The image of Frost in Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose. The image of Daria in Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose” The image of frost in the poem “Red Nose”

Composition

The poet's use of artistry national consciousness, in the image of Daria explains a lot in those chapters where Frost the Voivode appears. The personified image of Frost is undoubtedly inspired by folklore. This is clear from the title of the poem, which is a folk proverb. The poem is especially closely connected with the fairy tale “Morozko”.

A comparison of the poem and the fairy tale “Morozko” helps us make several observations. It is essential that the poet remembers and loves folk tale, otherwise the fairy-tale image of Frost would not have appeared in the poem. The frost in the poem, of course, is similar to Morozko from the fairy tale: he is cheerful, daring, powerful. By the way, we note that, moving to the image of Frost, the poet changes the rhythm of the verse.

But the fairy tale and the poem - various works, they depict life differently. For example, the miracles in the fairy tale are truly magical: Morozko rewards his stepdaughter with gold and rich clothes. This does not happen in life, but this is how the dream of a better life, the victory of good and justice is expressed. Frost in the poem builds palaces of ice and ice bridges. These are also miracles, but ones that each of us can see: bizarre piles of ice in the mountains and on the sea, reliable ice on rivers along which pedestrians walk, carts with goods.

The fabulous Morozko became different in the poem because Daria, to whose dream she came old tale, heard in childhood, is exhausted and crushed by unbearable grief. That is why in Moroz’s boastful song there appear words that are menacing and terrible for a person (“I love in deep graves...”). We understand why this chilling image appears in the song: Daria constantly thinks about Proclus, buried in the frozen ground. True, Frost does not look like a destroyer here either: peace-spike is no longer afraid of anything. In Daria’s mind, Moroz does not appear as a villain anywhere at all: he only plays with the living, jokes, drives the little girls home, scares the “unkind thief,” and fools the drunk. And Daria wants to please him, he whispers to her kind words, he suddenly turns into the cute Proklushka and kisses her. And the dream that Daria sees while freezing is a happy, beautiful dream. It reflected the best that was in her life - joy labor, love and harmony in the family, dreams of the future. The last thing Daria sees when dying is the dear faces of her husband, son, daughter, a cart with golden sheaves - a promise of satiety and prosperity; the last thing she hears is a happy, “heart-quenching” song that can only be heard in the very bright dream:

* There is a gentle caress of participation in it,
* Vows of love without end...
* Smile of contentment and happiness
* Daria can’t leave her face.

The heroine Nekrasova seems to “go into a fairy tale.” But why did Nekrasov end the poem this way, discarding the other, happy ending? There can be no clear answer here. Let's think together with the students. The death of a breadwinner in a peasant family was such a terrible event that only as a rare exception could something help a widowed wife or orphaned children. But the usual and well-known fate was one: hunger, poverty, humiliation, early death. No matter how rich the poem is fairy-tale images, this is not a fairy tale, but a realistic work.

Some critics, Nekrasov's contemporaries, reproached him for cruelty and indifference to the fate of the widow. We understand how unfair this is. We feel that the poet’s heart is truly breaking with grief. Nekrasov sang the beauty of his heroine, her spiritual wealth, he showed her as beautiful even in death, but the truth of life did not allow the poet to depict well-being where it was necessary to awaken sympathy, anxiety, and anger.

In Chapter XXXV, the image of Daria's dream turns into the poet's thoughts about himself. The song that the dying peasant woman hears “quenches” the poet’s heart, exhausted by the difficult impressions of life. Winter forest with its silence attracts the poet:

* Nowhere so deep and free
* The tired chest does not breathe,
* And if we live enough,
* We can’t sleep better anywhere!

Chapter IV is the poet’s story not about any particular woman, but about “the type of majestic Slavic woman,” about those features of her that are found in many and which are especially dear to the poet. However, within this general mood one must find numerous shades: pride, admiration, joy, respect, etc.

Chapter XXXIII tells the story of Daria's fate. The poet conveys her dream. Here a contradictory combination of two moods arises. The reader (like the poet) cannot forget that this is the dying dream of a freezing peasant woman. And in fact this is most transmitted bright sides peasant life, dreams of happy, joyful work. The story combines sadness and joy. But this combination is uneven throughout the passage. Sorrowful and sympathetic notes sound at the beginning (“She is dressed in sparkling frost…”), then they fade away in the story about Daria, her mother-in-law, husband, and children. Conversations and funny episodes are conveyed here. The reader seems to push aside sad thoughts for a while. But they appear again at the end of chapter XXXIV, which talks about the song that Daria hears. This sadness is not gloomy, not hopeless, but bright, warmed by the dream of national happiness.

Other works on this work

One of important aspects Nekrasov’s poetic thoughts are the responsibility of the people themselves for what is happening to them, and here the poet’s hopes are inseparable from skeptical intonations. Nekrasov clearly sees the collapse of traditional forms peasant life, and at the same time realizes its peculiar integrity and harmony, human beauty peasant characters and the wretchedness of their existence. The apotheosis of the spiritual beauty of the Russian peasantry was the poem “Frost, Red Nose,” written shortly before “The Railway.”

Researchers pay attention to the poet’s excellent knowledge of folk life, folklore and ethnographic sources, revealed in this poem, folk beliefs and superstitions. The subject of poetic depiction in the poem “Frost, Red Nose” is the tragedy of a peasant family - the death of the breadwinner, and then the death of his wife. However, this tragedy consists of ordinary, albeit sad episodes, events and facts. The first part of the poem is called “The Death of a Peasant”, the second, as well as the entire poem, is called “Frost, Red Nose”, and this repetition indicates not so much about stinginess in choice artistic means, how much about the importance of the second part, which carries a special ideological and compositional load.

The first part is a detailed story about the death and funeral of Proclus: how the old father dug the grave, how he was dressed, how they cried out for the dead man, how his neighbors and fellow villagers felt sorry for him (the life and death of Proclus is remembered along the way), how after the funeral the widow comes to the cold hut and on the same Savraska, on which they had just transported her husband’s ashes, she goes to the forest to collect firewood. As Nekrasov’s biographer V.E. Evgeniev-Maksimov noted, when speaking about everyday phenomena and ordinary people, the poet knows how to show them from such sides that they seem to our consciousness not only wonderful, but also lofty. Let us pay attention, for example, with what artistic tact the father of Proclus is presented in the poem, who had to endure the most difficult ordeal - digging the grave of his own son. Twice more the figure of the unhappy old man appears - and both times an expressive picture is created with maximum economy artistic details. Fellow villagers say goodbye to Proclus, but the father does not merge with this crowd: their grief and his are incomparable:

The old man is a useless mess

I didn’t let myself control myself:

Getting closer to the splinter,

He was picking at a thin bast shoe.

Minute of it last goodbye with my son is also separated from the general farewell:

Tall, gray-haired, lean,

Without a hat, motionless and mute,

Like a monument, old grandfather

I stood at my dear one’s grave!

No less impressive is the portrait of Proclus himself, lying “on a white pine table,” created without “ extra words", with minimal use of figurative and expressive means. But still, the central figure in the poem remains Daria, the wife of Proclus. Already at the very beginning, the image of a “beautiful and powerful Slavic woman” appears. Here the question about her drama is raised:

Fate had three hard parts,

And the first part: to marry a slave,

The second is to be the mother of a slave son,

And the third is to submit to the slave until the grave,

And all these formidable shares fell

To a woman of Russian soil.

But this drama is not so much individual as it is universal. Daria's personality is fully revealed in the second part of the poem. In the stream of consciousness of the heroine, who has already been overcome by grief and has only a short time to live, the past, present and deep, hidden dreams of the future are intertwined. Daria thinks about how she and Proclus would enjoy children, marry their son, imagines how she alone will now have to bear the entire burden of household chores - it’s as if she is talking with her late husband. The widow recalls how she went at night ten miles to the monastery to the miraculous icon to save Proclus, but the icon did not produce a miracle. And already in the tenacious embrace of “Governor Frost”, with the last efforts of her fading consciousness, Daria “in her enchanted dream” evokes from her memory a picture of a sultry summer and with a smile of contentment and happiness, with thoughts of children and her living husband, passes away from life... The image of Frost , prompted by the folk poetic tradition and giving the name to the poem, seems to make nature itself an accomplice to the tragedy.

Source (abbreviated): Russian Literary classic XIX century: Tutorial/ Ed. A.A. Slinko and V.A. Svitelsky. - Voronezh: Native Speech, 2003

Collective image of a peasant woman in the poem

Daria is a peasant woman, the widow of the deceased Proclus. Her image does not immediately appear in the poem “Frost, Red Nose.” In Chapter III, Nekrasov discusses the slave fate of the Russian peasant woman, which has not changed for centuries. Lyrical hero addresses the peasant woman and promises to reveal her sufferings and complaints to the world.

Nekrasov undertakes to describe a special type of peasant woman. This is a majestic Slavic woman who manages to remain regal, despite life’s circumstances: “They walk the same road that all our people walk, but the dirt of the wretched situation does not seem to stick to them.”

Nekrasov gives a collective portrait of such a peasant woman: “The beauty of the world is a wonder, rosy, slender, tall, beautiful in all clothes...”. She has heavy hair, beautiful even teeth, like pearls (comparison). The beauty is dexterous in her work, endures cold and hunger, is hardworking, knows how to have fun, she is brave and courageous: “She will stop a galloping horse, she will enter a burning hut.”

The peasant woman’s conviction that the salvation of her family lies in work gives her the “stamp inner strength" Her family is not in poverty, everyone is healthy, well-fed and happy.

The character of Daria - the widow of Proclus

Such was the widow of Proclus, until grief dried her up. It is compared to a birch tree in a forest without a top.

Only in the description of the details of the life and death of Proclus does the name of his wife appear. And this is no coincidence. She thinks of herself only as part of her family, as an assistant and protector of her husband, and at night she runs for his healing. miraculous icon to a monastery 10 miles away: “Didn’t I try to take care of him? Did I regret anything? I was afraid to tell him how much I loved him!”

All the way through the forest Daria, afraid of animals, evil spirits, and most of all - she will accept (a hare crossing the road, a fallen star, a crow on the cross), she prayed to the Queen of Heaven. Daria dares to reproach the Lady for not having mercy on her fate and her Proclus.

The peasant family worked day and night: Proclus “lived working in the summer, did not see the children in the winter,” and Daria kept crying at night and weaving a long linen thread. They amassed their prosperity “by a penny, by a copper penny.” After the funeral, Daria has to go to the forest to get firewood, taking the children to the neighbors.

Daria's crying and complaints

In the forest, where there is “dead, grave peace,” Daria gives free rein to the tears that she had been holding back for so long. Nekrasov describes her moaning with the help of metaphors: “Moans flowed in the open space, her voice tore and trembled, the strings of the poor woman broke. peasant soul" Nature is indifferent to her grief: the forest listened indifferently, the soulless sun looked indifferently at the torment.

Daria chops wood (this is her usual activity), but cannot forget her husband and talks to him. The reality associated with the death of her husband and future life with him as if alive. Daria is thinking about how she will plow the land alone, how to harvest the hay, how to harvest the harvest in pain. The genre of her lamentations is folk laments for her deceased husband. She recalls a prophetic dream about rye ears attacking her, which she takes for enemies (a metaphor for the death of her husband).

Daria dreams about the future of her children: how Masha will play in a round dance, how Grisha will grow up and get married. With the help of psychological parallelism (the image of a wolf coming out of the forest and a thick black cloud with lightning), Nekrasov conveys Daria’s fears that it is her son who will be taken as a recruit by the thief-judge.

Having cried and chopped so much firewood that she couldn’t even carry it with a cart, Daria stopped by a tall pine tree. This is where her meeting with the folklore Frost took place.

Daria and Moroz

It is important for Nekrasov to understand what is going on in Daria’s soul. Physically quite alive and strong, she loses the will to live: “The soul was exhausted by melancholy, there was a lull of sadness - an involuntary and terrible peace!” Frost wooes Daria, he is an enviable groom: strong and rich. He offers Daria either death or eternal life, promising to make her his queen, who, like Frost, will reign in winter and fall asleep in summer.

Daria resigns herself only when Moroz turns into her beloved husband and kisses her. He rewards her for the correct answer to the fairytale question “Are you warm?” a sweet dream of summer and warmth. This is the best and most happy memory from Daria’s life: hard peasant labor among her family, caring for her husband and children. The last thing that is revealed to the reader from Daria’s dream is the faces of children in sheaves of rye (a symbol of life) and a song, the words of which the lyrical hero does not tell the reader. The lyrical hero urges not to regret the happy Daria and even envies her. But it still gives her a chance to wake up and take care of the children. The only living creature that did not succumb to Frost, a squirrel, drops a lump of snow on Daria. But, obviously, the peasant woman is already dead.

• “Frost, Red Nose”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
• The image of Frost in Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose”

In the work “Frost, Red Nose,” Daria is an ordinary peasant woman, a widow. The heroine does not immediately appear on the pages of the poem. The author discusses Russian peasant women, who over the years remain the same as before. Nekrasov presents to the reader a peasant woman who is not simple; she is very proud with her head raised, even in difficult life circumstances.

The author describes the heroine as very beautiful girl who is slim and tall. Any outfit looks beautiful on Daria. Nekrasov also does not miss beautiful teeth and hair. Famous phrase about the stopped galloping horse refers to Daria. The girl is very hardworking and not picky. Daria is brave, courageous and at the same time loves fun.

Daria loved her husband very much and positioned herself as a full-fledged part of the family; she was support and support for her husband Proclus. When her husband got sick, Daria ran as much as 10 miles to heal him. The girl runs to the monastery to get the icon. When the girl ran through the forest, she was very scared. There are many animals in the forest, as well as otherworldly forces. But this did not frighten Daria as much as believing in omens. For example, a fallen star or a hare crossing the road. When her husband was alive, they lived in perfect harmony, earned money together, and achieved all their well-being exclusively together. When Prokhor died, Daria has to do a lot of things herself. He goes to the forest to get firewood and leaves the children with his neighbors.

The author is trying to come to an understanding of Daria’s internal state, because from the outside she is quite strong and strong, but it is clear that the desire to live is disappearing. The girl's soul is tired, she is sad. Frost makes it clear to Daria that he is a groom, of which there are few, he is strong and omnipotent. He puts the girl before the choice of death or life with him. Frost invites Daria to become his queen.

The girl becomes calm and meek when Frost turned into her husband and kissed Daria. Frost asked Daria: “Are you warm?” Daria answered, and Frost enveloped her in a dream of warmth and summer. In a dream, Daria sees how hard she worked, saw her husband and beloved children. Readers of the work see the latest events that are revealed to Daria. The girl sees her children, sees their faces. The frost may have given the girl an attempt to come to her senses and wake up, but Daria did not wake up. A lump of snow fell on her, which was thrown off by a squirrel, and there was no reaction, Daria was probably already dead.

Essay on Daria

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov in his works he often glorified the wealth of the Russian serf soul, life and hard fate the widest class Russian Empire- peasantry. Only Nekrasov, being a nobleman, was so immensely devoted to the peasantry, as he deeply loved and respected them.

His poem “Frost, Red Nose” also belongs to such works. In it, the poet addresses the image of a Russian woman - long-suffering and beautiful.

The poet worships appearance main character poem to the peasant woman Daria, saying that the woman is very beautiful in appearance and any clothes look very elegant on her. Any, even heavy and difficult work performed by a woman without any questions asked. And when harsh working days give way to holidays, Daria is ready to infect everyone around her with her loud laughter and girlish enthusiasm.

The lines describing a Russian woman in the face of life’s difficulties have become classic:

“He will stop a galloping horse,

He’ll walk into a burning hut!”

Nekrasov writes that Russian girls were often married not out of desire and not out of love. They were forced to do this by landowners or peasant community. But the woman was lucky - she and her husband Proclus lived in love and harmony, albeit short, but good life. She steadfastly endured all the difficulties of peasant life - difficult agricultural and homework, hunger and cold.

But, despite this, the lines of the poem carry pain and sadness. How can a woman live on her own and feed small children and frail old people alone? After all, her husband died young, trying to earn money to support his family. A difficult fate crushes her and Daria does not see a way out of this situation. A difficult fate breaks a persistent and proud Russian woman. And although the author conveys admiration through all the lines feminine soul and character, wealth of it spiritual world, talents and abilities, the author leads his heroine to death. The hopelessness of the enslaved Russian peasantry, deprived of the last chance to exist, forces Daria to accept death in the forest, because she is in hopeless situation and simply does not find a way out, sobbing and begging to return Proclus to her - her hope and support. Deprived of hope for the future, Daria calmly accepts death.

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Folklore and literary basis of the image of Frost

The image of Frost, the red nose, is based on the mythological image of a deity who Slavic mythology sent snow and frost. Fertility depended on how snowy the winter was.

This winter deity in fairy tales is called Treskun or Student, whose function is to give rewards for correct behavior. Morozko from the fairy tale gives gifts to the hard-working old man's daughter and punishes the lazy old woman: everyone gets what they deserve.

In proverbs, the natural element of frost is often animated: the frost turns the nose red, it pinches the ears, “jumps through the spruce forests, along the birch forests.” Frost from riddles is a bridge builder.

The literary image of Moroz was developed by Odoevsky. Frost from the fairy tale “Moroz Ivanovich” resembles Lady Snowstorm from the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. You can get to him through a well, frost is falling from his hair (and from Lady Snowstorm snow is flying from feather beds to the ground). Moroz Ivanovich also gives gifts to the needlewoman and raises (and does not kill) the sloth.

The history of the creation of the image in the poem

The poem “Frost, Red Nose” consists of two parts. The first part of the poem is called “The Death of a Peasant,” and the second, like the whole poem, is called “Frost, Red Nose.” It is in the second part that the hero appears, who is included in the title of the poem.

The original version of the poem was called “The Death of Proclus.” There was no emphasis on the mythological Frost, because Daria, with whom Frost the Voivode is connected in the plot, played less importance.

The image of Frost appears in Chapter XXX of the second part. Before Frost develops into a personality, he causes the death of Proclus, who is stuck in a snowdrift and frozen to death. snowy winter. Frost encroaches on Daria's children, cooling her hut. It is the frost that forces her to go into the forest for firewood.

Daria is a warrior, she fights for the lives of her family, Proclus and children. She is not going to give up and, undoubtedly, would have won the fight if Frost had not come to her in person.

Essence of Frost

Chapter XXX begins with a winter landscape. Frost is personified in it. He is a formidable commander who inspects his possessions. Nekrasov uses the most ancient folklore comparison - a negative one: “It is not the wind that rages over the forest, it is not the streams that run from the mountains, Frost the governor patrols his domain.”

The Voivode app is a metaphor. Who is Frost fighting against? Against everything that winter has not captured: bare earth, bare branches. Frost the governor fights against life itself.

The mythological Frost has magical properties: he can walk through trees and crackle through frozen water. This is how he ends up above Daria’s head, who has stopped at a tall pine tree.

At this moment, his image becomes anthropomorphic, a portrait appears: he has a shaggy beard, he is gray-haired, and holds a club in his hands (at the end of the poem - a mace).

Character of Frost

Frost's song reveals his character: he boasts of his victories over bodies of water: seas, oceans and rivers. Frost transforms living, moving water into inanimate palaces and bridges, “such as the people will not build.” Frost mocks the dead, freezing their blood and freezing their brains, laughs at the living and frightens them indiscriminately: riders, horses, thieves, drunks, and women. Frost fools people, whitens their faces and freezes their beards. So Moroz’s character is unsympathetic: boastful, mocking and cocky.

But Moroz is rich: “I’m rich, I don’t count the treasury.” Frost invites Daria to become his queen and promises: “I’ll take care of you, warm you up, and take you to the blue palace.” Here Frost acts as the god Hades, who kidnapped the goddess of fertility Persephone, who was forced to live in the kingdom of the dead for one third of the year. Daria, the personification of fertility and prosperity (mother of two children, carrying a third) is ready to move into the kingdom of the dead.

In order to take possession of Daria, Frost pronounces the fabulous formula with triple repetition: “Are you warm?” According to the law of the fairy tale, you need to answer in the affirmative three times, then the deity will reward you. And if you start complaining, you will die. After the third question, Frost turns to Proclus. It was this trick of the “gray-haired sorcerer” that made Daria give up: she felt so pleased that she closed her eyes and began to smile.

Daria slowly falls asleep in the sleep of death, which relieves her of torment: “The last signs of Daria’s torment have disappeared from her face.” Daria gradually becomes part of the nature defeated by Frost: “Fluffy and white eyelashes, frosty needles in the eyebrows... Dressed in sparkling frost...”

Frost defeats Daria, turning her into a dead one, just as he defeats all living things. But he generously gifts Daria not only with imaginary riches (frost and snow), but also with the most precious thing that can be given to a person - peace, which has replaced sorrows and passions.

• “Frost, Red Nose”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
• The image of Daria in Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose”