from Paris to Edinburgh and spent several years inventorying and organizing them; the catalog alone, reproducing the list of documents she received, consisted of 393 pages. Under the editorship of Militsa Green, the three-volume book “The Mouths of the Bunins” was published (Frankfurt am Main, “Posev”, 1977-1982), containing the diary entries of Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna. Militsa Green, who died in 1998, donated Bunin’s archive to the University of Leeds during her lifetime.
Bunin was under the scrutiny of Soviet censorship for decades. Two years after the writer left Russia, the Main Directorate for Literature and Publishing (Glavlit) was established - a body that exercised control over all printed products published in the USSR. The first circular issued by Glavlit prescribed a ban on “the import from abroad... of works that are definitely hostile to Soviet power.” In 1923, the censorship department published a secret bulletin containing a detailed review of books that were written by emigrant writers. Bunin was also mentioned in the document. The Glavlit employee who prepared the certificate noted that the pre-revolutionary works included in his collection “The Scream” (Berlin, Slovo Publishing House, 1921) could not be allowed to be published, because the author of “naturalistic stories” tried to “find a rationale” in them revolutionary catastrophe."
In 1923, the poet Pyotr Oreshin prepared the almanac “The Village in Russian Poetry,” in which he collected poems by Bunin, Balmont and other authors. The political editor of Gosizdat, who examined the handwritten version of the book, gave instructions to remove from it all the works of emigrant poets. The reworking of “The Village...” did not take place, the publication was never published. Some softening of ideological guidelines occurred during the NEP period, when publishing cooperatives were able to publish several of Bunin’s works, including “The Gentleman from San Francisco” and “Chang’s Dreams.” The censors' orders were not always followed at that time. For example, Glavlit did not recommend “Mitya’s Love” for release because “its author is a White Guard emigrant,” but the story, written in Paris, was published in 1926 by the Leningrad publishing house “Priboi.”
Very harsh measures against emigrant writers were taken in the 1920s by the Glavpolitprosvet, created under the People's Commissariat of Education. This institution periodically audited libraries, ridding them of “counter-revolutionary literature.” Bunin’s name invariably appeared on the lists sent out by Gospolitprosvet and accompanied by the demand to “cleanse the funds.” After 1928, his books were not published in the USSR for almost three decades. The position of the Soviet government in relation to Ivan Alekseevich was expressed by the People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, who reported in the journal “Bulletin of Foreign Literature” (1928, No. 3) that Bunin is “a landowner... who knows that his class is bulging with life.”
The gradual return of Ivan Alekseevich’s works to the Soviet reader began during the “thaw” years - so, in 1956, a collection of his works was published in five volumes, which included novellas and short stories written both in pre-revolutionary Russia and in France. In 1961, the almanac “Tarussa Pages” was published in Kaluga, containing Paustovsky’s essay “Ivan Bunin”. The publication of the collection resulted in the dismissal of the editor-in-chief of the Kaluga Book Publishing House; the director of the enterprise was reprimanded “for loss of vigilance.” Nevertheless, in subsequent decades, a significant part of the writer’s creative heritage (including the novel “The Life of Arsenyev” and the book “Dark Alleys”) became available to the Soviet reader. The exception was the diary “Cursed Days,” which was published only in the late 1980s in several magazines at once.
Bunin and cinema
Researchers drew attention to the fact that Bunin’s prose is cinematic - it is no coincidence that the concepts “ close-up" and "general plan". The possibility of adapting Bunin’s work for the first time appeared in October 1933, when a Hollywood producer informed Ivan Alekseevich that he was ready to buy the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” from him. The writer turned to Mark Aldanov for advice, who gave recommendations on drawing up a power of attorney and disposing of copyrights. However, things did not go beyond a brief dialogue with a representative of the film company. Later, Bunin mentioned a possible film adaptation of his stories such as “On the Road” and “The Case of Cornet Elagin,” but these plans also remained unfulfilled.
Soviet and Russian filmmakers began turning to Bunin's work in the 1960s, but there were few successful film adaptations, according to journalist V. Nuriev (Nezavisimaya Gazeta). Vasily Pichul, while a student at VGIK, shot an educational short film “Mitya’s Love” in 1981. In 1989, the film “Unurgent Spring” was released, based on the story of the same name, as well as the works “Rus”, “Prince among Princes”, “Flies”, “Cranes”, “Caucasus”, the story “Sukhodol” and diary entries Bunin (director Vladimir Tolkachikov). In 1994, the melodrama “Dedication to Love” was filmed (directed by Lev Tsutsulkovsky); The film is based on the stories “Easy Breathing”, “Cold Autumn” and “Russia”. A year later, director Boris Yashin presented the film “Meshcherskys”, based on Bunin’s stories “Natalie”, “Tanya”, “In Paris”.
A very notable event was the release in 2011 of the film “Sukhodol” (directed by Alexandra Strelyanaya), based on Bunin’s story of the same name. The film received a number of awards at film festivals and also received critical attention. Their opinions about the work of Alexandra Strelyana were divided: some called the film “an ethnographic study, as if specially created to obtain great aesthetic pleasure”; others regarded it as “cumbersome pastiche.” Nikita Mikhalkov’s film “Sunstroke,” filmed in 2014 based on the story and book “Cursed Days” of the same name, generated a lot of feedback. According to publicist Leonid Radzikhovsky, Mikhalkov was not mistaken when he decided to combine a work about love with diary entries: “Bunin’s stories about love (especially “Dark Alleys,” but also “Sunstroke,” written in 1925) are illuminated by this very Sun, this sunset fire , which destroyed both the heroes and the “country that does not exist” and where they lived and “breathed easily.”
The complex history of the relationship between Bunin and his loved ones, based on Muromtseva’s diary entries, became the plot of the film “The Diary of His Wife” (directed by Alexei Uchitel). The scriptwriter, Dunya Smirnova, said that the idea for the film came to her in Paris; Having shared her idea with Alexei Uchitel, she suggested casting her father, director Andrei Smirnov, who was well acquainted with Bunin’s work, in the role of the writer. The film and its creators received a number of festival and film awards.