Domestic policy of Paul I (briefly)

Domestic policy of Paul I (briefly)

On April 5, 1797, the forty-two-year-old son of Catherine the Second ascended to the Russian throne. He was crowned under the name of Paul the First, but his reign was not long at all (until the twenty-fourth of March 1801).

Historians call the internal policies of this ruler inconsistent and contradictory in nature. In addition, researchers of Russian history emphasize that most of Paul’s actions were aimed at destroying the innovations and traditions that developed during the rule of his mother’s state.

Here are the main internal reforms of Paul the First:

· Military reform was one of the fundamental reforms of the emperor. New regulations are being adopted for sailors, cavalry, and infantry, significantly expanding the responsibilities and reducing the privileges of officers. Now they were responsible for the health and life of the soldiers, provided them with a month's leave and could not use them for their own work. Military engineering and communications units are being formed.

· Censorship. The Emperor banned educational foreign literature. According to historians, such a decision came to the ruler’s mind after French Revolution. Private printing houses are closing.

· The situation of the peasants improved slightly under the new ruler. For example, during the reign of Paul the First, landowners were allowed to demand corvee work of no more than three days per week. Sunday became an official holiday. The grain tax was abolished, and state peasants were allowed to enroll in the merchant and petty bourgeois class.

· The Emperor pursued a policy of weakening the position of the nobility due to the fact that he himself feared a new palace coup. Thus, since 1737, physical punishments have been allowed for the nobility for murder, official errors and violations, robbery and drunkenness.

· Administrative reform was the next step to strengthen central government in the country. During the reform, some colleges abolished by Catherine the Second were restored and the State Treasury and the Department of Water Communications were formed.

· Reform of succession to the throne, during which women actually lose the opportunity to inherit.

Assessments of the reign of Paul the First and his domestic politics usually condemned by historians. The ruler himself was often called a tyrant and a tyrant.

Emperor Paul 1 ruled the country for a little over four years. For such short term It is difficult to make fundamental changes in the course of a huge country, but the Russian autocrat tried his best, as if feeling how little time was allotted to him. However, his reforms among his contemporaries did not evoke approval, but mostly horror and indignation. It was rumored that the king was overcome by madness. Two centuries later, some things really seem like cruel tyranny, but some orders were ahead of their time.

Domestic policy

Strictly speaking, at 42 years old, he was not ready to become the emperor of a huge power. , who did not feel love for her son, removed him from all government affairs. At the same time, the heir to the throne received better education. Pavel's impetuous nature was carried away by everything at once. In his aspirations, the emperor knew no limits and often reached the point of absurdity.

The first thing after the coronation for Paul was to restore justice to his father, Peter 3. His ashes were transferred to the imperial tomb and buried next to the deceased Catherine. A decree on succession to the throne was issued, canceling all Peter's amendments. Now the throne had to pass from father to son.

Paul greatly curtailed the privileges of the nobility favored by Catherine. Returned to legal practice corporal punishment for this class, new taxes were established. But it became much more difficult to complain and ask the sovereign - something went exclusively through self-government bodies, and something was completely banned.

Paul 1's passion was the army and, having received power, he began with zeal to restore order in it. Was introduced new form, overcoats appeared for the first time. The officer lists were thoroughly cleaned up and the requirements were increased - now each officer was criminally responsible for the lives of his subordinates. Soldiers received the right to complain about their commanders, and for their courage they could receive a silver medal - the first military order for privates in Rus'. Nobles could enter the civil service only with special permission. Disciplinary requirements skyrocketed, and the army spent its days drilling.

Easements were made for national and religious minorities. In particular, Paul's decree allowed the construction of Old Believer churches.

The emperor's nightmare was revolutionary ideas from France, torn by coups. The most severe censorship was introduced, to the point that it was forbidden to import books and study at European universities.

Foreign policy

In foreign policy, Paul 1 was guided by two simple ideas- opposition to the French Revolution and support of the Order of Malta. From his youth, the Russian emperor was fascinated by the aesthetics of chivalry and was extremely flattered by the title of Grand Master he received. However, in reality, this semi-childish hobby served as a reason for the destruction of the old alliance and adventurous military campaigns.

At first, Pavel formally supported the anti-French coalition. The sack of Malta by Napoleon's army forced him to take active action. The Allies were glad to help Russian Emperor. They insisted on participating in the campaign of the disgraced Suvorov, but after the rapid liberation of the north of Italy, their opinions about further actions separated.

Meanwhile, England took possession of Malta, recaptured from Napoleon. Pavel considered this a reason to withdraw from the coalition and sever diplomatic relations - the Mediterranean island should belong exclusively to the order and Russia, as its successor. Not long before this, the joint Russian-British rescue of the Netherlands from French occupation ended in failure, and the superiority of the royal merchant fleet simply irritated all northern neighbors. Meanwhile, Napoleon behaved very smartly: he wrote a very warm letter to the Russian emperor, and also sent home Russian prisoners of war who were in France, without any demands for exchange, etc. Moreover, he ordered to dress them, at the expense of the French treasury, in the uniform of their units. Such courtesy completely captivated Paul 1. He sharply changed the direction of Russian foreign policy, concluded an anti-English alliance with Bonaparte and even almost organized a campaign against the Indian possessions of the English crown, but...

To the question of Paul’s internal politics 1. please write briefly the question asked by the author Alla Kheteeva the best answer is Paul's domestic policy 1.
The policy of Paul 1 was contradictory. Having ascended the throne at the age of 42, he sought to do a lot in defiance of his mother, Catherine 2. On April 5, 1797, he issued a new decree on succession to the throne, according to which the throne was to pass only by male line from father to son, and in the absence of sons, to the eldest of the brothers.
Pavlovsk reign. Having become emperor, Paul tried to strengthen the regime by strengthening discipline and power in order to exclude all manifestations of liberalism and freethinking. Characteristics The reign of Paul 1 was harsh, unbalanced and hot-tempered. He believed that everything in the country should be subject to the orders established by the monarch; He put efficiency and accuracy in the first place.
To maintain the imperial house, a department of “departments” was formed, which managed the lands that belonged to the imperial family and the peasants who lived on them. Paul 1 tightened the procedure for the service of nobles and limited the validity of letters of grant to the nobility. Prussian order was imposed in the army.
Pavel strove for maximum centralization and regulations in all spheres of life. Great value he devoted to the army, into which he introduced Russian orders. Much attention he devotes attention to parades and shows. 7 field marshals and more than 300 generals were dismissed from the highest ranks. Non-noble officers were dismissed. At the same time, Pavel showed concern for the soldiers. Military schools were created for soldier orphans. Distinguished soldiers received the right to leave before the end of their service, 100 rubles each for establishment and land allotment.
Laws were passed concerning the situation of peasants. In 1767 a decree was issued. Prohibiting the sale of peasants and household servants at auction. Prohibition of splitting up peasant families. The sale of serfs without land was prohibited. State-owned peasants received a 15-tithe mental allotment and special class management. The decree of 1796 finally prohibited the independent movement of peasants (from place to place). The widespread distribution of state peasants to the nobles continued. During the 4 years of his reign, Paul distributed 530 thousand souls to peasants, while Catherine 2 distributed 850 thousand souls into private hands over 34 years.
In 1797, the Manifesto on the three-day corvee was published. He forbade landowners from using peasants for field work on Sundays, recommending that corvée be limited to three days a week.
Attack on noble privileges, petty regulation in various fields life turned the nobility against Paul 1. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the emperor was killed by conspirators in the newly built Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg. The preparation of the conspiracy was led by the military governor of St. Petersburg P. A. Palen. Paul's eldest son, Alexander, was also aware of the plans of the conspirators.

Reply from 22 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Paul’s internal policy 1. please write briefly

Reply from Yomurf[guru]
After the death of Catherine II (1796), her son Paul I (1796-1801) became emperor. The time of his reign in Russian historiography is assessed differently. This was facilitated by the contradictory character of the emperor (he was unbalanced and neurotic, subject to fits of rage bordering on madness), and difficult time, which accounted for this short reign. The outstanding Russian historian V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote that the new emperor brought to the throne “not so much thoughtful thoughts as those that had boiled over with extreme underdevelopment, if not complete dulling of political consciousness and civic feeling, and with the hideously distorted nature of bitter feelings.” At the same time, in some studies this period is contrasted with the last years of the reign of Catherine II as a time of transformation, “justice and severity.”
Paul's reign occurred during those years when signs of future political upheaval were multiplying in Russia. The new emperor saw before him the ghost of Pugachevism (experienced by his mother), the symptoms of revolution (French events and the fate of the executed Louis XVI reminded him of this) and the danger of a coup d'etat (his father, Peter III, at one time became a victim of a palace conspiracy). The idea of ​​maintaining and strengthening autocratic power, which had greatly weakened at the end of the previous reign, was no longer associated in the minds of Paul I with “enlightened absolutism,” but with reliance on authoritarian force.
In the capital, the new emperor tried to establish the same rules of the Prussian barracks from the time of Frederick II that were in his Gatchina residence (Catherine II did not love her son, he was actually removed from the court and lived in Gatchina, not far from St. Petersburg). The traditions of the Russian army, which brought it glory, did not suit the emperor: his ideal was the Prussian military system, which knocked out any initiative from the soldiers. Every day, on the square in front of the palace, parades were held, during which the slightest offense could lead to disgrace. There were also positive elements in Paul's military transformations: he expelled from the army the officers who were in it but did not serve, and forced the capital's guards officers, who under Catherine led an idle life, to bear the hardships of military life. However, the service under Paul was meaningless, formal, and took place in an atmosphere of uncertainty
and fear.
Peasant policy under Paul I was essentially a continuation of trends that existed during the time of Catherine. About 600 thousand state peasants were transferred into the hands of the landowners, and the slightest manifestation of discontent among the peasantry was brutally suppressed. At the same time, wanting to ease social tension in the village, Pavel tried to introduce an element of order into the relations between peasants and landowners. Thus, the decree on three-day corvee recommended that landowners limit the exploitation of peasants in the lord’s plowing to three days a week; it was forbidden to sell “under the hammer” courtyards and landless peasants.
An attempt was made to centralize government administration as much as possible. The role of the Prosecutor General of the Senate has grown significantly, and collegiality in management has been limited everywhere.
Should have strengthened autocratic power new law on succession to the throne (1797), which did not allow female rule, which introduced an element of instability into dynastic relations in the turbulent 18th century.
Paul resolutely suppressed all attempts to penetrate European free-thinking into Russia. Import was prohibited foreign literature, a sharply negative attitude towards revolutionary France also manifested itself in foreign policy.

Reply from Yoasha Baturin[newbie]
How can you generally characterize the domestic policy of Paul I?
And a conspiracy was drawn up against him on the night of March 11-12, 1801. The conspirators killed Paul. Thus, it is impossible to clearly evaluate Pavel’s actions; he tried to somehow change relations within the country, but who knows, maybe his attempts were not so unsuccessful?!
Paul had a huge passion for Prussian army laws (just like his father Peter III, ALTHOUGH some sources say that Paul is the son of Catherine II and Grigory Orlov, her lover. But in any case, Catherine’s second son (illegitimate was definitely from Orlov .))
Since Pavel’s character was formed in an atmosphere of distance and alienation from his mother, he was characterized by instability, capriciousness, and despoticism, which were combined with sentimentality. He could easily change his anger to mercy. What can be observed from the following facts: he returned Radishchev from exile and freed Novikov from captivity. Some of the measures taken by Paul 1 violated the privileges of the nobility: its self-government was limited, and freedom from corporal punishment was abolished. At the same time, Paul sought to improve the situation of the peasants. This is what we see from the decree adopted on April 5, 1797, which prohibited forcing peasants to work in Sundays and recommended a three-day corvee. It was also prohibited to sell courtyards and landless peasants at auction. To prevent palace coups, Paul 1 issued a decree on succession to the throne, according to which the throne was passed only through the Murga line to the eldest son, and in the absence of sons - to the brother. All this led to discontent among the nobility.

Reply from Diana Shaludina[newbie]
The new Emperor Paul I (1796-1801), who ascended the throne after the death of Catherine II, sought to strengthen the class dominance of the nobility by all means. The government mercilessly suppressed peasant unrest that spread to 32 provinces. Serfdom was extended to Novorossia, Don and Ciscaucasia; about 600 thousand souls of state peasants were given to landowners. In 1797, a decree was issued recommending that landowners limit corvee to three days a week. None practical significance I did not receive this decree.
Progressive Russian people who opposed the autocracy (V.V. Passek, F.V. Krechetov, I. Rozhnov, etc.) continued to be subjected to severe punishments. Strict censorship was introduced, travel abroad for the purpose of education was prohibited; Private printing houses and educational institutions are closed.
In the interests of strengthening the autocratic system, Paul I sought further political centralization. He limited noble self-government and some noble privileges (for example, it was difficult for nobles to resign from civil service). In 1797, the order of succession to the throne was restored by primogeniture (from father to eldest son, and in the absence of direct heirs - to the eldest of the brothers).
Paul's policy did not at all violate the foundations of the class rule of the nobility and was entirely aimed at strengthening the serfdom system. Nevertheless, a number of measures he took caused discontent among some circles of the nobility, especially the capital's nobility and senior officers, who also did not want to put up with the tyranny and whims of the emperor.

Reply from Yoma Bezuglov[newbie]
You answered everything so briefly... Well done

Reply from Nikita Kiselev[newbie]
lol

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After the death of Catherine II the Great, the Russian throne was headed by her son Paul I. The personality of Emperor Paul I was dual and incomprehensible: either a genius of the Enlightenment, or a madman.

Why didn't Paul I continue Catherine's policy?

As a child he received less mother's love, since Empress Elizabeth strictly limited his communication with Catherine. At an older age, a warm relationship with the mother was never achieved.

Paul could not forgive Catherine I for the conspiracy against her father, as a result of whose murder she received supreme power. And the rumors circulating at that time that Pavel was actually the son of Saltykov and did not belong to the Romanov dynasty only added fuel to the fire of hatred towards the Empress.

Therefore, immediately after her death, both internal and foreign policy Paul I was fundamentally different from the policies of his mother.

Domestic policy of Paul I

The first decree of the new Emperor was a decree on succession to the throne, according to which, after the death of the monarch, power passes to the eldest representative of his male offspring, and in the absence of such, to his brother or his sons.

This decree stopped the period palace coups, as a result of which the throne was occupied in most cases by women.

Emperor Paul I was able to significantly improve the condition of the army. Thanks to strict army discipline, he controlled not only ordinary soldiers, but also generals.

During the reign of Catherine, it was quite common for military men with high ranks and titles to sit at home and attend social events, and were never seen on the battlefield in their lives. Paul sent such officers to Siberia, personally tearing off their epaulettes.

Since Empress Catherine was a noble connoisseur of gloss, beauty and expensive things, Emperor Paul I actually completely removed this from the life of society. He introduced a ban on the import of books and music from Europe. Young people were forbidden to go abroad to study.

The emperor regulated all spheres of social life, some of his instructions reached the point of absurdity: it was clearly regulated what dresses women should wear, what time the entire empire should go to bed and what books to read.

The Emperor banned waltz dancing and wearing top hats in the country. This was due to the fact that he personally did not like England very much. Violation of any prohibition carried with it the possibility of being arrested.

Naturally, society, which still retained the aestheticism of Catherine the Great in its memory, was extremely indignant at such a policy. Antipathy on the part of the people significantly accelerated the moment of Paul's overthrow.

Paul's Foreign Policy

In conducting foreign policy, Paul, unlike Catherine, was guided not by the interests of the state, but by his own personal motives. Thus, hatred of England resulted in a series of military actions led by the disgraced commander Suvorov, who managed to liberate the territory of Northern Italy from French emancipation.

After the capture of Malta by the English army, Paul created an anti-English coalition to liberate it, since at that moment he already held the title of Grand Master of the Order of Malta. In 1800, Paul began planning joint military campaigns against India to free them from English rule.

Despite his open hatred of the idle lifestyle of France, Paul I felt an inexplicable sympathy for Louis XVIII. The emperor regularly gave him expensive gifts and tried in every possible way to establish friendly relations. This is the whole paradoxical duality of the Emperor’s personality.

Pavel Petrovich was born on October 1, 1754 as Catherine’s unwanted and unloved child and always felt this. He was not allowed to rule for long. The reign of Paul 1 was only four years.

Fears and claims of childhood and youth

Paul recognized himself as an emperor all the time while his mother illegally ruled, who killed his father, Emperor Peter Fedorovich, and usurped the throne. The murder occurred in the summer of 1762. And Empress Catherine died in 1796. That is, a huge period of time passed during which the grown, matured Pavel Petrovich, a well-trained, very cultured and subtle person, understood that every day he could be killed by his own mother. This was reality, since Empress Catherine was a cruel ruler. She killed another contender for the throne, Ivan Antonovich, in the Shlisserburg fortress. And Paul did not exclude this for himself. Second: he saw how his mother ignored his father’s memory in every possible way, that she literally despised Pyotr Fedorovich. When the murdered sovereign was to be buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, Empress Catherine did not even come to say goodbye to her husband. This is a personal moment. Third: Pavel Petrovich knew very well that the Empress had written a will in which she ordered the throne to be transferred not to him, but to his eldest son Alexander, born in 1777.

Alexander and Konstantin, the two eldest children, Catherine took from him and raised herself, believing that nothing good son cannot teach them.

Hatred for his mother was a feeling that permeated his entire life.

On the other hand, he saw what was happening at his mother's court. It was a bacchanalia. Yes, the empress passed laws, organized city government, and gave liberties to the nobility, but the immorality that was happening at her court was horrifying. And not only in terms of personal relationships, but also in relation to embezzlement and theft, which flourished. Catherine thought only about expanding the country's borders. Pavel Petrovich saw all this. He was terribly worried and dreamed, if God would allow him to become a sovereign, to correct these shortcomings of governance. The reign of Paul 1, as he expected, would be wonderful.

Death of Catherine

And when his mother, Empress Catherine, died, Pavel Petrovich first took Tsarskoe Selo, occupied it and burned his mother’s will in the fireplace with the transfer of the throne to Alexander. The second thing he does is order the solemn reburial of his father Peter III along with his mother Catherine the Great. And Catherine, who killed her husband, at the behest of her son, lay with him on the same deathbed. They were buried together. This is how the reign of Paul 1 begins.

Burden of Power

After this, he issues a decree on succession to the throne, which was in force until the abdication of Nicholas II (and which he violated with his abdication). Prior to this, this act of succession to the throne, which was published on April 5, 1797, had always been respected. In it, in contrast to the chaotic 18th century, when the tsar accepted the throne as his property and passed it on to whomever he wanted, a strict principle was introduced that the tsar could not transfer the throne to anyone at all. It is inherited automatically. Everything was outlined very clearly, and there was no doubt about who could manage Russian Empire. And what was most important: at the moment when the coronation took place, the king had to take an oath before the altar, an oath on the cross, that he would sacredly observe the act of coronation. He was no longer an absolute monarch from that moment on. This was another great deed of Pavel Petrovich. This is how the reign of Paul 1 continues.

If you look at the entire 18th century, it is a complete chaos of murders and unrest, and the 19th century is a period of very stable Russian statehood. There were also regicides, but they were not a struggle for the throne, but came from outside.

Acts

The reign of Paul 1 is fanatical absolutism. Pavel Petrovich himself was a deeply religious person, but he perceived absolutism as a form bestowed by God, which proceeded from the fact that God appoints one person as a “watchmaker” and manager of the “clockwork mechanism” that is the state. Putting things in order, Pavel 1 made the years of ruling the country like a “clockwork”. His “debugging”, his management, his “factory” must be managed by himself. Therefore his will is absolute. Paul 1 was absolutely sure of this. And, trying to restore order, he introduced huge amount laws.

Paul 1st years of his reign were vigorously active and even marked every day with the introduction of a new state decree. And this, of course, brought chaos to public administration, because it is impossible to implement so many laws. He was in charge of everything. He issued a law on succession to the throne and at the same time about how long trousers should be worn, he passed a law that nannies should walk with the children entrusted to them at least such and such a time in the winter and such and such a time in the summer, he forbade dancing the waltz and speaking individual words. This is to briefly characterize the reign of Paul 1.

That is, he believed that people could not do anything at all if he did not tell them so. But if he says it, then everyone will do it. It is no coincidence that they always remember the words of Pavel, which he told Prince Repnin, that “in Russia a person means something when he speaks to me, and only as long as he speaks to me.”

Internal affairs

However, everything was not so simple. Neither in Russia nor in any other country will strange and illogical laws be enforced. Big problems countries there were situations with serfdom and liberties of the nobility. They are clearly connected to each other. The results of the reign of Paul 1 did not fundamentally change anything. The fact is that Peter III himself, Paul’s father, in February 1762 issued a decree on the liberties of the nobility. It must be recalled that, starting with the tax of Alexei Mikhailovich in the 17th century, all classes of the Russian state had to serve, and Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich himself called himself the same tax collector as any of his peasants. Only he has a royal tax, a nobleman has a military tax, a priest has a spiritual tax, and a peasant has a peasant tax. But everyone pulls the tax, everyone is workers of the same state. This was a 17th century idea. With this idea, Peter I inherited the state, and Peter III, under pressure from the nobility, signed a decree on the freedom of the nobility. This decree meant that the nobles could no longer serve. But the peasants, who were given to them as payment in kind for their labor to the sovereign, and their lands remained the property of the nobles, who did not serve the state and the tsar. The lands and the very personality of the peasant were and remained the property of the nobleman. Catherine passed a number of decrees that expanded the rights of nobles over their serfs. The results of the reign of Paul 1 show that the state has not yet moved away from the schemes of the 17th century.

Foreign policy

Since 1798, Paul sought to deal with the ideas of the French Revolution and the expansion of the “usurper.” Together with the coalition European countries military operations were carried out in Italy, Switzerland, the Ionian and Mediterranean seas. But treacherous actions within the coalition led to a rapprochement between Russia and France. And this meant a break with England, a major buyer of grain and bread, which caused discontent among the nobles. During the reign of Paul 1 this turned out to be imprudent.

Asian treks

To reduce English possessions, Paul I and Napoleon planned a joint campaign in India. And Paul sent the Don Army to conquer Bukhara and Khiva. After the death of Paul I, the army was withdrawn from there.

Reduction of noble liberties

Pavel Petrovich, being a supporter of absolutism, did not at all want the nobles to be independent of him. During the reign of Paul 1, internal policy towards the nobility became tougher. He changes and limits the laws on the liberties of the nobility, in particular, introduces corporal punishment for nobles for criminal offenses and at the same time limits their rights to peasants. Not in the sense that he abolishes serfdom. He loved serfdom very much, believing that it brought order, certainty, right relationship between seniors and juniors. But peasants are people too. This means that he issues a decree that they should be free from working for the master on Sundays and holidays, and the rest of the week must be divided equally between the master and the needs of the peasants themselves. Three days the peasants work for themselves, three days for the master. No one has ever followed this law.

Fear of violent death is the eternal nightmare of the Romanovs

Meanwhile, life unfolded very hard for him. Having suffered in his young years, he began to suspect that they wanted to do with him the same as with his unfortunate father. He began to suspect his second wife, Maria Fedorovna, that she wanted, like Catherine, to remove him from the throne.

Emperor Pavel Petrovich ends all relations with her and converges with the Lopukhin family. But in any case, he now listens to his barber Kutaisov and the Lopukhins and completely alienates his family from himself. Alexander I in recent years he said to his father that he “felt like he was under an ax,” that now some terrible fate awaited him. Because of this, a conspiracy was woven. People were unhappy that Pavel Petrovich practically abolished all the laws of his mother and limited the rights of the nobility. The nobles and aristocrats agree with Alexander Pavlovich, the eldest son, that if he does not mind, then Paul I should be forced to step down from the throne and go into exile. Then Alexander I will take his father’s throne according to the law of succession to the throne, introduced by Paul himself. Alexander, apparently, did not refuse.

The last act of the tragedy

What happened on March 11, 1801 at the Engineering Castle in St. Petersburg did not at all coincide with these preliminary proposals. For some reason, some say because the conspirators were drunk, others say that Paul resisted. He was killed that night in the Engineers' Castle, which he built with all precautions, expecting that there would be an attempt on his life. The further, the more he waited maniacally violent death, tried to prevent it, but could not.

This is the reign of Paul 1 ( summary). His life can hardly be called happy.

During the reign of Paul 1, domestic and foreign policy was assessed by contemporaries very negatively, negatively. Indeed, there was a lot in her that was spontaneous and thoughtless. But this grew out of the character traits that his mother instilled in him, and out of fear for his life.