About justice and injustice

The question of injustice has worried humanity since ancient times.

The problem (including the problem of this text) is as follows. People who are often offended by own experience become convinced of what injustice is. But the question of what justice is, everyone decides primarily from the point of view of their interests.

Commenting this problem, we can say that in general people cares little about the fact that others were treated unfairly. If injustice is shown to them, people become indignant and feel insulted, humiliated, and unhappy.

What is the author's position? He believes that humanity cannot hope that approaches to the concept of “justice” can be the same for everyone. Why? Because people are not inherently equal. And justice is the “art of inequality.”

I agree with the author’s opinion and to prove his correctness I present the first argument. We are convinced by many examples that a person decides the issue of justice most often in his own favor. How many people, so many opinions, so many life positions. And this is all because people are not equal and cannot be equal for many reasons. People vary in ethnicity; differ by gender, age; they may be poor or rich. And the views formed during life influence their attitude towards the topic of justice and injustice.

The publicist Kotlyarsky once spoke about some young man, who had just declared his love and was in seventh heaven. In the heart of his beloved girl, he found a reciprocal feeling. He wanted to run, scream, tell the whole world about himself! And what did the overturned bucket in the corridor and the insults of the cleaning lady, crumpled Easter cakes in the children's sandbox, vegetables scattered from a bag at the bus stop mean? But the lover did not care about the people he offended: they are selfish. But the same “lucky ones”, also strong guys in love, crushed his watch and bathed him in the pond. The young man was terribly offended by such injustice. What was he thinking about before?

Argument two. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" the question of justice for the main character Rodion Raskolnikov seems very difficult. He considers his generally inhuman “Napoleonic” theory to be very fair and even “mathematically verified,” and the murder of a “useless and harmful old woman to everyone” is not only not a crime, but as a “test” of his theory, he even sees it as good case. However, Raskolnikov, by his act, “not killed an old woman,” but “killed himself”; At the same time, he was never able to cross the line beyond which the “rulers of the world” dominate, those who “have the right.” Humanity, a sense of conscience and an understanding of true justice win in Raskolnikov.

In conclusion, it must be said that, indeed, for each person, the idea of ​​justice is rather personal, reflecting his interests. To create an objective picture of the world, there are legal and moral laws.

What works of Russian classics contain the theme of social injustice and what makes these works similar to M. Gorky’s play? (Give 2–3 examples indicating the authors.)

“At the Bottom” M. Gorky Luka (thoughtfully, to Bubnov). Here... you say - it’s true... It’s true - it’s not always because of a person’s illness... you can’t always cure a soul with the truth... There was approximately such a case; I knew one person who believed in a righteous land...

Bubnov. What?

Luke. To the righteous land. There must, he said, be a righteous land in the world... in that, they say, land - special people inhabit... good people! They respect each other, they simply help each other... and everything is nice and good with them! And so the man kept getting ready to go... to look for this righteous land. He was poor, he lived poorly... and when it was so difficult for him that he could just lie down and die, he did not lose his spirit, and everything happened, he just grinned and said: “Nothing! I'll be patient! I’ll wait a few more... and then I’ll give up this whole life and go to the righteous land...” He had only one joy - this land...

Ash. Well? Are you going?

Bubnov. Where? Ho-ho!

Luke. And to this place - it was in Siberia - they sent an exile, a scientist... with books, with plans, he is a scientist, and with all sorts of things... The man says to the scientist: “Show me, do me a favor “Where is the righteous land and how is the road there?” Now this scientist opened his books, laid out his plans... he looked and looked - there was no righteous land anywhere! That’s right, all the lands are shown, but the righteous one is not!..

Ashes (quietly). Well? No?

Bubnov laughs.

Natasha. Wait... well, grandpa?

Luke. The man doesn’t believe... There must be, he says... look for something better! Otherwise, he says, your books and plans are of no use if there is no righteous land... The scientist is offended. My plans, he says, are the most correct, but there is no righteous land anywhere. Well, then the man got angry - how could that be? Lived, lived, endured, endured and believed everything - there is! but according to plans it turns out - no! Robbery!.. And he says to the scientist: “Oh, you... such a bastard! You’re a scoundrel, not a scientist...” Yes, in his ear - once! Moreover!.. (After a pause.) And after that he went home - and hanged himself!..

Everyone is silent, Luka, smiling, looks at Ash and Natasha.

Ash (quietly). Damn it... the story is sad...

Natasha. Couldn't stand being lied to...

Bubnov (sullenly). Everything is a fairy tale...

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Let's try to compare M. Gorky's play with N. V. Gogol's story "The Overcoat" and with F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment". In all three works we see a commonality of the author's position - an understanding of terrible conditions Russian life, maiming and destroying “little people”. Moreover, it is impossible not to notice proximity of compositions: Akakiy Akakievich, Semyon Marmeladov and the shelters Anna and the Actor die in the finale. Like M. Gorky, F. M. Dostoevsky shows the very “bottom” in his novel human life. Marmeladov turns out to be of no use to anyone, he has “nowhere to go”

Drug addiction problem

Radek Jon (born 1954) is a Czech writer who seriously made a name for himself in the 80s with his first novel about youth, “The World of Denim.”

The novel is based on reliable life material and tells about the difficult period of growing up of a good Czech guy, Michal Otava, and his peers, caught in the web of drug addiction and unable to find the strength to escape from them. But "Memento" is not just a novel about destructive power drugs, this is a cautionary novel, a book that instills in young people the need to cultivate the will in themselves, to courageously endure adversity, and to firmly resist evil. This is her enormous moral strength.

The problem of the role of literature in human life,

The problem of the loss of significance of literature in modern society

M. Gorky "Childhood" Alyosha Peshkov tried to read every free minute, despite the fact that his owners punished him. And then, when he grew up, his passion for reading helped him, he became a writer.

R. Bradbury “Memoirs” “Libraries raised me. I don't trust colleges and universities, I believe in libraries... I was educated in a library, not in college."

M. Gorky “My Universities” Alyosha, the hero of the story, believed that only the books he read helped him withstand the most difficult trials of life and become a man..

The role of books in human life and the future of the book itself.

*According to the famous writer F. Iskander, “the main and constant sign of good luck is work of art there is a desire to return to it, re-read it and repeat the pleasure.”

*Famous writer and publicist Yu. Olesha wrote: “We read a wonderful book more than once in our lives, and each time it’s as if anew, and in this amazing fate authors of golden books... They are timeless.”

*M. Gorky wrote: “I owe everything good in me to books.”

* There are many examples in Russian literature positive influence reading on the formation of a person’s personality. Thus, from the first part of M. Gorky’s trilogy “Childhood” we learn that books helped the hero of the work overcome the “lead abominations of life” and become human.

*The popular publicist S. Kuriu discussed in his essay “The Book and the Computer Age” whether the book will die given the development of modern information technology. The author argued that a book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the work.

* V. Soloukhin writes about the huge advantage of books over cinema. The reader, in his opinion, “directs” his own film; the film director does not impose on him the appearance of the characters. Thus, reading books is a more creative process than sitting in front of a “box,” when a person is more of a consumer than a creator.

Literature is the conscience of society, its soul (D.S. Likhachev)

Reading - here best teaching(A.S. Pushkin)

Poetry is not just a thought expressed. This is the song of a bleeding wound or smiling lips. D. Gibran

- The story by V. Nekrasov “Dedicated to Hemingway.” Even during the war, Leshka read almost always and everywhere: “Everything upstairs was buzzing, shooting, exploding, and he sat with his legs crossed and read.” The book was his best friend, and for this he was known and respected. People like Leshka are called well-read, and are respected at all times. They are admired to this day.

Problem Bureaucracy, bureaucracy

Evgeniy Schwartz "Dragon" In the works of the classics, we can trace the history of Russian bureaucracy in the best possible way. Although this story differs from others in its monotony, since all officials at all times worked only for themselves, while pretending to care about the people. In “Dragon” by Evgeniy Schwartz, the people appear before us as submissive, obedient servants of their master. The dragon is a typical official, tyrant and despot. He collects tribute from his subjects, sacrifices are made to him, he pretends to care about the people.

People, brought up on the rules and principles of subordination to their master and “protector,” like robots, unquestioningly follow orders, to the point of refusing to believe in what they saw with their own eyes.

Ilf and Petrov “Golden Calf” The bureaucrat, a remarkable figure for the authors of The Golden Calf, arouses special hostility. The bureaucrat always stubbornly climbs to the forefront. He claims to speak on behalf of all the “others”, to be a mentor, a leader, a master. Polykhaev, the head of the Hercules institution, sitting on his chair as if on a throne, can only command. He doesn’t even sign business papers with his own hand. For this purpose, he has made a universal set of stamps.

Gogol "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" The story tells about the arbitrariness and lawlessness that the highest St. Petersburg officials, that is, the government itself, commit. Despite the captain’s injuries and military merits, he is not even entitled to the pension due to him. Desperate Kopeikin tries to find help in the capital, but his attempt is frustrated by the cold indifference of the official. All of them, starting with the petty provincial secretary and ending with the representative of the highest administrative power, are dishonest, selfish, cruel people, indifferent to the fate of the country and the people.

The problem of veneration

Chekhov A.P. "Thick and Thin" Chekhov's story "The Thick and the Thin" tells us about the meeting of two old friends, former classmates, the fat and the thin. While they know nothing about each other, they show themselves as people: “The friends kissed each other three times and fixed their eyes full of tears on each other.” But as soon as they exchanged “personal data,” an impassable social boundary immediately appeared between them. So a friendly meeting turns into a meeting of two unequal ranks.

The problem of injustice in the social structure of society

1. I. S. Turgenev. "Mumu." Heroes: the mute serf Gerasim, Tatyana, his beloved lady, who tyranny decides the fates of the people entrusted to her by fate.

2. I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter." The story “Biryuk”: the main character is a forester nicknamed Biryuk. The miserable life of the peasants. Injustice of the social structure of life.

3. V. G. Korolenko.” IN bad society" Vasya, a boy from a rich family, makes friends with outcast children - Valek and Marusya. Beneficial influence kindness to the young hero.

4. N. A. Nekrasov. Poem "Railroad". Dispute between the general and the author about who built railway. Condemnation of the unjust structure of life.

The poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. Condemnation of the authorities.

5. N. S. Leskov. "Lefty." Main character- Left-handed, he shod the “Aglitsky” flea, but his talent is not appreciated at home: he dies in a hospital for the poor.

6. A M Gorky. The story “Childhood”: image “ leaden abominations life." The fate of the Kashirin family.

7. N.V. Gogol. "Overcoat". Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin is a “little MAN”, he defends his right to a dream.

8. L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball.” After the ball, the hero in love sees his beloved’s father supervising the beating of a soldier with spitzrutens. The separation of two Russias - rich Russia and poor Russia.

Topic " little man"in the novel by F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”

Compassion is the greatest form

human existence...

F. Dostoevsky L. Tolstoy

The theme of the “little man” in Russian literature is widely represented in the works of many great Russian writers. Interest in fate common man in conditions of social injustice, A. S. Pushkin showed in “ Stationmaster", N.V. Gogol described the tragedy of the "little man" in the story "The Overcoat", A.P. Chekhov addressed this topic in the stories "Thin and Fat", "Death of an Official", A.N. Ostrovsky in the play "Dowry" "created the image of a petty official Karandyshev. All these writers can rightly be considered great humanists, because they showed mercy, compassion, sympathy for poor people and raised the question of the need for dramatic changes in the life of the “humiliated and insulted”, rejected by society.

F. M. Dostoevsky did not leave aside the theme of the “little man”. The tragic world of his heroes creates the impression of unprecedented moral purity and spiritual sublimity.

Poor people live in the mud of vices in the novel Crime and Punishment. Dostoevsky finds in fallen and dispossessed heroes purity of soul, dignity and that highest principle, which is called humanity. All the “little people” in the novel yearn for truly human existence. Marmeladov and his wife weep in a vain search for justice; is tormented by the question of whether he, Raskolnikov, is human; and even the immoral Svidrigailov wants to die, having done good before his death. Dostoevsky's faith in the inexhaustible depths of humanity excites and convinces the writer that it is necessary to warn people from evil.

The descriptions of horrific poverty and hopelessness scattered throughout the novel are brought to the point of tragedy in the depiction of the Marmeladov family. In the official Marmeladov, Dostoevsky showed an extreme degree of deprivation and poverty. The tragedy of this “little man” is revealed in his confession. In a dirty tavern, at a sticky table on which stands a bottle of vodka, Marmeladov opens his soul. The description of this hero’s appearance attracts attention: an old, completely worn tailcoat, buttoned with the only remaining button, a crumpled, dirty shirtfront. This was a man “with a yellow, even greenish face swollen from constant drunkenness.” But Marmeladov’s portrait is not only socially pointed, it is at the same time an excellent psychological portrait, which conveys the loneliness of the “little man” in the bourgeois world, his futile efforts to evoke sympathy and compassion.

From confession we learn that Marmeladov has reached extreme poverty. His story sounds tragic story Sonechka, who went to the panel to save her loved ones from starvation. That’s why Marmeladov drinks, to forget his damned life. “Doesn’t my heart hurt? Don't I feel it? Am I not suffering? - Marmeladov says in despair. Finding himself at a dead end in life, this “little

man" chooses a passive form of protest. Marmeladov complements his humility and submission to fate with continuous drunkenness. “...After all, it is necessary for every person to have at least one place where they would feel sorry for him,” says this unfortunate man. He is overcome by complete despair from the consciousness of his hopelessness. “Do you understand, do you understand, dear sir,” Marmeladov addresses Raskolnikov, “what this means when there is nowhere else to go?” These words express the final limit of despair. Marmeladov cannot resist the cruelties of life; he finds death under the wheels of a carriage on the pavement, in the mud, in full view of a dozen indifferent eyes.

The main accusation against the bourgeois world is the image of Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov’s wife. Her portrait was given by Dostoevsky against the backdrop of a wretched home: “The end of a candle illuminated the poorest room, ten steps long. A sheet with holes was stretched through the back corner... The room was stuffy... there was a stench coming from the stairs...” This interior emphasizes the extreme poverty of the Marmeladov family.

The trembling light of a dying candle illuminates the face of Katerina Ivanovna. Bright consumptive spots are visible on her cheeks, parched lips, and her feverish gaze attracts attention.

Analyzing the life story and character of Katerina Ivanovna, it should be noted that she is not from the camp of downtrodden people who have resigned themselves to life. She belongs to the camp of the rebellious and bitter people. Dostoevsky writes that “it was possible to kill her by circumstances, but it was impossible to kill her morally, that is, to intimidate and subjugate her will.” That’s why Katerina Ivanovna is fighting so desperately against poverty. She washes, scrubs her wretched room, darns, washes the children's rags at night, tries to ensure that everything in her family is like that of decent people. To do this, she teaches children French and monitors their manners and behavior. Embittered by the blows of fate, Katerina Ivanovna frantically seeks and demands justice. This is expressed in her rebellious actions: both in the scene of her behavior at her husband’s wake, and in the dramatic episode when she stages a “demonstration of poverty.” Having absurdly dressed up her children, she makes them sing French songs, rushes around the city like a madwoman until she falls dead on the pavement. last words, which Katerina Ivanovna says: “The nag has gone away! I'm overextended!"

Katerina Ivanovna's rebellion is the protest of a person brought to the last degree of despair, but not reconciled with the cruel reality. This is evidenced by her decisive refusal of the dying communion: “What? A priest? No nao... I have no sins! God must forgive anyway... He himself knows how much I suffered!”

A. M. Gorky called F. M. Dostoevsky “our sick conscience,” because the writer cultivates moral sensitivity, mercy, and teaches not to know peace while a person suffers. Dostoevsky hoped that humanity could be restored through the moral self-improvement of the individual. But in order to counteract evil, decisive changes are needed in the imperfect society in which the tragedies of the “little man” arise. That is why, again and again, the soul of the main character of Raskolnikov’s novel is constantly stirred by melancholy, which calls him to action, to the defense of humanity.