Today, on the site website, you will learn what personality structure is in psychology according to Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Eric Berne, Frederick Perls and other outstanding psychoanalysts and psychotherapists.
A person’s personality is conventionally divided into subpersonalities, as if several internal “I”s - a unique, psychoanalytic Self-Concept. This was done for a better, almost visual understanding of the psychological structure of a person’s personality - its content and functions, and most importantly - for psychotherapy of personality disorders.
Orthodox psychoanalysis, which shows the structure of personality according to Freud, consists of three parts: consciousness, subconscious and unconscious.
Sigmund Freud's basic concept of personality structuring is the Super-Ego (Super-I), Ego (I) and Id (Id).
In essence, the Super-I is the social component of the personality, the Ego is the psychological, and the Id is the biological.
Super-Ego (Super-I)- this is “consciousness” that “lives” according to the principle of reality and censorship (carries out censorship according to moral and ethical standards). The superego serves to restrain the impulses of the ID (unconscious).
The super-ego, as part of the personality structure, is not innate, it develops in the process of parental education and primary socialization of the child (in kindergarten, school, among peers, etc.).
According to Freud, the Super-Ego has two substructures: Conscience and Ego-ideal (ideal Self). Conscience develops in a child through parental punishment, and the ideal-I through encouragement and approval.
All this is formed and fixed in the child’s personality through introjection (unconscious introduction into the psyche), based on the moral standards of parents and society.
Ego (I)- this is the “subconscious”, “living”, like the Super-Ego, according to the principle of reality and censorship, but the Ego censors not only desire impulses from the unconscious (ID), but also from the Super-Ego and from the external world.
EGO also represents logical, rational and realistic thinking associated with the cognitive and intellectual functions of the individual.
In other words, it is the EGO that decides when and what instincts can be satisfied, and is, as it were, an arbiter between the desires of the ID and the prohibitions (censorship) of the Super-Ego, thereby guiding human behavior.
Id (It)- this is entirely the “unconscious”, the area of the Eros and Tonatos instincts (according to Freud, sexual, aggressive, destructive).
The “id” in the structure of a person’s personality “lives” and acts on the principle of pleasure; it is something dark, chaotic, primitive, not amenable to morality and requiring immediate release. The id (or id) stands between the psyche and somatics.
There are two mechanisms of the unconscious (Id) that allow you to relieve tension: reflex actions and primary processes.
Reflex actions of ID- this is an automatic response to influence (coughing, tears, etc.).
Primary processes ID- this is an irrational, fantasy form of ideas, hallucinatory fulfillment of desires (in dreams, daydreams).
When everything is normal for a person (there are no psycho-emotional problems), it means that the entire personality structure, according to Freud, works in harmony, and the Super-Ego, the Ego, and the ID “live” in harmony.
Mental illness or personality disorders occur when the ego is unable to control and regulate the activities of the ID and Superego.
The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to give power (energy) to a weakened ego and bring harmony to the structure of a person’s personality, thereby relieving him of emotional, psychological, mental suffering and improving the quality of life and overall health.
Personality structure according to Jung^
Analytical psychology - it sets out the structure of personality according to Jung - this is the Ego, Personal unconscious, Collective unconscious.
Ego- this is the center of consciousness, part of the soul, including feelings, sensations, memories, thoughts, and everything that allows a person to feel his integrity and realize his identity.
Personal unconscious- this is the structure of the personality, which includes repressed (suppressed) memories, feelings, and experiences from consciousness.
Also, according to Jung, a person’s complexes are stored in the personal unconscious, which can seize control over the personality and control its behavior.
Collective unconscious is a place where ancient, hidden memories inherited from ancestors are stored. Because of this, the collective unconscious is universal, unlike the personal unconscious, which is individual.
Jung's main concept - which is why he actually disagreed with Freud - is precisely the collective unconscious, which lies in the structure of a person's personality and is presented in the form of archetypes (prototypes).
Archetypes, according to Jung, are universal, human patterns of perception that have a significant emotional element. For example, the archetypes of Mother, Energy, God, the archetype of Hero, Sage, Child, etc.
The main archetypes in the personality structure according to Jung
The main, main archetypes in the personality structure according to Jung are the Persona (Mask), Shadow, Anima and Animus, Self.
Persona (or Mask)- This social role a person, his public personality, a mask that he unconsciously puts on in connection with the prevailing attitudes in society.
If the Ego is identified with the Persona, then the person ceases to be himself, playing someone else’s role all his life.
Shadow is the opposite personality archetype to Persona. The shadow is irrational, usually immoral, and contains impulses rejected in society (sometimes sexual, aggressive). Therefore, the energy of the Shadow is usually suppressed by the defense mechanisms of the psyche.
Often, people with a normal EGO direct this energy in the right, controlled direction. For example, in creative activities.
Both “Persona” and “Shadow” can manifest themselves in the personal unconscious and even in the Ego, for example in the form of rejected thoughts or acceptable behavior in society.
Anima and Animus- an archetype associated with human bisexuality by nature. It reflects the feminine psychological principle in a man (Anima) and the masculine principle in a woman (Animus), i.e. V modern society one can notice masculine manifestations in women and feminine ones in men (sexual orientation is not meant, although in case of serious violations there may be incorrect gender identification).
Self- the most important archetype in the personality structure - the center of the EGO (I). Essentially, this is an ideal that people unconsciously strive for, but rarely achieves.
Self - “God within us” - this archetype strives for integrity and unity (something similar can be seen in the religions of the East, this is a kind of perfection, typically represented in the images of Christ, Buddha...).
Through individuation, usually by mid-life (often when a midlife crisis sets in), a clear sense of Self can occur. It’s something like this...like a feeling of something distant, incomprehensible and unfamiliar and at the same time close, dear, well known...
Personality structure according to Bern^
Transactional analysis - personality structure according to Berne - is the division of the Ego (I) into three subpersonalities (I-states) - Parental Self, Adult Self and Child Self.
“Parent” (parental ego state “P”) is a repository of moral and ethical norms and rituals embedded in human behavior programs by parents and other educators, as well as society. The parent “lives” according to the principle of bias, obligation, requirements, prohibitions and permissions (“must-don’t”, “should-shouldn’t”, “obliged-not obliged”, “impossible-can”).
The Bernian Parent, like the Freudian Super-Ego, stores conscience and censorship, as well as stereotypical thinking, biases and deep-seated beliefs of a person. For the most part, all this is not realized and is included in a person’s thinking, feeling and behavior automatically.
The parental ego state can in some cases be blocked, which can make a person an immoral cynic.
“Adult” (adult I-state) “B”- this is the logical and rational part of the personality structure, capable of testing reality in the present time, making forecasts and adapting to the situation. An adult “lives” according to the principle of reality (“I can-can’t”, “possible-impossible”, “real-unreal”...).
In the case of “infection” (contamination) of the Adult Ego-state by the Parent, the Child, or both at once, a structural pathology of the personality is observed, which leads to various disorders, neuroses and problems in relationships.
For example, if an Adult is contaminated with a Child, then the person becomes infantile, unrestrained, with illusory thinking and not entirely adequate feeling and behavior.
If the Adult is “infected” by the Parent, then the person, for example, becomes rigid, mentoring, boring...
When the Adult ego state is contaminated by both the Parent and the Child at the same time, this leads to neuroses, psychological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral personality disorders.
For some people Adult part personality can be blocked - this usually leads to psychotic disorders (psychosis) and pathologies.
“Child” (children’s ego state) “D”- this is part of the personality structure, which “lives” according to the principle of pleasure and emotions (“I want it or I don’t want it”).
Human spontaneity, intuition, creativity and creativity depend on the freedom of the Child. This childish part of the personality gives a person happiness, joy of life and closeness of communication and relationships.
But, with a weak Adult, the child’s I-state can also bring mental suffering due to unpredictability, lack of restraint, asociality...
Sometimes the Child can be blocked, then the person becomes insensitive, joyless, with emptiness in his soul, essentially a “robot”.
Personal structure according to Berne of the second order
R-3 (“Parent” in “Parent R-2”)- this is, in fact, one of the real parents (educators) of your real parent (mom, dad and other educators) - for you, grandmother, grandfather, preserved in the depths of the psyche.
More precisely, P-3 is a set of information (beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, behavioral strategies) inherited from your parents and educators (from your grandparents and other significant people).
B-3 (Adult in Parent P-2)- this is the Adult Ego state of your real grandparents.
D-3 (Child in Parent R-2)- this is a Child, the Childish ego-state of your ancestors (grandfathers, grandmothers...), preserved in your personality structure.
R-2 (Parent)- this is the same Parental Ego, but with a more in-depth analysis. Here are ego states introjected from real parents and educators.
B-2 (Adult)- this I-state is not divided... nothing enters into it...
D-2 (Child)- this, in fact, is who you are... only at the age of 3-5-7 years, with the automatic installations of your real parents introduced, and recorded in the structure of the second-order personality - deeper in the psyche.
P-1 (Parent in Child D-2)- this is a set of information, programs and attitudes (often inadequate and negative) transmitted to you unconsciously in the process of upbringing (parental programming of the life scenario) from “D-2” of your real parents and educators.
According to Bern, “P-1” is an “Electrode”, the essence of which is to “turn on” negative thoughts, feelings and behavior. Speaking in “computer language”, it is like a “Virus” that prevents a person from being happy, normal, adequately responding to situations in life, being himself and enjoying life.
Also, some analysts and psychotherapists call “P-1” the “Big Pig” (he plays tricks on us), the internal “Demon” (does all sorts of dirty tricks on us), the “internal enemy” (when we seem to harm ourselves and create problems) ...etc.
The main task of transactional analysis (SM) and psychotherapy, relatively speaking, is to detect the “P-1 virus” and neutralize it... (to make a person free from negative, illusory beliefs and beliefs, to get rid of harmful, accumulated emotions, and to teach a new, adequate situation , behavioral strategies).
B-1 (Adult in Child D-2)- this, according to Berne, is “The Little Professor”. This part of the personality develops by about 4-5 years (“the age of why”), and at this time the child actively explores the world, sometimes asking parents “difficult questions.”
It is this part of the personality that decides how you will live your life, what your destiny will be.
Also, in an adult, “B-1” serves as a source of intuition.
For example, if you smoke, overeat, overdrink... or otherwise harm yourself, if you have neurosis, fears, depression and other personality disorders, then in order to change your life for the better, it is not enough for you to realize the problem in the Adult ego state " V-2” - everyone already knows what is good and what is bad.
It is necessary for your “B-1” (Adult in the Child) to “understand” this and “make a new decision” - this is what psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are aimed at.
D-1 (Child in Child D-2)- this is you, only without any attitudes, convictions, beliefs and other “information garbage”. It's natural real Child inside you.
That is, when you were born, this was “D-1”, which now, in adulthood, may be captive of acquired beliefs, attitudes, thoughts and ideas. And if this Child in the Child is closed, then a priori the person cannot be happy.
In the process of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, this real Childhood I-state is freed from the oppression of “R-1” (B. Pig) and the person begins to grow personally, becomes himself, strengthens his life I-position... and... becomes happy..., “infecting "with this happiness and your loved ones...
Freud believed that the psyche consists of three layers - conscious, preconscious and unconscious, in which the basic structures of personality are located. Moreover, the content of the unconscious, according to Freud, is not accessible to awareness under almost any conditions. The content of the preconscious layer can be realized by a person, although this requires significant effort from him.
They also identified three parts in the personality structure: Id, Ego, Super-Ego.
ID (“IT”) = UNCONSCIOUS
- INSTINCTS, PRINCIPLE OF PLEASURE
- NO CONTROL
The unconscious layer contains the personality structure Eid- the energetic basis of mental development. It contains innate unconscious drives who strive for their own satisfaction.
Freud believed that there are two basic innate unconscious drives - life instinct and death instinct, which are in an antagonistic relationship with each other, creating a biological internal conflict. Human behavior is caused by the simultaneous action of both these forces.
Freud notes that innate drives are channels, through which the energy passes, shaping our activities. Mental energy strives for discharge, which is why frustration (negative mental state, in a situation where desires do not correspond to available opportunities) drive leads to neurosis, since discharge is impossible. Based on these provisions, both the idea of discharge in a psychoanalysis session and the idea of transfer were developed, i.e. transference, exchange of energy between patient and psychoanalyst. Researchers call this process “cathartic cleansing.”
He also believed that the content of the unconscious is constantly expanding, since those aspirations and desires that a person could not, for one reason or another, realize in his activities, are forced out by him into the unconscious, filling its content.
EGO "I" = PRECONSCIOUS
- MIND, REASON, REALITY PRINCIPLE
- EXTERNAL CONTROL
Ego- The term “Ego” comes from the Latin word “ego”, which means “I”. The ego is a component of the mental apparatus responsible for human decision making. Also is congenital and is located both in the conscious layer and in the preconscious. In this way we can always be aware of our I, although this may not be easy for us.
If the content of the Id expands during the life of a child, then the content of the Ego, on the contrary, narrows, since the child is born, as Freud put it, with an “oceanic sense of Self,” including the entire surrounding world. Over time, he begins to realize the boundary between himself and the world around him, begins to localize his I to your body, thus narrowing the volume of the Ego.
Ego uses perceptual and cognitive processes in his quest to satisfy needs and desires Eid .
SUPER-EGO (“SUPER-EGO”) = SUPERCONSCIOUS
- VALUES, MORALITY, SPIRITUALITY
- SELF-CONTROL
The third personality structure - the Super-Ego - is not innate, it is formed during the life of the child. The mechanism of its formation is identification with a close adult of the same sex, whose traits and qualities become the content of the Super-Ego. During the process of identification, children also develop an Oedipus complex (in boys) or an Electra complex (in girls), i.e. a complex of ambivalent feelings that a child experiences towards the object of identification.
Freud emphasized that there is an unstable balance between these three personality structures, since not only them, but also the directions of their development are opposite to each other. The drives contained in the Id strive for their own satisfaction, dictating to a person such desires that are practically impossible to fulfill in any society. The super-ego, which includes a person’s conscience, introspection and ideals, warns him about the impossibility of realizing these desires and stands for compliance with the norms accepted in a given society. Thus, the Ego becomes an arena for the struggle of contradictory tendencies, which are dictated by the Id and Super-Ego. The state of internal conflict in which a person constantly finds himself always keeps him in tension, reducing his resistance to neuroses. Therefore, Freud emphasized that there is no clear line between normality and pathology, and the tension people experience makes them potential neurotics.
The ability to maintain one’s mental health depends on psychological defense mechanisms that help a person, if not prevent (since this is virtually impossible), then at least mitigate the conflict between the Id and the Super-Ego. Freud identified several defense mechanisms, the main ones being repression, regression, rationalization, projection and sublimation.
Repression is the most ineffective mechanism, since in this case the energy of the repressed and unfulfilled motive (desire) is not realized in activity, but remains in the person, causing an increase in tension. Since desire is repressed into the unconscious, a person completely forgets about it, but the remaining tension, penetrating through the unconscious, makes itself felt in the form of symbols that fill our dreams, in the form of errors, slips, and slips of the tongue. Moreover, a symbol, according to Freud, is not a direct reflection of a repressed desire, but its transformation. Therefore, he attached such importance to the “psychopathology of everyday life,” i.e. interpretation of such phenomena as mistakes and dreams of a person, his associations. Freud's attitude towards symbolism was one of the reasons for his divergence from Jung, who believed that there was a direct and close connection between the symbol and the human drive, and objected to the interpretations invented by Freud.
Regression and rationalization are more successful types of defense, since they provide an opportunity for at least partial discharge of the energy contained in a person’s desires. At the same time, regression is a more primitive way of realizing aspirations and getting out of a conflict situation. A person may begin to grease his nails, spoil things, chew gum or tobacco, believe in good spirits, strive for risky situations, etc. and many of these regressions are so generally accepted that
With projection, a person attributes to others the desires and feelings that he himself experiences. In the case when the subject to whom any feeling has been attributed confirms the projection made by his behavior, this protective mechanism operates quite successfully, since a person can recognize these feelings as real, valid, but external to him, and not be afraid their. It must be emphasized that the introduction of this protective mechanism made it possible to further develop projective methods for studying personality. These methods of asking people to complete unfinished sentences or stories or to compose a story based on undefined plots have become a significant contribution to the experimental study of personality.
The most effective defense mechanism is sublimation, since it helps to direct the energy that is associated with sexual or aggressive aspirations in a different direction and to realize it, in particular, in creative activity. In principle, Freud considered culture to be a product of sublimation and from this point of view viewed works of art, scientific discoveries. This activity is most successful because it involves the complete realization of accumulated energy, catharsis or cleansing of a person from it. Based on this approach to sublimation, the foundations of art therapy were later developed in psychoanalysis - art therapy.
energy, which is associated with the instinct of life, is also the basis for the development of personality, human character, and, based on the patterns of its development, Freud created his periodization, which was discussed in Chapter. 4.
Freud considered libidinal energy to be the basis not only for the development of the individual person, but also for human society. He wrote that the leader of the tribe is a kind of his father, towards whom men experience an Oedipus complex, trying to take his place. However, with the murder of the leader, enmity, blood and civil strife comes to the tribe, it weakens, and such negative experience leads to the creation of the first laws, taboos, which begin to regulate human social behavior.
Later, Freud's followers created a system of ethnopsychological concepts, which describes the characteristics of the psyche of various peoples through the main stages in the development of libido. It was written, in particular, that the methods of caring for a baby, fixed in the culture of society, are the basis of both the individual psyche and the mentality of a given nation.
However, further research did not confirm this part of Freud’s theory, revealing more complex and ambiguous reasons for the formation of the child’s personality and the development of culture and society as a whole.
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S. Freud (1856-1936) views a person as a system of needs, and society as a system of prohibitions and taboos. Discovery of the unconscious and study of its structure, influence on individual and social life was Freud's main achievement. “The unconscious is a cauldron of seething passions, emotions, a reservoir of psychic energy, the sphere of libido, aggressiveness, and self-preservation.” The unconscious (primarily sexual) aspirations of an individual form its potential and the main source of activity, and set the motivation for its actions.
The human psyche seems to be an interaction of 3 levels:
The unconscious (the central component corresponding to the human psyche).
Preconscious
Conscious (special intuition built on top of the unconscious).
The personality model appears as a combination of three elements:
- “It” is the deep layer of unconscious desire, the mental self, the basis of the activities of individuals.
- “I” is the sphere of consciousness, a mediator between “it” and the outside world, natural and social institutions.
- “Super Ego” - socially significant norms and commandments internally internalized by the individual, social prohibitions of the power of parents and authorities.
“Super-I” - intrapersonal conscience, arises as an intermediary between “I” and “It” due to the constantly arising conflict between them.
The deep layer of the human psyche functions on the basis of natural instincts, “primary drives” in order to obtain the greatest pleasure. Sexual drives are considered “primary drives”. Then sexual attraction replaces the concept of "libido", which covers the entire sphere human love. Ultimately, Freud hypothesizes that human activity is determined by the presence of both biological and social factors. drives, where the main role is played by the “life instinct” - Eros and the “death instinct” - Thanatos.
Freud does not absolutize the power of the unconscious; he believed that a person can master his instincts and passions and consciously manage them in real life.
Underestimating consciousness and social environment in the process of human formation and existence Freud believed that in every person from birth there are inherent drives of incest, cannibalism and a thirst for murder, which have a great influence on the whole mental activity person and his behavior.
Freud insisted that spiritual development of the individual briefly repeats the course of human development. Due to this, in their mental structures, each person bears the burden of the experiences of distant ancestors. The dominant role in the organization of human behavior belongs to human instincts.
Developing the doctrine of character in the general context of personality theory, Freud came to the conclusion that a person’s character is formed mainly in the first 5 years of life.
The continuator of the Freudian trend is E. Fromm (1900-1980), who developed a typology of social characters. He defines character as a relatively stable system of all non-instinctive aspirations through which a person relates to the natural and human world. Fromm defines social character as the basic core of the character structure of the majority of group members, developed as a result of the fundamental experiences and ways of life common to the group. Social character is, according to Fromm, the main element in the functioning of society and at the same time - a “drive belt” between the economic basis and the ideas dominant in society.
For E. Fromm, the social type of personality as the dominant type of character is a form of connection between the individual and society, “the core of the character structure, which is inherent in the majority of members of the same culture, in contrast to the individual character, which is different among people of the same culture.” The meaning of social character, Fromm believes, is that it allows you to most effectively adapt to the requirements of society and gain a sense of safety and security. Analyzing the history of mankind, E. Fromm identifies several types of social character:
Receptive (passive) - people rely on others to help them solve their problems;
Exploitative - the desire to get what you want by force or cunning;
Accumulative (acquisitive) - bring as much as possible into the house and give away as little as possible from it;
Market (now dominant) - complete adaptation in order to be needed, to maintain demand for oneself under all the conditions prevailing in the personal market. People with market social by nature they do not know how to love or hate, they do not feel deep affection either for themselves or for others, they do not have “closest ones”, they do not even value themselves.
In modern sociology, the identification of personality types depending on their value orientations has become widespread.
Traditionalists are focused mainly on the values of duty, order, discipline, and obedience to the law, and the expression of such qualities as creativity, the desire for self-realization, and independence is very low in this personality type.
Idealists, on the contrary, have a strongly expressed critical attitude towards traditional norms, independence and disdain for authority, and an attitude towards self-development at any cost.
The frustrated personality type is characterized by low self-esteem, depressed, depressed health, and a feeling of being thrown out of the flow of life.
Realists combine the desire for self-realization with developed sense duty and responsibility, healthy skepticism with self-discipline and self-control.
Hedonistic materialists are focused primarily on obtaining pleasure, and this pursuit of the pleasures of life takes, first of all, the form of satisfying consumer desires.
In sociology, it is customary to distinguish modal, ideal and basic personality types. The modal personality type is the one that really prevails in society. The ideal personality type is not tied to specific conditions. This is a personality type as a wish for the future. The basic personality type is the one that in the best possible way meets needs modern stage social development. In other words, social personality type is a reflection of how the social system influences value orientations a person and through them - on his real behavior.
Well-known psychological types were identified and described by the Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst C. G. Jung.
His theory about “introversion - extraversion”, as well as about the four types of perception of the world, has developed and continues to develop.
Psychological personality types proposed by Jung:
- Personality types depending on the vector of its orientation:
- An extrovert is a person who is psychologically focused on outside world; sociable, active, active.
- - a person focused on inner world; closed, sensitive, reasonable.
- Psychological types depending on the predominant way of perceiving life, in other words, on the main mental function:
- Thinking type - a person who relies primarily on logic and thinking when making decisions. The sphere of feelings is suppressed.
- The feeling type is a person focused on, judges in terms of “good - bad”, and not logically.
- The sensing type is a person who perceives life directly through the senses; he looks, listens, touches and makes decisions based on the information he receives. it is suppressed.
- Intuitive type - a person who relies on the “sixth” sense; such people make decisions based on intuitive, unconscious knowledge, rather than on direct sensations.
Based on Jung’s typology, in the seventies and eighties of the last century, Soviet sociologist A. Augustinavichiute developed one of the most detailed and reliable personal typologies and became the founder of a scientific direction called “socionics”.
- A. E. LICHKO
Another Soviet scientist A.E. Lichko, observing teenagers, identified psychological types that describe the types of character accentuations. Accentuation is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, psychological deviations bordering on psychopathology, but not beyond the norm.
- In adolescence, the crisis age, accentuation manifests itself most pronouncedly.
- Later, the character “smoothes out”, and accentuation appears only in times of crisis.
- K. LEONHARD
The German scientist K. Leonhard proposed a similar classification, but did not limit it to the puberty period. The classification is based on an assessment of a person’s communication style with his immediate environment.
Psychological types according to K. Leonhard:
- Hyperthymic. Optimistic, sociable, proactive, active, conflict-ridden, irritable, frivolous.
- Disthymic. Pessimistic, silent, withdrawn, non-conflict, conscientious, fair.
- Cycloid. Changeable type, combining hyperthymia and dysthymia.
- Excitable. Slow, irritable, gloomy, domineering, conscientious, neat, loving animals and children.
- Stuck. , inquisitive, fair, ambitious, touchy, suspicious, jealous.
- Pedantic. Formalist and neat, serious, reliable, non-conflict, passive, boring.
- Anxious. Timid, insecure, defenseless, pessimistic, self-critical, friendly, efficient, sensitive.
- Emotive. Excessively vulnerable, tearful, passive, kind, compassionate, responsive, efficient.
- Demonstrative. Can be both a leader and an opportunist; self-confident, artistic, courteous, captivating, extraordinary, selfish, boastful, lazy.
- Exalted. Extremely sociable, experiencing bright and sincere feelings, amorous, altruistic, compassionate, changeable, prone to panic and exaggeration.
- Extroverted. Sociable and talkative, open, efficient, frivolous, prone to excitement and risk.
- Introverted. Idealist, reserved, philosophizing, non-conflict, principled, restrained, persistent, stubborn.
Classification of personality psychotypes depending on temperament
Most often, a personality typology is compiled based on differences in the temperaments and characters of people.
- HIPPOCRATES
The first known typology of personality depending on the type of temperament was proposed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. It still remains relevant and popular, although the scientist did not individually connect the typological characteristics of personality with the properties nervous system(as is customary now).
A person’s psychotype according to Hippocrates depends on the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and two types of bile.
Psychological types of temperament according to Hippocrates:
- phlegmatic - a person in whose body lymph (phlegm) predominates, which makes him calm and slow;
- melancholic - a person in whose body black bile (melanchole) predominates, which makes him fearful and prone to sadness;
- sanguine - a person who has a lot of blood in his body (sanguine), active and cheerful;
- choleric is hot and impulsive; there is a lot of yellow bile (chole) in his body.
For many centuries in a row, the doctrine of temperaments has been developed and supplemented. In particular, the German philosopher I. Kant and the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov were engaged in this. Today, the names of the types of temperament remain the same, but the essence has changed.
Temperament is a combination of innate characteristics of the work of the highest nervous activity. It depends on the speed and strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Thus, a weak type of higher nervous activity corresponds to the temperament of a melancholic person; strong, balanced, but inert – phlegmatic; choleric – strong and unbalanced; strong, balanced and agile - sanguine.
- E. KRETCHMER
At the beginning of the twentieth century, German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer identified various personality types depending on character. This was the first character classification. Kretschmer connected a person’s psychotype with the constitution of his body.
Three types of bodily constitution:
- Asthenic. Skinny and tall people, they have elongated arms and legs, underdeveloped muscles.
- Athletic. People are strong, with well-developed muscles, average or above average height.
- Picnic. People who tend to be overweight with underdeveloped muscles and musculoskeletal system, of average or short stature.
Since E. Kretschmer was a psychiatrist, he compared personality psychotypes with a tendency towards one or another psychopathology and grouped them into two personality types:
- Schizothymics are mentally healthy people of athletic or asthenic build, vaguely reminiscent of patients with schizophrenia. They are characterized by the following character traits: artistry, sensitivity, aloofness, selfishness, and authority.
- Cyclothymics are mentally healthy people with a picnic build, reminiscent of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. These are cheerful, optimistic, sociable, frivolous people.
E. Kretschmer's theory was based only on his personal observations, but served as the basis for subsequent, more complex character typologies. Much later, scientists came to the conclusion that body shape really influences the character and individual typological characteristics of a person. The connection between the constitution of the body and the tendency to accentuate character (an extreme degree of normal functioning of the psyche) and psychopathology does exist.
Classification of personality psychotypes depending on character
People differ not only in their character traits, but also in their attitude to life, society and moral values. Although there is a concept of proper behavior, people behave differently.
The German psychoanalyst and sociologist E. Fromm introduced the concept of “social character” and defined it as a certain identical set of character traits in the personality structure of the majority of members of a particular community. Any community, class or group of people has a certain social character.
Social character was taken as the basis for classification psychological types personality.
Psychological personality types according to E. Fromm:
- "Masochist-sadist"
A person who is inclined to direct aggression towards himself or other people if he considers them to be guilty of ongoing personal failures or problems of the whole society. Such people strive for self-improvement, are insecure, punctual, responsible, demanding, domineering, and love to terrorize others, justifying their actions with good intentions.
Psychological masochism is almost always combined with sadism. However, there are people in to a greater extent prone to one of the types.
Individual typological features of a “masochist”: self-deprecation, self-criticism, tendency to always blame oneself for everything. Fromm defined a “sadist” as an authoritarian personality. This is an exploitative man, domineering and cruel.
- "Destroyer"
He does not cause suffering to himself or others, but aggressively eliminates the cause of his troubles. In order not to feel powerless and frustrated, a person ends the relationship or interrupts the business he has started, that is, he uses destructiveness as a means of resolving any trouble. “Destroyers” are usually anxious, desperate, cowardly people, limited in the realization of their capabilities and abilities.
- "Conformist Automaton"
Unlike the two previous psychological types, the “conformist” is passive. He does not fight, but resigns himself to difficult life circumstances. This is a too labile person who has practically lost his
He is an adaptable person who will change his point of view, behavior, principles and even type of thinking if the situation demands it. Such people are immoral, and therefore do not see anything shameful in changing points of view and life values.
This social typology is not the best side characterizes people, but reveals the problems of society and remains extremely relevant in our time.
It is impossible to say which typology is better; they complement each other. Any personality typology allows an individual to know himself and at the same time realize his uniqueness.
The reason for the division into psychotypes
Philosophers and scientists at all times of the existence of civilized society tried to distinguish and isolate from the diversity of nature human nature psychological types of people. Many classifications are based on observations of people, life experience or the conclusions of the scientist who proposed a specific typology. Only in the last century, in connection with the flourishing of psychology, personality psychotypes became the object of research and received proper scientific justification.
Despite the variety of psychological types that exist today, it can be difficult to determine which personality type a person belongs to. Often, when reading the classification of types and wanting to find oneself, one cannot decide or finds several types at once, similar to the individual typological characteristics of one’s own personality.
The disadvantage of any typology is that it cannot accommodate all possible personality types, because each person is an individual. We can say that it is more likely to belong to one type or another, is more similar to it, or at some moments manifests itself in a similar way.
Any human psychotype is a generalization, an attempt to combine into a group similar and often observed together qualities, temperamental characteristics, and other individual typological personality traits.
Personality types are often exaggerated and simplified, describing deviant behavior (even psychopathology) or only those personality traits that are pronounced and stereotypical.
Pure types are rare. However, every second person, reading this or that typology or passing a psychological test, easily determines his psychotype and agrees with the characteristics given to him.
The more developed an individual’s personality, the more difficult it is for him to classify himself as one or another personality type. A harmoniously developed personality and bright individuality hardly “fits” into any particular psychotype.
Despite the imperfection of typologies and personality types, they allow you to understand yourself, notice shortcomings, and identify ways of development. It is easier for people around an individual, who know what psychological type he belongs to, to build relationships with him and predict behavior in a specific situation.
Personality typology helps professional psychologists conduct psychodiagnostics of the client. Psychological portrait personality necessarily includes a description of his psychotype. Individual typological characteristics of a person are extremely important, because they will tell about temperament, character, abilities, emotional-volitional sphere, orientation, attitudes, motivation and values - about all components of individuality.
There are many pseudo-scientific classifications of psychological types that people use in everyday life. For example, dividing people into “larks” and “night owls” depending on the time of day when they are most active and productive.
On the Internet huge amount pseudoscientific tests, more entertaining than allowing you to understand yourself. But even such psychological tests have the right to exist because they give rise to a person’s desire to know himself. What psychotypes of people are described in the science of psychology?
The topic of today's article: psychotypes of people according to Freud.
Before starting my life transformation training, I decided to conduct a survey and find out how many people are interested in answers to the questions that I will discuss in the training. It turned out that all the questions were in great demand.
I offer a series of video answers to your questions so that you have an idea of what will be discussed at the training.
So, the most popular question was on the topic: determining a person’s psychotype. More precisely, the question was: how to understand your psychotype and find your innate abilities? Almost 60% of respondents expressed their desire to get an answer to this question.
I have been studying the topic of psychotypes for about a year now. This allowed me to understand about myself many moments that I had in my life. For example, I realized why I got into a state of strong resentment, and why it was quite difficult for me to get out of this state.
Nothing is accidental in this world. What we have in our psyche is what we have in our lives. I also understood why I had been depressed for half my life. I understood this before, but now I explained it to myself from the perspective of my psychotype.
In addition to the fact that I knew myself very deeply and was able to explain to myself every detail of my life, I now also distinguish between the psychotypes of other people. And when I learn from someone, for example, I now approach this issue with knowledge. I see what kind of psychotype the person is. And I understand that I can’t learn from him, because I have a different psychotype.
Psychotypes of people according to Freud - innate human abilities
How else did knowledge about psychotypes help me? I gained confidence in the chosen direction. If earlier I took steps and looked at the feedback, now I am adding confidence from the perspective of my psychotype. I know for sure that I am following my own path.
It’s just that before I did it intuitively, but now with an understanding of the matter, it adds confidence. It’s probably no coincidence that I started my training right now. After all, I wanted to hold it for a long time. I think that knowledge of psychotypes and understanding of one’s innate properties greatly influenced the practical implementation of the plan.
I offer you my video in which I showed the place of man in the Universe. From this position, she explained why it is important for a person to know his psychotype and his innate abilities. She also explained why a person has difficulties in knowing himself.
In this video I have just begun to answer the question of innate human abilities. Read/watch directly about psychotypes next time.
Enjoy watching