The image of a doctor in Russian literature
Korsak V.O., Khromenkova Yu.Yu.
GBOU VPO Saratov State Medical University named after. IN AND. Razumovsky Ministry of Health of Russia
Department of Humanities, Philosophy and Psychology
Doctors are representatives of one of the most difficult professions. A person's life is in their hands. The essence of the medical profession is most clearly revealed in works of classical literature. Writers of different eras often made doctors the heroes of their works. Moreover, many talented writers came to literature from medicine: Chekhov, Veresaev, Bulgakov. Literature and medicine are brought together by the deepest interest in the human personality, since it is a caring attitude towards a person that determines a true writer and a true doctor.
Since ancient times, the main commandment of a doctor is “do no harm.” Let us recall Astafiev’s work “Lyudochka”. In one of the episodes we meet a guy dying in the hospital. The boy caught a cold at the cutting site, and a boil appeared on his temple. The inexperienced paramedic scolded him for treating him over trifles, disgustedly crushed the abscess with her fingers, and a day later she accompanied the guy, who had fallen unconscious, to the regional hospital. Perhaps, during the examination, the paramedic herself provoked a breakthrough of the abscess, and it began to have its destructive effect. In medicine, this phenomenon is called “iatrogenic” - a negative impact of a medical worker on a patient, leading to adverse consequences.
For comparison, here is Bulgakov’s story “Towel with a Rooster.” After graduating from medical university, a young doctor ended up in a provincial hospital. He is worried about his lack of professional experience, but he scolds himself for his fear, because the hospital medical staff should not doubt his medical competence. He experiences a real shock when a dying girl with a crushed leg appears on the operating table. He has never carried out amputations, but there is no one else to help the girl. Despite the fact that the hero of the story is not alien to human weaknesses, all personal experiences recede before the consciousness of medical duty. It is thanks to this that he saves human life.
After analyzing these works, we will identify the qualities that a real doctor should have: dedication, dedication, humanity. You must be a true professional and take your work responsibly, otherwise the consequences could be tragic. In any conditions, the main thing for a doctor is to save human life, overcoming fatigue and fear. This is precisely what the great words of the Hippocratic Oath are about.
Essay: "The image of a medical worker in Russian literature." AUTHOR'S NAME: Anastasia Aleksandrovna Chistova (supervisor S.V. Sanfirova) City of Naberezhnye Chelny, State Autonomous Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education of the Republic of Tatarstan "Naberezhnye Chelny Medical College", specialty "Nursing", gr. 111, 1st year e-mail: [email protected] “The medical profession is a feat. It requires dedication, purity of soul and purity of thoughts.” A.P. Chekhov The symbolism of a medical worker is directly related to the Orthodox spirituality of Russian literature. The doctor in the highest sense is Christ, driving out the most ferocious ailments with his Word, moreover, conquering death. Among the parable images of Christ - the shepherd, the builder, the groom, the teacher - the doctor is also noted: “It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick” (Matthew, 9, 12). It is precisely this context that gives rise to extreme demands on the “aesculapian”, and therefore at all times the attitude towards doctors is harsh and critical: someone who only knows how to bleed and treat all diseases with soda is too far from the Christian path if he does not become hostile to it (Christian Gibner - death Christ), but even the capabilities of the most capable doctor cannot compare with the miracle of Christ. “What is more important for a medical worker: kindness and sensitivity or professional skills?” We will get the answer to this question by tracing the images of doctors in Russian literature. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin did not greatly favor the doctors of that time; the poet, as is known, at one time “ran away from Aesculapius, thin, shaved, but alive.” In “Eugene Onegin” he has only two lines about doctors, but they contain so much secret meaning and despair about the state of medicine and the professional level of doctors: “Everyone sends Onegin to the doctors, They in chorus send him to the waters...” And in “Dubrovsky” “the doctor, fortunately not a perfect ignoramus” appears only once, but the reader will easily understand with what a sigh of relief the Russian genius wrote these lines, saying, thank God, at least there is hope for someone. In Nikolai Gogol's "The Inspector General" we meet the charlatan Christian Gibner and the "Grand Inquisitor" from "Notes of a Madman." Holy mothers, it’s scary to live for a sick person! It seems that the attitude of writers towards the doctor has reached its bottom. And here, like a beacon in a raging sea of negativity, Mikhail Lermontov brings Werner (“Hero of Our Time”) to the literary stage, and Leo Tolstoy in “War and Peace” shows how a surgeon, after an operation, bends over a wounded patient to kiss him. This reveals the essence of the medical profession, close to the foundations and essences of existence: birth, life, suffering, compassion, decline, resurrection, torment and torment, and finally, death itself. These motives, of course, capture the personality of everyone, but it is in the doctor that they are concentrated as something for granted, as fate. This is why, by the way, a bad or false doctor is perceived so sharply: he is a charlatan of existence itself, and not just of his profession. A literary hero can be different: in one book he is a warrior who fought for the honor and glory of his people, in another book he is a pirate looking for adventure in the depths of the sea, and somewhere else he is a medic, yes, yes, a medic. After all, people simply do not notice how a medical worker feels when he saves a person, what he does for the sake of his recovery. What lengths is he willing to go to save hundreds of lives? Doctors are representatives of one of the most difficult professions. A person's life is in their hands. Not many people in Russian classical literature took medicine and its setting into the genre: A. Solzhenitsyn " Cancer building", A. Chekhov "Ward No. 6", M. Bulgakov "Notes of a Young Doctor", "Morphine", etc. Moreover, many talented writers came to Russian literature from medicine: Chekhov, Veresaev, Bulgakov, etc. .. Literature and medicine are brought together by a deep interest in the human personality, since it is a caring attitude towards a person that determines a true writer and a true doctor. The profession of a doctor is imprinted on all of Bulgakov’s work. But those works that depict the medical activity of the writer himself and those associated with it are of particular interest. experiences, and these are, first of all, “Notes of a Young Doctor” and “Morphine.” These works “lay deep human problems of contact between a doctor and a patient, the difficulty and importance of the first contacts of a practitioner, the complexity of his educational role in contact with a sick, suffering person.” , a frightened and helpless element of the population." M. A. Bulgakov is an interesting writer, with his own special creative destiny. It is worth noting that initially Bulgakov was engaged in a completely different activity. He studied to become a doctor and worked in the profession for a long time. Therefore, many of his works contain a medical theme. Thus, Bulgakov creates a whole cycle of stories and novellas, united under the title “Notes of a Young Doctor.” They are connected by a single hero-narrator - the young Doctor Bomgard. It is through his eyes that we see all the events described. The story "Morphine" shows the gradual transformation of a person into a complete slave of the narcotic dope. This is especially scary because a doctor, a university friend of Dr. Bomgaard, Sergei Polyakov, becomes a drug addict. Doctor Polyakov left a warning to all people in his diary. This is the confession of a deeply sick person. The author gives us very reliable material precisely because he uses the diary form of writing. It shows the reverse development of man, from a normal state to the final enslavement of the soul by drugs." We see that Anton Pavlovich Chekhov paid great attention both medical activities and writing, and believed that medical and natural science knowledge helped him avoid many mistakes in writing and helped him deeply reveal the world of feelings and experiences of the heroes of his works. I would like to dwell on the story “Ionych”, in which the author told the story of a young doctor who came to work in the province, and years later turned into an ordinary man, living lonely and boring. He became hardened and indifferent to his patients. The image of Ionych is a warning to all young doctors embarking on the path of serving people: not to become indifferent, not to become hardened, not to stop in their professional development, to serve people faithfully and selflessly. Chekhov wrote about his first and main profession: “Medicine is as simple and as complex as life.” To summarize, we can say that the image of a medical worker in Russian literature is not only one of the most widespread, but also one of the deepest and filled with the number of problems and issues that it was intended to highlight and sharpen. This is a question of the social structure of the state, and questions of religion, morality and ethics. The image of a doctor is often of great importance when the work deals with the basic modes of human existence: care, fear, determination, conscience. This is not surprising, since it is possible to penetrate to the very root of human existence only in such borderline situations as the physician often deals with: struggle, suffering, death. In Russian literature, the image of a doctor has gone through a long and interesting way from a charlatan to a romantic hero, from a romantic hero to a down-to-earth materialist and from a materialist to a bearer of morality, a hero who knows the truth, who knows everything about life and death, who is responsible for others in the broadest sense. “Even being an ordinary average person, a physician still, by virtue of his profession itself, does more good and shows more selflessness than other people.” V. V. Veresaev
The image of a doctor in Russian
literature
Abstract on the discipline “Russian language and literature”
CONTENT
Introduction .3
The image of a doctor in the life and work of the writer - doctor A. P. Chekhov 4
The image of a doctor in the life and work of the writer-doctor V.V. Veresaev......7
The image of a doctor in the life and work of a writer-doctorM.A.Bulgakov….10
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………... 13
Introduction
The profession of a doctor is not just important and interesting.
Medical activity is associated with various aspects of life: birth, life, suffering and death.
The image of a doctor in Russian literature is a serious and responsible topic.
One of the popular writers who turned to the work of a doctor is Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The profession of a doctor is reflected in both Vikenty Vikentyevich Veresaev and Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. Their works reflect the strengths and weaknesses of medicine and show the medical environment, with all its pros and cons. We will look at the image of a doctor using examples from the works of the above-listed authors.
Can a hero be related to his author? The ideal of a doctor - what is it? To answer these questions, it is necessary to turn to a number of works by Chekhov. These are “Poprygunya” (Dr. Dymov), “Ionych” (Dr. Startsev), “Ward No. 6” (Dr. Ragin).
These are Bulgakov's works: “Notes of a Young Doctor”, “Morphine” (Dr. Bomgard); “Heart of a Dog” (Dr. Preobrazhensky); “Without a road” (Dr. Chekanov). This is “Notes of a Doctor” by Veresaev.
And, of course, one cannot fail to take into account life path the writers themselves, the memories of their contemporaries.
The purpose of this work is to study the image of a doctor in Russian literature.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Get acquainted with the biographies of writer-doctors: A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A. Bulgakov;
Study the works of A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A. Bulgakov about doctors;
Identify the characteristics of the characters of the heroes-doctors in the works of writers-doctors.
The image of a doctor inThe life and work of the writer-doctor A.P. Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879. Chekhov himself admits that he does not know why he chose medicine. Probably my heart told me. In his autobiography, conveyed by G.I. Rossolimo, he writes that he never repented of his choice.
During my student years, I diligently studied medicine, attended lectures and practical classes with great desire, successfully passed exams, and in my free time worked in humor magazines. Already in his student years, Anton Pavlovich organized “industrial practice” and received patients at the Chikinsky hospital, which was located not far from Voskresensk.
In November 1884, Chekhov received a certificate stating that he had been approved by the University Council as a district doctor. A plaque appeared on the door of his apartment with the inscription “Dr. A.P. Chekhov.”
In addition to the Chikinsky Zemstvo Hospital, he was in charge of the Zvenigorod Hospital. Anton Pavlovich closely observed the life of the local population - peasants, district intelligentsia, landowners during the period of his medical activity in different cities: Voskresensk, Zvenigorod, Babkino.
Patient stories served as the basis for creating works of art, such as “The Fugitive”, “Surgery”, “Dead Body”, “Siren”, “Daughter of Albion”, “Burbot”, “The Witch”.
Chekhov was personally acquainted with zemstvo doctors, and their lives are reflected in the stories “Enemies”, “Trouble”, “Princess”, and in the play “Uncle Vanya”.
In 1890, on a trip to Sakhalin Island, the best features of the doctor Chekhov emerged. Since 1892, Chekhov has lived on his estate in Melikhovo, where he regularly receives patients. The writer-doctor worked in practical medicine almost all his life. Having become a writer, he continues to practice.
Medicine helped Chekhov, enriching him with a scientific understanding of human psychology.
In the story “The Jumper,” written by Chekhov in 1891, the husband of the main character is the doctor Osip Stepanovich Dymov. Dedicated to his work, he treated patients for pennies. His colleagues liked him for his character, which is characteristic of doctors. Simple, smart and noble. He worked in the office at night, treating patients.
Chekhov believed that “you need to describe life as even, smooth, as it really is.” His heroes are doctors - ordinary people, and yet their lives are subject to careful analysis.
In the story “Ionych” we observe the everyday life of the city of S., the Turkin family and doctor Dmitry Startsev.
I have a very pleasant impression of the doctor. At the beginning of the story, Dmitry Ionych is an “extraordinary, amazing doctor”, unusually hardworking: “there was a lot of work in the hospital, and he could not find a free hour.” He was interested in everything, knew how to think, evaluate what was happening and even dream.
Unfortunately, this is all a thing of the past.
“Startsev already had a lot of practice in the city. Every morning he hurriedly received patients in his home in Dyalizh, then left to visit the city’s patients, leaving not in a pair, but in a troika with bells, and returning home late at night.” Everyone seems insufficiently understanding, but he still continues to go to parties, without getting close to anyone or communicating.
Now Startsev’s passion mainly for private practice and senseless counting of banknotes speaks of dishonest service to medicine.
Who has he turned into? In the sharp, irritable, impatient Ionych, whose life is “boring, nothing interests him.” At least the good Turkins don’t seem so negative compared to Dr. Startsev.
Introducing the reader to the life of Ward No. 6, Chekhov shows the life of modern times: “In the hospital courtyard there is a small outbuilding, surrounded by a whole forest of burdocks, nettles and wild hemp.” The story introduces mentally ill people. Time passed long and boringly for patients suffering from medical indifference.
Doctor Ragin. Immediately he appears very far from the medical environment:
Appearance: the rough appearance of an innkeeper and an old, worn-out frock coat;
A doctor not by vocation, but by the will of his father, he himself dreamed of becoming a priest, indecision, indifference to himself;
Disappointment in medicine, after hard work, seeing patients, operations, suddenly everything began to seem useless;
Indifference to the sick.
He himself “dug” this hole with his own helplessness.
Chekhov's doctors are simple, gentle, kind people. Their life goes smoothly. Chekhov's doctors neither copy the writer's path nor have prototypes.
Anton Pavlovich, having knowledge of human psychopathology, analyzing people for many years, comes to the conclusion that his heroes die internally, and only then from illness.
Medicine, according to Chekhov, is the truth about life and death, about the creation of life.
He believed that "knowledge of the biological side of man" was essential to becoming a writer.
2. The image of a doctor inThe life and work of the writer-doctor V.V. Veresaev
Chekhov's contemporary, writer V.V. Veresaev, in 1888, being a candidate of historical sciences, entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Dorpat. “Memoirs” of Veresaev - the desire to study medicine and become a writer, good who knows the person, both in health and during illness.
He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine and began his medical practice in Tula. During, they are called up for military service as a military doctor, inManchuria.
In his works, he talked about the weak and strong sides of medicine, showed the medical environment, doctors who used a noble profession for profit, and those who lived among the people, took their needs to heart, and gave them their knowledge and strength. The reader witnesses famine, crop failures, and epidemics. It was very difficult for doctors to work in such conditions.
The story “Without a Road” is a confession - a diary that tells about 44 days in the life of a young doctor Dmitry Chekanov.
Everything seems boring and unnecessary to him. Chekanov lost faith in himself.
He is ashamed of his privileged position. After the news of the cholera epidemic, Chekanov leaves for a provincial town.
The second part of the diary shows a picture of the life of the people: “The people eat clay and straw, hundreds die from scurvy and starvation typhus.” It is in this “outback” that Chekanov finds the meaning of life and shows himself as a real doctor. I had to work a lot: all night long in the barracks, appointments at home, childbirth, I slept for three hours. At first the young doctor is a little lost among common people, can't find with them mutual language, and new patients do not trust intelligent doctors and do not accept help from them. Every day the situation becomes more and more difficult: people are dying from merciless cholera, there is not enough working personnel, and the worst thing is that strength and energy are leaving.
But suddenly, when volunteers come to the barracks and take care of patients for free, when the doctor realizes that he is acting as a saver of many lives, his mood changes dramatically.
The end of the story is still optimistic, since the doctor “has a light and joyful soul. Often tears of boundless happiness come to my throat.” He is sure that “there is no need to despair, you need to work a lot and hard, you need to look for a way, because there is an awful lot of work,” and he speaks about this to others who are also young, searching, “roadless.” For him, a doctor, the interests of the patient came first. He died at his post.
A significant place in Veresaev’s work is occupied by the work that brought him fame - “Notes of a Doctor” (1901). Working on the book for eight years, the writer reveals the secrets of the medical profession.
These are dreams and reality, a difficult test on the path to the most responsible of professions.
The range of issues shown by the writer is significant: the relationship between doctor and patient, a person’s dependence on medicine, reflections on the topic of experiences and risks in medicine and payment for treatment.
The hero of the work is “an ordinary average doctor,” a recent student, not yet a “person of the profession.”
The first thing the hero makes us think about is health.
“Health is the most important thing, everything else revolves around it, nothing is scary with it, no trials; to lose it means to lose everything; without it there is no freedom, no independence, a person becomes a slave of the people around him and the environment; it is the highest and most necessary good.”
The path to the development of multifaceted medicine is tortuous, and only those who are not afraid to take risks and gain experience through their own mistakes and experiments, sometimes even on people, go through it. But can a doctor risk the lives of others? Who gave him the right to carry out dangerous experiments? The doctor must acquire the skill to easily cope with assigned tasks and provide assistance to the patient at any time. But theoretical knowledge at the institute is only the basis, which cannot be useful without practice. There will always be a first patient, there will always be fear of the unknown.
The profession of a doctor is not following instructions, but an art. The hero finds strength. Can he not believe in medicine if it makes it possible to save people, because “illness is cured not only with medicines and prescriptions, but also with the soul of the patient himself; his cheerful and believing soul is a tremendous force in the fight against the disease.”
“The sword of Damocles of an “accident” hanging over his head keeps the doctor in constant nervous tension. Shyness of patients interfering with treatment.
The young doctor is shown in development. “When I started studying medicine, I expected everything from it; Having seen that medicine cannot do everything, I concluded that it cannot do anything; Now I saw how much she could do, and this filled me with confidence and respect for science, which I had so recently despised to the core,” - this is an important recognition of the future doctor who will not be afraid of difficulties, experiments and responsibility. The hero will boldly go forward, studying not only the narrow sphere of his profession, but also the “colossal range of sciences” related to medicine.
Doctor Veresaeva comes to the conclusion that you need to learn a lot and work long and hard on yourself.
The main thing is the fight. The struggle with life and circumstances, the struggle to overcome oneself.
3. The image of a doctor inThe life and work of the writer-doctor M. A. Bulgakov
In 1909, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov entered the Faculty of Medicine at Kiev University. In 1915, at the height of the war, when Kyiv began to turn into a front-line city, the military department turned to the rector's office of Kyiv University with a request to prepare a list of students wishing to serve in the army. And Bulgakov was among the first who decided to voluntarily go to the front.
Having graduated from the university in 1916 with the title of “doctor with honors,” he immediately began working at the Red Cross hospital in Pechersk. “I had to work a lot: Mikhail very often was on duty at night, in the morning he came physically and mentally broken, he literally fell on the bed, slept for a couple of hours, and during the day he was back in the hospital, operating room, and so on almost every day. Mikhail loved his work, treated it with full responsibility and, despite his fatigue, was in the operating room as long as he considered necessary.” In the last days of September 1916, Bulgakov and his wife arrived in the village of Nikolskoye, where events would unfold that would later be reflected in his works.
“He came to Kyiv in 1918 as a venereologist. And there he continued to work in this specialty - not for long.” It was not possible to arrange a normal peaceful life in those years. Since the beginning of 1919, power in Kyiv has been constantly changing, and each new government mobilizes Bulgakov as a military doctor into its army.
As a military doctor, he ends up in Vladikavkaz, where he falls ill with typhoid. When the city is occupied by the Reds, Mikhail Afanasyevich hides his involvement in medicine, begins to collaborate with local newspapers, and instead of the doctor Bulgakov, Bulgakov the writer appears. He will never return to professional medicine.
The profession of a doctor is imprinted on all of Bulgakov’s works. But of particular interest are those works that depict the medical activity of the writer himself and the experiences associated with it, and these are, first of all, “Notes of a Young Doctor” and “Morphine.”
These works “lay deep human problems of contact between a doctor and a patient, the difficulty and importance of the first contacts of a practitioner, the complexity of his educational role in contact with the sick, suffering, frightened and helpless.”
“Notes of a Young Doctor” depicts many genuine cases of Bulgakov’s medical activities during his work at the zemstvo hospital in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province. Many of the operations performed were reflected in his stories: amputation of the thigh (“Towel with a Rooster”), turning the fetus onto a leg (“Baptism by turning”), tracheotomy (“Steel Throat”).
The hero of the stories, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bomgard, is a young doctor, a former student, who was assigned to the remote village of Gorelovo. Here he begins to panic: “What am I going to do? A? What a frivolous person I am! It was necessary to abandon this site." But there is no way out, he is the only surgeon, a person with a higher education in this outback.
The young doctor had not yet had time to get comfortable and buy glasses to look more presentable and experienced, when workdays began. And immediately - amputation. Anyone would have been confused and would have wished a quick death for the girl, so as not to torment either her or himself, as, incidentally, is what the young man did. Fortunately, someone else lived in it and sternly ordered: “Camphor.” Only “common sense, spurred by the unusual situation,” worked for him. And here no glasses can overshadow the talent, courage and confidence of the surgeon during the operation. “And in everyone - both Demyan Lukich and Pelageya Ivanovna - I noticed respect and surprise in the eyes.”
A doctor’s duty is what determines his attitude towards patients. He treats them with truly human feeling. He deeply pities the suffering person and passionately wants to help him, no matter what the cost to him personally. He feels sorry for the little choking Lidka (“Steel Throat”), and the girl who ended up in a mess (“Towel with a Rooster”), and the woman in labor who did not make it to the hospital and gives birth by the river in the bushes, and stupid women talking about their illnesses incomprehensible words("The Missing Eye")
The young doctor is not afraid to say how difficult it is for him to admit his mistakes. Here there is introspection, sincere repentance, and remorse.
Mikhail Bulgakov was keenly observant, swift, resourceful and courageous, he had an outstanding memory. These qualities define him as good doctor, they helped him in his medical activities. He made diagnoses quickly and was able to immediately grasp the characteristic features of the disease; I was rarely wrong. Courage helped him decide on difficult operations. “Notes of a Young Doctor” is based on “Notes of a Doctor” (1901) by Veresaev, with whom Bulgakov became friends.
For Veresaev, “the only way out is that only in the fate and successes of the common cause can one see both one’s personal destiny and success.” For the author and protagonist of “Notes of a Young Doctor”, professional success is important, and he sees cooperation in unity with fellow doctors.
Bulgakov’s doctors deserve respect for their hard work and are trusted because they saved the lives of many.
These doctors will never reveal medical secrets, are endowed with a sense of duty, are merciful, and serve medicine. They don't make mistakes.
If a doctor needs knowledge, he strives to obtain it with great joy.
Bulgakov teaches us to suffer and worry, to love and be disgusted, to believe and wait, that is, to truly feel and live.
“Even being an ordinary average person, a doctor, by virtue of his very profession, does more good and shows more selflessness than other people,” wrote V.V. Veresaev.
Conclusion
Literature and medicine met in the works of medical writers, just as poetry and prose came together in Lermontov, just as ice and fire came together in Pushkin.
Writers-doctors were professional doctors and had higher medical education. It was medicine that helped them study the psychology and mental state of a person, feel the life of their future characters, and convey a part of themselves. Only writers who are doctors can look at the hero-doctor at the right angle. Each of the writers described the images of doctors in their own way, each understood the medical profession in their own way. Chekhov's hero-doctor is kind, hardworking and sympathetic, but also pliable.
The gallery of zemstvo doctors was brought out in his works by Veresaev, who was close to thoughts about the people and the peasant masses. “Notes of a Doctor” by Veresaev - experienced situations. His doctor is a thinker who serves his patients.
Bulgakov's young doctors repeat the fate of the writer himself. They are educated and talented, successful, know how to overcome difficulties and work on themselves, and are ready to experiment.
By combining the best listed qualities of doctors, you can get the perfect image. He is fearless in the face of the unknown, always in defense of his patient, to whom you are not afraid to entrust your life, for whom knowledge and mercy have become his professional motto.
After reviewing this literature, the following conclusions can be drawn:
In Russian literature there are many interesting facts from the lives of writers;
In Russian fiction medical writers describe in detail and deeply the activities of doctors;
Having examined the characteristics of the characters of doctors, an idea of the ideal image of a doctor was created.
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1. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ANALYSIS OF THE IMAGE OF A DOCTOR IN CULTURE.
1.1. Culture, profession, vocation as fundamental categories of philosophical and cultural analysis.
1.2. Doctor as a profession and vocation.
1.3. “The image of a doctor” as the main concept of the study.
1.4. Philosophical and cultural images of a doctor in a historical dimension.
2. DOCTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF PROFESSIONAL CULTURE.;.
2.1. Structural and content analysis of the professional culture of a doctor. ,J
2.2. Professional culture of a doctor in the forms of material objectivity (corporality, thing, organization). ^
2.3. Professional culture of a doctor in the forms of spiritual objectivity (knowledge, value consciousness, ideals, communication). U
3. DOCTOR BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY.
3.1. Morality and law as social regulations of the medical profession
3.2. Moral and legal culture of the doctor’s personality and its life embodiment.
3.3. Debt-guilt-repentance - the triad of moral and legal culture of religion
3.4. Conscience-honor-dignity is a constituent of the spiritual life of a doctor.
4. SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF A DOCTOR.
4.2. Economic culture of a doctor: - dialectics of economic consciousness and economic thinking.
V 4.3. Economic culture as a regulator of the doctor’s economic behavior. at 4.4. The image of a Russian doctor in market culture.
5. SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE POLITICAL LIFE OF A DOCTOR.
5.1. Historical models of politicization of the medical profession. 1"
5.2. The relationship between the doctor and the state: 1 analysis through the prism of medical mentality.
5.3. The political culture of the doctor and the “moral law”. 2^
5.4. State ideology and models of the medical profession. at
6. THE IMAGE OF A DOCTOR IN ARTISTIC CULTURE.
6.1. The artistic image of a doctor and the features of its reflection in artistic culture.
6.2. The image of a doctor in verbal art.
6.3. The image of a doctor in fine art.
Recommended list of dissertations
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Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “Philosophy and history of religion, philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture”, Kovelina, Tatyana Afanasyevna
These are the main conclusions that we came to as a result of this research work. However, this does not mean the end of the study of the image of the doctor in culture. The uniqueness, versatility and inexhaustibility of the image leave the researcher a huge scientific field for its study. Thus, it would be interesting to consider the image of a doctor in information culture or in everyday culture; study the image of a doctor as a sociocultural archetype of the Eastern and Western European traditions; present the image of a doctor through linguistic forms, through the study of clinical thinking and medical sociolect, etc. The author hopes that through the collective efforts of philosophers, cultural scientists, linguists, ethicists, historians, such research will bring not only theoretical, but also concrete practical results, which will allow us to overcome the emerging crisis of relations in medicine and culture in general.
CONCLUSION
The image of the doctor is historical. Being the result of a specific culture, I it appears as its “mirror”, reflecting goals, values, ideals, ups and downs. The objectivity of the doctor’s image is explained by the objectivity of cultural dynamics and professional activity. A doctor is not only the ability and opportunity to perform certain professional work, but also a personality quality that is assigned to a person who evaluates his profession as a vocation. The content of the image of a doctor in culture is a complex conglomerate of feelings, experiences, ideas, principles and attitudes. The forms of medical consciousness identified in the work: professional, moral and legal, economic and political are conditional, which is explained by the purpose of the study. In real, concrete existence, they form the unity and integrity of the doctor’s personality. The subjectivity of the image refers to its form and is associated with personal ideas about the medical profession and its assessments. In this regard, the image of a doctor is inexhaustible and unique, as evidenced by the works of art and literature dedicated to him.
The essential features and qualities of a doctor, in comparison with other professionals, is value consciousness, embodied in activity, behavior, language, communication, in relation to things, society, and the world. The value consciousness of a doctor is a special form of reflection of the world, determined by the specifics and direction of his professional activity, its goals and values. Traditionally, they were determined by the goals of medicine - maintaining health, getting rid of disease and prolonging life. The value of human life and health must remain paramount in the medical profession, even despite the changing purpose of modern medicine, embraced by the process of liberalization. Liberal ideas that cultivate individualism and pragmatism transform medicine and the medical profession into a social institution that should serve a person as a factor in achieving well-being. The uncertainty of this goal causes an inversion of values in the mass and medical consciousness. The image of a doctor is seen as a servant of two masters - LIFE and DEATH, which is especially dangerous in conditions of spiritual degradation. There can be only one way out - in the affirmation of a truly humanistic ideology, which aims society at understanding the value of life, and the doctor at preserving his historical mission - to be its defender.
The professional culture of a doctor, existing in three forms of objectivity - material, spiritual and artistic, determines the moral, legal, economic, political and other cultures, the carriers and creators of which are the doctor. It is normative, institutional, stable, relatively closed, and at the same time, intersubjective, historical, dynamic, variable, open to the new and different. Its foundation is medical professional activity, its core is medical thinking. With its focus on the future, professional medical culture forms the ideal (proper) image of a doctor, and the connection with past cultural experience allows us to preserve its best features, and, consequently, the archetype of the image of a doctor that has developed in the domestic ethnocultural tradition.
The moral and legal culture of a doctor is a subsystem of the doctor’s personality culture, which is formed on the basis of the medical profession and includes ideas, attitudes, ideas about morality and law, moral feelings and legal consciousness, which reflect the versatility of the doctor’s relationship with the world around him, as well as system of ethical and legal knowledge. It expresses the unity and contradictions of moral obligations and legal duties, assessment (moral and legal) of the legality of actions and actions, ideas about the correct (normative) behavior of a doctor, and also reflects the qualitative state of the medical profession. Therefore, the image of a doctor, born in a moral and legal culture, can be defined as an expression of the “image” of the entire medical professional community. In the personality of a doctor, the general social and cultural characteristics of the profession find an individually unique expression. The bright personal individuality of a doctor is most clearly revealed in behavior and actions. It is the act committed by a doctor in the profession or in everyday life that is an indicator of his moral and legal maturity as an individual. At the same time, the act was determined by the requirements of medical duty, which has both a moral and legal aspect. The contradictions between them cause complex existential experiences, lead to a doctor’s reassessment of his own profession, and a rejection of traditional medical values. Therefore, the ideal image of a doctor is possible subject to the unity of the foundations of morality and law. The filling of the medical profession with deep moral and legal content determines the sociocultural aspects of its economic and political life.
The economic life of a doctor is the most important factor and condition for the formation of his economic consciousness and economic culture. Economic consciousness, reflecting the economic life of a given social subject, is objectified in his economic activity, in the manifestation of efficiency and economic entrepreneurship. The peculiarity of the economic image of a doctor is precisely that he has a fairly high level of economic consciousness, which is due to his scientific training in the field of general economics and health economics. High level economic consciousness allows doctors to understand and evaluate the effectiveness of the economic reforms taking place in society, as well as to form those personality qualities that will be most in demand in market conditions of life: efficiency, knowledge of legal and financial fundamentals market economy, initiative, independence in decision-making, entrepreneurship. But at the same time, in the culture of the market, also are formed. such features in the image of a doctor that may conflict with the moral requirements of the profession: focus on career, which is associated with the desire to be in “great demand” in the medical services market, the possession of material assets, which generates interest in a larger number of patients as a source of profit. At the same time, feelings of honor, collectivism, corporate ethics, selflessness, and mercy are lost. The way out of the existing contradiction between the economic and moral in the image of a doctor is seen in the humanization of culture and medical activity, which is possible under the condition of an appropriate humanistic ideology. We associate with this ideology the creation of a new model of medicine and an ideal image of a doctor. In our opinion, neither the ideology of Eurasianism, nor the ideology of liberalism or conservative liberalism is capable of becoming a condition for a “reverent” understanding of the essence of Life and Man and for the revival of the Hippocratic model of a doctor, which is based on the principle of mercy and philanthropy. However, humanistic ideology and the image of the Hippocratic doctor are the ideals to which culture strives. In the actual political image of a modern Russian doctor we find a reflection of real political reality. This is clearly manifested in the mental modes of character of doctors, which reflect their attitude towards the state: tolerance, statism, political apathy, supported by political lack of rights, and at the same time, courage, dedication, active patriotism, lack of negativism towards state policy.
The artistic image of a doctor is a special form of existence of professional medical culture, in which the typical features, inherent in this medical group, and individual characteristics a specific hero; objective content, coming from reality, and subjective, manifestation of the artist’s personal traits. The value of artistic images of doctors lies in the fact that they represent a conglomerate of feelings and experiences and correlate with images of the human world, with the image of culture itself.
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