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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
(1828-1910)
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Origin
Representative of the county branch noble family Tolstoy, descended from Peter’s associate P. A. Tolstoy. The writer had extensive family connections in the world of the highest aristocracy.
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Childhood
“Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood! How can I love or cherish the memories of her? These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of pleasure for me...
Leo Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, on his mother’s hereditary estate - Yasnaya Polyana. He was the fourth child in the family. His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old.
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But from the stories of family members, he had a good idea of “her spiritual appearance”: some of his mother’s traits (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection. Tolstoy’s father, a participant in the Patriotic War, was remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting (died early (1837)).
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The children were raised by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family legends, his first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works and were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood.”
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Kazan University
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages, Faculty of Philosophy. Then he transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in social entertainment.
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In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and home circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), “practical medicine,” languages, agriculture, history, geographic statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve highest degree excellence in music and painting."
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"The stormy life of adolescence"
After a summer in the countryside, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing under new conditions favorable to the serfs (this attempt is captured in the story “The Morning of the Landowner,” 1857), in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university.
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His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, he devoted himself passionately to music, he intended to start an official career, he dreamed of joining a horse guards regiment as a cadet. Religious sentiments, reaching the point of asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, and trips to the gypsies.
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In the family he was considered “the most trifling fellow,” and he managed to pay off the debts he incurred then only many years later. However, it was precisely these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
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"War and Freedom"
The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a person in an educated society, provided material for the autobiographical story “Cossacks” (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were also reflected in the stories “Raid” (1853), “Cutting Wood” (1855), as well as in the later story “Hadji Murat” (1896-1904, published in 1912).
In 1851, his older brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. For almost three years Lev Nikoalaevich Tolstoy lived in Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was accepted into service).
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Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this “wild land, in which the two most opposite things - war and freedom - are so strangely and poetically united.” In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the Sovremennik magazine without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L.N.; together with the later stories “Adolescence”, 1852-54, and “Youth”, 1855 -57, amounted to autobiographical trilogy). Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition.
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Crimean campaign
In 1854, Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring life at the headquarters soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th Bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals).
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Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers), here he began writing the cycle “ Sevastopol stories”, which were soon published and had enormous success (even Alexander II read the essay “Sevastopol in December”.
The first works amazed literary critics courage psychological analysis and a detailed picture of the “dialectics of the soul” (N. G. Chernyshevsky).
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Some of the ideas that appeared during these years make it possible to discern in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy the preacher: he dreamed of “founding a new religion” - “the religion of Christ, but purified of faith and mystery, a practical religion.”
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Among writers
After graduation Crimean War Tolstoy left the army and returned to Russia. Arriving home, the author enjoyed great popularity on the literary scene of St. Petersburg.
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In November 1855, L. Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov and others), where he was greeted as “the great hope of Russian literature” (Nekrasov) .
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“These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself.”
Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of the Literary Fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts among writers, but felt like a stranger in this environment, which he described in detail later in “Confession” (1879-82):
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Abroad
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, left for Yasnaya Polyana, and in 1857, declaring himself an anarchist, he left for Paris. Once there, he lost all his money and was forced to return home to Russia.
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He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story “Lucerne”), returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
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Folk school
Returning to Russia in 1862, Tolstoy published the first of 12 issues of the thematic magazine " Yasnaya Polyana" That same year he married the daughter of a doctor named Sofya Andreevna Bers.
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In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
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Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be “the freedom of the student” and the rejection of violence in teaching.
In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana” with reading books as an appendix, which became the same in Russia classic designs children's and folk literature, as well as those compiled by him in the early 1870s. "ABC" and "New ABC".
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Turning point (1880s)
The course of the revolution taking place in the minds of Leo Tolstoy was reflected in artistic creativity, first of all, in the experiences of the heroes, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
These characters occupy a central place in the stories “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), “The Kreutzer Sonata” (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), “Father Sergius” (1890-98, published in 1912), the drama “ Living Corpse" (1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story "After the Ball" (1903, published in 1911).
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The writer’s new worldview is reflected in “Confession.” In general, he “felt that what he stood on had given way, that what he had lived on was no longer there.” The natural result was the idea of suicide: “I, happy man, hid the cord from myself so as not to hang myself on the crossbar between the closets in my room, where I was alone every day, undressing, and stopped going hunting with a gun so as not to be tempted by too easy a way to rid myself of life. “I myself didn’t know what I wanted: I was afraid of life, I tried to get away from it and, meanwhile, I hoped for something else from it,” Tolstoy wrote.
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Lev Nikolaevich sought the meaning of life in the study of philosophy, in getting to know the results of the exact sciences. He tried to simplify as much as possible, to live a life close to nature and agricultural life.
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Gradually Tolstoy gives up whims and conveniences rich life(simplification), studies a lot physical labor, dresses in simple clothes, becomes a vegetarian, gives his entire large fortune to his family, and renounces literary property rights.
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Based on a sincere desire for moral improvement, the third period is created literary activity Tolstoy, distinctive feature which is the denial of all established forms of state, social and religious life.
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In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
Letter from L.N. Tolstoy left for his wife before leaving Yasnaya Polyana. 1910 October 28. Yasnaya Polyana. My departure will upset you. I regret this, but understand and believe that I could not have done otherwise. My situation in the house is becoming, has become, unbearable. Besides everything else, I can no longer live in the conditions of luxury in which I lived, and I do what old people of my age usually do: they leave worldly life to live in solitude and silence last days of your life. Please understand this and don't follow me if you find out where I am. Your arrival will only worsen your and my situation, but will not change my decision. I thank you for your honest 48-year life with me and ask you to forgive me for everything that I was guilty of before you, just as I sincerely forgive you for everything that you could be guilty of before me. I advise you to make peace with the new position in which my departure puts you, and not to have any ill feelings against me. If you want to tell me anything, tell Sasha, she will know where I am and will send me what I need; she cannot say where I am, because I made her promise not to tell this to anyone. Leo Tolstoy. October 28. I instructed Sasha to collect my things and manuscripts and send them to me. L.T.
The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. Beware of such a word that divides people. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but after three years he abandoned his studies, as he quickly became bored with it. When Tolstoy turned 23, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During Tolstoy's service, a writer awakens, and he begins his famous cycle - a trilogy, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. Lev Nikolaevich also writes several autobiographical stories and stories (such as “Cutting Wood”, “Cossacks”).
Finding himself on his plot, Lev Nikolaevich creates own system pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to study educational activities. Completely fascinated by this type of activity, he goes to Europe to get acquainted with the schools. In 1862, Tolstoy married young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately left with his wife to Yasnaya Polyana, where he was fully engaged family life and household chores.
But by the autumn of 1863 he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy’s worldview was completely formed, which he self-explanatory name- “Tolstoyism”, the whole essence of which is well depicted in such works of the writer as “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “What is your faith”, “Confession”.
And in 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana with his attending physician. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at the Astapovo Ryazan-Ural station.
Life and work of A.N. Tolstoy.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy The work was carried out by students of grade 7b of the Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School in the village of Novopushkinskoye” Natalia Kuraeva and Yulia Slavyagina.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on December 29, 1882 in the city of Nikolaevsk, now the city of Pugachev, Saratov region.
Father of Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Nikolai Alexandrovich Tolstoy
His mother Alexandra Leontyevna Tolstaya, née Turgeneva
Alexey spent his childhood in his stepfather's family in Sosnovka near Samara.
Studies and literature Graduated from the St. Petersburg Mechanical Engineering Institute. He made his debut in literature in 1907 with the poetry collection "Lyrics". In 1910-1912 published the novels "Eccentrics", "The Lame Master" and a series of short stories and novellas. In the mid-20s, the first part of Tolstoy’s famous trilogy “Walking Through Torment” was published - the novel “Sisters”. The second part of the trilogy, “The Eighteenth Year,” was published in 1928, the third, “Gloomy Morning,” in 1941. In the early 30s, Tolstoy began writing his novel Peter the Great (1930-1945). -March 19, 1943, the Stalin Prize of the first degree was awarded for the novel “Walking through Torment”. In addition, in 1935 he published the fairy tale “The Adventures of Pinocchio,” which became one of the children’s favorite books.
Years of War During the First World War, Tolstoy was a war correspondent. After October Revolution he left Russia and settled in France. While in exile he published autobiographical novel"Nikita's Childhood" (1921), and a year later the science fiction novel "Aelita". In 1923, Tolstoy returned to Russia. On March 30, 1943, a newspaper report appeared that Alexey Tolstoy was donating the prize of one hundred thousand rubles awarded to him for the construction of the Grozny tank. During the Great Patriotic War, Tolstoy published a collection of articles “Motherland”, and on May 7, 1944, the story “Russian Character” was published in the newspaper “Red Star”.
Awards of Alexei Tolstoy Tolstoy's work has been awarded many awards, including three Stalin Prizes - for the trilogy "Walking in Torment", for the novel "Peter the Great" and for the play "Ivan the Terrible".
House-museum House-museum in Samara.
Monument to A.N. Tolstoy
The presentation was made by Kuraeva N., Trofimova L. - 7th grade.
One of the first editions of the story by A.N. Tolstoy “Russian character” (Red Army soldier’s library)- Already at the end of his life, Tolstoy had to endure perhaps the most severe shock - the Great Patriotic War.
- war. The writer did not doubt for a moment that Russia would survive and win in this terrible tragedy, but mourned the sacrifices that had to be made on the altar of Victory. During this period, Tolstoy wrote stories, later combined into a cycle called “Stories of Ivan Sudarev.”
- Using a form well known in the literature "a story within a story" Tolstoy talks about wonderful Russian people: Yegor Dremov, his parents - Yegor Yegorovich and Marya Polikarpovna, and his bride Katya. Each character story - personality.
- July 5-August 23
- 1943
- The Battle of Kursk ranks in the Great Patriotic War special place.
- It lasted 50 days and nights, from July 5 to August 23, 1943 This battle has no equal in its ferocity and tenacity of struggle.
- Our troops did not flinch. They faced avalanches of enemy tanks and infantry with unprecedented tenacity and courage. Offensive strike groups the enemy was stopped.
- On the evening of August 5, in honor of this major success in Moscow for the first time in two years of war a victory salute was given. From that time on, artillery salutes constantly announced the glorious victories of Soviet weapons.
- August 23 Kharkov was liberated. Thus the Battle of the Kursk Arc of Fire ended victoriously.
- For courage and heroism, over 100 thousand Soviet soldiers who took part in the Battle of the Arc of Fire were awarded orders and medals.
- The Battle of Kursk ended a radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War.
- Lieutenant Dremov himself is a brave but modest person. The hero's star and orders speak for themselves, but the lieutenant never sticks out and is not proud of his exploits in front of his comrades. “He didn’t like to talk about military exploits.” “I don’t want to remember such things!” “He frowns and lights a cigarette.”
- But an accident happened to the lieutenant, he was on fire in the tank and his face changed greatly. “Eight months later, when the bandages were removed, he looked at his and now not his face. The nurse who was handing him a small mirror turned away and began to cry. He immediately returned the mirror to her: “It can be worse,” he said, “you can live with it.”
- The Battle of Kursk was for Yegor the border between one life where he was young, brave, beautiful in appearance, and another, where he was young, brave, but ugly in appearance.
- Indeed, he did not lose his sight, could continue to fight, and did his job quite well and skillfully. Awarded leave, Dremov went home.
- Due to his youth and inexperience, Dremov thought that his bride would refuse him, that his parents would be afraid. Mother's heart suggested she that son This came. But father There’s no way to understand that a man could be ashamed of such a face: “You need to be proud of a face like this one who came to us,” Yegor Yegorovich will say, assessing the soldier’s feat.
- It turned out to be more important for the bride inner beauty Dremova. Katya came to the front (one can imagine how much effort it took her to achieve this trip!) to confirm her word to the groom: “Egor, I was going to live with you forever. I will love you truly, I will love you very much... Don’t send me away...”
- Through the mouth of his hero, Ivan Sudarev, the writer admires Russian characters, persistent and faithful, loving and tender. These people have had to live in harsh times, but they are worthy of their fate.
- « Yes, here they are, Russian characters! It seems like a simple person, but a severe misfortune will come, in big or small ways, and a great power rises in him - human beauty.”
- A.N. Tolstoy