Individual nouns. Noun in Russian

18.10.2019

This is the part of speech that names an object and answers questions "who what?". Nouns have a number of features that can be used to classify all nouns by type.

Basic features of a noun.

Grammatical meaning of a noun- the general meaning of the subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this What ? Or Who ? This part speech can mean the following:

1) Name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of natural and life phenomena ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of signs and abstract properties ( whiteness, freshness, blue).

Syntactic feature of a noun is the role it occupies in a sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of a sentence.

Mother prepares very tasty borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beetroot is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mother- cook knows how to surprise her household at the table, mom- Friend knows how to listen and console (application).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mother, I need your help!

By lexical basis nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns are words that mean general concepts or call the class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), names of animals, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events etc: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

Proper names are always written with a capital letter.
Proper names have only one number form.
Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, “Loneliness on the Internet”, Kamensk-Uralsky.
Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and with a capital letter: “Girl with Peaches”, “Mtsyri”, “Aurora”, “Science and Technology”.
Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can become proper names: Boston - boston (type of dance), truth - newspaper "Pravda".

By type of designated items nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animate nouns- those nouns that denote the names of living nature (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "Who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns- those nouns that relate to real things and answer the question "What?": wall, board, machine gun, ship and etc.

By value nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- type of noun naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This type of noun has only one number form - the one we know. If a noun has a singular form, then it cannot have a plural form and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numerals: little, a lot, a little, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pillar, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - army, many leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can only exist in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Nouns have a constant morphological feature kind and belong to masculine, feminine or neuter.

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:
male new student has arrived-(a,and)
female new student has arrived
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Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting characteristics, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double gender characterization depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come,

your ignoramus came.

Such nouns are classified as general gender u.

Nouns only plural(cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change by numbers and cases. Most nouns have singular and plural forms (city - cities, village - villages).

However, some nouns have or only singular form(eg peasantry, asphalt, combustion),

or just plural form(for example, scissors, railings, everyday life, Luzhniki).

They only have the plural form:
-some real nouns: ink, sawdust, cleaning;
some abstract nouns: name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings;
-some collective nouns: money, finance, wilds;
some proper names: Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”;
-words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts: glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, pliers;
-some names of time periods: twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.
Note. For nouns that have only a plural form, gender and declension are not determined.

Features of the formation of plural forms in some nouns.
-Words man and child form the plural forms people and children.
-Words son and godfather -s: sons, godfathers.
-Words mother and daughter in all forms of the singular (except for the nominative and accusative cases) and plural they have a suffix -er: mothers, daughters.
-Words miracle, sky and tree in the plural they take on the suffix -es: miracles, heaven, trees.

Words body and word have obsolete plural forms with this suffix: bodies, words along with regular bodies, words.
-Word eye very : eyes, eyes, eyes.
-Word ear plural has a stem ush-: ears, ears, ears.
-Word vessel(meaning “ship”) in the plural loses the last phoneme of the root -n: ships, ships, ships.
-Word church when declension in the plural it has a variant with a solid base: churches and churches, about churches and about churches.

In the Russian language, along with the singular and plural, there are the following phenomena of a numerical nature:
-collective number of nouns, agreeing with plural adjectives ( teeth, sons, stakes, knees, leaves, roots against plural. teeth, sons, colas, knees, leaves, roots);
-collective number of nouns, agreeing with adjectives in the singular ( fool, beast against plural fools, animals);
-a plural expressing a set of volumes or types of an uncountable noun ( sands, waters, running)

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change by case, that is, they have an inconsistent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I.P. Who is this? What?

R.p. no one? what?

D. p. glad to whom? what?

V.p. I see who? What?

Etc. proud of whom? how?

P.P. I'm thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declination.

To the 1st declension include nouns husband. and wives kind with ending I. p. unit. numbers -a(-i), including words ending in -i: mom-a, dad-a, earth-ya, lecture-ya (lecture-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard version), a soft consonant (soft version) and with a stem ending in -иj have some differences in endings, for example:

Case	Singular
Case	Solid option	Soft option	On - and I
Name	Countries - A	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	Countries - s	Earth -And	Army -And
D.p.	Countries - e	Earth -e	Army -And
V.p.	Countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	Countries -Ouch (-oh )	Earth -to her (-yoyu )	Army -to her (-her )
P.p.	Countries -e	Earth -e	Army -And

To II declension include nouns husband. genders with zero ending I. p., including words starting with -iy, and nouns m. and cf. gender ending -o(-e), including words starting with -e: table-, genius-, town-o, window-o, pol-e, peni-e (penij-e).

To III declension include nouns female. kind with a zero ending in I. p.: dust-, night-.

1st declension

2nd declension

3rd declension

m.r. with endings -а, -я

For example: Papa Kolya.

and. R. with endings -а, -я

For example: vase, nanny

m.r. with a null ending (except for the word “path”)

For example: horse build a table cf. R. with endings -о, -е.

For example: cloudsea

and. R. null-terminated with a soft sign at the end

For example: square , trifle

Divergent nouns are declined in a special way, and therefore do not belong to any type of declination. These are 10 nouns in -MYA:

Burden time banner tribe stirrup flame name crown udder seed

And also nouns PATH and child. For nouns ending in -MYA in the singular, the suffix -EN- is added in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, and for the noun child - the suffix -YAT-.

CHILD child child child child about child

In Russian there are so-called indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns include:

1) borrowed, ending in vowels;

For example:avenue, aloe, role, depot, cockatoo, muffler

2) many foreign-language proper names;

For example:Zambezi, Tokyo, Merimee, Zola

3) abbreviations and compound words ending in vowels;

For example:MGIMO, TSO, general store

4) foreign names, denoting female persons: Smith, Raulf(foreign surnames denoting male persons are declined as second declension nouns);

5) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -О and -ИХ(-ИХ).

For example:Koreiko, Sedykh

They are usually described as words without endings.

Formation of forms should be remembered genitive case plural of some nouns, where the ending may be null or -s.

This includes words calling:

1) paired and composite items: (no) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses);

2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts);

3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz;

4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes).

In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe").

Morphological analysis of a noun

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological characteristics:

1. Constant features: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), d) declension.
2. Non-constant signs: a) case, b) number.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

the initial form is queen.

II. Constant signs: nat., soul., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: plural. number, I. p.

III. The ladies (part of the subject) ran up (who?).

I. (to) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own, soulful, male. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, D. p.;

III. They ran up (to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin (addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial shape - palm;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, T. p.;

III. He began to knock down (with what?) his palm (addition).

I. Dust- noun;

the initial form is dust;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, III class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, V. p.;

III. He began to knock down (what?) dust (addition).

I. Coat- noun;

the initial form is a coat;

II. Constant signs: vernacular, inanimate, cf. gen., undeclined;

inconsistent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p.;

III. He began to knock (why?) off his coat (addition).

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by number and case is called declension. Depending on the set of endings (inflections), there are 3 main types of declension. Attention: here is the numbering of declinations in the scientific tradition. In school tradition, it is customary to call the first declension the second, and the second the first.

According to another concept, the third declension includes only feminine nouns, and nouns path, child and the ten above-mentioned nouns on -me belong to a special class divergent nouns not included in common system declinations and combining in one paradigm different types declination

The difference in types of declension is most clearly expressed in singular forms.

By origin, the 1st declension goes back to the Indo-European declension with the stem in -o, the 2nd declension - to the stems in -a, the 3rd declension - to the stems in i, the so-called heterodeclinable nouns, with the exception of "path"- to the basics with a consonant (the word "path" declines in the same way as all words of the masculine gender of the Old Russian declension declined to -i, which then passed into the 1st declension).

Singular

Notes: 1. Spelling options for inflections (for example, -A And -I) are not indicated hereinafter, but are reflected in the examples. 2. Nouns of the first declension of the masculine gender on -th and neuter on -ies in the prepositional case and nouns of the II declension in -and I in the dative and prepositional case they have inflection -And: sanatorium - about the sanatorium, line - lines, about the line, knowledge - about knowledge, life - about life; here: oblivion - in oblivion. 3. In the instrumental case, nouns of the first declension of the neuter gender being And life have inflection -eat: being, life, and a noun of III declension child- inflection -to her: children. 4. Nouns on -ishko And -ische type little house, letter, home, bychische form variant forms of oblique cases in the 1st and 2nd declensions: gender. P. little house And little houses, date P. little house And little house, creative P. little house And little house. 5. In the instrumental case of nouns of the II declension, inflection option -oh more typical of bookish speech and widely used in poetry.

The tables of declensions do not include the following three case forms, which are “morphologically incomplete,” that is, only a small part of the word forms have morphological indicators of these cases.

Partitive(or "2nd genitive") on -y Some nouns of the first declension have masculine material, collective and abstract meanings, cf. to the people, tea, sugar, noise, air, jelly, silk etc. For other lexemes, the partitive is not distinguished separately from the genitive case; in addition, even special forms of the partitive can generally always be replaced by a form of the genitive case (cf. add sugar here // sugar).

Locative(or "2nd prepositional") is used with prepositions V And on when designating an object within which an action is performed. A number of masculine nouns of the first declension have a stressed inflection in the locative -у́(cf. In the woods, in the pond, on the floor, on the shore, per year, in the light, in battle, in an Aeroport), and a number of nouns of the third declension of the feminine gender have a stressed inflection -And(cf. in blood, in the steppe, in the shadow, on the door, in silence, in the night - but about blood, about the night and so on.). In all other cases, including the plural, there are no special forms of the locative; the prepositional case is used.

New nominative case(vocative, or “vocal form”) is formed from nouns of the second declension by cutting off the last vowel, cf. Wan, Dim, Tanyush.

In addition, special syntactic constructions include:

“Counting form” in -a - for nouns hour, row, step with numerals two, three And four(in combinations like two hours, three steps and so on.).
“Second accusative”, identical to the nominative, but used after a preposition in constructions like old enough to be a father, join the soldiers etc.

Plural

I declension

Case	Inflections	Masculine			Neuter gender.
Them.	-/s/,-/i/, -/a/, -/e/	tables	horses	boyars	window	fields	names
Genus.	-/ov/, -/ey/, −0	tables	horses	boyars	windows	fields	names
Dat.	-/am/,-/yam/	tables	horses	boyars	windows	fields	names
Vin.	inanimate = im. P. shower = gender P.	= im. P.	= gender P.		= im. P.
Creation	-/am’i/, -/yam’i/	tables	horses	boyars	windows	fields	names
Suggestion	-/ah/, -/yah/	(about) tables	(about) horses	(about) boyars	(about) windows	(about) fields	(about) names

Non-standard plural forms

Functions of a noun

Syntactic functions of a noun, like others significant parts speeches can be characterized from formal and semantic points of view.

The formal (actually structural) syntactic functions of a noun are the functions of the subject, nominal predicate and complement. The noun syntactically subordinates itself to a consistent definition (Give me blue pen). The subject noun is coordinated with the predicate - verb or name ( Petya sings, Petya has arrived, Petya's friends are my colleagues). A noun in the forms of oblique cases (in combination with or without a preposition) is controlled by a verb or a noun or is adjacent to it (case adjunction), and also plays the role of various determiners, including as an appendix ( I'm writing a book, Man's destiny, Vasya the accordion player).

The semantic functions of a noun in a sentence include the functions of expressing the subject of an action or state, the object of an action or state, a predicative feature, an attribute, and an adverbial qualifier.

Notes

Literature

Zaliznyak A. A. Russian nominal inflection. M.: Nauka, 1967. (and reprints)
Lopatin V.V., Ulukhanov I.S. Russian language// Languages of the world: Slavic languages / RAS. Institute of Linguistics; Ed. coll.: A. M. Moldovan, S. S. Skorvid, A. A. Kibrik, etc. - M.: Academia, 2005.
Konyavskaya S.V. The phenomenon of collective nouns in the history of the Russian language // Ancient Rus'. Questions of medieval studies. 2006. No. 1 (23). pp. 45-52.

It is an independent part. IN in a broad sense all nouns name objects and answer two questions: who? What?. Taking their place in a sentence, they most often act as a subject, as well as an object or circumstance. in the Russian language has six categories, each of which divides all the words of this part of speech according to some specific criterion.

The first category of nouns is based on the opposition of cases. Case forms help determine how a noun, as a part of speech, relates to other words denoting objects, actions or characteristics. The Russian language has six cases, each of which answers its own questions. To facilitate understanding of the semantic load of a noun, auxiliary words are used.

All words of this part of speech are classified into two categories - The first group includes homogeneous names, processes or states, and proper nouns include the names of single, unique objects. Proper words are first names, last names, titles, etc.

Each noun, as a part of speech, belongs to a group of animate or inanimate names. The first of them answer the question - who?, and the second answer the question - what?

Nouns are divided into own And common nouns .

Own nouns are called one-of-a-kind objects - first and last names of people, names of settlements, rivers, mountains, etc. ( Mendeleev, Moscow, Volga, Kazbek).

Common nouns nouns are generalized names of homogeneous objects ( scientist, city, river, mountain).

Gender of nouns

Most nouns fall into one of three genders:

to masculine, for example: house, father, tram, key(you can substitute the word this);
to the feminine for example: wall, arrow ground, gallery(you can substitute the word this);
to the average for example: village, field, uprising, banner(you can substitute the word This).

Notes
Words that are used only in the plural form have no gender ( e.g. holidays, ink).
Some nouns ending -and I) can refer to both male and female persons, for example: orphan, smart girl, sissy, dirty. Such words are called nouns general kind .

Number of nouns

Most nouns have forms the only one And plural numbers, for example: pillar - pillars, lake - lakes, village - villages etc. However, some nouns have either only a singular form (for example, students, asphalt, blue, mowing, burning), or only the plural form (for example, tongs, railings, pasta, everyday life, Alps).

Noun case

When connected with other words in a phrase or sentence, nouns change by case, i.e. bow down . There are six cases in the Russian language.

Nominative - Who? What?
Genitive - whom? what?
Dative - to whom? what?
Accusative - whom? What?
Creative - by whom? how?
Prepositional - about whom? about what?

Case questions Who? whom? to whom? animate , for example: student, female student, crane.

Case questions What? what? what? etc. are classified as nouns inanimate , for example: pine, tree, field.

In nouns animate of all three genders the accusative plural is similar to genitive case, and for nouns inanimate - with a nominative, for example: I see students, female students, moose, cranes (but: I see pine trees, trees, fields).

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declination . There are three main types of noun declension.

First declension

The first declension includes nouns:

feminine ending -and I (For example, country, land, car);
male face with ending -and I (For example, young man, uncle, son).

Second declension

The second declension includes nouns:

masculine with zero ending (for example, pillar, crane, watchman, museum, sanatorium);
neuter with ending -o - -e (For example, glass, field, knowledge).

Third declension

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending (for example, steppe, horse, thing).

Indeclinable nouns

A small group of nouns are classified as nouns divergent . These are neuter nouns -me (time, burden, name, banner, flame, seed, stirrup, crown, udder) and a masculine noun path.

Indeclinable nouns in the genitive, dative and prepositional singular cases have an ending -And , i.e. the end of the III declension (for example, at the banner, about the banner, on the way); and in the instrumental case - the ending -eat , i.e. the end of the II declension (for example, bow before the banner, go your own way).

Indeclinable nouns

Among the nouns there are unyielding . These include some common and proper nouns, for example: jury, taxi, coat, subway; Heine, Garibaldi, Tbilisi.

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Individual nouns. Noun in Russian

Categories

Number

Consensus class

Personality

Declension of nouns

Singular

Plural

Non-standard plural forms

Functions of a noun

Notes

Literature

Gender of nouns

Notes

Number of nouns

Noun case

Declension of nouns

First declension

Second declension

Third declension

Indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns