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Literature of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century century
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How does the above passage reveal the problem of the relationship between the artist and the crowd?
Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.
Happy is the traveler who, after a long, boring road with its cold, slush, dirt, lack of sleep station attendants, with the jingling of bells, repairs, squabbles, coachmen, blacksmiths and all sorts of road scoundrels, he finally sees a familiar roof with lights rushing towards him, and familiar rooms appear before him, the joyful cry of people running out to meet him, the noise and running of children and soothing quiet speeches, interrupted by flaming kisses , with the power to destroy everything sad from memory. Happy is the family man who has such a corner, but woe to the bachelor!
Happy is the writer who, past boring, disgusting characters, striking with their sad reality, approaches characters that demonstrate the high dignity of a person who, from the great pool of daily rotating images, chose only a few exceptions, who never changed the sublime structure of his lyre, did not descend from the top to his poor, insignificant brothers, and, without touching the ground, plunged entirely into his own exalted and far removed from it images. His wonderful destiny is doubly enviable: he is among them as if in family of origin; and yet his glory spreads far and loudly. He smoked people's eyes with intoxicating smoke; he wonderfully flattered them, hiding the sad things in life, showing them wonderful person. Everyone, clapping their hands, rushes after him and rushes after his solemn chariot. They call him a great world poet, soaring high above all other geniuses of the world, like an eagle soaring above other high-flying ones. At his very name, young, ardent hearts are already filled with trembling, responsive tears sparkle in everyone’s eyes... There is no one equal to him in strength - he is God! But this is not the fate, and the fate of the writer is different, who dared to call out everything that is every minute before the eyes and what indifferent eyes do not see - all the terrible, stunning mud of little things that entangle our lives, all the depth of the cold, fragmented, everyday characters with which ours teems. earthly, sometimes bitter and boring road, and with the strong force of an inexorable chisel that dared to expose them convexly and brightly on
the eyes of the people! He cannot gather popular applause, he cannot bear the grateful tears and unanimous delight of the souls excited by him; a sixteen-year-old girl with a dizzy head and heroic enthusiasm will not fly towards him; he will not forget himself in the sweet charm of the sounds he emitted; he cannot, finally, escape from the modern court, the hypocritically insensitive modern court, which will call the creatures he cherishes insignificant and base, will relegate him to a despicable corner among the writers who insult humanity, will give him the qualities of the heroes he depicted, will take away his heart, both the soul and the divine flame of talent. For the modern court does not recognize that glass that looks at the sun and conveys the movements of unnoticed insects is equally wonderful; for the modern court does not recognize that a lot of spiritual depth is needed in order to illuminate a picture taken from a despicable life and elevate it to the pearl of creation; for the modern court does not recognize that high, enthusiastic laughter is worthy to stand next to high lyrical movement and that there is a whole abyss between it and the antics of a buffoon! The modern court does not recognize this and will turn everything into a reproach and reproach for the unrecognized writer; without division, without answer, without participation, like a familyless traveler, he will remain alone in the middle of the road. His field is harsh, and he will bitterly feel his loneliness.
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”
What is the name of the literary movement, the principles of which are partly formulated in the second part of the presented fragment (“to call out everything that is every minute in front of our eyes and what indifferent eyes do not see - all the terrible, stunning mud of little things that entangle our lives”)?
Explanation.
Answer: realism.
Answer: realism
Indicate the term that denotes the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of adjacent phrases (“Happy is the traveler... Happy is the writer...”).
Explanation.
This term is called “anaphora” or “uniformity.” Let's give a definition.
Anaphora or unity of principle is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel series, that is, the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (hemistymes, verses, stanzas or prose passages).
Answer: anaphora.
Answer: anaphora
What are the names of figurative definitions that are a traditional means of artistic representation (“boring road”, “ardent hearts”, etc.)?
Explanation.
Such figurative definitions are called epithets. Let's give a definition.
An epithet is a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (second life).
Answer: epithets.
Answer: epithet|epithets
Victoria Belousova 04.03.2017 15:31
but if they ask to name “figurative definitions,” then we must answer that these are epithets? Is not it so?
Tatiana Statsenko
Both answers must be accepted.
Indicate the type of trope, which is based on the transfer of the properties of some objects and phenomena to others (“flame of talent”).
Explanation.
This trope is called a metaphor.
Metaphor is one of the main poetic tropes: the use of a word in its figurative meaning to define an object or phenomenon that is similar to it in certain features or aspects. The use of metaphor emphasizes this similarity or, conversely, the difference between objects or phenomena that the writer wants to draw our attention to.
Answer: metaphor.
Answer: metaphor
This fragment contrasts two types of writers. What term denotes such a contrast between objects, phenomena or characters in a work of art?
Explanation.
This opposition of objects is called “antithesis” or “contrast”. Let's give a definition.
Antithesis is a rhetorical opposition of a text, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning.
Answer: antithesis or contrast.
Answer: antithesis|contrast
Indicate the technique used by the author in the following phrase: “... soaring high above all the other geniuses of the world, how an eagle soars above other high-flying ones».
Explanation.
Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some common characteristic. The purpose of comparison is to identify new, important, advantageous properties for the subject of the statement in the object of comparison.
Answer: comparison.
Answer: comparison
What is the author’s definition of the “Dead Souls” genre?
Explanation.
N.V. Gogol gave a definition of the genre of “Dead Souls” - a poem.
Answer: poem.
Answer: poem
Which of the Russian prose writers or poets addressed the topic of the purpose of artistic creativity and in what ways is their position consonant with the thoughts of the author of “Dead Souls”?
Explanation.
The theme of the poet and poetry, the purpose of artistic creativity is heard in the poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, the novel by M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, etc.
Traditionally, progressive poets and writers considered the purpose of creativity in Russian literature to be serving the people, their country. In the above passage, Gogol emphasizes that this fulfillment of his purpose by a poet or writer cannot always be appreciated by those whom he serves, and often leads to misunderstanding, since, acting as a prophet, the poet (writer) is opposed to the crowd. The same fate awaited the Master in Bulgakov’s novel.
Explanation.
The purpose of the artist is to tell the truth, no matter how the majority views this truth. Sometimes this lot is ungrateful and thorny, because the opportunity to say unpleasant things is too great, to say what the crowd does not want to hear: “His field is harsh, and he will bitterly feel his loneliness.”
What role does the above scene play in the development of the plot of the play?
Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.
Mayor. It is my duty, as the mayor of this city, to ensure that there is no harassment to travelers and all noble people...
Khlestakov (at first he stutters a little, but by the end of the speech he speaks loudly). But what can I do?.. It’s not my fault... I’ll really pay... They’ll send it to me from the village.
Bobchinsky looks out of the door. He is more to blame: he serves me beef as hard as a log; and the soup - God knows what he splashed in there, I had to throw it out the window. He starved me for days on end... The tea is so strange: it stinks of fish, not tea. Why am I... Here's the news!
Mayor (timid). Sorry, it's really not my fault. The beef at my market is always good. They are brought by Kholmogory merchants, people who are sober and of good behavior. I don't know where he gets this from. And if something goes wrong, then... Let me invite you to move with me to another apartment.
Khlestakov. No I do not want to! I know what it means to another apartment: that is, to prison. What right do you have? How dare you?.. Yes, here I am... I serve in St. Petersburg. (Being cheerful.) I, I, I...
Mayor (to the side). Oh my God, so angry! I found out everything, the damned merchants told me everything!
Khlestakov (bravely). Even if you’re here with your whole team, I won’t go! I'm going straight to the minister! (He hits the table with his fist.) What do you? What do you?
Mayor (stretched out and shaking all over). Have mercy, don't destroy! Wife, small children... don’t make a person unhappy.
Khlestakov. No I do not want! Here's another! What do I care? Because you have a wife and children, I have to go to prison, that’s great!
Bobchinsky looks out the door and hides in fear. No, thank you humbly, I don’t want to.
Mayor (shaking). Due to inexperience, by golly due to inexperience. Insufficient wealth... Judge for yourself: the government salary is not enough even for tea and sugar. If there were any bribes, it was very small: something for the table and a couple of dresses. As for the non-commissioned officer's widow, a merchant, whom I allegedly flogged, this is slander, by God, slander. My villains invented this: they are such a people that they are ready to encroach on my life.
Khlestakov. What? I don't care about them. (Thinking.) I don’t know, however, why you are talking about villains and about some non-commissioned officer’s widow... A non-commissioned officer’s wife is completely different, but you don’t dare flog me, you are far from that... Here’s another! Look at you!.. I will pay, I will pay money, but now I don’t have it. The reason I'm sitting here is because I don't have a penny.
Mayor (to the side). Oh, subtle thing! Where did he throw it? what a fog he brought in! Find out who wants it! You don’t know which side to take. Well, just try it at random. (Aloud.) If you definitely need money or anything else, then I am ready to serve right now. My duty is to help those passing by.
Khlestakov. Give me, lend me! I'll pay the innkeeper right now. I would only like two hundred rubles or even less.
Mayor (bringing up papers). Exactly two hundred rubles, although don’t bother counting.
N. V. Gogol “The Inspector General”
Indicate the genre to which N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General” belongs.
Explanation.
N.V. Gogol's play “The Inspector General” belongs to the comedy genre. Let's give a definition.
Comedy is a genre of fiction characterized by a humorous or satirical approach, as well as a type of drama in which the moment of effective conflict or struggle between antagonistic characters is specifically resolved.
Answer: comedy.
Answer: comedy
Name a literary movement that is characterized by an objective depiction of reality and the principles of which were developed by N.V. Gogol in his work.
Explanation.
This literary movement is called realism. Let's give a definition.
Realism is the fundamental method of art and literature. Its basis is the principle of life truth, which guides the artist in his work, striving to give the most complete and true reflection of life and maintaining the greatest life verisimilitude in the depiction of events, people, objects of the material world and nature as they are in reality.
Answer: realism.
Answer: realism
The above scene is structured as a conversation between two characters. What is this form of communication between characters in a work of art called?
Explanation.
Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons in a work of fiction.
Answer: dialogue.
Answer: dialogue
The fragment uses the author's explanations, comments on the course of the play (“at first he stutters a little, but by the end of the speech he speaks loudly,” etc.). What term are they called?
Explanation.
They are called the term "remark". Let's give a definition.
Directions are explanations with which the playwright precedes or accompanies the course of action in the play. remarks can explain the age, appearance, clothing of the characters, as well as their state of mind, behavior, movements, gestures, intonations. In the stage directions that precede an act, scene, or episode, a designation and sometimes a description of the scene of action and the setting are given.
Answer: remark.
Answer: remark|remarks
What technique is used in Khlestakov’s remark about beef “hard, like a log»?
Explanation.
This technique is called comparison. Let's give a definition.
Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some common characteristic. The purpose of comparison is to identify new, important, advantageous properties for the subject of the statement in the object of comparison.
Answer: comparison.
Answer: comparison
The surname of Khlestakov, as well as the surnames of other characters in the play, contains a certain figurative characteristic. What are these surnames called?
Explanation.
Such surnames are called “speaking” in the literature. Let's give a definition.
“Talking” surnames in literature are surnames that are part of the characteristics of a character in a work of fiction, emphasizing the most striking character trait of the character.
Answer: speakers.
Answer: speaking | speaking surnames | speaking surname
The speech of the characters is emotional and replete with exclamations and questions that do not require an answer. What are their names?
Explanation.
Such questions are called rhetorical. Let's give a definition.
A rhetorical question is a rhetorical figure that is not an answer to a question, but a statement. Essentially, a rhetorical question is a question to which an answer is not required or expected due to its extreme obviousness.
Answer: rhetorical.
Answer: rhetorical|rhetorical|rhetorical question
What works of Russian writers depict the morals of officials and what makes these works similar to N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General”?
Explanation.
The action in The Inspector General dates back to the early 30s of the nineteenth century. All kinds of abuses of power, embezzlement and bribery, arbitrariness and disdain for the people were characteristic, deep-rooted features of the bureaucracy of that time. This is exactly how Gogol shows rulers in his comedy county town.
All officials are drawn by Gogol as if they were alive, each of them is unique. But at the same time, they all create the overall image of the bureaucracy governing the country, revealing the rottenness of the socio-political system of feudal Russia.
The officials from Gogol’s “Dead Souls”, the officials from Griboedov’s “Woe from Wit”, “Servants of the People” are very similar to the officials from The Inspector General. Soviet era from the novel “The Master and Margarita” by M. Bulgakov.
Officials from the novel “The Master and Margarita” are creatures in highest degree unscrupulous, mired in proprietary interests. Stepan Likhodeev is a degenerate type, drinks, walks around without thinking, and lets dubious artists into variety shows. “Officials from literature”, being the authority for “ordinary” writers, true artists, creators, obey directives from above and with one stroke of the pen are forbidden to create, without thinking that by depriving them of the opportunity to write, they are depriving a true master of life.
Thus, in Russian literature of both the 19th and 20th centuries, bureaucrats do not appear in their most favorable color, revealing in their ranks examples of meanness, hypocrisy, and servility.
Explanation.
Each of the heroes of the comedy “The Inspector General,” alarmed by the news of a possible audit, behaves in accordance with his character and his actions against the law. The mayor comes to Khlestakov’s tavern, believing that he is an auditor. In the first minutes, both are frightened: the mayor thinks that the newcomer is not happy with the order in the city, and Khlestakov suspects that they want to take him to prison for non-payment of accumulated bills. This scene reveals the essence of two characters: Khlestakov’s cowardice and the mayor’s experienced resourcefulness. The comedy of the first meeting of the mayor and Khlestakov in the tavern is built on a mistake, which provokes fear in the characters, a fear so strong that both do not notice obvious contradictions. From this scene begins a comic story of the absurd relationship between officials of the county town and the petty swindler Khlestakov.
What can you say about the education system in the Prostakov family?
Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.
Ms. Prostakova (Trishka). Get out, you bastard. (Eremeevna.) Go ahead, Eremeevna, let the child have breakfast. Vit, I’m having tea, the teachers will come soon.
Eremeevna. He already, mother, deigned to eat five buns.
Mrs. Prostakova. So you feel sorry for the sixth one, beast? What zeal! Please take a look.
Eremeevna. Cheers, mother. I said this for Mitrofan.
Terentyevich. I grieved until the morning.
Mrs. Prostakova. Oh, mother of God! What happened to you, Mitrofanushka?
Mitrofan. Yes, mother. Yesterday after dinner it hit me.
Skotinin. Yes, it’s clear, brother, you had a hearty dinner.
Mitrofan. And I, uncle, almost didn’t have dinner at all.
Prostakov. I remember, my friend, you wanted to eat something.
Mitrofan. What! Three slices of corned beef, and hearth slices, I don’t remember, five, I don’t remember, six.
Eremeevna. Every now and then he asked for a drink at night. I deigned to eat a whole jug of kvass.
Mitrofan. And now I’m walking around like crazy. All night such rubbish was in my eyes.
Mrs. Prostakova. What rubbish, Mitrofanushka?
Mitrofan. Yes, either you, mother, or father.
Mrs. Prostakova. How is this possible?
Mitrofan. As soon as I start to fall asleep, I see that you, mother, are trying to beat the priest.
Prostakov (to the side). Well, my bad! Sleep in hand!
Mitrofan (loosen up). So I felt sorry.
Ms. Prostakova (with annoyance). Who, Mitrofanushka?
Mitrofan. You, mother: you are so tired, beating your father.
Mrs. Prostakova. Surround me, my dear friend! Here, son, is my only consolation.
Skotinin. Well, Mitrofanushka, I see you are a mother’s son, not a father’s son!
Prostakov. At least I love him, as a parent should, he’s a smart child, he’s a sensible child, he’s funny, he’s an entertainer; sometimes I am beside myself with him and with joy I truly do not believe that he is my son.
Skotinin. Only now our funny man is standing there, frowning.
Mrs. Prostakova. Shouldn't we send for a doctor to the city?
Mitrofan. No, no, mother. I'd rather get better on my own. I’ll run to the dovecote now, maybe...
Mrs. Prostakova. So maybe God is merciful. Go and have some fun, Mitrofanushka. Mitrofan and Eremeevna leave.
D. I. Fonvizin “Minor”
Indicate the genre to which D. I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor” belongs.
Explanation.
D. I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor” belongs to the comedy genre.
Comedy is a genre of fiction characterized by a humorous or satirical approach, as well as a type of drama in which the moment of effective conflict or struggle between antagonistic characters is specifically resolved.
Answer: comedy.
Answer: comedy
Name a literary movement that was developed in the literature of the 18th century, the principles of which were embodied in the play by D. I. Fonvizin.
Explanation.
This literary movement is called classicism. Let's give a definition.
Classicism is an artistic movement in European literature of the 17th century - early XIX V. The most important feature of classicism is a high level of citizenship in the subject matter, an appeal to the samples and forms of ancient literature as an aesthetic standard.
Answer: classicism.
Answer: classicism
Sofia Dobrynina (Primorsko-Akhtarsk) 30.01.2016 11:14
Fonvizin's play (Minor) in the literary direction is classified as educational realism. Although the play contains features of both classicism and realism. The author uses the techniques of classicism (unity of time, place...), but does it in a new way, i.e. shows the life and everyday life of the heroes. Therefore, "Minor" refers to early Russian realism of the Enlightenment.
Tatiana Statsenko
We read the question: “Name the literary movement that received its development in the literature of the 18th century...” It is hardly possible to talk about realism in Russian literature XVII I century.
The above scene conveys a lively conversation between the characters. What is this form of communication between characters in a work of art called?
Explanation.
This form of communication is called dialogue. Let's give a definition.
Dialogue is a literary or theatrical form of oral or written exchange of statements (replicas) in a conversation between two or more people. Traditionally contrasted with monologue.
Answer: dialogue.
Answer: dialogue|polylogue
Anya Shcherbinina 07.10.2017 11:17
Wouldn't this be a polylogue, to be more precise? After all, it’s just a few characters talking.
Tatiana Statsenko
We have such an answer. Both answers are correct.
As the play progresses, the author's explanations and comments are given (“to the side,” “softened,” “with annoyance”). What term are they used to denote them?
Explanation.
This term is called a remark. Let's give a definition.
Directions are explanations with which the playwright precedes or accompanies the course of action in the play. remarks can explain the age, appearance, clothing of the characters, as well as their state of mind, behavior, movements, gestures, intonations. In the stage directions that precede an act, scene, or episode, a designation and sometimes a description of the scene of action and the setting are given.
Answer: remark.
Answer: Remark|remarks
The speech of the characters is replete with words and expressions that violate the literary norm (“such rubbish,” “get around me,” etc.). Indicate this type of speech.
Explanation.
This type of speech is called vernacular. Let's give a definition.
Vernacular speech is words, expressions, grammatical forms and constructions common in non-literary colloquial speech, characteristic of poorly educated native speakers and clearly deviating from existing literary language norms. The bearer of colloquial speech is the uneducated and semi-educated urban population; sometimes words from colloquial speech are used by high-ranking officials in order to find mutual language with the target audience.
Answer: vernacular.
Answer: vernacular | colloquial speech | vernacular
Polina Bashkirova 31.01.2017 16:27
Why is the “spoken” speech option not suitable?
Tatiana Statsenko
The names and surnames of the characters in this episode carry a certain meaning. What are these first and last names called?
Explanation.
They are called "talkers". Let's give a definition.
“Talking” surnames are surnames that are part of the characteristics of a character in a work of fiction, emphasizing the most striking feature of the character.
Answer: speakers.
Answer: speaking | speaking surnames | speaking surname
The given scene contains information about the characters, the place and time of the action, and describes the circumstances that took place before it began. Indicate the stage in the development of the plot, which is characterized by the named features.
Explanation.
This stage is called exposure. Let's give a definition.
Exposition is a depiction of the setting of the action and the position of the characters before the start of the action itself - this is the beginning and development of the conflict.
Answer: exposure.
Answer: exposure
What works of Russian writers satirically depict the morals of the nobles and what brings them closer to the play by D. I. Fonvizin?
Explanation.
Ignorance, parasitism and idleness reign in Prostakova's family. The Prostakov-Skotinins think only about filling their own wallet and their own stomach; they are incapable of managing or being useful. Fonvizin ridicules such nobles, but his laughter sounds through his tears, because the state is in danger from such would-be rulers.
The nobility is also depicted satirically in Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” In the Famusov family, everything is planned in advance: the daughter must be married to a rich man, no matter what his inner content will be, as long as the capitalist is larger. Famusov himself preaches veneration, ignorance, and is far from moral and moral guidelines. Condemning his daughter for her relationship with Molchalin, who did not leave according to his rank, he himself is not averse to wooing the maid Liza.
Spiritual emptiness also characterizes the capital’s society gathered at Anna Pavlovna Scherer’s evening. In the novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy compares noble society to a well-oiled mechanism, which, however, works in vain. The nobles produce nothing, create nothing; from idleness they have lost their humanity.
Thus, Fonvizin, Griboyedov and Tolstoy are characterized by a common attitude towards the ruling class - such people cannot be the elite of society, in their hands Russia is in danger.
Explanation.
The comedy by D.I. is dedicated to the problem of education in the family of a Russian landowner. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". “Matriarchy” reigns in this family. Mrs. Prostakova, not being particularly intelligent or educated, keeps her entire family subordinate. Mrs. Prostakova, loving her son with all her heart, does not bother him with his studies and pampers him in every possible way. Inoculate Mitrofan with any positive traits or she is unable to understand the concept of morality, since she herself is deprived of them. The results of such an upbringing are deplorable: Mitrofanushka is not only ignorant, but also malicious and cunning. In this scene we see that he knows how to flatter his mother, skillfully playing on her feelings. The hero appears in this scene as the favorite of his entire family. For his father, he is a “funny man” and an “entertainer”; his uncle characterizes Mitrofanushka as “mother’s son.” In fact, he is a slacker and a lazy person, a spoiled brat, accustomed to idleness, who quickly learned the customs of the family.
What assessment does the hero (and with him the author) give to his generation?
Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.
I returned home through the empty alleys of the village; the moon, full and red, like the glow of a fire, began to appear from behind the jagged horizon of houses; the stars calmly shone on the dark blue vault, and I felt funny when I remembered that there were once wise people who thought that the heavenly bodies took part in our insignificant disputes over a piece of land or for some fictitious rights!.. And what and? these lamps, lit, in their opinion, only to illuminate their battles and triumphs, burn with the same brilliance, and their passions and hopes have long ago died out along with them, like a light lit at the edge of the forest by a careless wanderer! But what strength of will was given to them by the confidence that the whole sky with its countless inhabitants was looking at them with participation, albeit mute, but unchanging!.. And we, their pitiful descendants, wandering the earth without convictions and pride, without pleasure and fear, Apart from that involuntary fear that squeezes the heart at the thought of the inevitable end, we are no longer capable of making great sacrifices, either for the good of humanity, or even for our own happiness, therefore we know its impossibility and indifferently move from doubt to doubt, as our ancestors rushed from one error to another, having, like them, neither hope, nor even that vague, although true, pleasure that the soul encounters in every struggle with people or fate...
And many other similar thoughts passed through my mind; I didn’t hold them back because I don’t like to dwell on some abstract thought. And where does this lead?.. In my first youth I was a dreamer, I loved to caress alternately gloomy and rosy images that my restless and greedy imagination painted for me. But what does this leave me with? only fatigue, as after a night battle with a ghost, and a vague memory filled with regrets. In this vain struggle I exhausted both the heat of my soul and the constancy of will necessary for real life; I entered this life having already experienced it mentally, and I felt bored and disgusted, like someone who reads a bad imitation of a book he has long known.
M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Indicate the chapter of the novel “A Hero of Our Time” from which this fragment is taken.
Explanation.
This fragment is taken from a chapter of the novel “A Hero of Our Time,” called “Fatalist.”
Answer: Fatalist.
Answer: Fatalist
What is the name of the character whose thoughts are conveyed by the author in the above episode?
Explanation.
The surname of this hero is Pechorin.
Pechorin Grigory Alexandrovich is the main character of the novel. It is he who Lermontov calls “the hero of our time.”
Answer: Pechorin.
Answer: Pechorin
The fragment is basically a detailed argument with internal logic and semantic completeness. What is it called?
Explanation.
Such reasoning is called a monologue. Let's give a definition.
Monologue is a type of artistic speech. Used in almost all literary works, it is a universal speech form. In epic works, monologue is the basis of the author's narration. Most lyric poems are lyrical monologues. In plays and epic works, monologues are a form of speech by characters.
Answer: monologue.
Answer: monologue|internal monologue
Explanation.
This term is called landscape. Let's give a definition.
Landscape is a depiction of nature in a literary work. Most often, a landscape is necessary in order to indicate the place and setting of the action (forest, field, road, mountains, river, sea, garden, park, village, landowner’s estate, etc.)
Answer: landscape.
Answer: landscape
Explanation.
This technique is called comparison. Let's give a definition.
Comparison is the bringing together of two objects or phenomena with the aim of explaining one of them with the help of the other.
Answer: comparison.
Answer: comparison
What artistic device is used in the speech of the hero reflecting on his first youth: “then gloomy, That rainbow images"?
Explanation.
Antithesis - opposition: sometimes gloomy, sometimes rosy.
Answer: antithesis.
Answer: antithesis
The hero reflects on the “eternal” questions of existence and formulates universal human problems. What genre of novel does “A Hero of Our Time” belong to?
Explanation.
A philosophical novel is a work of art in which philosophical concepts play a certain role in the plot or images.
Answer: philosophical.
Answer: philosophical|philosophical
What works of Russian writers present contradictory, restless heroes and what brings them together with the hero of Lermontov’s novel?
Explanation.
M.Yu. Lermontov in the novel “Hero of Our Time” reflects on the fate of his generation, the generation of the era of “timelessness”, cruel suppression of the individual. During the period of persecution and persecution of any free-thinking, people passively accepted social changes, did not strive for anything, but simply went with the flow, wasting their lives at social balls and spending it on various dubious entertainments. However, at all times, there have always been rebels who opposed this, although they were often doomed to loneliness. This is Lermontov's Pechorin.
Tormented by contradictions, the hero of Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" Chatsky, who, feeling the strength and desire to serve for the good of the Fatherland, remains unclaimed by society, persecuted by insignificant people, incapable of progress.
Question: What helps Raskolnikov rise to a “new life”?
Answer: The acceptance of Christian love helps Raskolnikov to be resurrected for a new life.
First answer
Raskolnikov is resurrected for a “new life” by Sonya’s love.
Second answer
Raskolnikov is resurrected for a new life, because his heart is filled with a new feeling. This is not a feeling of emptiness and loneliness. This bright feeling - love “contained endless sources of life for another.” Love gave Raskolnikov new strength to fight the cruel world, the hero acquired a “new” meaning in life.
Third answer
Raskolnikov created an inhuman theory of dividing people into “ powerful of the world this” and “trembling creatures”, allowing “blood according to conscience”. Raskolnikov brings his theory to life by killing the old money-lender, but what he did torments him incredibly. He experiences pangs of conscience searing his soul, which suggests that morally he has not completely died. Raskolnikov managed to abandon such a cruel theory with the help of Sonya Marmeladova. Sonya is a bearer of Christian morality; she believes that you need to humble yourself, that you need to start changing the world for the better from yourself. Faced with such a worldview, Raskolnikov gradually changes and is resurrected for a “new life.”
Fourth answer
Raskolnikov is helped to resurrect to a new life by the love and devotion of Sonya Marmeladova, her conviction and unshakable confidence in the truth of Christian values: love for one’s neighbor, self-sacrifice for the sake of a loved one. The fact that Sonya goes to hard labor with him, shares with him all the difficulties and hardships of life in that harsh world, becomes the reason that Raskolnikov believed in the sincerity of her feelings. Moreover, he accepts her values and abandons the ideas that haunt him. It is through her actions and the strength of her feelings that Sonya helps Raskolnikov believe that it is Christian values that help a person survive in a harsh and cruel world.
· How is Plyushkin’s character revealed in the above fragment?
· How are Pechorin and Werner similar and different?
· Why didn’t Natalya Dmitrievna and her husband like Chatsky’s advice?
· How do the statements and behavior of the characters in this fragment help to understand the essence of their characters (the conversation between Bazarov and Arkady)?
· For what purpose does Sophia “invent” and tell her dream? (Griboedov, “Woe from Wit”)
· What are the paradoxes of Pechorin’s personality? (Based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”)
On the Kulikovo field
The river spread out. Flows, lazily sad
And washes the banks.
Above the meager clay of the yellow cliff
The haystacks are sad in the steppe.
Oh, my Rus'! My wife! To the point of pain
It is clear to us long haul!
Our path is an arrow of the ancient Tatar will
Pierced us through the chest.
Our path is steppe, our path is boundless melancholy,
In your melancholy, oh, Rus'!
And even the darkness - night and foreign -
I'm not afraid.
Let it be night. Let's get home. Let's light up the fires
The steppe distance.
The holy banner will flash in the steppe smoke
And the Khan's saber is steel...
And eternal battle! Rest only in our dreams
Through blood and dust...
The steppe mare flies, flies
And the feather grass crumples...
And there is no end! Miles and steep slopes flash by...
Stop it!
The frightened clouds are coming,
Sunset in the blood!
Sunset in the blood! Blood flows from the heart!
Cry, heart, cry...
There is no peace! Steppe mare
He's galloping!
Question:“How do you understand the problems of A.A.’s poem? Blok “The river spreads out. Flowing, lazily sad”?
Answer:
The poet depicted historical path Rus'. History is only a reason to talk about the present of the homeland, its fate. The poet understands that Russia faces numerous trials, but history cannot be stopped. The poet will always be with the Motherland throughout its entire journey.
First answer
Second answer
The poem from the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field” is dedicated to one of the most significant events in Russian history - the Battle of Kulikovo. For the poet, it was not so much military or political, but most of all spiritual meaning. A.A. Blok foresaw the onset of a tragic time in Russia, so he turned to the Battle of Kulikovo. This poem is not only about the Battle of Kulikovo, but also about the fate of Russia. The present worries the poet and in the past he looks for answers to his questions.
Third answer
A. Blok’s poem is one of the poems in the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field” - not only about the Battle of Kulikovo, but also about the fate of Russia. Using the image of a galloping steppe mare, the poet depicted the historical path of Rus', in which the Battle of Kulikovo is only one of the great events of Russian history. There are no signs of a historical battle in this poem (although later Blok will name Nepryadva, Don, Mamaia), and this once again confirms that history is only a reason to talk about the present of the homeland, its fate: “And the eternal battle...”, “There is no peace ..." The “steppe mare”, crushing the feather grass, in the poem recalls Gogol’s Rus' – the “three bird”, also rushing to God knows where. The poet understands that numerous trials await Russia (“Frightened clouds are coming, frightened clouds are coming, // Sunset in the blood!”), but history cannot be stopped. The most important thing, it seems to me, is that the poet, for whom Rus' is “My wife!”, will always be with the Motherland along its entire path: “To the point of pain // The long path is clear to us!”
Possible topics
· How does the lyrical hero of V. Mayakovsky’s poem “Lilychka” appear?
· What is the internal state of the lyrical hero waiting for the Beautiful Lady?
· What feelings of the lyrical hero are reflected in A. Tvardovsky’s poem “In Memory of Mother”?
· Why do the poet’s thoughts about saying goodbye to youth, which sound so tragic in S. Yesenin’s poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry,” end brightly and calmly?
Questions that the expert answers, checking the correctness of your answer (C1, C3)
· Does the graduate give a direct, coherent answer to the question posed?
· Does he formulate his reasonable point of view (if required by the task)?
· Does the graduate make convincing arguments? How deeply does he penetrate into the essence of the author's idea and know how to interpret it?
· Does he confirm his conclusions with the text, does he replace the analysis with a retelling of the text?
· Does it allow for factual errors?
Does it allow speech errors?
Tasks C2, C4 are assessed according to one criterion: “Inclusion of the work in the literary context and persuasiveness of the arguments.”
Response requirements
· Formulating a direct, coherent answer to a question based on the author’s position.
· Involvement of literary context, indicating two works and their authors (in one example, it is acceptable to refer to the work of the author who owns the original text. When indicating the authors, initials are necessary only to distinguish namesakes or relatives, if this is essential for adequate perception of the content of the answer).
· Justification for choosing these works for comparison.
· Convincing comparison of selected works with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis.
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Task C2.
Question. What does the story of the “son of an eagle” in M. Gorky’s story “Old Woman Izergil” make you think about, and which heroes of Russian literature had a sense of superiority over others?
First answer
The story of the eagle's son makes you think about how to love.
Second answer
The story of the “son of an eagle” in M. Gorky’s story makes us think about a person cut off from society, and Lyra turned into a shadow because of his selfishness and pride. The “son of an eagle” was doomed to death by his contempt for people, he put himself above other people and everything was allowed to him, only personal freedom was dear to him. It was an assertion of the right to dominance of the individual opposed to the masses. But free people rejected the individualist - the murderer was condemned to eternal loneliness.
Third answer
The story of the “Son of the Eagle” in M. Gorky’s story “Old Woman Izergil” makes the reader remember such vices inherent in man as pride, contempt, cruelty and individualism. To a certain extent, similar aspects of character can be seen by looking closely at Andrei Balkonsky from the epic novel “War and Peace,” or at Bazarov, the troublemaker in the novel “Fathers and Sons.”
Fourth answer
The legend of Larra from M. Gorky’s story “Old Woman Izergil” touches on the problem of human pride, a sense of superiority over others. The story of the “son of an eagle” encourages the reader to think about man’s place in the world, about man’s place among people. Of course, a person must love, respect himself, understand his own importance, but at the same time he must maintain respect and love for the people around him, for a person is a particle of the world, and not a being isolated from it. Rising above those around him, a person invariably dooms himself to loneliness, and this is the most terrible fate that can come his way. A sense of personal superiority was inherent in Raskolnikov (“Crime and Punishment” by F.M. Dostoevsky) and Pechorin (“Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov) The fate of these literary heroes were very tragic, which can largely be explained by their isolation from the world, individualism and arrogance.
Possible topics
· In what works of Russian literature are antipodean heroes depicted and in what ways can these heroes be compared with the participants in this scene of “Woe from Wit” (Chatsky - Platon Mikhailovich and Natalya Dmitrievna)?
· In what works of Russians writers of the 19th century centuries, the heroes argue with each other and in what way can their disputes be compared with the dispute between Bazarov and Arkady?
· In what works of Russian literature are images of provincial landowners presented and in what ways can these characters be compared with Plyushkin?
· In what works Russian classics Are the heroes connected by friendly relations depicted, and in what ways can these heroes be compared with Pechorin and Werner?
Task C4.
Question. In what works did Russian writers address the theme of the Motherland and in what ways are these works consonant with the poem by A. A. Blok?
First answer
A.S. repeatedly addressed the theme of the homeland in his work. Pushkin, N.A. Nekrasov, S.A. Yesenin.
Second answer
Many Russian poets addressed the topic of the past and present of Russia: M.Yu. Lermontov in the poems “Motherland” and “Borodino”, A.S. Pushkin in the poems “Poltava”, “ Bronze Horseman" and etc.
Third answer:
Historical events that have become destiny native land, - the themes of Lermontov’s poem “Borodino” and Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin”, however, closest to Blok is undoubtedly N.V. Gogol, who created in the poem “Dead Souls” the image of Rus' - a bird-troika, which, like the “steppe mare” Blok's "rushes at a gallop."
· In which works of Russian poetry does the theme of love sound and in what ways are these works consonant with V. Mayakovsky’s poem “Lilychka”?
· In the works of which Russian poets were created ideal female images and in what ways are these images consonant with the image of Blok’s Beautiful Lady?
· In what works of Russian literature is the image of a mother created and in what ways are these works close to A. Tvardovsky’s poem “In Memory of the Mother”?
· In what works of Russian poets does the motif of the transience of life sound and in what ways are these works consonant with S. Yesenin’s poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”
Questions that the expert answers to check the correctness of your answer
· How much context does the graduate provide?
· How convincingly is the choice of works indicated by the graduate justified?
· Are the works indicated by the graduate compared with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis?
· Does the graduate make factual errors?
8. How is the image of Chichikov’s friend revealed in the above fragment and what means help to reveal this image?
In the given passage of the poem “ Dead Souls"the image of the main character's friend Manilov is revealed as "neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan nor in the village of Selifan, according to the proverb" (technique of using folklore wisdom It helps Nikolai Vasilyevich a lot in the task at hand).
That is, the reader is presented with an image of a person who belongs to a certain middle stratum of society: “It is much easier to depict characters big size... but these gentlemen are terribly difficult for portraits.” To portray a portrait, you need to try to find some “subtle, almost invisible features,” and to portray a character, you need to be a professional “excerpter.”
At the same time, the author introduces an equally significant feature into the description of Manilov - a “ingratiating and acquaintance-seeking” look. Through the technique of gradation (at first the hero will calm down on the interlocutor’s disposition, and then he needs acquaintance) the reader understands all this “saccharineness”, Manilov’s excessive obsession.
9. In what works of Russian literature are provincial landowners represented and in what ways can these characters be compared with Manilov?
1) A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
In this play, the reader is presented with the “Famusov” society, named after the main character Famusov, a landowner distinguished by his two-faced nature and hostility to education. What are the similarities between Manilov and Famusov? Yes, the fact is that both of them are simply lazy, ready to spend all their time at balls and at feasts, they are hypocritical, that is, in front of certain people - some, in front of others - respectively, others. But these heroes, in addition, have differences: if Famusov’s goal was achieved - rank and honor, then Manilov has no goal as such, and therefore there is nothing to achieve.
2) Goncharov “Oblomov”
In this work main character, after whose surname the work was named, Oblomov appears to the readers as a lazy man (and here are the similarities with Manilov!), who barely calls his servant: “Za-aha-ar!” But if Manilov still gets acquainted with new visitors to the city-province, then Oblomov cannot even arrange his personal life.
Updated: 2019-04-03
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Useful material on the topic
- How is Plyushkin’s character revealed in the above fragment? In what works of Russian literature are provincial landowners represented and in what ways can these characters be compared with Plyushkin? “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol
Tatyana is a sincere and noble girl. She believes that Evgeny is not capable of real feelings, since, unlike her, he has different concepts about the meaning of life. The heroine understands that he is amazed not by her mind and heart, but by her ability to play the role of a brilliant aristocrat. Thus, Tatyana is sure that Onegin’s thoughts are still captive of his usual ideas about life.
- What personality traits of Tatyana are manifested in her response to Onegin?
Tatyana is a sincere and noble person. She still loves Onegin. But despite this, she shows loyalty and devotion to her husband, while maintaining her dignity. Thus, in the scene of the last date, her truthfulness, nobility, and respect are revealed even deeper.
1.1.3 Compare fragments of novels by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
and "Dubrovsky". What brings the main characters of both works together?
Both fragments are dedicated to the topic true love. Marya Kirilovna, like Tatyana, marries an unloved man. Both heroines love others, but remain faithful to their husbands. Tatyana, knowing about Onegin’s love for her, does not betray the general, and Masha also remains with Prince Vereisky. Thus, girls are brought together by a sense of decency, truthfulness and nobility.
- What has changed in Tatyana compared to her “previous”?
Tatyana is A.S. Pushkin’s favorite character in the novel. At first we see her as a dreamy young lady who was raised on French novels. Marriage changed the heroine. From an inexperienced, indecisive girl, she turns into a strong person who has self-esteem. Thus, the heroine becomes decisive. Thisno longer a teenage girl locked in her limited world, we have before us a strong personality, capable of analysis and generalizations.
1.1.2By what means is Onegin’s state conveyed at this meeting?
The meeting with Tatyana in St. Petersburg came as a surprise to Onegin. The hero openly admires her when he sees a society lady in front of him. He is surprised and amazed that she is cold towards him. Rhetorical questions help convey Eugene’s excited state (“Where everything is outside, everything is free, That girl... or is it a dream?..), antonyms “wanted to have one” - “couldn’t”, lexical repetition of the word “so”. Thus, the listed means of expressiveness help the author to show state of mind the main character at the moment
meeting with Tatyana.
1.1.3 Compare the fragment in question from the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” with a fragment of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych". How do the situations and behavior of the characters described in these fragments differ?
Both heroes in the above fragments are depicted at the moment of their meeting. After separation, Onegin sees Tatyana, and Ionych meets with Kotik again. However, the situations are different. If Onegin rejected Tatiana’s love, then Ionych was denied love by Ekaterina Ivanovna. And therefore the behavior of the heroes is different. Evgeny is surprised by the changes that have occurred with Tatyana: But Ionych is not. Looking at the girl, he experiences a feeling of awkwardness when meeting her. Thus, the heroes find themselves in dissimilar situations and experience different states of mind.
- Why, despite remorse, does Onegin not give up the duel?
Evgeniy has a contradictory character. On the one hand, he doesn't respect landed nobility among whom he lives. On the other hand, he is afraid of being slandered by these people. On this moment It is important to him what the famous duelist Zaretsky will say about him. Thus, despising society, Onegin lives by its laws, which is why he does not refuse a duel.This is how Pushkin reveals the duality of the character of his main character, his instability and unprincipledness.
- How is the author’s attitude to what is happening manifested in this episode?
The duel scene in the novel occupies a special place. It helps to understand the characters’ characters and the author’s attitude to what is happening. For example, the author is ambivalent about Lensky. He mocks him and sympathizes with him at the same time. A.S. Pushkin emphasizes the absurdity of the actions of the young poet, who fell for Onegin’s provocation and misinterpreted Olga’s behavior. He feels sorry for Lensky, who died so absurdly. The author’s attitude towards Onegin is also contradictory. He not only resolutely condemns him for the death of Lensky, but also expresses sympathy for him. Thus, the death of Lensky is A.S. Pushkin’s symbolic farewell to the past and this is Onegin’s chance for rebirth.
1.1.3 Compare the fragment in question from the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” with a fragment of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". How does the behavior of the main characters differ in a similar situation?
1.1.1How can you characterize the quality of education of Evgeniy Onegin?
Eugene Onegin received a home education typical of aristocratic youth of his time and upbringing under the guidance of a French tutor, which was not deep. He“picked up the ropes” from Latin, history, and literature. Among the ignoramuses of secular society, this seemed like deep knowledge, which turned out to be enough to be considered a “scholarly fellow,” although the author speaks about such knowledge with some irony. But Pushkin notes Onegin’s passion for economics, which indicates the progressive views of the hero. Thus, we can conclude that Onegin’s education is very superficial.
1.1.2Why was Onegin successful in secular society?
From the very beginning of the novel, Onegin appears before us as a secular man who is successful in society.He leads the lifestyle of the “golden youth”: balls, walks along Nevsky Prospect, visiting theaters. Herofeels great in “high” society, as he has absorbed secular morality with its hypocrisy, cynicism, and falsehood. Thus, in the eyes of society, he looks like a brilliant aristocrat, which is why he enjoys his favor.
1.1.3 Compare a fragment of the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” with the fragment of the poem by N.V. given below. Gogol "Dead Souls". How
Do both fragments reveal the theme of education?
We all learned a little bit
Something and somehow...
echo Gogol’s “Many were not without education... Others were also, more or less, enlightened people: some read Karamzin, some Moskovskie Vedomosti, some didn’t even read anything at all.” It is not difficult to notice the irony of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol regarding the education of his heroes. Thus, both authors in the above fragments ridicule
secular society's desire for superficial education.
What epithets are most important for characterizing Lensky and why?
How the author’s attitude is manifested in the description of Vladimir Lensky Pushkin paints an unusually bright and lively image of a romantic poet, striking in his sincerity, decency and vulnerability from any blows of fate. We see a dreamy person who strives to express his moods and dreams in poetry. He's alien secular society and stands out sharply against the background of the secular crowd. Thus, A.S. Pushkin has sympathy for Lensky, because his hero believes in high friendship, in eternal, ideal love.But not only the poet sympathizes with the young romantic. The description shows that the author is critical of his poetry and condemns it for its vacuity and sweetness. |
1.1.3 Compare this fragment of the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” with the fragment below from the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". What are the similarities and differences between the characters of the main characters of these works?
1.1.1At the beginning and end of the letter, Tatyana talks about shame. What is the heroine ashamed of?
Tatyana is Pushkin's favorite heroine. She is characterized by high morality and purity of soul. In Pushkin’s time, only a man could be the first to confess his love. A woman’s confession was considered indecent, as it violated the canons formed in society. Tatyana's confession is a brave and extraordinary act, so she herself is ashamed of it.
- In her message, Tatyana addresses Onegin either as “you” or “you”. How does this reveal the heroine’s state of mind?
Tatiana's letter to Onegin is a sincere and very brave impulse of a young soul. Analyzing it, you can see that the heroine experiences conflicting feelings, because she is the first to confess her love for young man. Thus, excitement and anxiety for her honor make Tatyana confused. In addition, she addresses herself as “you,” most likely, not to the real Eugene Onegin, but to the hero of her novels, who has long been familiar and close to her.
Which personal qualities Do Tatiana appear in her letter to Onegin?
1.1.3 Compare Tatyana’s letter to Onegin with Vera’s letter to Pechorin given below from the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time".
What is the difference between the natures of Tatyana and Vera?
Both heroines are in love. Both love selflessly, are ready to surrender to love without a trace. Just as Tatyana is the opposite of Onegin, so Vera is the opposite of Pechorin.
Tatyana's love is strong, so she, unwittingly idealizing her lover, describes not the real Onegin, but her dream of a loved one, who attracts not so much with his appearance, education and smart speeches, but with a kindred spirit capable of being a “guardian angel”. Unlike Pushkin heroine Vera sensibly evaluates her lover, understands his essence: “... you loved me as property, as a source of joys, anxieties and sorrows, replacing each other, without which life is boring and monotonous. I understood this at first...” This is the difference between the two heroines.
Lensky is a naive, gullible and simple-minded young man.He is pure in soul, freedom-loving, and easy to communicate with. However, the hero lives in his own romantic world.Thus, A.S. Pushkin emphasizes that Lensky, due to his daydreaming, does not deeply delve into the essence of things. All this leads to the fact that he does not understand people.
1.1.2What role do epithets play in this episode of the novel?
Epithets are one of the means artistic expression, which help convey the author’s attitude towards his characters. In the given fragment, with their help, the author emphasizes the poetic passion, burning and enthusiasm of the young romantic: “mad soul”, “captive youth”, “golden games”, “young delights”. Thus, this type of trope plays a big role in creating a dreamy and the image of a romantic poet in love.
1.1.3 Compare the fragment in question from the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” with a fragment of the story by N.M. Karamzin " Poor Lisa" What is the difference author's attitude to the heroes?
The given fragments give a description of young people. However, authors treat their heroes differently. A.S. Pushkin writes enthusiastically about the young poet, admiring his pure soul, not corrupted by the light: “.”The attitude towards Erast is ambiguous. N.M. Karamzin not only notes his kindness, politeness, his desire to help poor people, but also shows negative qualities: “” Thus, Lensky is sympathetic to A.S. Pushkin, and Erast evokes condemnation from N.M. Karamzin for frivolity and frivolity.
How is the image of Gurov revealed in the above fragment?
He had two lives: one open, which was seen and known by everyone who needed it, full of conventional truth and conventional deception, completely similar to the life of his acquaintances and friends, and the other, which took place secretly. And by some strange coincidence of circumstances, perhaps accidental, everything that was important, interesting, necessary for him, in which he was sincere and did not deceive himself, that constituted the grain of his life, happened secretly from others, yet, what was his lie, his shell in which he hid to hide the truth, such as his service in the bank, disputes in the club, his “inferior race,” going to anniversaries with his wife - all this was obvious. And he judged others by himself, did not believe what he saw, and always assumed that each person lived his real, most interesting life under the cover of secrecy, as if under the cover of darkness. Every personal existence is kept in secret, and perhaps this is partly why a cultured person is so nervous about ensuring that personal secrets are respected. Having seen off his daughter to the gymnasium, Gurov went to " Slavic Marketplace" He took off his fur coat downstairs, went upstairs and quietly knocked on the door. Anna Sergeevna, dressed in his favorite gray dress, tired from the road and waiting, had been waiting for him since yesterday evening; she was pale, looked at him and did not smile, and as soon as he entered, she fell to his chest. It was as if they had not seen each other for two years, their kiss was long, long. - Well, how do you live there? - he asked. - What's new? - Wait, I’ll tell you now... I can’t. She couldn't speak because she was crying. She turned away from him and pressed the handkerchief to her eyes. “Well, let him cry, and I’ll sit for now,” he thought and sat down in a chair. Then he called and said to bring him some tea; and then, when he drank tea, she still stood, turning to the window... She cried from excitement, from the sorrowful consciousness that their life had turned out so sadly; they see each other only secretly, hiding from people like thieves! Isn't their life ruined? - Well, stop it! - he said. It was obvious to him that this love of theirs would not end soon, no one knows when. Anna Sergeevna became more and more attached to him, adored him, and it would have been unthinkable to tell her that all this must someday have an end; Yes, she wouldn’t have believed it. He approached her and took her by the shoulders to caress her and joke, and at that time he saw himself in the mirror. His head was already beginning to turn grey. And it seemed strange to him that he had grown so old in last years, so stupid. The shoulders on which his hands rested were warm and trembling. He felt compassion for this life, still so warm and beautiful, but probably already close to beginning to fade and wither, like his life. Why does she love him so much? He always seemed to women not to be who he was, and they loved in him not himself, but the person whom their imagination created and whom they greedily sought in their lives; and then, when they noticed their mistake, they still loved. And none of them were happy with him. Time passed, he met, got together, broke up, but never fell in love; there was everything, but not love. And only now, when his head had turned gray, did he fall in love properly, truly - for the first time in his life.
A.P. Chekhov, "Lady with a Dog"
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The image of Gurov is revealed with the help detailed description his "double life". In the first paragraph, the author uses a vivid metaphor (Gurov is forced to hide the “grain” of his life behind a “shell” of lies) to reveal the hero’s inner state. Constant lies give rise to suspiciousness in Gurov, lack of confidence in himself and in the people around him (he believes that