War story to read in primary school. A story about the Great Patriotic War for primary schoolchildren.

Andrey Platonov. Little soldier

Not far from the front line, inside the surviving station, Red Army soldiers who had fallen asleep on the floor were snoring sweetly; the happiness of relaxation was etched on their tired faces.

On the second track, the boiler of the hot duty locomotive quietly hissed, as if a monotonous, soothing voice was singing from a long-abandoned house. But in one corner of the station room, where a kerosene lamp was burning, people occasionally whispered soothing words to each other, and then they too fell into silence.

There stood two majors, similar to each other not in external features, but in the general kindness of their wrinkled, tanned faces; each of them held the boy's hand in his own, and the child looked pleadingly at the commanders. The child did not let go of the hand of one major, then pressed his face to it, and carefully tried to free himself from the hand of the other. The child looked about ten years old, and he was dressed like a seasoned fighter - in a gray overcoat, worn and pressed against his body, in a cap and boots, apparently sewn to fit a child’s foot. His small face, thin, weather-beaten, but not emaciated, adapted and already accustomed to life, was now turned to one major; the child's bright eyes clearly revealed his sadness, as if they were the living surface of his heart; he was sad that he was being separated from his father or an older friend, who must have been a major to him.

The second major drew the child by the hand and caressed him, comforting him, but the boy, without removing his hand, remained indifferent to him. The first major was also saddened, and he whispered to the child that he would soon take him to him and they would meet again for an inseparable life, but now they were parting for a short time. The boy believed him, but the truth itself could not console his heart, which was attached to only one person and wanted to be with him constantly and close, and not far away. The child already knew what great distances and times of war were - it was difficult for people from there to return to each other, so he did not want separation, and his heart could not be alone, it was afraid that, left alone, it would die. And in his last request and hope, the boy looked at the major, who must leave him with a stranger.

“Well, Seryozha, goodbye for now,” said the major whom the child loved. “Don’t really try to fight, when you grow up, you will.” Don’t interfere with the German and take care of yourself so that I can find you alive and intact. Well, what are you doing, what are you doing - hold on, soldier!

Seryozha began to cry. The major picked him up in his arms and kissed his face several times. Then the major went with the child to the exit, and the second major also followed them, instructing me to guard the things left behind.

The child returned in the arms of another major; he looked aloofly and timidly at the commander, although this major persuaded him with gentle words and attracted him to himself as best he could.

The major, who replaced the one who had left, admonished the silent child for a long time, but he, faithful to one feeling and one person, remained alienated.

Anti-aircraft guns began firing not far from the station. The boy listened to their booming, dead sounds, and excited interest appeared in his gaze.

- Their scout is coming! - he said quietly, as if to himself. - It goes high, and anti-aircraft guns won’t take it, we need to send a fighter there.

“They’ll send it,” said the major. - They're watching us there.

The train we needed was expected only the next day, and all three of us went to the hostel for the night. There the major fed the child from his heavily loaded sack. “How tired I am of this bag during the war,” said the major, “and how grateful I am to it!” The boy fell asleep after eating, and Major Bakhichev told me about his fate.

Sergei Labkov was the son of a colonel and a military doctor. His father and mother served in the same regiment, so they took their only son to live with them and grow up in the army. Seryozha was now in his tenth year; he took the war and his father’s cause to heart and had already begun to understand for real, why war is needed. And then one day he heard his father talking in the dugout with one officer and caring that the Germans would definitely blow up his regiment’s ammunition when retreating. The regiment had previously left German envelopment, well, in haste, of course, and left its warehouse with ammunition with the Germans, and now the regiment had to go forward and return the lost land and its goods on it, and the ammunition, too, which was needed. “They probably already laid the wire to our warehouse - they know that we will have to retreat,” the colonel, Seryozha’s father, said then. Sergei listened and realized what his father was worried about. The boy knew the location of the regiment before the retreat, and so he, small, thin, cunning, crawled at night to our warehouse, cut the explosive closing wire and remained there for another whole day, guarding so that the Germans did not repair the damage, and if they did, then again cut the wire. Then the colonel drove the Germans out of there, and the entire warehouse came into his possession.

Soon this little boy made his way further behind enemy lines; there he found out by the signs where the command post of a regiment or battalion was, walked around three batteries at a distance, remembered everything exactly - his memory was not spoiled by anything - and when he returned home, he showed his father on the map how it was and where everything was. The father thought, gave his son to an orderly for constant observation of him and opened fire on these points. Everything turned out correctly, the son gave him the correct serifs. He’s small, this Seryozhka, and his enemy took him for a gopher in the grass: let him, they say, move. And Seryozhka probably didn’t move the grass, he walked without a sigh.

The boy also deceived the orderly, or, so to speak, seduced him: once he took him somewhere, and together they killed a German - it is not known which of them - and Sergei found the position.

So he lived in the regiment with his father and mother and with the soldiers. The mother, seeing such a son, could no longer tolerate his uncomfortable position and decided to send him to the rear. But Sergei could no longer leave the army; his character was drawn into the war. And he told that major, his father’s deputy, Savelyev, who had just left, that he would not go to the rear, but would rather hide in captivity to the Germans, learn from them everything he needed, and again return to his father’s unit when his mother left him. miss you. And he would probably do so, because he has a military character.

And then grief happened, and there was no time to send the boy to the rear. His father, a colonel, was seriously wounded, although the battle, they say, was weak, and he died two days later in a field hospital. The mother also fell ill, became exhausted - she had previously been maimed by two shrapnel wounds, one in the cavity - and a month after her husband she also died; maybe she still missed her husband... Sergei remained an orphan.

Major Savelyev took command of the regiment, he took the boy to him and became his father and mother instead of his relatives - the whole person. The boy also answered him with all his heart.

- But I’m not from their unit, I’m from another. But I know Volodya Savelyev from a long time ago. And so we met here at the front headquarters. Volodya was sent to advanced training courses, but I was there on another matter, and now I’m going back to my unit. Volodya Savelyev told me to take care of the boy until he arrives back... And when will Volodya return and where will he be sent! Well, it will be visible there...

Major Bakhichev dozed off and fell asleep. Seryozha Labkov snored in his sleep, like an adult, an elderly man, and his face, having now moved away from sorrow and memories, became calm and innocently happy, revealing the image of the saint of childhood, from where the war took him. I also fell asleep, taking advantage of the unnecessary time so that it would not be wasted.

We woke up at dusk, at the very end of a long June day. Now there were two of us in three beds - Major Bakhichev and I, but Seryozha Labkov was not there. The major was worried, but then decided that the boy had gone somewhere for a short time. Later we went with him to the station and visited the military commandant, but no one noticed the little soldier in the rear crowd of the war.

The next morning, Seryozha Labkov also did not return to us, and God knows where he went, tormented by the feeling of his childish heart for the man who left him - perhaps after him, perhaps back to his father’s regiment, where the graves of his father and mother were.

Name: Andrey Platonov (Andrey Klimentov)

Age: 51 years old

Activity: writer, poet, playwright

Family status: was married

Andrey Platonov: biography

Andrei Platonovich Platonov - Soviet prose writer, poet, publicist, playwright. Most of the author's best works were published after his death.

Andrei Platonovich was born in August 1899 in Yamskaya Sloboda (Voronezh). The boy was the first-born in the family of a railway worker. The father of the future writer, Platon Firsovich Klimentov, was a locomotive driver and mechanic; he was twice awarded the title of Hero of Labor. Mother Maria Vasilievna Lobochikhina was the daughter of a watchmaker. After marriage, the woman took care of the housework.

The Klimentov family was large. During her life, Maria Vasilievna gave birth to eleven children. Platon Firsovich spent almost all his time in the workshops. From a young age, the older children helped their father earn money to feed the family.

At the age of seven, Andrei was enrolled in a parochial school. In 1909, the boy entered the city four-year school. At the age of 13, the future writer began working for hire. The young man tried different professions Until the age of eighteen, he managed to work in many workshops in Voronezh.

Creation

Andrei Klimentov entered the railway technical school in 1918. The Civil War prevented the young man from completing his studies. A new period of life has begun for Andrey. He went through the Civil War in the ranks of the Red Army. The October Revolution became an impetus for creativity for the young man.

In the early twenties, Klimentov changed his last name and began to collaborate with the editors of various magazines and newspapers in Voronezh. He tried himself as a poet, publicist, critic, columnist. In 1921, Andrei Platonov’s first book, entitled “Electrification,” was published. His stories from earlier times are characterized by aggressiveness. A change of tone in the writer’s work occurred in 1921 after meeting his future wife.

In the year of the birth of his first child, Platonov published a collection of poems, Blue Depth. In 1926, the writer completed work on the manuscript of the story “Epiphanian Gateways”. The move to Moscow and a certain amount of fame inspired the author. The next year was very fruitful for Platonov. From the pen of the writer came the stories " Hidden Man", "City of Gradov", "Ethereal Route", as well as stories " Sandy teacher", "How Ilyich's lamp was lit", "Yamskaya Sloboda".

Platonov created his main works at the turn of the thirties of the last century. In 1929, he completed work on the novel “Chevengur”, and in 1930, on the social parable “The Pit”. During the writer's lifetime, these works were not published. His relationship with authorities and censorship was very strained. The writer repeatedly fell into disgrace. The story “For Future Use,” published in 1931, caused strong discontent. The politician demanded that the writer be deprived of the opportunity to publish.

Illustration for Andrei Platonov’s story “The Pit”

In 1934, the pressure from the authorities eased a little. Platonov went with his colleagues on a trip to Central Asia. Inspiration came to the writer after visiting Turkmenistan, and he wrote the story “Takyr”, which caused new wave disapproval and criticism. When Stalin read some of Platonov's works, he left notes in the margins like swear words characterizing the author.

Writer Andrey Platonov

Despite the dissatisfaction of the authorities, the writer was able to publish several of his stories in 1936. After the outbreak of World War II, a place for the front-line theme appeared in his work. In the fifties, Platonov focused his attention on the literary adaptation of folk tales.

Personal life

Andrei Platonov got married at the age of 22. His chosen one was Maria Kashintseva. The girl was the writer's first serious hobby. 6 years after start family life Platonov wrote the story “The Sandy Teacher,” which he dedicated to his wife. The plot is based on facts from the biography of Maria Alexandrovna.

Andrei Platonov with his wife Maria Kashintseva

The writer's future wife left for the outback in 1921 to avoid a relationship with Platonov. This “escape from love” formed the basis of the story about the teacher. Maria lived sixty kilometers from the city. The writer visited the bride two or three times a month. Maria's pregnancy finally decided the issue of her relationship with Platonov. The writer, with his persistence, persuaded the girl to marry in 1921. In 1922, a son was born into the family; the boy was named Plato in honor of the writer’s father.

In the same year, the prose writer’s brother and sister died from poisoning with poisonous mushrooms. He experienced severe mental anguish, torn between the happiness of married life and family grief. The writer’s mother did not find a common language with her daughter-in-law, Andrei Platonovich ended up in difficult situation. He never managed to reconcile the two main women in his life.

In 1929, at the age of 54, the prose writer's mother died. Seven years after her death, Platonov wrote the story “The Third Son,” dedicated to Maria Vasilievna.

The life of the Klimentovs’ grandson turned out to be short and tragic. Plato was sick a lot as a child and grew up as a capricious and uncontrollable young man. At the age of fifteen he went to prison. While in prison, Plato fell ill with tuberculosis. The young man died of consumption at the age of twenty. Shortly before his death, Platon Andreevich became a father.

The writer's personal life was reflected in Platonov's works. His heroes suffered with him, loved with him, went crazy and died. Platonov became a grandfather, but the loss of his son broke his inner core.

In 1944, Maria Alexandrovna decided to have a second birth. The writer's daughter Masha was born. Platonov at that time was already ill with consumption. Photos of the last years of the writer’s life give a clear idea of ​​the state of his soul and body.

Death

During World War II, Andrei Platonovich, with the rank of captain, served as a front-line correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper. The writer took part in hostilities, did not sit in the rear, and was modest in the life of a soldier. According to one version, Platonov contracted consumption during the war. The life of a soldier helped the writer collect material for front-line stories and essays that were published in the Red Star magazine.

In 1943, the writer's only son died. Platonov looked after him for a long time, but the young man was never able to recover from his imprisonment. According to one version, the writer contracted tuberculosis from his son.

In 1946, Platonov was demobilized due to illness. In the same year, he completed work on the story “The Ivanov Family,” which appeared in print under the title “Return.” A wave of criticism again overwhelmed Platonov. He was accused of slandering victorious soldiers and was excommunicated from the press.

In the last years of his life, Platonov had to do menial literary work to earn money. The writer's creativity focused around the processing of folk tales. Platonov developed an interest in children's literature because of his little daughter Mashenka. In 1950, the writer finished work on fairy tales " Unknown flower" and "Magic Ring". Based on these works, Soviet animators created in the late seventies cartoons.

Monument to Andrei Platonov in Voronezh

The writer died in the winter of 1951 in Moscow from consumption; he was buried in the Armenian cemetery. Ended in 1952 life path the writer's father. Platonov’s wife died in 1983; she outlived her husband by three decades. Their daughter Maria Andreevna devoted her life to publishing her father’s works. She also created one version of his biography.

Platonov's books began to be actively published in the eighties of the last century. The author's works aroused a wave of interest among a new generation of readers. In 2005, Maria Andreevna died and was buried in the Armenian cemetery.

Bibliography:

• 1920 - story “Chuldik and Epishka”
• 1921 - story “Markun”, brochure “Electrification”
• 1922 - book of poems “Blue Depth”
• 1927 - stories “City of Gradov”, “The Hidden Man”, “Ethereal Route”, stories “Yamskaya Sloboda”, “Sandy Teacher”, “How Ilyich’s Lamp Was Lighted”
• 1929 - novel “Chevengur”
• 1929 - stories “State Resident”, “Doubting Makar”
• 1930 - “The pit”, “Hurdy organ” (play)
• 1931 - “Poor Peasants’ Chronicle” “For Future Use”, plays “ High voltage" and "14 red huts"
• 1934 - stories “Garbage Wind”, “Juvenile Sea” and “Jan”, story “Takyr”
• 1936 - stories “The Third Son” and “Immortality”
• 1937 - stories “The Potudan River”, “In the Beautiful and furious world", "Fro"
• 1939 - story “The Motherland of Electricity”
• 1942 - “Spiritualized People” (collection of stories)
• 1943 - “Stories about the Motherland” (collection of stories)
• 1943 - “Armor” (collection of stories)
• 1945 - collection of stories “Towards the Sunset”, story “Nikita”
• 1946 - story “Ivanov’s Family” (“Return”)
• 1947 - books “Finist - Yasny Falcon”, “Bashkir folk tales»
• 1948 - play “Lyceum Student”
• 1950 - fairy tale “The Unknown Flower”

Years of life: from 08/28/1899 to 01/05/1951

Andrei Platnov is a Russian writer and playwright, one of the most original Russian writers in style and language of the first half of the 20th century.

Andrei Platonovich Klimentov was born on August 28 (16), 1899 (his birthday is officially celebrated on September 1) in a large family of a mechanic at railway workshops in the settlement of Yamskaya on the outskirts of the city of Voronezh. He took the surname Platonov for himself already in the 20s, forming it on behalf of his father, Platon Firsovich Klimentov. Andrey was the eldest of eleven children. He studied first at a parochial school, and then at a city school. He started working at the age of 14. “We had a family... of 10 people, and I am the eldest son - the only worker, except for my father. My father... could not feed such a horde,” he later wrote in his memoirs. The young man worked as a delivery boy, a foundry worker at a pipe factory, an electrical engineer, and an assistant driver. The motif of the locomotive will run through all of his work.

After the revolution, in 1918, Andrei went to study again. Enters the Voronezh Railway Polytechnic in the electrical engineering department. Inspired by new socialist ideas and trends, he participated in discussions of the Communist Union of Journalists, published articles, stories, poems in Voronezh newspapers and magazines (“Voronezh Commune”, “Red Village”, “ Iron way" and etc.). But the Civil War confused all plans and in 1919 he went to the front as an ordinary rifleman in a railway detachment, and also as a “journalist for the Soviet press and writer.”

After the end of the Civil War, Andrei Platonov entered the Polytechnic Institute. His first book. In 1920, the First All-Russian Congress of Proletarian Writers took place in Moscow, where Platonov represented the Voronezh Writers' Organization. A survey was conducted at the congress. Platonov’s answers give an idea of ​​him as honest (not inventing a “revolutionary past” for himself, like others) and quite confident in his abilities young writer: “Did you participate in revolutionary movement, where and when?" - "No"; “Were you subjected to repression before the October Revolution?..” - “No”; “What obstacles have hindered or are hindering your literary development? - “Low education, lack of free time”; “Which writers have influenced you the most?” - “None”; “Which literary movements do you sympathize with or belong to?” - “No, I have my own.” At the same time, Andrei Platonov a short time was even a candidate member of the RCP(b), but for criticizing the “official revolutionaries” in the feuilleton “The Human Soul is an Indecent Animal” in 1921, he was expelled as a “shaky and unstable element.” In the same year, his first book (brochure) was published - a collection of essays "Electrification", which asserted the idea that "electrification is the same revolution in technology, with the same meaning as October 1917." The following year, in Krasnodar, a collection of poems “Blue Depth” was published, a collection composed of his youthful pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary poems. After the first published books literary work for a while Platonov takes second place and he gives himself completely practical work by specialty. A proletarian writer, in his opinion, was obliged to have a profession and to create “in his free weekend hours.” In 1921–1922, he was the chairman of the Extraordinary Commission to Combat Drought in the Voronezh Province, and from 1923 to 1926, he worked in the Voronezh Provincial Land Administration as a provincial land reclamation specialist and head of electrification work. Agriculture. At that time, he was seriously passionate about the task of transforming the entire agricultural system, and these were not some violent or demonstrative labor feats, but the consistent materialization of the views of Platonov himself, which he outlined in the “Russian Kolymaga”: “The fight against hunger, the fight for The life of the revolution comes down to fighting drought. There is a way to defeat it. And this is the only means: hydrofication, that is, the construction of artificial irrigation systems for fields with cultivated plants. The revolution turns into a fight against nature.” Platonov of these years is a maximalist dreamer, a fighter against

elemental forces in nature and life, calling for the speedy transformation of Russia “into the country of thought and metal.” Later, as a technically educated and gifted person (having dozens of patents for his inventions), he will see the environmental danger of such a strategy. Despite his constant employment, in rare free moments Platonov continues to study literature. He publishes journalistic articles, stories and poems in Voronezh newspapers and magazines and even in the Moscow magazine “Kuznitsa”. Writes stories on topics village life("IN starry desert", 1921, "Chuldik and Epishka", 1920), as well as science fiction stories and novellas ("Descendants of the Sun", 1922, "Markun", 1922, "Moon Bomb", 1926), in which faith in technological progress is combined with the utopian idealism of the artisan-inventor.

In 1926, Andrei Platonov was elected to the Central Committee of the Union of Agriculture and Forestry at the All-Russian Congress of Land Reclamation Workers and moved with his family to Moscow. By that time he was married to Masha Kashintseva. He met her in 1920 at the Voronezh branch of literary writers, where she served. “Eternal Mary”, she became the writer’s muse, “Epiphanian Gates” and many poems that Platonov composed throughout his life are dedicated to her.

Work in the Central Committee of the Union of Agriculture did not go well. “This is partly to blame for the passion for thinking and writing,” Platonov admitted in a letter. For about three months he worked in Tambov as head of the land reclamation department. During this time, a series of stories were written in Russian historical topics, the fantastic story “Ethereal Tract” (1927), the story “Epiphanian Gateways” (about Peter’s transformations in Russia) and the first edition of “The City of Gradov” (a satirical interpretation of the new state philosophy).

Since 1927, Platonov and his family finally settled in Moscow: the writer in him defeated the engineer. The next two years, perhaps, can be called the most prosperous in his writer's fate, which Grigory Zakharovich Litvin-Molotov contributed a lot to. A member of the Voronezh provincial committee and the editorial board of the Voronezh Izvestia (he attracted the young Platonov to work in local newspapers), Litvin-Molotov then headed the Burevestnik publishing house in Krasnodar (where Platonov’s collection of poems was published), and from the mid-1920s he became the chief editor of the publishing house

“Young Guard” in Moscow (where the first two collections of Platonov’s stories and stories were published). At this time, Andrei Platonov created a new edition of “The City of Gradov”, a cycle of stories: “The Hidden Man” (an attempt to understand

Civil War and new social relations through the eyes of the “natural fool” Foma Pukhov), “Yamskaya Sloboda”, “Builders of the Country” (from which the novel “Chevengur” will grow). Collaborates in the magazines “Krasnaya Nov”, “ New world", "October", "Young Guard", publishes collections: "Epiphanian Locks" (1927), "Meadow Masters" (1928), "The Origin of the Master" (1929). Moscow literary life also inspired Platonov's satirical pen to create several parodies: “Factory of Literature” (written for the magazine “October”, but published there only in 1991),

“Moscow Society of Literature Consumers. MOPL", "Antisexus" (dialogue with LEF, Mayakovsky, Shklovsky, etc.).

At that time, everything in the writer’s life was going well: he was noticed by critics, and Maxim Gorky approved of him. Moreover, it was Platonov the satirist who liked Gorky: “In your psyche,” as I perceive it, “there is an affinity with Gogol. Therefore, try yourself at comedy, not drama. Leave drama for personal pleasure.” But Platonov did not listen to the recommendations, writing only a few satirical works. A critical turning point came in the writer’s fate in 1929, when critics of RAPP crushed his stories “Che-Che-O”, “State Resident”, “Doubting Makar”. “Doubting Makar” was also read by Stalin himself (who, unlike subsequent leaders, read everything even more or less noticeable) - he did not approve of the ideological ambiguity and anarchic nature of the story. Publishers

immediately, for ideological reasons, they begin to reject all of his works. The set of the novel “Chevengur”, which had already been completed to layout, was scattered (the novel will be released after death of the writer, in 1972 in Paris).

However, a wave of criticism and even the threat of reprisals did not force Andrei Platonov to put down his pen. He also did not become a dissident, as supporters of perestroika tried to make him out to be after his death. In a letter to Maxim Gorky in those difficult times, he writes: “I am writing this letter to you not to complain - I have nothing to complain about... I want to tell you that I am not a class enemy, and no matter how much I have suffered as a result of my mistakes, I cannot become a class enemy and it is impossible to bring me to this state, because the working class is my homeland, and my future is connected with the proletariat... to be rejected by my class and to be internally still with it is much more painful, than to recognize oneself as an alien... and step aside.”

And it was during this period that Platonov’s new poetics crystallized, the revolutionary aspiration for the future and the declarative and illustrative presentation of the utopian idea was replaced by searches deep meanings life - “the substance of existence.” The author’s unique style is emerging based on poetic techniques and the word-formation mechanism of language, which reveals the hidden, primary meaning of a word. Platonov’s expressive tongue-tiedness (for which he is so valued by some, but cannot be accepted by other readers) has no precedents in Russian literature, partly relying on the traditions of symbolism, as well as processing the experience of the avant-garde and the newspaper vocabulary of his time.

In the fall of 1929, Andrei Platonov, on instructions from the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, traveled a lot to state and collective farms Central Russia, thanks to materials from these trips, he begins to work on the story “The Pit,” which will become one of his main masterpieces, but will never be published during the author’s lifetime (first published in the USSR in 1987)).

In the mid-1930s, Platonov was a writer who wrote mainly on the table. The situation is aggravated by everyday troubles: the family wanders for a long time in temporary apartments, until in 1931 they settle in a wing of a mansion on Tverskoy Boulevard(now the Herzen Literary Institute). But no matter what, the abundance of ideas overwhelms the writer. At this time, he wrote the novel “Happy Moscow”, the play “The Voice of the Father”, the folk tragedy “14 Red Huts” (about the famine in the Russian province during the time of “dekulakization”), articles on literature (about Pushkin, Akhmatova, Hemingway, Chapek , Greene, Paustovsky). Business trips from the People's Commissariat of Agriculture to collective and state farms of the Volga region and North Caucasus gave the writer material for the story “The Juvenile Sea” (1932).

After “Chevengur” and “The Pit,” the writer gradually begins to move away from large-scale social canvases into the world of ordinary universal human motives - emotional experiences and love dramas. But at the same time, the psychological modeling of the characters is enhanced; the ironic attitude towards love gives way to the depth of psychological reading. The collection of lyrical stories “The Potudan River” was the first to be published after a long period of oblivion. The book was published in 1937, but immediately after its release it was subjected to derogatory criticism. Paradoxically, it was at this time that the first and only monographic study of his work was written during the writer’s lifetime. It was a large accusatory article by A. Gurvich “Andrei Platonov” in the magazine “Krasnaya Nov” (1937, No. 10). Tracing the creative evolution of the writer, Gurvich determined that the basis artistic system Platonov is “religious soul order”. Essentially true, but against the backdrop of the “godless five-year plan” this was actually a political denunciation.

The situation is aggravated by another event - in 1938, Platonov’s fifteen-year-old son Tosha (Platon) was arrested and convicted under Article 58/10 (for anti-Soviet agitation) on a fabricated case. He was released only in the fall of 1940 thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Sholokhov (at that time a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR), who was friends with the Platonovs.

However, the joy was short-lived - the son returned terminally ill with tuberculosis and died in January 1943. Andrei Platonov, in his vain attempts to get rid of his son, became infected with tuberculosis.

In 1936-1941, Platonov appeared in print mainly as a literary critic. He publishes in magazines under various pseudonyms." Literary critic", "Literary Review", etc.. Works on the novel "Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg" (its manuscript was lost at the beginning of the war), writes children's plays "Granny's Hut", "Good Titus", "Step-Daughter".

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War The writer and his family are evacuated to Ufa, where a collection of his war stories “Under the Skies of the Motherland” is published. In 1942, he volunteered to go to the front as a private, but soon became a front-line correspondent for Red Star. During the war, four more books by Platonov were published: “Spiritualized People” (1942), “Stories about the Motherland”, “Armor” (both 1943), “Towards the Sunset” (1945). At the end of 1946, one of the best stories Platonov - “Return”, in which the author, using the example of “Ivanov’s family” (this is the original title), reflects on the fact that war cripples people not only physically, but also morally. Critics immediately branded the story as slander against the “hero soldier” and, in fact, thereby putting an end to the writer’s lifetime publications.

IN last years During his life, a seriously ill writer is forced to earn his living by transcribing Russian and Bashkir folk tales. He's working on satirical play on the theme of American reality (with allusions to the USSR) "Noah's Ark", but never manages to finish it. How could he be supported by the writers Sholokhov and Fadeev (the latter, who once “on duty” criticized “Doubting Makar”). With the help of Sholokhov, it was possible to publish books of fairy tales “Finist - Clear Falcon”, “Bashkir Folk Tales” (both 1947), “The Magic Ring” (1949). At that time, Platonov lived in a wing of the A. M. Gorky Literary Institute. One of the writers, seeing him sweeping the yard under his windows, started a legend that he had to work as a janitor.

Tuberculosis, which he contracted from his son, makes itself felt more and more often, and on January 5, 1951, Andrei Platonov passed away. He was buried on Vagankovskoe cemetery next to my son.

One of the most significant writers of the 20th century passed away unrecognized. He never saw his main works - the novel “Chevengur”, the stories “The Pit”, “The Juvenile Sea”, “Dzhan” - published. Only in the Khrushchev sixties did the first Plato books timidly begin to appear. His main works were published only in the late 80s, and the master’s bright originality aroused a wave of interest in him around the world. Ernest Hemingway, in his Nobel speech, named Platonov among his teachers.

Bibliography

1920 - story “Chuldik and Epishka”
1921 - story “Markun”, brochure “Electrification”
1922 - book of poems “Blue Depth”
1926 - story “Anti-Sexus”, story “Epiphanian Locks”
1927 - the story “City of Gradov”, the story “The Hidden Man” and
1928 - story “The Origin of the Master”, play “Fools on the Periphery” 1939 - story “The Motherland of Electricity”
1942 - “Under the skies of the motherland” (collection of stories), published in Ufa
1942 - “Spiritualized People” (collection of stories)
1943 - “Stories about the Motherland” (collection of stories)
1943 - “Armor” (collection of stories)
1945 - collection of stories “Towards the Sunset”, story “Nikita”
1946 - story “Ivanov’s Family” (“Return”)
1947 - books “Finist - Clear Falcon”, “Bashkir Folk Tales”
1948 - play “Lyceum Student”
1950 - “The Magic Ring” (collection of Russian folk tales)
1951 - (unfinished mystery play)

Film adaptations of works, theatrical productions

Fro (1964),
film by Rezo Esadze based on the story of the same name.
Lonely voice of a man (1978)
film by Alexander Sokurov based on the works of Andrei Platonov “The Potudan River”, “The Hidden Man”, “The Origin of the Master”.
Three brothers / Tre fratelli (1981)
French-Italian film directed by Francesco Rosi based on the story “The Third Son”, the action of the story is moved to Italy.
Maria's Lovers(1984)
film by Andrei Konchalovsky based on “The Potudan River”, the location has been moved to the USA.
The beginning of an unknown century (1987)
Film almanac, which includes the short film “The Motherland of Electricity” by Larisa Efimovna Shepitko, based on the story of the same name
Cow (1990)
cartoon by Alexander Petrov based on the story of the same name.
I have to live again (2001)
film by Vasily Panin based on the stories “In a Beautiful and Furious World”, “At the Dawn of Foggy Youth” and “The Hidden Man”
Random glance (2005)
a very strange film in the art-house style from Vladimir Mirzoev. It is alleged that the script is based on the story “The Pit” by Andrei Platonov
Father (2007)
film by Ivan Solovov based on the story “Return”.

A.Platonov. Unknown flower

In the family of Platon Firsovich Klimentov, a mechanic at railway workshops, Andrei was the eldest of eleven children. After studying at the diocesan and city schools, as a fourteen-year-old boy, he began working as a messenger, as a foundry worker, as an assistant driver on a steam locomotive, and during the Civil War on an armored train. “...Besides the field, the village, my mother and the ringing of bells, I also loved (and the more I live, the more I love) steam locomotives, a car, a whining whistle and sweaty work.”(Autobiographical letter). Andrei Platonov was called “a philosopher-worker” or “a poet-worker” in Voronezh - under this name he published poems and philosophical sketches in local newspapers: for example, “Audible Steps. Revolution and mathematics". In 1921, his brochure “Electrification” was published. General Concepts”, and in 1922 - a book of poems “Blue Depth”.
He was an electrical engineer and land reclamation worker, built a hydroelectric power station on the Don, cleaned up the Chernaya Kalitva and Tikhaya Sosna rivers, invented "experienced gas diesel locomotive" And "electric aircraft powered by long-distance power lines", developed the “half-metro” project. With regard to the transformation of the earth and humanity, the ideas of A.A. Bogdanov, K.A. Timiryazev, N.F. Fedorov, K.E. Tsiolkovsky were close to him. However, he said: “I love wisdom more than philosophy, and knowledge more than science.”.
In 1927, Platonov received an appointment from the People's Commissariat of Agriculture to head the provincial land reclamation department in Tambov. “Wandering through the outback, I saw such sad things that I did not believe that luxurious Moscow, art and prose existed somewhere”. In Tambov, he almost simultaneously wrote the fantastic story “Ethereal Tract”, historical story“Epiphanian Locks”, the satire “City of Grads” and the novel “Chevengur” (“Builders of the Country”).
A completely unique writer has appeared in Russian literature. Until now, both readers and researchers are often perplexed: is his writing style naive or refined? According to Platonov himself, “a writer is a victim and an experimenter rolled into one. But this is not done on purpose, it just happens naturally.”.
Very soon, especially after the publication of the story “The Doubting Makar” and the poor peasant chronicle “For Future Use,” frantic adherents of ideological purity declared Platonov’s works ambiguous, petty-bourgeois and harmful.
In the thirties, in Moscow, Platonov worked a lot, but rarely published. “Chevengur”, the stories “The Pit” and “The Juvenile Sea”, the play “14 Red Huts”, and the novel “Happy Moscow” will be published decades after the author’s death.
“...Can I be a Soviet writer, or is this objectively impossible?”- Platonov asked M. Gorky in 1933. However, before the First Congress of Soviet Writers, he was included in the so-called writers' brigade, sent to Central Asia, and also - as a land reclamation specialist - in the detachment of the Turkmen complex expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

“I traveled far into the desert, where there is an eternal sand hurricane”.
“...There is nothing there except rare muddy wells, reptiles, the sky and empty sand...”
“The ruins (walls) are made of clay, but terribly strong. All of Asia is clay, poor and empty.”.
“The desert under the stars made a huge impression on me. I understood something that I didn’t understand before.”.

(From letters to his wife Maria Alexandrovna)

This trip gave Platonov the idea for the story “Takyr” and the story “Dzhan”, but only “Takyr” was published immediately.
The collection of short stories “The Potudan River” (1937) caused a wave of rabid criticism. Platonov was accused "Yurod speeches" And "religious order". In May 1938, the writer’s fifteen-year-old son, Plato, was arrested following a horrific libel. Thanks to the intercession of M. Sholokhov, the boy was released from the camp, but he soon died. “...I made such important conclusions from his death here during the war, which you will learn about later, and this will console you a little in your grief.”, - Platonov wrote to his wife from the front.
He achieved his appointment as a war correspondent in the active army. D. Ortenberg recalls: “Platonov’s modest and outwardly inconspicuous figure probably did not correspond to the reader’s idea of ​​the writer’s appearance. The soldiers did not feel constrained in his presence and spoke freely about their soldier topics.”. Platonov’s war stories were published in newspapers and magazines “Znamya”, “Red Star”, “Red Army Man”, “Red Navy Man”. Three collections of these stories were published in Moscow. Official criticism regarded them as "literary tricks". At the front, Platonov was shell-shocked and fell ill with tuberculosis; demobilized in February 1946.
He wrote a lot, especially at the end of his life, for children and about children: retellings of Bashkir and Russian folk tales (published with the assistance of M. Sholokhov), several plays for children's theater(“Granny’s Hut”, “Kind Titus”, “Step Daughter”, “Lyceum Student” - young viewers never saw them), collections of stories “The July Thunderstorm” and “All Life” (the first book was published in 1939, the second was banned). In his work, Platonov always took a keen interest in childhood, old age, poverty and other extremes of existence, because he had long known and remembered: people near non-existence understand the meanings of life that are inaccessible to them in vanity. And in the human soul, he said, there are spaces even larger than in the interstellar deserts.

Svetlana Malaya

WORKS OF A.P.PLATONOV

COLLECTED WORKS: 3 volumes / Comp., intro. Art. and note. V. Chalmaeva. - M.: Sov. Russia, 1984-1985.

COLLECTED WORKS: In 5 volumes: To the 100th anniversary of the writer’s birth. - M.: Informpechat, 1998.

WORKS: [In 12 volumes]. - M.: IMLI RAS, 2004-.
And this publication is announced only as an approach to full meeting works of Andrei Platonov.

- Works,
included in the reading circle of high school students -

"Hidden Man"
“Pukhov was always surprised by space. It calmed him in his suffering and increased his joy, if there was a little of it.”.
Machinist, Red Army soldier and wanderer Foma Pukhov is a hidden person, “because nowhere can you find the end of a person and it is impossible to draw a large-scale map of his soul”.

"Jan"
In the area of ​​the Amu Darya delta, a small nomadic people from different nationalities: fugitives and orphans from everywhere and old, exhausted slaves who were driven away, girls who fell in love with those who suddenly died, and they did not want anyone else as husbands, people who do not know God, mockers of the world... This people was not called anything, but to itself gave the name - jan. According to Turkmen belief, jan is a soul that seeks happiness.

"Epifanskie locks"
In the spring of 1709, the English engineer Bertrand Perry came to Russia to build a canal between the Don and Oka. But already on the way to Epifan he “I was horrified by Peter’s idea: the land turned out to be so large, so famous is the vast nature through which it is necessary to arrange a water passage for ships. On the tablets in St. Petersburg it was clear and handy, but here, on the midday journey to Tanaid, it turned out to be crafty, difficult and powerful.”.

"Pit"
The diggers and the restless worker Voshchev, who accosted them, are digging a pit for the foundation of the future common proletarian house.
“The mown wasteland smelled of dead grass and the dampness of naked places, which made the general sadness of life and the melancholy of futility more clearly felt. Voshchev was given a shovel, and with the cruelty of despair of his life, he squeezed it with his hands, as if he wanted to extract the truth from the middle of the earth’s dust ... "

"Juvenile Sea (Sea of ​​Youth)"
State farm meeting in Parents' Yards “decided to build wind heating and dig deep into the earth, right down to the mysterious virgin seas, in order to release compressed water from there onto the daytime surface of the earth, and then plug the well, and then a new fresh sea will remain in the middle of the steppe - to quench the thirst of grass and cows”.

"Chevengur"
Chevengur - county town somewhere in central Russia. Comrade Chepurny, nicknamed the Japanese, organized communism in it. “The indigenous residents of Chevengur thought that everything was about to end: something that never happened couldn’t continue for long.”.
Utopia “Chevengur” or dystopia is a controversial issue. Initially, Platonov gave the novel the title “Builders of the Country. Traveling with an open heart."

- Publications -

RECOVERY OF THE LOST: Stories; Stories; Play; Articles / Comp. M. Platonova; Entry Art. S. Semyonova; Biochronicle, comment. N. Kornienko. - M.: Shkola-Press, 1995. - 672 p. - (Reading range: School curriculum).
Contents: Stories: Epiphanian Gateways; City of Gradov; Hidden man; Pit; Juvenile Sea; Stories: Doubting Makar; Garbage wind; Also mom; Fro et al.; Play: Organ organ; Articles: Literature Factory; Pushkin is our comrade; From letters to his wife.

PITCH: [Novels, stories, stories]. - St. Petersburg: ABC-classics, 2005. - 797 p. - (ABC-classics).

Contents: Chevengur; Happy Moscow; Pit; Epifanskie locks; Spiritualized people.

PIT: [Sat.]. - M.: AST, 2007. - 473 p.: ill. - (World classics).
Contents: Juvenile Sea; Etheric tract; Epifanskie locks; Yamskaya Sloboda; City of Gradov.

PIT; CITY OF CITY; JAN; STORIES. - M.: Synergy, 2002. - 462 p.: ill. - (New school).

AT THE DAWN OF MISTY YOUTH: Novels and Stories / Intro. Art. N. Kornienko. - M.: Det. lit., 2003. - 318 p. - (School library).
Contents: Hidden Man; Pit; Sandy teacher; Fro; At the dawn of foggy youth; In a beautiful and furious world (Machinist Maltsev); Return.

IN THE MIDNIGHT SKY: Stories / Comp. M. Platonova; Preface M. Kovrova. - St. Petersburg: ABC-classics, 2002. - 315 p. - (ABC-classics).
Contents: Doubting Makar; Potudan River; Third son; Fro; In the midnight sky, etc.

STORY; STORIES. - M.: Bustard, 2007. - 318 p. - (B-ka classic art literature).
Contents: Pit; Hidden man; Doubting Makar; Fro; In a beautiful and furious world (Machinist Maltsev).

DESCENDANTS OF THE SUN. - M.: Pravda, 1987. - 432 p. - (Adventure World).
Contents: Moon Bomb; Descendants of the Sun; Etheric tract; Armor; Jan et al.

CHEVENGUR: Novel. - M.: Synergy, 2002. - 492 p. - (New school).

CHEVENGUR: [Novel] / Comp., intro. Art., comment. E. Yablokova. - M.: Higher. school, 1991. - 654 p. - (B-literacy student).

- Stories and fairy tales for children -

MAGIC RING: Fairy tales, stories / Artist. V. Yudin. - M.: Onyx, 2007. - 192 p.: ill. - (B-younger schoolboy).
Contents: Fairy tales: The Magic Ring; Ivan the mediocre and Elena the Wise; Smart granddaughter; Hassle; Stories: Unknown Flower; Nikita; Flower on the ground; July thunderstorm; Also mom; Cow; Dry bread.

UNKNOWN FLOWER: Stories and fairy tales. - M.: Det. lit., 2007. - 240 pp.: ill. - (School library).
Contents: Unknown flower; July thunderstorm; Nikita; Flower on the ground; Dry bread; Also mom; Ulya; Cow; Love for the Motherland, or the Journey of a Sparrow; Smart granddaughter; Finist - Clear Falcon; Ivan the mediocre and Elena the Wise; Handleless; Hassle; Soldier and Queen; Magic ring.

STORIES. - M.: Bustard-Plus, 2008. - 160 p. - (School reading).
Contents: Cow; Sandy teacher; Little Soldier; Ulya; Dry bread; At the dawn of foggy youth.

“In the depths of our memory both dreams and reality are preserved; and after a while it is no longer possible to distinguish what once really appeared and what was a dream, especially if they have passed long years and the memory goes back to childhood, into the distant light of original life. Long ago in this childhood memory past world exists unchanged and immortal..."(A. Platonov. Light of life).

- Retellings of folk tales,
made by Andrey Platonov -

BASHKIR FOLK TALES / Lit. processing A. Platonova; Preface prof. N. Dmitrieva. - Ufa: Bashkirknigoizdat, 1969. - 112 p.: ill.
The book was first published in Moscow and Leningrad in 1947.

Platonov A.P. MAGIC RING: Rus. adv. fairy tales. - Fryazino: Century 2, 2002. - 155 p.: ill.

Platonov A.P. MAGIC RING: Rus. adv. fairy tales / [Art. M. Romadin]. - M.: Rus. book, 1993. - 157 pp.: ill.
The first edition of the collection “The Magic Ring” was published in 1950.

THE SOLDIER AND THE QUEEN: Russian. adv. fairy tales retold by A. Platonov / Artist. Yu. Kosmynin. - M.: Sovrem. writer, 1993. - 123 p. - (Wonderland).

Read more about these retellings in the section “Myths, legends, folk tales”: Platonov A.P. Magic ring.

Svetlana Malaya

LITERATURE ABOUT THE LIFE AND WORK OF A.P. PLATONOV

Platonov A.P. Notebooks: Materials for the biography / Compiled, prepared. text, preface and note. N. Kornienko. - M.: IMLI RAS, 2006. - 418 p.
Andrey Platonov: World of creativity: [Sat.] / Comp. N. Kornienko, E. Shubina. - M.: Sovrem. writer, 1994. - 430 p.
Creativity of Andrey Platonov: Research and materials; Bibliography. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1995. - 356 p.

Babinsky M.B. How to read fiction: A manual for students, applicants, teachers: Using the example of the works of M. Bulgakov (“The Master and Margarita”) and A. Platonov (“The Hidden Man”, “The Pit”, etc.) - M.: Valent, 1998. - 128 p. .
Vasiliev V.V. Andrey Platonov: Essay on life and work. - M.: Sovremennik, 1990. - 285 p. - (B-ka “For lovers of Russian literature”).
Geller M.Ya. Andrey Platonov in search of happiness. - M.: MIK, 1999. - 432 p.
Lasunsky O.G. Inhabitant hometown: Voronezh years of Andrei Platonov, 1899-1926. - Voronezh: Center for Spiritual Revival of the Chernozem Region, 2007. - 277 pp.: ill.
Mikheev M.Yu. Into the world of Platonov through his language: Sentences, facts, interpretations, guesses. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2003. - 408 p.: ill.
Svitelsky V.A. Andrey Platonov yesterday and today. - Voronezh: Rus. Literature, 1998. - 156 p.
Chalmaev V.A. Andrey Platonov: To help teachers, high school students and applicants. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2002. - 141 p. - (Rereading the classics).
Chalmaev V.A. Andrey Platonov: To the hidden person. - M.: Sov. writer, 1989. - 448 p.
Shubin L.A. Searches for the meaning of separate and common existence: About Andrei Platonov. - M.: Sov. writer, 1987. - 365 p.
Yablokov E.A. Unregulated intersections: About Platonov, Bulgakov and many others. - M.: Fifth Country, 2005. - 246 p. - (The latest research into Russian culture).

CM.

SCREEN Adaptations of A.P. Platonov's Works

- ART FILMS -

Lonely voice of a man. Based on the story “The Potudan River”, as well as the stories “The Hidden Man” and “The Origin of the Master”. Scene Yu.Arabova. Dir. A. Sokurov. USSR, 1978-1987. Cast: T. Goryacheva, A. Gradov and others.
Father. Based on the story "The Return". Dir. I. Solovov. Comp. A. Rybnikov. Russia, 2007. Cast: A. Guskov, P. Kutepova and others.
The birthplace of electricity: A short story from the film anthology “The Beginning of an Unknown Century.” Scene and director L. Shepitko. Comp. R. Ledenev. USSR, 1967. Cast: E. Goryunov, S. Gorbatyuk, A. Popova and others.

- CARTOONS -

Erik. Dir. M. Titov. Production designer M. Cherkasskaya. Comp. V. Bystryakov. USSR, 1989.
Cow. Dir. A.Petrov. USSR, 1989.

Andrey Platonov (real name Andrey Platonovich Klimentov) (1899-1951) - Russian Soviet writer, prose writer, one of the most original Russian writers in style of the first half of the 20th century.

Andrey was born on August 28 (16), 1899 in Voronezh, in the family of a railway mechanic Platon Firsovich Klimentov. However, traditionally his birthday is celebrated on September 1st.

Andrei Klimentov studied at a parish school, then at a city school. At the age of 15 (according to some sources, already at 13) he began working to support his family. According to Platonov: “We had a family... 10 people, and I am the eldest son - one worker, except for my father. My father... could not feed such a horde.” “Life immediately turned me from a child into an adult, depriving me of my youth.”

Until 1917, he changed several professions: he was an auxiliary worker, a foundry worker, a mechanic, etc., which he wrote about in early stories"The Next One" (1918) and "Seryoga and Me" (1921).

Participated in civil war as a frontline correspondent. Since 1918, he published his works, collaborating with several newspapers as a poet, publicist and critic. In 1920, he changed his last name from Klimentov to Platonov (the pseudonym was formed on behalf of the writer’s father), and also joined the RCP (b), but a year later at will left the party.

In 1921, his first journalistic book, Electrification, was published, and in 1922, a book of poems, Blue Depth. In 1924, he graduated from the polytechnic and began working as a land reclamation worker and electrical engineer.

In 1926, Platonov was recalled to work in Moscow at the People's Commissariat for Agriculture. He was sent to engineering and administrative work in Tambov. In the same year they wrote “Epiphanian Gateways”, “Ethereal Route”, “City of Gradov”, which brought him fame. Platonov moved to Moscow, becoming a professional writer.

Gradually, Platonov’s attitude towards revolutionary changes changes until they are rejected. His prose ( "City of Gradov", "Doubting Makar" etc.) often caused rejection of criticism. In 1929, A.M. received a sharply negative assessment. Gorky and Platonov’s novel “Chevengur” was banned from publication. In 1931, the published work “For Future Use” caused sharp condemnation by A. A. Fadeev and I. V. Stalin. After this, Platonov practically stopped being published. Stories "Pit", "Juvenile Sea", the novel "Chevengur" was released only in the late 1980s and received worldwide recognition.

In 1931-1935, Andrei Platonov worked as an engineer in the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry, but continued to write (the play "High voltage", story "Juvenile Sea"). In 1934, the writer and a group of colleagues traveled to Turkmenistan. After this trip, the story “Jan”, the story “Takyr”, the article "On the first socialist tragedy" and etc.

In 1936-1941, Platonov appeared in print mainly as a literary critic. Under various pseudonyms, he is published in the magazines “Literary Critic”, “Literary Review”, etc. He is working on a novel "Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg"(his manuscript was lost at the beginning of the war), writes children's plays "Granny's Hut", "Good Titus", "Step-Daughter".

In 1937, his story “The Potudan River” was published. In May of the same year, his 15-year-old son Platon was arrested, having returned from imprisonment in the fall of 1940, terminally ill with tuberculosis, after the efforts of Platonov’s friends. In January 1943 he died.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the writer and his family were evacuated to Ufa, where a collection of his war stories was published "Under the skies of the Motherland". In 1942, he volunteered to go to the front as a private, but soon became a military journalist, front-line correspondent for Red Star. Despite suffering from tuberculosis, Platonov did not leave the service until 1946. At this time, his war stories appeared in print: "Armor", "Spiritualized People"(1942), "No Death!" (1943), "Aphrodite" (1944), "Towards the Sunset"(1945), etc.

For Platonov’s story “Return” (original title “Ivanov’s Family”), published at the end of 1946, the writer was subjected to new attacks from critics the following year and was accused of slandering the Soviet system. After this, the opportunity to publish his works was closed for Platonov.

At the end of the 1940s, deprived of the opportunity to earn a living by writing, Platonov was engaged in literary adaptation of Russian and Bashkir fairy tales, which were published in children's magazines.

Platonov died on January 5, 1951 in Moscow from tuberculosis, which he contracted while caring for his son.

His book was published in 1954 "The Magic Ring and Other Tales". With Khrushchev's "thaw", his other books began to be published (the main works became known only in the 1980s). However, all of Platonov's publications during the Soviet period were accompanied by significant censorship restrictions.

Some works of Andrei Platonov were discovered only in the 1990s (for example, the novel written in the 30s "Happy Moscow").