Before you begin making various items, it is necessary to perform certain preparatory work. They usually begin with sketches and drawings, called graphic documentation. Items that need to be manufactured are called products, and their individual parts are called parts.
Definition
Sketch- this is a conventional image of a product, drawn by hand, without the use of drawing tools, but with necessarily maintained “by eye” proportions between it in separate parts, i.e. This is a preliminary, rough sketch of the product.
Drawing- this is a conventional image of a separate part or product, made using drawing tools. The drawing is considered the main graphic document. If you know how to read the drawings correctly, then from them you can find out what the dimensions of the product depicted on them are, what material it should be made of, what its appearance and shape are. In the drawing, all dimensions of products and parts are indicated in millimeters.
Comparison
A sketch is an inaccurate, very preliminary sketch of a part or product. A sketch is performed when you need to quickly depict on paper the idea of a new product. It is most convenient to apply it to checkered paper. And it is intended for one-time use. Subsequently, working drawings are developed based on the sketches, and sometimes even parts are manufactured.
A working drawing of a part, in contrast to a sketch, is made using drawing tools or using a drawing computer program (for example, AutoCAD, Compass, etc.) in standard formats, on a standard scale with strict adherence to the types and thickness of lines. Both the sketch and the drawing of the product must contain all the necessary information, i.e. the shape of the product and its dimensions are conveyed, and the permissible errors of the nominal dimensions are also indicated.
Drawing of a machine for rolling out arches
Often drawings and sketches are made in a reduced or enlarged form compared to the part to be manufactured. For drawings, a clearly defined scale is used (1:2; 1:4, etc.) For sketches, such strict requirements do not exist.
Conclusions website
- A sketch is an inaccurate, approximate sketch of a part or product, made by hand.
- A sketch is usually performed when developing a structurally new part, when finalizing a design in a pilot version, or in the event of a part failure during operation.
- In the sketch, all the proportions between the individual parts of the part must be maintained “by eye”.
- The drawing is the main graphic document from which the part is manufactured.
- A drawing is a conventional image of a part or product made using drawing tools.
- In the drawing, all part dimensions are presented in millimeters.
TYPES OF SKETCHES AND THEIR PURPOSE
Any design project begins with a graphic image, which can be conventional, realistic, in the form of a diagram or drawing. A designer, when designing a particular object, goes through a number of successive stages. At each stage certain types graphic works. Let's look at the types of sketches.
Sketch
A sketch is a preliminary sketch that captures the idea work of art, structure, mechanism or its individual part. The sketch is often a quickly completed free drawing, not intended to be finished work.
Sketching is inexpensive and allows the artist to sketch and try out other ideas before turning them into painting. Pencil or pastel are preferred for sketching due to time constraints, but a quick sketch in watercolor, or even a quickly modeled model in clay or soft wax, can also be considered a sketch in more detail. broad meaning words. Renaissance artists made sketches using a silver pen on specially prepared paper. When working on a sketch, an eraser can be used: the eraser is used to remove construction lines or to soften too sharp lines.
Linear image, or linear graphics, has a very wide application in design. Line can be considered as one of the main means of fine art in general. The line is used in drawings, sketches, and sketches.
Fore-sketch
A preliminary sketch is called a preliminary sketch before the final idea is approved, which is worked out in detail in the final sketch. Often performed during a conversation with the customer. The task of working on fore-sketches is to search for the compositional, coloristic and tonal organization of image elements on the image plane in accordance with the creative concept. Usually the fore-sketch does not provide a color scheme.
When developing primary sketches (fore-sketches), the designer needs to quickly and expressively outline the shape and proportions of the object. The best technique for this is the sketching technique. A sketch that is completed in a short period of time is characterized by a certain brevity and conventionality. Without a preliminary pencil drawing with any tool (pen, brush), it is necessary to draw an object, paying primary attention to expressiveness, shape and plasticity.
The expressiveness of a sketch largely depends on the technique of execution. A linear solution to a sketch can be done with a pencil, pen, stick, brush, or felt-tip pen.
Working sketch
A working sketch is a graphic document containing an image of a part and other data necessary for its manufacture and control. Working drawings of parts are made to a certain scale using drawing tools or various technical means.
The information necessary for the manufacture and control of an object is presented on the sketch in the form of graphic and text information. General requirements for the content of this information are as follows:
a) in the sketch, the object must be depicted in the minimum number of images sufficient to understand the form, using the conventions established by the standards;
b) the sketch must show all the necessary dimensions geometrically completely and structurally correctly;
c) the sketch must contain the necessary technical requirements, reflecting features: material, coating, maximum dimensional deviations, tolerances of shape and location of surfaces, etc.
Thus, the first basic requirement relates to the shape of the part, the second is related to setting and sizing, and the third relates to technical requirements.
Technical sketch
A technical sketch is a sketch that is created if there is a need to show certain technological aspects and solutions. Designers use technical drawing in their work to convey visual and semantic information about the object being designed. It could be technical drawing attaching a sign to a wall or a drawing that will show the wiring diagram in the product. In this case, all the key elements of the design are depicted and the necessary explanation is given. All this is done to ensure that the customer fully understands the points of interest to him.
A technical sketch of a garment is a working drawing of the product from the front, back and, if necessary, from the side. Such a sketch in an impressive way conveys aspects of the detailed production process, communicates information about proportions, construction, seams and embellishments designer clothes, so that when it is handed over to the cutter or workshop worker, there is confidence that the ideas will be recreated correctly. A technical sketch, as a rule, is created for a designer, cutter, technologist and seamstress.
A technical sketch does not contain exaggeration and stylization; it reflects the proportions of the object in the most clear way; shadows are not superimposed to avoid misunderstandings during production. The drawing is created in a cold, restrained, contoured, concrete manner.
Presentation sketch
A presentation or exhibition sketch is the final stage of preliminary design. In clothing design, as a rule, it is performed when developing collections and is intended for discussion by specialists. Such a sketch can contain color, shadows and everything that makes the project more attractive to the client.
Presentation sketches complete the preliminary design and are necessary to demonstrate the finished object. There are no restrictions on graphics, the main thing is the expressiveness of the sketch.
The choice of graphic techniques and means depends on the theme and concept of the designed object. All this requires a careful approach, the use of the laws of composition (rhythm, subordination of elements, etc.), therefore, in order to move to the stage of presenting an object, you need to go through the entire sketching stage, starting with preliminary sketches.
TECHNICAL METHODS AND METHODS OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
Great importance in design and fine arts has a system of means and methods for transmitting visual images of all objects in the real world. Drawing technique is understood as a system of graphic tools and technical methods (techniques) that the drawer uses in his work to create specific images performed for educational or creative purposes. A wide line drawn with charcoal, the velvety quality of the sauce, and a variety of deep shades in pencil shading will give unique texture qualities that are inaccessible to hard graphite or pen drawing. Various techniques Texturing includes graphic techniques that allow you to create a variety of surfaces and textures.
Hand sketches
Linear, or, as they also say, contour, drawing has its own distinctive qualities. The line is mobile, plastic, conveying all the features of the form; can be thin and thick, intermittent and trembling, with thickenings. The linear image is conventional, conveys simplicity, laconicism, clarity of the image and refers to fast graphic techniques. The line can not only be used for a planar image, but also create the illusion of volume and space. The designer must be a master of linear graphics and be able to work with pen, pencil and other graphic materials.
Real world can be presented not only in the form of linear, but also in the form of spot silhouette images. The spot is of great importance in sketches and sketches, in work on a costume design. The spot has its own shape, plasticity, and mass. Silhouette spot graphics can be very expressive. Using a spot, you can highlight the accent of the composition, emphasize the sharpness of the silhouette, especially for new promising forms and creative proposals. The spot should be clear, should not be shaded, but done with a brush. To fill the stain, it is recommended to use a large brush to avoid sloppy streaks. The shape, size of the spot, its contours depend on the concept of the project, the author’s intention, etc.
Let's consider several types of execution artwork.
Washing
A wash is a layer-by-layer application of slightly diluted watercolor or ink to create a smooth gradient or a “transparent” fill. The pictures obtained using this technology sometimes look like real photographs.
IN modern conditions computerization of the activities of specialists in architectural and artistic specialties, laundering has ceased to instill the skills of graphic representation of project material. However, without ceasing to be an integral part of students’ training, it pursues the goal of teaching the basics of spatial naturalistic pictorial and graphic images, with their laws, rules, methods and techniques of work, performing the following tasks:
· Fostering a culture of mastering and reproducing color.
Repeated practice of obtaining a complex color by means of washing with a visual and emotional example forms color taste and teaches you to achieve restrained, complex, pleasant colors using other means and materials. The color obtained by washing can be described with the adjectives deep, luminous, complex and even intelligent. The fact is that to perform the technique, color is prepared from watercolor or ink by diluting the dye with water in a separate container. Because of this, each glazed layer of color has transparency and allows you to see through the lower layers. When applied layer-by-layer, each top layer is enriched by the lower layers, and the total color becomes deeper, but the paper shines through less with each new layer. The function of white is performed by paper. Translucent from under layers of paint, it introduces a luminous quality to the color. When washing, color tone, lightness and saturation are made up of layers and depend on their number. The total color of all applied layers is much different from the same color taken from the can.
· Development of artistic thinking
Thanks to the transparency of the color and multi-layered writing, the wash in teaching visual literacy inevitably leads the painter to the need for study, deep understanding and absolute understanding of the basic principles and laws realistic drawing, and also develops the skills of their thoughtful application in practical activities using the method of thinking when drawing, which can be called “analytical”.
To perform cleaning work, round soft squirrel brushes of various thicknesses are used. It is possible to use core brushes. The paper for work can be selected experimentally; it is better to stretch it over the tablet to prevent bending from water. You can work in the technique with watercolors, ink and, oddly enough, tea. You will also need a large container with clean water for washing brushes and wetting paper, one or more smaller containers, palette trays for different color shades. A white plate or saucer will replace a plastic palette when working with water-based paint. The rag will serve to wring out the brush and dry your hands.
Monotype
The word "monotype" Greek origin. It consists of two words: “monos” - one, only and “tipos” - trace, imprint. Monotype is a type of printed graphics, the invention of which is attributed to Italian artist and the engraver Giovanni Castiglione (1607-1665). The monotype printmaking technique involves applying paint by hand onto a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate, followed by printing on a machine; The print obtained on paper is always the only one, unique. In psychology and pedagogy, the monotype technique is used to develop imagination in children of senior preschool age.
Works made using the Monotype technique are characterized by subtlety color relationships, smoothness and softness of the outlines of forms, which externally brings monotype closer to watercolor.
Multicolor (polychrome monotype) is usually done with watercolors or specially low-grease oil paints. For monotype with watercolors, you first need to make a contour drawing on paper with a pencil. Working with a pencil is auxiliary, but we must do it on paper of the size that the composition is intended to be.
The paper for the print should be larger than the preparatory drawing. We place the completed draft under glass. We take watercolor paints, a brush, water and baby soap. We dilute the paint with soapy water. To work on a monotype, the paint should be thick, and not transparent, as in watercolor painting. We draw with it on glass, through which the pencil drawing should be clearly visible. You just need to make sure that the glass (or film) does not move.
In addition to multicolor monotype, there is also the so-called monochrome. Most often it is done in black or brown. This type of monotype is done with printed or oil paints, but the latter must be prepared accordingly, i.e. degrease. To do this, squeeze out of the tube oil paint on newspaper or blotting paper. When the paper absorbs the fat, the paint is ready for use. Monochrome monotype can also be done with non-skimmed paint, but then there is a risk that the clarity of the image will be impaired, and in addition, the work will take a long time to dry.
Artists very rarely use monotype in pure form. As a rule, it is used as part of a mixed technique. In a combination of shapes and colors printed on a sheet of paper, the artist guesses the images that are close to him and completes what he sees on paper with the help of a brush.
Stencil
A stencil is a device used for applying various symbols, such as letters, numbers and various images, to different surfaces; This term also refers to an image created using this device.
A stencil in the meaning of a device is a sheet of film, paper, or other material in which several through holes of various shapes, or segments that make up the original image, are cut out. When making a stencil, the picture is divided into segments in such a way that when drawing the stencil does not tear, and the image remains readable.
Stencils can be divided into groups according to different criteria:
1. By the number of layers - single-layer and multi-layer stencils.
2. By duration of use: disposable and reusable.
3. By material: paper, cardboard, film, metal and others.
4. By place of use: in production, in art, in design, in cooking, etc.
In graffiti, stencils are used to increase the clarity of a design or to quickly reproduce an image many times. In other words, writers (graffiti artists) use it, for example, when they need to add a lot of the same type of small, but clearly drawn elements. Apply aerosol can with paint.
Collage
Collage is a technique of creating an image on paper by assembling pieces of different materials. The technique resembles a mosaic. In graphics, collage is usually interpreted as a combination of paper inserts in one image. You can also use fabric and other materials.
Collage was introduced into art as a formal experiment by the Cubists, Futurists and Dadaists. At that stage in for visual purposes scraps of newspapers, photographs, and wallpaper were used. Pieces of fabric, wood chips, etc. were glued onto the canvas.
It is believed that the collage technique was first used in art by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in 1910-1912. The first artist to work exclusively in the collage technique was Kurt Schwitters.
It is necessary to distinguish collage from a close, but still different means of representation - appliqué, that is, the use of various materials and structures - fabrics, newspapers, plywood or tin in order to enhance expressive capabilities. This method of creating an image is close in nature and technique to inlay.
The collage technique allows you to achieve maximum expressiveness of graphic sketches.
Collage is used in sketches both in pure and mixed media. In mixed media they add to the collage various paints, work out the shape with lines. To make it easier to work with the collage, you can first draw a diagram of the arrangement of the fragments.
Photo collage is a free, arbitrary combination, sometimes not even interconnected, of several styles of photographic images in one picture or photograph.
As photography developed, it became possible to use various techniques and methods for creating collages using special effects. It should be noted that this direction art is becoming more accessible to an increasing number of people who do not have professional photography skills or computer processing of photographs (for example, using Photoshop).
Application
Applique – cutting and gluing (sewing) figures, patterns or entire paintings from pieces of paper, fabric, leather, plant and other materials onto a base material (background). As a rule, the base material is cardboard, thick paper, and wood. The application is associated with cognitive activity and has a huge impact on the development of children’s mental and creative abilities.
The concept of “appliqué” includes methods of creating works of art from materials that differ in their properties and texture, united by the similarity of the execution technique. Each material has its own characteristics, which have a decisive influence on the application technique. For example, paper, straw, dried plants, birch bark are attached to the background with various adhesives; poplar fluff is placed on velvet paper.
Application is the simplest and most affordable way creating artwork that preserves the realistic basis of the image itself. This makes it possible to widely use appliqué not only for design purposes, but also in creating paintings, panels, ornaments, etc. The main features of the appliqué are silhouette, flat generalized interpretation of the image, locality of large color spots.
The application can be substantive, consisting of individual images; plot, reflecting a set of actions and events; decorative, including ornaments and patterns that can be used to decorate various objects.
Digital sketches
Digital painting is the creation of electronic images, carried out not by rendering (visualization) of computer models, but through the use of computer imitations by humans traditional instruments artist.
Computer in digital painting– this is the same tool as a brush with an easel. In order to draw well on a computer, you also need to know and be able to apply all the knowledge and experience accumulated by generations of artists (laws of perspective, color science, glare, reflexes, etc.). Unlike traditional painting, digital painting has progressive and high-tech functions of tools and capabilities: for example, working with layers or applying textures from photographs to the areas of the painting you need; generation of noise of a given type; various brush effects; various filters and corrections, and much more.
Let's look at the most popular graphic programs for creating digital sketches.
Adobe Photoshop - Multifunctional graphics editor, developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. Mainly works with raster images, but has some vector tools. The product is the market leader in commercial raster image editing tools and Adobe's best-known product. This program is often simply called Photoshop.
Despite the fact that the program was originally developed as an image editor for printing, given time it is widely used in web design.
The extended version of Adobe Photoshop Extended is intended for more professional use, namely when creating films, videos, multimedia projects, three-dimensional graphic design and web design, for work in the fields of manufacturing, medicine, architecture, and scientific research.
Adobe Illustrator
Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and distributed by Adobe Systems.
The program was conceived as a vector graphics editor, but designers use it for different purposes. The program has a wide range of drawing tools and color and text management capabilities.
Thanks to Adobe Illustartor, you can create vector images of any level of complexity, quickly and accurately turn hand-drawn scanned sketches, photographs, or other raster images into editable vector paths, and the intuitive interface and easy access to all functions of the application will provide a professional level of control over the entire graphics creation process .
You can create dynamic designs for any project. Thanks to the precision and functionality of its tools, Adobe Illustrator CS6 software is used by design professionals around the world.
Autodesk 3ds Max
Autodesk 3ds Max (formerly 3D Studio MAX) is a full-featured professional software system for creating and editing three-dimensional graphics and animation, developed by Autodesk. Contains state-of-the-art tools for artists and multimedia professionals.
3ds Max has extensive tools for creating three-dimensional computer models of various shapes and complexity, real or fantastic objects of the surrounding world, using a variety of techniques and mechanisms.
Modeling based on standard objects, as a rule, is the main modeling method and serves as a starting point for creating objects of complex structure, which is associated with the use of primitives in combination with each other as elementary parts of composite objects.
Adobe After Effects
Adobe After Effects is software from Adobe Systems for editing video and dynamic images, developing compositions (compositing), animation and creating various effects. Widely used in processing video footage (color correction, post-production), in the creation of commercials, music videos, in the production of animation (for television and web), titles for feature and television films, as well as for a number of other tasks that require use of digital video effects.
The name comes from an effect known as “visual persistence,” a mechanism that uses the sensory memory of the retina to retain visual information for a short period of time.
Thanks to the extensive library of plugins developed by third party companies After Effects is also used in printing and graphic design for editing static graphic images (photos, computer generated images, etc.).
Paint Tool Sai
Paint Tool Sai is a program developed by a Japanese company and designed for digital painting.
Paint Tool Sai is one of the best painting software. SAI offers a sufficient variety of tools that can be used to a large extent configured. There are a few important filters and effects that make the program complete. The program offers both raster and vector drawing tools.
Sai's user interface allows you to keep more than one document open at a time. The drawing canvas can be both scaled and rotated using sliders on the navigator or hotkeys configured on the keyboard. It is also possible to keep different areas of the same document open. The color mixing panel can be saved between sessions. Colors can be saved in the swatches panel.
Various raster drawing tools are implemented such as Airbrush, Watercolor, Pen, and Marker, which can all be easily customized and stored in slots in the application's user interface. There are also a number of vector drawing tools designed for inking, which, like raster tools, can be configured to be pressure sensitive (such as on drawing tablets).
Some typical features found in graphics programs are not implemented. These include text, gradients, and shapes. SAI focuses on drawing and shading, while the final stage of painting is left to other applications.
AutoCAD is a three-dimensional computer-aided design and drafting system developed by Autodesk. The first version of the system was released in 1982. AutoCAD and specialized applications based on it are widely used in mechanical engineering, construction, architecture and other industries. The program is available in 18 languages. The level of localization varies from full adaptation to translation of reference documentation only. The Russian-language version is fully localized, including the command line interface and all documentation, except for the programming manual.
The wide distribution of AutoCAD in the world is due not least to its developed development and adaptation tools, which allow you to customize the system to the needs of specific users and significantly expand the functionality of the base system. A wide range of application development tools makes the basic version of AutoCAD a universal platform for application development.
ArchiCAD
ArchiCAD is a CAD graphics software package for architects and landscape designers created by Graphisoft. Designed for the design of architectural and construction structures and solutions, as well as landscape elements, furniture, etc.
When working in the package, the concept of a Virtual Building is used. Its essence is that the ARCHICAD project represents a virtual model of a real building that exists in computer memory. To carry it out, the designer initial stages working with a project actually “builds” a building, using tools that have their full analogues in reality: walls, ceilings, windows, stairs, various objects, etc. Having completed the modeling stage, the user can extract from the “virtual building” all the necessary data for creating project documentation: floor plans, facades, sections, explications, specifications, visualizations, etc.
Sketch(fr. esquisse) - a preliminary sketch that captures the concept of a work of art, a structure, a mechanism or a separate part of it. A sketch is a quickly executed free-form drawing, not intended to be a finished work, often consisting of many overlapping lines.
Sketching is inexpensive and allows the artist to sketch and try out other ideas before turning them into painting. Pencil or pastel are preferred for sketching due to time constraints, but a quick sketch in watercolor or even a quickly modeled model in clay or soft wax can also be considered a sketch in the broader sense of the word. Graphite pencils are a relatively new invention; Renaissance artists made sketches using a silver pen on specially prepared paper.
Contrary to popular belief, artists often use erasers when drawing. An eraser can be used to remove construction lines, or to soften too harsh lines.
A sketch is a preparatory sketch for a work, reflecting the search for the best embodiment of a creative concept. The sketch can be made in various techniques.
Examples of sketches and paintings themselves:
I.I.Shishkin (1832-1898)
Rye 
V. Surikov. Menshikov in Berezovo. 
K. P. Bryullov. "The last day of Pompeii"
Information design.
Information Design- a branch of design, the practice of artistic and technical design and presentation of various information, taking into account ergonomics, functionality, psychological criteria for human perception of information, aesthetics of visual forms of information presentation and some other factors.
Information design applies traditional and new design principles to the process of transforming complex and unstructured data into valuable, meaningful information. With the help of pictures, symbols, colors, words, ideas are conveyed, data is illustrated, or relationships are visualized.
5 Ways to Present Information to Others
The art of presentation is an external and publicly accessible part of working with information. It is quite difficult for someone who has not mastered the art of presenting information in public to prove their professionalism. How can you make something complex accessible when you only have 10 minutes to present at a corporate meeting? We have selected the five most effective rules.
Rule #1. All people evaluate new information by comparing it with the knowledge they already have. Try to figure out how tall a person is by looking at his photo in a magazine. You can not. The only way to even approximately estimate his height is to compare it with the height of a person you know or a famous object. This rule applies to the assessment of most things and phenomena human life: Any scale should be based on the indicators that we know.
Rule #2. You can organize your information using just five criteria: alphabetical order, geographic location, chronology, category or hierarchy. You must make the most logical choice. It is most convenient to group cities, rivers, countries and roads by location. Books, articles and reference books - in alphabetical order. Documents related to planning - chronologically. Warehouse information - by category, and any physical objects - by category (strongest - weakest, boss - subordinate, etc.). Often, two organization criteria can be applied to an object at once. However, during an oral presentation, as a rule, it is better to simplify the scheme and limit it to one, the most important one.
Rule #3. Don't decorate, but simplify. Remember the rule of advertising design: an abundance of bright colors and text only obscures the target message. Any designer can add millions of colors to a painting, make a drawing three-dimensional, raise it in space and cast its shadow on the ground. But a good designer knows that all this only distracts from advertising the product. The same applies to data organization. If you need to present statistics, be careful with pie charts. They are more effective than linear ones, but they do not give the right impression of proportions. Maybe we should limit ourselves to a table in which the most important data will be highlighted in red? If you need to present the principle of interaction between companies or people, be careful - do not turn your visualization into a diagram of the Battle of Borodino with your numerous arrows and dotted lines. Maybe it's enough to publish a two-level chart in Microsoft Chart?
Rule #4. To choose what to focus on during your report, think about what is interesting to you. Journalists know: the best article is a work inspired by the author’s desire to learn something that he did not know or understand before. The same goes for a good presentation. First it is interesting to the author, and then to everyone else.
Rule #5. Feel free to refuse useless information. Even if this is 90% of the report. Information overload has nothing to do with fatigue. This is an emotional problem. The best way to avoid it is to focus on the most important and most interesting (at the same time). The best report is outbreaks interesting information, imperceptibly connected with each other. In addition, you should remember: if you could not fit your presentation into 10 minutes of speech, then you did not prepare very well. And if you couldn’t place the necessary information on 10 pages of Power Point, then you didn’t understand the problem well and you need to start over!
Sketches
A sketch is a short-term drawing. It can be completed in 2-5-10 minutes, depending on the goal you set for yourself.
When studying the shapes of an object, it is better to make short sketches (2-5 minutes). If you are interested in the distribution of light and shadow, then the sketch will take more time, since you need to convey both the shape of the object and its light and shadow.
Sketches are made before starting work on a long-term drawing in order to preliminary study the shape of an object or group of objects and their relative position in space. Such sketches should be done from different points of view, changing the position of the subject in space.
Sketches play a big role in preparing for a thematic drawing. They help to correctly draw an object, landscape, figure, and find the most successful position, movement or shape.
It is useful to sketch for an independent purpose. Working on sketches develops observation, the ability to highlight the main thing, easily determine the shape and characteristics objects and convey them in the drawing.
The sketch can be made with just lines, without conveying light-and-shadow relationships. To make it expressive, conveying the volume and spatial position of the object, you need to be able to vary the thickness of the line. In dark places the line can be wide and soft; in light places it is better to outline it with a thin, hairline line. Here and there in the shadows you can add a few broad strokes in order to emphasize the volume of the form. […]
How to draw sketches correctly
My cat Hare, who I like equally as a spot or as a line :)
3. Sequence of work.
1. We study nature, looking at it carefully. We analyze, choose a good angle, pose, moment.
2. We think over the location of the sketches on the sheet. All characters on the sheet should either look at the viewer or be turned to the center of the sheet. You also need to ensure that the space on the sheet is filled evenly. This helps develop accuracy and composition skills. (We were faced with the task of arranging 5 sketches on an A4 sheet. I have much more sketches on the sheet, I fill the empty spaces between the figures with smaller details, so that the sheet ends up jammed quite tightly. I also realized that personally it is much more convenient for me to take for sketches, A3 sheets. It is not always convenient to work on the street in this format, but if you just practice at home, drawing from interesting photographs, then it is more profitable to draw on the street in a notebook, so we are still not talking about a strict format. .) You should start working in the upper left corner of the sheet.
3. sketches of people:
General form the human body is outlined sequentially: first, the location and size of the head are outlined, then the line from head to heels is quickly extended, that is, the movement of the entire human figure is outlined with one line. Then they quickly and confidently clarify general outline silhouette of the figure and position of the legs. In the sketch, a continuous fill of the entire silhouette shape is used to apply the tonal spot. Although this is not necessary - sometimes it is very interesting to separate the drawing into completely black and white spots.
animal sketches:
Two or three quickly applied light lines (or spots) should immediately determine the location, size and total mass of the form. The general shape of the body is outlined sequentially: first, the largest part of the form is the torso, then the legs. One line/spot (from the tail to the shoulder blades) outlines the movement of the entire mass of the body. Then the general contour of the body (up to the shoulder blades) and the position of the legs are quickly and confidently clarified. The head and neck are depicted last. To determine the location and size of the head, quickly extend the line of the spine from the shoulder blades to the tip of the nose. In this case, the contour line may not be closed, intermittent, and sometimes even disappear completely.
again late_night_trip
Even following this technology, everyone’s sketches, without exception, turn out very different. I like to combine on one sheet various materials and technology, it makes the work very lively. Not only does each individual sketch turn out beautiful, but the entire sheet is perceived as a complete picture. For example, someone likes, on the contrary, to first outline a clear location of the sketches on the sheet in order to build a clear composition and maintain space between the drawings. In general, the only thing more interesting than drawing it yourself is to compare how others did it. My classmates and I spent an hour before the session looking at each other’s sheets of sketches, vying with each other in admiration, and everyone took note of something interesting.
Making sketches
Systematic sketching classes allow you to successfully improve your drawing skills, and also provide significant assistance in mastering educational material. They promote developmenteye, hand coordination and quick orientation, the ability to accurately and concisely convey the most essential. Fluency in the art of sketching allows you to move on to freely depicting complex living forms without applications auxiliary construction lines, which is evidence of the growth of the professional skill of the draftsman.
Sketching should be done constantly, and not in fits and starts, from time to time. Don't be afraid of your first drafts - they'll be crummy and awkward, but it's just at the beginning. Over time, subject to systematic work, all the sketches will be obtained better And better.
Well, we all read the theory and got into it. We will return to the topic of sketches more than once. Let's move on to practice. We take our sketchbooks.
The victim may be:
- all indoor flowers,
- all household items (cups, spoons, pots, soap in a soap dish, washcloths, shampoo jars, etc.),
- sleeping pets, household appliances...
Continue the list yourself.
And on each leaf we draw an object. Don't forget to hold the pencil correctly.
Note: You can’t make sketches from a photo or monitor, we draw only from life, while sketching you should try to hold your hand correctly, for sketches we choose simple objects, you shouldn’t try to draw a human figure or a whole room, it’s better to draw a pair of old shoes. You shouldn’t judge whether it turned out good or bad based on one sketch, but when there are more than a hundred of them, then take a look. Use softer pencils for sketches and keep the eraser to a minimum.
Sketch of a cat. A sketch stroke and shading were used.
Sketch (fr. esquisse) - a preliminary sketch that captures the concept of a work of art, a structure, a mechanism or a separate part of it. Sketch- quickly completed freedrawing, not intended as a finished work, often consists of many overlapping lines.
Sketches are inexpensive and allow the artist to sketch and try out other ideas before turning them into painting.Pencilorpastelmore preferable for sketches due to time constraints, but a quick sketchwatercolorsor even a quickly modeled model made of clay or soft wax can also be consideredsketchin the broader meaning of the word. Graphite pencils relatively new invention, artistsRenaissance did sketches using a silver pen on specially prepared paper.
Contrary to popular belief, artists often use erasers when drawing. An eraser can be used to remove construction lines, or to soften too harsh lines.
Sketch– a preparatory sketch for a work, reflecting the search for the best embodiment of the creative concept. Sketch can be made using various techniques.
A sketch is a sketch that captures the idea of a literary orwork of art, structure, mechanism or its individual part. In literature sketch can be considered as preparatory work in buildingwork of art, can also be considered as something independent.
IN literary significance sketch accompanies almost every literary work. This is evidenced by the writers' drafts at our disposal. Pushkin used to write on paperpreliminary plan of planned work. ManuscriptsDostoevskystore severalsketchesto one novel.
Sketches writers indicate that at the time of their creation the concept of the work was not yet clear enough: they reflect numerous alterations and changes. Although sketch, in the meaning of preparatorysketchto the work, must inevitably already possess some artistic merits, but, in essence, it belongs rather to the field of psychologycreativitythan to the theory of verbalart.
Sketch, as an independent piece of art, has and independent purely artistic features. Works of this kind are most characteristic of our days, and the spread of this literarygenreis undoubtedly related to the principlesimpressionism.
In the field of literary research, an example of this kind sketches can serve as the “Book of Masks” by Remy de Gourmont, where they are given in a few main lines general outline a number of modern poets. In Russian literature, such an example is Aikhenvald’s book “SilhouettesRussian writers" (where even the title itself emphasizes sketchy character of the letter). Based on the idea that literary work exists only in the perception that its effects are born from the contact of writer and reader, Aikhenwald asserts the inevitable subjectivity of any critical study. Thereby,criticismand can never claim a final, unchanging meaning. A consciously applied subjective method brings closersketchesEikhenwald to typeartistic sketches. This closeness is emphasized by the form itself."silhouettes": counting workcriticismcontinuation of the poet’s work, Aikhenvald uses as material not onlyideas, but also with the images and vocabulary that he finds in one or another of the authors under consideration. This is the most tested and effectivereceptionartistic-criticalsketch .
In area literary prose sample sketch Impressionistic constructed poems in prose by I. Annensky (“Posthumous Poems”, 1923) can serve as examples.
sketches Verlaine show an obvious predominance of statics: the poet’s perception lingers on the same lines andcolors. His most clear example is the play: Dans l’interminable ennui de la plaine, before us is a purely picturesque task - a plain covered with snow, above it - a dull, copper-coloredshadethe vault of the sky, the dull gray outlines of the forest on the horizon, and above everything the pale face of the dying moon drooped:scenerymotionless, frozen.
Sketch found in fiction and as part of a larger work: sketch You can name some descriptions and characteristics, for example, from Gogol.
Sketches Leonardo da Vinci and Edgar Degas are two examples of artists sketches which became objects of art.