Move to the second argument. Go to the main part. What parts does an argumentative essay consist of?

23.06.2020

(transitions from one part to another)

The idea of highlighting only three paragraphs in an essay (introduction, main part, conclusion) should be abandoned even at the middle level. Students should understand that a paragraph covers one topic. Each sentence seems to prepare the reader for the next. We place what is most important at the beginning of the paragraph or at the end. The idea expressed in a paragraph can be detailed, explained, illustrated with examples, and compared with another.

But paragraphs also need to be connected to each other. The “Law of Cohesion” can work in different ways.

1. Rhetorical

question

The question seems to arise in the minds of both the reader and the author

“What is A.M. Gorky’s story dedicated to?”

“What does our hero do?”

“Maybe the writer is wrong?”

connection

“Let’s consider now...”

“Let’s analyze this story...”

“I also want to say that...”

3. Transition-

compound

Paragraphs are connected using special words: also, also, and, next...

“This quality is also manifested in…”

« Next trait, which must be noted..."

“The writer is always attentive to the portrait of the heroes..”

4. Transition - opposition

The contrast occurs with the help of words: other, different, and, same, but...

“Completely different views are characteristic...”

“For Bulgakov, this idea is unacceptable”

“Tolstoy uses other methods”

5. Intercom

There are no visible lexical syntactic features communications. It manifests itself only with careful reading of the text, analysis of the meaning

“How many obstacles can he overcome on his own? life path Human? Probably a lot, if there is a goal, if he understands what he lives for. And if there is no goal, if a person feels that no one needs him, then death.

To the hero of the novel by N. Ostrovsky

had to be under the bullets of bandits, he built a narrow-gauge railway, standing knee-deep in icy water, withstood prisons, hunger, the ridicule of enemies, fought against diseases. Pavka Korchagin learned as a child what is worth living for..."

The monotony of transitions deprives the work of liveliness and energy; variety indicates the natural flow of thoughts and the fact that the student has a good command of written language.

STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY.

1. Introduction (2-3 sentences). The introduction should sound K1 (1 point) - the formulation of the problem of the source text. You can start your essay with beautiful quote, taken from the text, from rhetorical questions related to the topic of this text, from your reflection. And then note that this is what the author (full name) is thinking about (reasoning) in his text. This will connect the introduction to the main part.

2. Main part. a) The main part should contain K2 (2 points) – a commentary on the problem. To do this, read the text again and clearly state the author’s opinion on given problem. Find a sentence - a conclusion reached by reasoning over given problem, the author - you will reveal it already K3 (1 point) - the position of the author.

3. Continuation of the main part: b) next you need to work on K4 (3 b) – statement of your own opinion. The essay has already stated the author’s point of view - now express your agreement (disagreement) with his position. Try to clearly state your own opinion. Try to find 2 arguments that prove that you are right.

1 argument– from fiction, scientific or journalistic literature,

2 argument- from life experience- what you saw and heard on TV, in films, on the Internet, on the radio, from respectable or respected people. It could be real facts from the lives of others, worthy of imitation or extreme condemnation. Your own observations and conclusions. Conjectural examples (what could happen if certain conditions). Proverbs, sayings, aphorisms that reflect the traditional historical experience of the people, their wisdom (in this case, do not just cite a proverb, because this is not an argument, but reveal, comment on it, explain its connection with the thesis). Your own judgments gleaned from studying school subjects, for example, history, law, social studies.

4. Conclusion. Make a conclusion in 1-2 sentences.

Please note: if you formulate the problem incorrectly, then according to criteria K1-K4 you will receive 0 points, that is, you will lose 7 points out of a possible 23.

In this case, K5 (2 points) will also be taken into account - semantic integrity and consistency,

K6 (2 points) – accuracy and expressiveness of speech,

K7 (3 points) – with one minor spelling error,

K8 (3 points) – with one minor punctuation error,

K9 (2 points) – in the absence of grammatical errors,

K10 (2b.) – with 1 speech error

K11 (1b.) – in the absence of ethical errors,

K12 (1 point) – in the absence of factual errors in the background material.

Total you can get for an essay 23 points.

Sample.

1. Introduction + problem

(Author's full name) poses a very important problem in his text - the problem...
or The main problem posed (author’s full name in T. case) is related to…. ...
or What's happened … ? …….? This is exactly what (author’s full name) reflects on in his text.

or In the text proposed for analysis, the author (or full name of the author) considers a number of important issues. Special attention he pays attention to the problem….
or Write the keyword of the problem (nominative topic). Add an ellipsis. Write associations associated with this word. “It is precisely this problem...”

or Write 2-3 common sentences that would paint a picture of the problem. I'm reporting a problem.

or I would call the text in front of me “...”, because the problem raised (full name of the author in the T. case) is devoted to.....

What did the author want to say? What was the purpose of his statement? Why did he write all this? How does he himself feel about the problem posed? What thoughts, feelings, experiences are the main, key ones for the author?

Shares the opinion...

Stands for what?

Proves what?

Convincing someone of what?

Calls for...

Openly declares his civic position...

3. Own opinion

I agree with... (that...). Firstly, because... Secondly,...
or Evidence of this idea can be found both in fiction and in life.

or The following arguments can be cited as evidence.

or In life, this problem affected me personally. ...

To enter examples you can use:

Let's give an example...

Let us refer, for example, to...

Let's take as an example...

Let's compare...

Who among us has not encountered a situation where...

No one will deny that...

None of us will object to that...

Each of us can give many arguments in defense of the author's position. Firstly,…

The clearest examples of this are not only..., but also...

4. Brief conclusion.

This story got me thinking about (eternal) questions like...

After reading this text, you begin to understand with renewed vigor...

When I read this text, I thought that...

Sections: Russian language

Class: 11

1. Text analysis We start by identifying the topic (what the text is about). To do this, select keywords(words related to the same topic, synonymous words and expressions).

This text (article) is about...

2. Having determined the topic, you can try to formulate the problem.

Problem– (from Greek) – task – a question that requires study, resolution.

The problem of something, a point of view on a problem, put, put forward, consider, discuss, present, resolve a problem, touch on a problem, pay attention to a problem, a problem arises, arises, is of interest , deserves attention.

The problem is formulated as a question, or by combining the word “problem” with a noun in genitive case.

There may be several problems. It is important to see two and comment. It is important to comment not on the entire text, but on the problems that you stated at the beginning.

Which question should I choose? It is important to choose the issue that the author thinks about the most and about which the author’s position is clearly stated.

Re-read how you defined the problem. If in the form of a question, then the position should sound like an answer to the question. If, according to the formula “problem + noun in the genitive case,” then this noun should be heard in the designation of the author’s position.

delivered
stated
reviewed
nominated
affected
raised
formulated
researched
analyzed

Possible problems:

The problem of memory about one’s origins, about one’s childhood (why, having matured, does a person feel a connection with the home of his childhood, with the world of his childhood?);
The problem of the role of childhood in human life (why childhood is the most important stage human life?);
Problem historical memory(why does a person keep the memory of the past? What does it mean to love your family and your homeland7);
The problem of the father's house (why one should not forget the father's house7);
The problem of assessing such a period of a person’s life as childhood (is childhood really the “golden” period of a person’s life? What is the role of childhood in the formation of personality?);
The problem of a person’s moral strength (why it is in ordinary everyday situations that it often manifests itself) moral essence person?);
The problem of the development and preservation of the Russian language (is the Russian language enriched or deteriorated thanks to borrowings?);
The problem of human influence on nature (what is the degree of human influence on nature and what are the possible consequences of this influence);
The problem of human perception of nature as living matter (should a person perceive nature as something living and take care of it?);
The problem of the injustice of the social structure of society (is it natural to divide people into rich and poor, is society structured correctly?);
The problem of the alienation of the world of the rich and well-fed from the world of the poor and hungry (do the well-fed and rich think about those who cannot afford to eat to their fill?);
The problem of internal resistance to the temptation of abundance (can children from a poor family resist the temptation of abundance and not become embittered?);
The problem of choosing a profession taking into account personal and public interests (can personal and public interests coincide when choosing a profession?)
The problem of a person’s responsibility to himself and society (can a person be free from society, from other people?);
The problem of commercialization of culture.

3. Comment on the problem.

A commentary differs from a simple retelling in that in a retelling you say what the characters do, and in a commentary you say what the author does. This is the most important and difficult thing.

It is important to reflect on some questions related to the text you read; Who is the text addressed to? What is the relevance of the text? How does the author approach this problem? What category does the problem belong to: moral, ethical, social, environmental, socio-political, philosophical, psychological? How covered is this problem in the literature? Which of the authors touched on it? How did the author approach his task? How does the author talk about the situation, what does he focus on?

Here it is possible to turn to means of expression if they help determine the author’s position. What is the writer's point of view? Maybe the author shows this through the eyes of the narrator, speaks on behalf of the hero? In what mood does the author write? What does it emphasize? What follows from this? What conclusions does this lead us to?

Templates: The problem could be:

The significance of the problem can be emphasized using the words:

The problem may cause the reader to:

Why is it important to be able to comment on the main problem of the text?

This allows you to see what interests the author.
By commenting on the problem, you also show your perception of what worries the author.
The comment will allow you to look deeper at the problem at hand.

The comment should not contain:

Retelling the source text or part of it.
Reasoning about all the problems of the text.
Comments on the actions of the characters in the text.
Avoid repeating the word “problem”
Avoid the expressions “the problem is that...”, “the problem is that...”, “the problem is about courage and perseverance...”.

At the same time, it is necessary to say how the author solves the stated problem, how he argues his position (“for”), what, ultimately, is the purpose of writing the text. If the problem of the text is a question, then the author’s position is the answer to the question, how the author answers it. When formulating a problem as a question, you need to know how the author answers it. You are not required to formulate the author’s position in general, but to show his opinion on the issue you have highlighted and commented on.

Author's position in a journalistic style, it will most likely be stated directly and can be easily detected. It is better not to quote the entire sentence, which reflects the author’s position, but to quote in part or paraphrase (so as not to reduce the score).

If the text is artistic, then the author’s position may not be directly stated. Here it is important to pay attention to how it is stated: directly or indirectly; use of expressive means; conscription; evaluativeness; accessibility; simplicity, etc.

Cliche:

The author believes that... The author claims that...
The author is convinced that..., and such confidence has its grounds.
It is important for the author to convince the reader that...
There is no doubt about the author’s opinion that...
The author leads the reader to the idea that...
The author strives to convey to the reader the idea that...
Solving the problem, the author comes to the conclusion: ...
... – these words, in my opinion, reflect the main problem of the text.
... - this statement accurately reflects the author’s thought.
The author’s position is obvious:...

5. Expression own attitude to this problem.

To prove it, we present 2 arguments, referring to examples from reading or life experience. Your own opinion must be expressed correctly. Your arguments should not repeat what was said in the original text.

Search your memory, remember what you read about it, what literary associations it evokes for you. It is very important that your arguments support, prove your point of view, and are not just an illustration on the same topic. Therefore, with each argument, formulate what you prove with the example given.

It's important to prove why you think this way. I (dis)agree with the author because... and I think...

Here is a strict essay-reasoning:

thesis
argumentation
conclusion
argumentation

Start each argument in a new paragraph.

Give examples, citing examples from fiction, authoritative people or from your life and the lives of those around you.

However, his thought about ... is doubtful

I share the author’s indignation (rejection, delight) and think...

A story comes to mind that I heard (read, that happened to me)

My opinion is confirmed by this fact...

Templates:

I enjoyed reading...
You can't remain indifferent...
Unfortunately…
It should be noted that the indisputability of the author’s position is beyond doubt...
The author convincingly proves that...
The author, in my opinion, is not entirely right when he claims that...
The author’s point of view is, of course, interesting, but I believe that...
In my opinion, the author is somewhat categorical in his judgments.
I think that it is not entirely fair that the author says that...
The author rightly notes that...
The author's assessments are fair and accurate. Really, …
The author's position on this issue coincides with my point of view.

Firstly,…
Secondly...
Thus,

Arguments must be accurate.

Arguments must be detailed and convincing.

Arguments must prove your point.

How can you introduce arguments into your own position?

Using phrases:

Let's turn to (a fact, someone's memories, scientific data...)
Suffice it to give an example...
This can be proven as follows..
This can be confirmed by the following fact...
Let me give you another example to prove my point.
You can easily verify this by contacting...

Using introductory words and phrases:

For example... Let's say...
According to someone's testimony... Suppose...
Firstly, ..., secondly, ... etc.

Using conjunctions and subordinate clauses:

Because…
Because…
Because...
Thanks to the fact that...
Due to the fact that...

6. How to finish an essay?

2-3 sentences duplicating the introduction.

7. How to start an essay?

If you know anything about the author, you can write 2-3 sentences.
You can write about the positive impression the text made on you.
Can be outlined typical picture(It often happens that...)
On eternal themes you can start like this: Love...So much has been said about it!

Algorithm for writing an argumentative essay

Introduction.
Problems that the author thinks about.

Speech clichés - This ready-made samples phrases. With their help, it is easier to structure the final essay without losing the main thread of the judgment.

Clichés for the final essay:

For entry

Of course, each person will answer this question differently. I will try to give my definition of these concepts.
Of course, each person will answer this question differently. In my opinion, ...
It seems that different answers can be given to this question. I believe that...
Probably every person has thought at least once about what ... (a certain concept) means. I believe that...
Reflecting on these questions, one cannot help but come to the answer: ...

To go to the main part

Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view.
Let's remember works of fiction that reveal the theme...
I can prove the correctness of my point of view by turning to...
Let's turn to works of fiction
For examples, let's turn to works of fiction
Thinking about..., I can’t help but turn to the work Full Name, in which...
Reflecting on these questions, one cannot help but come to the answer: ... (answer to the question asked in the introduction)

For abstracts

Today we understand that...(main idea of the essay)
Of course, each person will answer this question differently. In my opinion, ... (the main idea of the essay).
It seems that different answers can be given to this question, but I believe that... (the main idea of the essay)

For arguments

Access to the work

So, in a lyric poem (title), the poet (name) addresses the topic...
The theme (….) is touched upon in the novel…(author, title).
The theme (...) is revealed in the work... (author, title).
The problem (barbaric attitude towards nature, etc.) worried many writers. He addresses her and...(name of the writer) in...(title of the work).
The idea (of the unity of human nature, etc.) is expressed in the poem... (author, title).
The idea of the need (to protect nature, etc.) is also expressed in the novel... (author, title).
Let's remember the hero of the story... (author, title).
Let's turn to the novel... (author, title).
Lyrical hero poems... (author, title) also reflects on this.

Interpretation of a work or its fragment:

The author talks about...
The author describes...
The poet shows...
The writer reflects on...
The writer draws our attention...
The writer draws our attention to...
He focuses the reader's attention on...
This hero's act speaks of...
We see that the hero did this because...
The author shows what consequences led...
The author contrasts this hero/action...
The writer condemns...
He sets an example for us...
The author emphasizes...
The author claims...

Intermediate output:

The writer believes that...
Thus, the author wants to convey to us the idea of...
We can come to the conclusion...

To conclude

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude...
The conclusion involuntarily suggests itself...
Thus, we come to the conclusion: ...
So, we can conclude that...
In conclusion, I would like to encourage people to... So let's not forget about...! Let's remember...!
So let's not forget about...! Let's remember...!
In conclusion, I would like to express my hope that...
I would like to believe that...
To summarize what has been said, I would like to express the hope that...
To summarize what has been said, I would like to say that...
All the arguments I have given, based on the reader's experience, convince us that...
Concluding the discussion on the topic “...”, one cannot help but say that people should...
(Quote) “...,” - wrote.... These words express the idea of.... The author of the text also believes that...
What conclusion did I come to when reflecting on the topic “...”? I think we should...

Literature? Perhaps every schoolchild asks this question. First, let’s figure out what this form of written work actually is.

Expressing thoughts or opinions on any issue with theses and arguments in favor of a particular statement is the key to receiving an excellent grade. Writing a final essay on literature for grade 11 is one of the mandatory tests, in particular, for admission to the Unified State Exam. In this article, we will explain in detail how to successfully create an outline for your final essay.

How to write an essay on literature?

In Russian language and literature lessons, written expression of thoughts is one of the forms of testing students’ skills and abilities. In order for it to turn out competent and interesting, you need to adhere to several points.

Subject

How to start an essay on literature? First you need to think and choose suitable topic. If the student is provided several options to choose from, look through each one carefully and think about which one is most attractive to you.

Important! An essay on literature in grade 11 always contains an element of reasoning.

If you are not given a choice, then in this case you can write a high-quality and interesting text.

Introduction

Possible types of introductions for the final essay in 11th grade:

Academic: “The pinnacle of the author’s creativity was the work ..., which will be discussed.”
In the first person: “The topic... was not chosen by chance.”
Quote: “What are you doing, what have you done to yourself!” - asks. It is worth thinking about these words, because this catchphrase can be applied to all the heroes of Dostoevsky’s novel.”

A work whose introduction begins with a rhetorical question looks very advantageous. This move can be used not only in the introductory part, but also in other structural elements of the text.

Thesis

After choosing a topic, start writing your abstract. ? This brief statement yours main idea or ideas. For example, if the topic of the essay is: “What is friendship,” then the thesis for it could be the following statement: “Friendship is a union of several people, based on complete trust and mutual assistance.”

Arguments

Any thesis requires arguments. The statement can be either confirmed or refuted. Arguments for the final essay should be formulated objectively.

That is, if you are a radical supporter of a certain idea, and the topic is “Sports: arguments for and against,” you cannot adhere to only one point of view and completely refute the other.

It is necessary to give at least 2-3 arguments, both in favor of this thesis and against it.

Grade

In some presentations, it is required not only to argue for a statement, but also to express one’s own opinion on this matter. In this case, it is necessary to clearly formulate your attitude towards any idea, without taking a strict position “for” or “against”. For example: “I agree with the author in this issue, however, the existence of an opposing point of view cannot be denied.”

Advice! Your point of view must be expressed loyally, avoiding harsh phrases and expressions.

How to finish an essay?

At the end of the presentation it is necessary sum up everything that has been said. Here you need to summarize the main conclusions and paraphrase the introduction, thereby bringing to a logical conclusion.

Registration

There are a number of requirements for completing the final work. In particular, strict adherence to the structure of the text is necessary.

Structure of the final essay

After highlighting the main theses and arguments, you need to structure your thoughts in accordance with the standard work plan. Formatting text follows the following plan:

Introduction.
Main part.
Conclusion/conclusion.

The main part consists of:

thesis;
arguments for;
arguments against;
personal opinion.

Each new structural part must begin with a new paragraph, and each paragraph must begin with a red line.

Quotes

Each thesis in an essay on literature must be supported by examples. These may be excerpts from literary texts, lines from poems, as well as quotes from poets, writers or literary critics.

Quotations for the final essay must be formatted in accordance with rules for formatting direct speech V . If the phrase is not given in full, the missing words in the statement are replaced with an ellipsis.

Speech clichés and linking words

To form a logical connection between statements, each sentence of a new paragraph must contain linking words. They help create a logical transition from one sentence to another without losing the thread of the story.

Another mandatory item is speech cliches for the final essay:

How to express relevance of the problem, disclosed by the author:

In his work, the writer raises an important issue for today...
The writer touches on a pressing issue...
One of the problems considered by the author concerns...
The problem raised by the author remains relevant today
Among all the problems proposed in the text, the most pressing for me is...
The problem... has always been relevant for humanity...
The publicist notes the importance...
The theme...can be traced throughout the writer’s work...

How set the theme and idea text:

The author of the article reveals the topic...
The work talks about…
The topic…, which the author develops, is close to everyone…
The topic of the text is close and understandable to everyone...

The following statement accurately expresses the author's point of view: ...
The author's position is: ...
The author takes… a position…
This thought expresses the writer’s point of view: ...

How to express own opinion:

It's hard to disagree with the publicist...
It is impossible to deny the author's correctness...
One cannot but agree with the author’s point of view...
The author sets a lot complex issues, to which it is impossible to answer unequivocally.

Essay volume

Strict requirements for the volume of written text are, as a rule, imposed only on the state exam in the 11th grade. Final examination paper must contain at least 350 words.

Attention! If the word count does not exceed 250, the entire work will receive zero marks. Maximum quantity words are not established.

Examples

Let's analyze sample essay on literature, written by an 11th grade student:

As you can see, the first paragraph is an introduction and, at the same time, a thesis. The second paragraph also provides another thesis that briefly formulates the definition of the concept of history. In the following parts of the text, the student gives arguments to support the previously stated thesis.

The phrase “as I think,” used in the penultimate paragraph of the work, introduces the student’s personal point of view. Last paragraph with the cliche “to summarize” used, introduces a concluding sentence.

At the same time, the author uses rhetorical questions (“Who will we be without knowing our history?”), quotation, epithets (steadfast, courageous, unshakable) and others artistic techniques. The use of such means of creating expressiveness allows you to build a complete composition of the text. The amount of work also corresponds to the stated minimum.

Let's summarize. Preparing for an essay on literature should begin with studying the activities of the author whose work or biography will be described in the text.

For successful writing final work, it is necessary clearly define the topic. It should be of interest and familiar to the student.

In order for the work to contain all the necessary structural elements, make a plan that you will stick to as you work. It should consist of at least three points: introduction, conclusion, main part.

Do not forget about using linking words, the presence of which is mandatory when writing text on the Unified State Exam.

At the beginning of your work, be sure to formulate one or more theses. The thesis is a kind of indicator that the student understands what he is writing about; and can formulate a problem on the proposed topic. Each thesis is supported by arguments, or refuted by using the same arguments “against”.

Quotations for the final essay can also be used as arguments, but be careful correct design citations in the text.

If you were warned about the final work several days in advance, you should prepare in advance. For this you can use educational literature about this author or similar practice. A similar practice is already finished works students who scored high during the test. They can be worked out and taken as a basis.

Copy passages from someone else's text highly not recommended . The examiner will definitely detect plagiarism in your work. If this happens on the Unified State Exam, the entire exam will be scored zero points. Examples of essays on literature in December can be found on the website of the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements, as well as on any thematic portal on the Internet.

We are preparing for the final essay 2017/2018. Essay plan, assessment criteria.

Conclusion

Write the text thoughtfully. After writing, check it carefully for grammatical, syntax and spelling errors. Pay special attention to checking the spelling of proper names, titles of works, etc. Excellent writing of an essay on literature in the 11th grade will be the key to the student’s admission to the chosen university.