1. Story by A.S. Pushkin" Captain's daughter" How historical novel
A.S. Pushkin began work on The Captain's Daughter in 1833 and completed it in 1836. IN recent years In Pushkin's life, the theme of the peasant uprising was one of the central ones in his work. In the 1930s, the number of peasant riots and disturbances, directed primarily against serfdom, increased. Back in 1824, Pushkin thought about the role of the people in the history of Russia. In the drama "Boris Godunov" the poet raises an important problem - the problem of the people and the authorities. Then he again touches on this topic in the unfinished story “The Story of Gray-haired Goryushkin” and continues it in “Dubrovsky”.
Now the writer focuses on “popular opinion” as an active and even decisive factor in history. But Pushkin believes that change political structure society is impossible without the rapprochement of the nobles and the peasant masses. How can this rapprochement occur?
Probably, it was precisely this problem that Pushkin reflected on in his story “The Captain's Daughter,” which also not only reflects the uprising of 1773 - 1775, but also touches on such important topics as the problems of duty, honor and human dignity.
The work is narrated from the perspective of an eyewitness who directly observed the events of those times. But Grinev is not a faceless means of conveying facts, he is a person who has his own assessment, his personal perception and understanding of what is happening. Therefore, observing events through the perception of Grinev, a rather typical hero, we have the opportunity not only to imagine historical situation Russia in the 70s of the 18th century, but we also learn about the life of the nobility of that time, about their ideas, views and ideals. Depicting the images of the main characters, not very voluminous, but meaningful and bright, Pushkin sufficiently reflects the mores of Russian society in the era of Catherine. For example, drawing Grinev’s parents, he tells us about the life of the middle class of nobles who read the “annually received” “Court Calendar”, respect service and value devotion to the fatherland. The kind Savelich, who suffers the master’s injustices, but still loves the “master’s child” with all his heart, is also a typical image. Many peasants went over to Pugachev’s side and began to fight against serfdom and their masters. But there were many people like Savelich who, having gotten used to it, could no longer imagine themselves independent of their masters.
Images of Zurin, an ordinary Russian officer leading a dissolute life and not having any serious thoughts in his head, Mironov and his wife, living peacefully and simply, their godfather Ivan Ignatievich, a good-natured old man who loves his service, and finally, Pugachev himself, with his “gentlemen” generals" - all these images give us an almost complete understanding of the life of the provincial nobility of that time, of its conflicts with the peasants, tired of enduring oppression and injustice. Belinsky calls these images “a miracle of perfection in fidelity, truth of content and mastery of presentation.”
This story by Pushkin can be called a historical novel not only because it well reflects the life of the peasants and nobility of Catherine’s era. It conveys quite clearly the specific historical facts, in particular - the Pugachev uprising. Pushkin forces his narrator to mention even those events that neither he himself nor those around him witnessed (for example, the news of Pugachev’s capture of other fortresses. From the messenger’s story and from the general’s letter).
Of course, from this we can conclude that main theme in the story for the author there was a peasant uprising, not love story captain's daughter with a district officer Belgorod fortress. However, in this novel, Pushkin tries to find ways to bring the nobles and peasants closer together. This problem undoubtedly plays an important historical role, since the writer sees the possibility of changing the political structure of society only through this rapprochement. But, showing how Grinev perceives everything around him, Pushkin explains that the nobles are not yet able to understand the peasants, since the path of rapprochement for Pushkin was the same understanding of universal human values. moral values, this means that a rapprochement between the peasant masses and the nobility is still impossible. In some places in the story, Grinev does not even understand the conversations of his companions, he cannot explain his strange, incomprehensible craving for Pugachev, the noble officer only blindly obeys his duty and oath, even going against his heart for this.
Of course, Pushkin does not agree with this understanding of duty and honor, but he does not undertake to argue with his main character, giving his readers the opportunity to see what ideals and foundations the society of that time followed. Undoubtedly, this again suggests that the story is historical in nature.
They also emphasize the historicity of the work and exact dates indicated by Pushkin in the text, and correct sequence events, and specific facts about the capture of fortresses, the siege of Orenburg.
Reading the story by A.S. Pushkin, "The Captain's Daughter", the reader simultaneously follows the plot of an ordinary story and observes the events of a historical novel. This work is interesting and informative and, according to Belinsky, one of the most best works Russian literature.
About his conflicts with peasants who were tired of enduring oppression and injustice. Belinsky calls these images “a miracle of perfection in fidelity, truth of content and mastery of presentation.” This story by Pushkin can be called a historical novel not only because it well reflects the life of peasants and... nobility of Catherine's era. It also conveys specific historical facts quite clearly...
Spirit of the Nation. Thus, we assume that: 1. As a basis figurative system The novel "The Captain's Daughter" is based on the antithesis "Power - Rebellion", embodied in conflicts of ideas and characters. 2. The epicenter of the conflict and driving force The plot of the story is the personality of the “impostor,” to the study of which Pushkin devoted his historical works. II. BASIC...
Pushkin became the first historian to objectively reflect the events of this harsh era. After all, the historical treatise “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” was perceived by Pushkin’s contemporaries as scientific work. If "The History of the Pugachev Rebellion" historical essay, then “The Captain’s Daughter” was written in a completely different genre. This is a historical novel. Main principle which Pushkin uses in his work is...
Writing, expressing thoughts and feelings on paper becomes a kind of test for the hero. “Mind” and “heart,” “feelings” and “reason” necessarily coexist in the letters of Pushkin’s heroes, which allows us to evaluate them from these two positions. Pushkin's entire novel "The Captain's Daughter" is written in the form of a large letter, message, "notes" - as Pushkin himself defines them - written by Pyotr Grinev and addressed...
Historical page: the era of Catherine II
In order to understand the novel “The Captain's Daughter”, you need to know about the era that existed then.The era that is reflected in the work. 28 June 1762 happened in St. Petersburg palace coup. The wife of Peter III, a weak, quarrelsome, stupid king, was elevated to the throne. The emperor was deposed, imprisoned in the Ropshinsky Palace (Ropsha is a suburb of St. Petersburg) and killed there. Catherine, in contrast to her husband, was cunning, diplomatic, and power-hungry. She wanted to be known as a humane and enlightened monarch, a patron of science and art, and knew how to charm the people she needed. Pushkin spoke about it this way: “Her splendor dazzled, her friendliness attracted, her generosity attracted " But throughout her reign, the “enlightened” empress suppressed free speech and imprisoned people who spread enlightenment. Catherine, who received the Russian throne thanks to the nobles who served in the guard, showered them with favors. She gave away palaces and lands with hundreds of serfs, made the most valuable gifts to her favorites, favorites, and awarded them with orders. Favorites became powerful nobles, the fate of people depended on them. But not all nobles were supporters of Catherine’s elevation to the Russian throne. Among those who disagreed with her accession was the old Field Marshal Minich. We will meet his name on the pages of Pushkin’s story. Grouped around Minikh were nobles - supporters of Peter III, many of them were hidden enemies of Catherine's favorites.
The empress's court was distinguished by unprecedented luxury; the palaces and parks in St. Petersburg and around the capital, in Peterhof, Tsarskoe Selo, and Oranienbaum were stunning in their splendor. The nobles imitated their mistress. Their estates were distinguished by luxury, elegance of architecture, and splendid decoration. But behind these estates stretched vast spaces where villages lay squalid and lonely. The situation of serfs during the reign of Catherine II was terrible. In the 2nd half of the 8th century, corvée and monetary dues were increased. The working day of a serf in the summer corvee lasted 14-16 hours. Land holdings were insignificant. The peasants were begging. Landowners had the right to sell peasants like cattle, like things. Newspapers were full of advertisements about the sale of serfs. The Empress gave enormous rights to the landowners. In the very first years of her reign, she issued decrees that gave serf owners the right to personally, without trial, exile offending peasants to hard labor and deprived the latter of the right to file complaints. Arbitrariness and lawlessness reigned in the noble estates. Lack of rights and poverty pushed peasants into open protests against the landowners. Sometimes peasant riots took on a wide scale: estates burned, the rebels beat and killed landowners, but these spontaneous outbreaks were brutally suppressed. Frequent riots also occurred in Ural factories; Kalmyks, Bashkirs, and Kirghiz were worried. In such a situation, after the death of Peter III, sudden and mysterious for the people, rumors spread that the emperor was alive, that someone else was killed in his place, and the tsar was saved by loyal people and was hiding for the time being, but he would reveal himself to the people and go to take away his rightful throne, will drive the illegitimate queen off the throne, take revenge on the landowners, and give rights to land and land to the peasants. Faith in a good and just king has been strong among the people for a long time, as well as hatred of the landowners. On the distant banks of the Yaik River (Ural), in the endless Orenburg steppes, among the Cossacks, in the Ural factories, a legend appeared that the king was alive and was coming to save the people.In 1773, a man appeared there who called himself Peter III . He was brave and daring. He knew how to command, he knew how to light hearts. He had military talent. His appeals, written in a language understandable to the people, inspired hope for liberation from the oppression of the landowners. This man's name was E. Ivanovich Pugachev. The people followed him. The uprising covered a vast territory.
Pushkin goes there in 1833. 60 years ago an uprising raged there. From August 17 to the end of November - a long journey. The trip gave a lot of interesting things:
In Kazan, Orenburg, Uralsk
Recorded conversations with old people, the few surviving eyewitnesses of the uprising
And also with those who have heard the stories of the “older generation” about Pugachev: “It’s a sin to say, an 80-year-old Cossack woman told me, we don’t complain about him, he didn’t do us any harm,” writes Pushkin.
So, Pushkin conceives the idea of creating a truly realistic image, which is born in the fight against a realistic point of view on the leader of the uprising, under the influence popular attitude to him. But Pushkin not only wrote works on historical topics, he was actually a historian in the literal sense of the word.
In the 1830s, on behalf of Nicholas I, he worked on the history of Peter the Great, and in 1834 he completed the work “The History of Pugachev,” which, on the instructions of Nicholas I, was published under the title “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion.” While working on it, Pushkin studies archival documents, goes to where the events unfolded. He visits Kazan, Orenburg, Berda and other villages of the Yaik (Ural) Cossacks. Let's listen to what is known about Pushkin's work on materials about the Pugachev uprising.
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Text content of presentation slides: MIKHAIL VASILIEVICHLOMONOSOV (1711 - 1765) (Literature lesson 6th grade) Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and went through everything. A.S. Pushkin CHILDHOOD Born on November 21, 1711 in the Arkhangelsk province in the village of Denisovka near Kholmogory in the family of a Pomor peasant. The deacon of the local church taught Mikhail to read and write. A passion for knowledge and a difficult family situation forced Lomonosov to make a decision - to leave home and go to Moscow. TO MOSCOW Kholmogory Moscow YEARS OF STUDY In 1730 he entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow, where he not only acquired a taste for scientific studies, but studied the Latin language, became familiar with the sciences of that time and academic disciplines. At the beginning of 1736, as one of the best students, Lomonosov was sent to the university at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Despite the difficult living conditions, the inquisitive young man showed great interest in science from the first days of his arrival at the Academy. And in the fall of 1736, the three best students, including Lomonosov, were sent by the Academy of Sciences to Germany to study mathematics, physics, chemistry, philosophy and metallurgy. MARBURG Student at a German university In 1741, Lomonosov returned to Russia. Lomonosov's scientific interests were truly all-encompassing. He owns works in the fields of physics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, and philology. SCIENCE Diploma of Professor of Chemistry In 1748 he created chemical laboratory, in which he spent scientific research, including developing the composition of glass, porcelain and smalt, which he used for his mosaics created in 1751. Lomonosov in his chemical laboratory. MOSAIC PICTURES M.V.Lomonosov shows his works to Empress M.V.Lomonosov. Poltava battle. Mosaic. In 1755, on the initiative of Lomonosov and according to his project, Moscow University was founded, “open to all persons capable of science,” and not just to nobles. MOSCOW UNIVERSITY Lomonosov died in St. Petersburg on April 4, 1765. Lomonosov’s grave in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra “Two astronomers happened together at a feast” Happened together - met together. They argued in the heat - hot, hotly argued. The circle of the Sun walks - it walks around the Sun. How do you reason about this doubt? - How do you reason, what do you think about it? controversial issue? Zharkov (noun) - roast (roast - fried food, usually meat. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543) - Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist. Best known as the author of the medieval heliocentric system of the world. Heliocentric system of the world Claudius Ptolemy (c. 87- 165) - ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, music theorist and geographer. He lived in Alexandria, where he conducted astronomical observations. Geocentric system of the world. What is the theme of the poem? Who are Copernicus and Ptolemy? When did they really meet? with a friend? Why do you think Copernicus and Ptolemy meet in Lomonosov’s poem? Where do they meet? What is the contrast in the views of scientists? Who does the owner of the house turn to to resolve this dispute? What is the idea of the poem?
1. Story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" as a historical novel
A.S. Pushkin began work on The Captain's Daughter in 1833 and completed it in 1836. In the last years of Pushkin's life, the theme of the peasant uprising was one of the central ones in his work. In the 1930s, the number of peasant riots and disturbances, directed primarily against serfdom, increased. Back in 1824, Pushkin thought about the role of the people in the history of Russia. In the drama "Boris Godunov" the poet raises an important problem - the problem of the people and the authorities. Then he again touches on this topic in the unfinished story “The Story of Gray-haired Goryushkin” and continues it in “Dubrovsky”.
Now the writer focuses on “popular opinion” as an active and even decisive factor in history. But Pushkin believes that changing the political structure of society is impossible without bringing the nobles and peasant masses closer together. How can this rapprochement occur?
Probably, it was precisely this problem that Pushkin reflected on in his story “The Captain's Daughter,” which also not only reflects the uprising of 1773 - 1775, but also touches on such important topics as the problems of duty, honor and human dignity.
The work is narrated from the perspective of an eyewitness who directly observed the events of those times. But Grinev is not a faceless means of conveying facts, he is a person who has his own assessment, his personal perception and understanding of what is happening. Therefore, observing events through the perception of Grinev, a rather typical hero, we have the opportunity not only to imagine the historical situation of Russia in the 70s of the 18th century, but also learn about the life of the nobility of that time, about their ideas, views and ideals. Depicting the images of the main characters, not very voluminous, but meaningful and bright, Pushkin sufficiently reflects the mores of Russian society in the era of Catherine. For example, drawing Grinev’s parents, he tells us about the life of the middle class of nobles who read the “annually received” “Court Calendar”, respect service and value devotion to the fatherland. The kind Savelich, who suffers the master’s injustices, but still loves the “master’s child” with all his heart, is also a typical image. Many peasants went over to Pugachev’s side and began to fight against serfdom and their masters. But there were many people like Savelich who, having gotten used to it, could no longer imagine themselves independent of their masters.
Images of Zurin, an ordinary Russian officer leading a dissolute life and not having any serious thoughts in his head, Mironov and his wife, living peacefully and simply, their godfather Ivan Ignatievich, a good-natured old man who loves his service, and finally, Pugachev himself, with his “gentlemen” generals" - all these images give us an almost complete understanding of the life of the provincial nobility of that time, of its conflicts with the peasants, tired of enduring oppression and injustice. Belinsky calls these images “a miracle of perfection in fidelity, truth of content and mastery of presentation.”
This story by Pushkin can be called a historical novel not only because it well reflects the life of the peasants and nobility of Catherine’s era. It also conveys specific historical facts quite clearly, in particular the Pugachev uprising. Pushkin forces his narrator to mention even those events that neither he himself nor those around him witnessed (for example, the news of Pugachev’s capture of other fortresses. From the messenger’s story and from the general’s letter).
Of course, from this we can conclude that the main theme in the story for the author was the peasant uprising, and not the love story of the captain’s daughter with the district officer of the Belgorod fortress. However, in this novel, Pushkin tries to find ways to bring the nobles and peasants closer together. This problem undoubtedly plays an important historical role, since the writer sees the possibility of changing the political structure of society only through this rapprochement. But, showing how Grinev perceives everything around him, Pushkin explains that the nobles are not yet able to understand the peasants, since the way of rapprochement for Pushkin was the same understanding of universal moral values, this means that the rapprochement of the peasant masses and the nobility is still impossible. In some places in the story, Grinev does not even understand the conversations of his companions, he cannot explain his strange, incomprehensible craving for Pugachev, the noble officer only blindly obeys his duty and oath, even going against his heart for this.
Of course, Pushkin does not agree with this understanding of duty and honor, but he does not undertake to argue with his main character, giving his readers the opportunity to see what ideals and foundations the society of that time followed. Undoubtedly, this again suggests that the story is historical in nature.
They also emphasize the historicity of the work and the exact dates indicated by Pushkin in the text, and the correct sequence of events, and specific facts about the capture of fortresses and the siege of Orenburg.
Reading the story by A.S. Pushkin, "The Captain's Daughter", the reader simultaneously follows the plot of an ordinary story and observes the events of a historical novel. This work is interesting and informative and, according to Belinsky, one of the best works of Russian literature.
2. The fate of the heroes of the novel “The Captain’s Daughter”
In “The Captain's Daughter” the focus is on the personality of Pugachev and, in general, individuals with their destinies involved in the historical whirlwind.
The fate of the heroes, in my opinion, develops as it was prescribed for them. personal qualities(positive or negative), outlook on life, values and the actual historical situation of that time. It is these most important components of a person’s personality that largely determine how his life will turn out. In essence, everyone is the creator of their own destiny, even if they do not suspect it.
Pyotr Grinev is a nobleman, bound by vows of honor and duty to his noble class, but he does not look at the world and people through class “glasses.” He is, first of all, an honest and sincere person, ready to help.
But life more than once confronts him with a choice between honor and dishonor, situations of moral compromise: after Pugachev pardoned Grinev, he had to kiss his hand, thereby actually recognizing Pugachev as the tsar. In the chapter “Uninvited Guest,” Pugachev asks Peter to “at least not fight” against him. In all these cases, full of risk, the hero shows unshakable firmness and intransigence. In Orenburg, having received a letter from Masha, he must make a decisive choice: a soldier’s duty required him to obey the general’s decision, to remain in the besieged city - a duty of honor - to respond to the desperate call of an orphaned girl: “You are my only patron; intercede for poor me." Honor, compassion and true humanity prevailed over the soldier's duty to the empress - he decides to leave Orenburg and take advantage of Pugachev's help. The monster, villain and impostor that he was to other people, distinguishes Peter from everyone, shows him condescension, mercy and even a certain comradely attitude. Pugachev helps this time too - to save Masha from Shvabrin, who kept her locked up, sick, exhausted and hungry. Therefore, a collision with this person plays a significant role in Grinev’s fate.
Pushkin showed the dark and light faces of history in the novel. It can destroy a person, or it can give his soul a “strong and good shock.” It forces one to reveal one’s hidden volitional qualities and gives a chance to escape, even in the most difficult trials, to those who are sincere, merciful, and honest. Tough and capricious, historical reality does not exclude “miraculous” chance. It seems that she herself not only punishes and destroys, but also elevates people and is merciful to them.
This was especially clearly manifested in the fate of Masha Mironova. The main trials in Masha’s life, as in Grinev’s life, begin when rumors about an impostor reach the Belogorsk fortress. In an effort to protect their daughter from “Pugachevism,” the parents want to send her to a safe place. But fate again has its own way: Masha is forced to remain in a besieged fortress, amid the fire and horrors of a “senseless and merciless” rebellion. On the day of the capture of the fortress, misfortune befalls her - the cruel death of her father and mother. She remains an orphan. Her only defender, Pyotr Grinev, miraculously escaped the gallows, goes to Orenburg, and she, sick and helpless, finds herself in the hands of the new commandant of the fortress, the traitor Shvabrin.
Unhappy Masha had to endure so much humiliation that any other girl in her place would hardly have been able to endure. Shvabrin kept her in a closet, on water and bread, thus seeking her consent to become his wife. In the novel, perhaps, there is not a single character who suffered more than her. Honest, smart and sincere, Masha categorically refuses to marry an evil, low, merciless, and most importantly, a man she doesn’t love, who also sided with the killers of her parents: “It would be easier for me to die than to become the wife of such a person as Alexey Ivanovich."
Arriving in Belogorsk fortress, Grinev and Pugachev found Masha sitting on the floor, “in a ragged peasant dress,” “with disheveled hair.” In front of the poor girl stood a jug of water covered with a slice of bread. At that moment the heroine saw Pugachev, who had come to free her, but this same man, who became her savior, deprived her of the most precious thing in life - her parents. She didn’t say a word, she just covered her face with her hands and, as the shocked Grinev recalls, “fell unconscious.” And again Shvabrin almost prevented the lovers: he told Pugachev about who Masha really was. But, showing generosity, the impostor forgave Grinev for his forced deception and even volunteered to be seated by her father at her wedding with Grinev.
It would seem that from that moment Masha’s fate began to develop happily. Grinev sends her and Savelich to his estate. Now Masha needed to please her lover’s parents, and this task turned out to be not a difficult one - they soon “sincerely became attached” to the “dear captain’s daughter” and did not want any other bride for their son except Masha. The goal of the two was just around the corner loving people– wedding and happy family life. Soon the riot was suppressed and the impostor was caught.