1. Why do you think the story dedicated to the popular uprising is called “ Captain's daughter»?

The author had to reckon with censorship. The title of the work is an attempt (and a very successful one!) to veil the political content, the author’s sympathetic attitude towards the rebels and their leader, to present the story as a socio-psychological work, a love story, especially since in the development of the action the image of Masha Mironova, the captain’s daughter, plays a very important role large, including an independent role. And the vigilance of the censorship should have been deceived by such an emphatically peaceful, everyday, apolitical name. And so it happened.

2. Why do you think the author needed a second narrator?

Partially for the same reason (to avoid censorship persecution). It is not the author who talks about Pugachev with great sympathy, but a certain P. A. Grinev, with whom one may not agree, especially since before us is the story of his life, his (Grinev’s), and not the author’s, view of the uprising.

However, the writer puts the characters in situations that allow the reader to independently (of course, with the help of the author!) evaluate their behavior, human qualities, causes and consequences of what is shown. Thus, a short episode of the interrogation of a captured Bashkir, revealing the inhumanity and cruelty of the tsarist servants during the suppression of rebellions, placed before the story of the capture Belogorsk fortress Pugachevites, explains the reason for the cruelty of the rebels and encourages us to understand them.

This means that both narrators are needed, allowing you to see events and characters from different sides, helping to correctly evaluate what is being told.

3. How did Grinev and Shvabrin perform in the “Duel” chapter?

The chapter “Duel” depicts a duel between two heroes - Grinev and Shvabrin. The reason for the duel was rude remarks

Shvabrina about Masha. In this chapter, the real reason for Shvabrin’s attitude towards Masha was revealed: he wooed her, but was refused. In this story, all his negative qualities are manifested: deceit, vindictiveness, even meanness, because he wounds Grinev at the moment when Savelich distracted him.

Grinev showed excessive ardor and temper, which can be explained by his youth and the fact that he is truly in love with Marya Ivanovna. In addition, we learned that Grinev is a sensitive person, as he writes poetry in which he expresses his feelings.

Pushkin again showed an ironic attitude towards events, placing lines from Knyazhnin’s comedy as the epigraph to this chapter.

4. What new did you learn about Grinev and Shvabrin? What character traits began to appear in Grinev?

We learned that Shvabrin is a man who achieves his goals through low, even vile, means. He perceived the girl’s refusal as an insult that he could not forgive. He is cunning, even cruel in his behavior.

Grinev also revealed a new side to the readers: he fearlessly defends the honor of Marya Ivanovna. This was the only way to resolve this conflict, because a peaceful path was excluded. In this situation, Pyotr Grinev acted like a real man.

5. Explain the reasons why the story received its title.

The story was called “The Captain's Daughter” because all the most striking events in the life of the hero - the narrator Pyotr Grinev - were connected with his love for Masha Mironova - the daughter of the captain who died heroically during the Pugachev uprising.

6. Briefly retell the events of the exposition in a story.

We offer one of the retelling options, which will include the content of the first chapters.

“Petrusha Grinev reached the age of sixteen and his father decided to send him to the service. At the same time, he is convinced that service should begin not in the capital, but in more difficult conditions, and sends his son to Orenburg.

Along the way, Peter immediately encounters real difficulties. This is a loser large amount Zurin, and a snowstorm in the steppe, and disappointment at the sight of his place of service - the Belogorsk fortress.”

Thus, all the circumstances of the story were lined up before the reader: both its heroes and all the conditions in which events had already begun to unfold.

7. Describe the most intense moments of the story. In which storyline more moments like this?

The storyline that tells about the relationship between Grinev and Pugachev is still less tense and dramatic than the line that connects Grinev and Masha Mironova. It is in this love story we see the most intense and dramatic moments.

8. What signs of a historical story do you see in the composition of this work?

Pushkin’s story is historical because it bears all the signs of this genre: genuine historical heroes, it describes specific and actually occurring historical events, in it even fictional characters and circumstances are completely subordinated to the conditions and requirements of the era. The elements of the composition reflect the strength and brightness of real events.

9. Explain the meaning of the epigraph to any of the chapters of the story.

You can write out all the epigraphs of the story, starting with the one that precedes the entire story: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” By writing out (or reading aloud) epigraphs, we are convinced that some chapters are even preceded by two epigraphs. These are chapters III and V. If you carefully re-read these epigraphs, it will become obvious that they were taken either from works of oral folk art, or from the works of Russian writers of the 18th century. These are the works of V. Ya. Knyazhnin (three epigraphs), M. M. Kheraskov (two epigraphs), D. I. Fon-vizin, A. P. Sumarokov.

See the answer to question 4 in Chapter I.

10. Which chapter, as you read, seemed to contain the most proverbs and sayings? Analyze their role.

Almost every chapter of the story contains proverbs. You can dwell on the proverb, which is the epigraph of the last XIV chapter. Aphorism “Worldly rumor - sea ​​wave“speaks of both the breadth and inconstancy of the judgments of people around us on any issue. At the same time, to anyone who begins to think about this topic, it is obvious that there is an abundance of various and often contradictory judgments. The author of The Captain's Daughter is an optimist. In the particular case that he described, human rumor did not destroy the hero’s honor. Truth and justice have triumphed, although the epigraph does not say so, and the epigraph does not tell us this.

We can also follow the role of proverbs in the speech of the heroes of the story. For example, they greatly embellish Savelich’s speech and are noticeable in Vasilisa Yegorovna’s lively and vivid speech.

11. Which of the portrait descriptions of the characters in the story do you remember? Try creating a word portrait.

Most memorable verbal portrait Emelyan Pugacheva. The author addresses him more than once and therefore it is worth recreating his portrait, especially since the table in the textbook offers a selection of quotes that paint a portrait of this hero. Let us recall the beginning (Chapter II): “His appearance seemed remarkable to me: he was about forty years old...” Let us pay attention to the fact that Grinev so far sees in him only a counselor-guide, a man who helped him get out of the confusion blizzard In Chapter VII, Grinev faces a formidable rebel. Both on horseback and in a chair on the porch of the commandant’s house, this is not a leader, but a leader, the leader of the uprising. And in this chapter, and in chapters VIII, XI, Pushkin again and again notes the details of the portrait of Pugachev. And among them the main one is his sparkling eyes, his tense pose, full of readiness for action.

In this story it is worth using historical portraits Pugachev, especially the one that was drawn on the half-washed portrait of Catherine II.

12. Try to create two miniature portraits of Pugachev: one through the eyes of Grinev, and the other through the eyes of Savelich.

One portrait will be a repetition of the one in the answer to question 7. The second portrait is a description of the villain, whom the devoted servant Savelich is afraid of, does not love, and from whom he expects all sorts of trouble. He does not consider the details, does not evaluate his impressions, but unconditionally condemns this person. However, we note that it was he, and not Petrusha Grinev, who immediately recognized the man who saved them as the formidable leader of the uprising (“Have you forgotten that drunkard who lured your sheepskin coat from you at the inn?”). For Savelich, Pugachev is a drunkard, a villain, an ataman, a bro.

13. How do you understand the word “imposter”? Why did the leader of the popular uprising pretend to be Tsar Peter III? Is there an answer to this question in the story?

In the 18th century, only the person whom the people considered “God’s anointed,” a person whose family had a divinely sanctified right to power, could lay claim to seizing power. Therefore, everyone who raised their hand to power presented themselves as miraculously saved rulers. Not long ago, Catherine II’s husband, Peter III, died. It was Pugachev who applied for his place.

Pugachev’s associates spoke about this. A conversation on this topic took place between Grinev and the impostor on the way to the Belogorsk fortress (Chapter XI).

14. Evaluate the historical anecdote that V.I. Dal told Pushkin: “...The scarecrow, having burst into Berdy, where frightened people had gathered in the church and on the porch, also entered the church. The people parted in fear, bowed, and fell on their faces. Having accepted important view, Pugach walked straight into the altar, sat down on the church throne and said out loud: “It’s been a long time since I sat on the throne!” In his peasant ignorance, he imagined that the church throne was the royal seat.” Pushkin did not include this episode in the story. Are there other episodes in it that show that we have before us a simple and even illiterate Cossack?

The story more than once says that Pugachev is a simple Cossack. It is especially funny that this ruler, having received a list of things that his robbers had plundered from the old serf Savelich, could not read it. He got out of the situation by forcing the constable to read this list, but the situation itself is quite funny: a king who cannot read what his slave wrote.

15. Prepare a report on how Pushkin portrayed Pugachev, the leader of the popular uprising. Was he able to show what features of this unusual personality contributed to the long-term success of the rebels?

In the story “The Captain's Daughter” the reader is confronted with an impostor who took advantage of the situation that had arisen in those parts. The author's attitude towards rebellion as a senseless and merciless phenomenon is clearly visible. However, Pushkin was able to discern those qualities that made Pugachev a people's leader: his intelligence, insight, courage, determination, resourcefulness, rapidity of reaction and almost animal instinct (remember how he led a wagon through a whirling snowstorm), the ability to lead people , using their advantages and disadvantages, and even a clear idea of ​​everything that awaits him as a result of the suppression of the uprising. As a result, all these qualities create a bright and significant figure.

Probably, even his ignorance helped him to be recognized as a leader, which created an atmosphere of mutual trust with a certain part of his associates.

16. Create a brief description of the appearance of one of the characters in the story.

To do this, you can use the portrait of Khlopushi. See the answer to question 2, questions and assignments for Chapter XI.

17. What role does landscape play in the story? Have you noticed such a description of pictures of nature that is not related to the development of the plot? Why are there no such descriptions? How do you explain this?

There are few descriptions of nature in the story and they are all closely connected with the fate of the heroes, with the events of their lives. You can also see certain symbolism in them. Thus, the description of a snowstorm in the steppe precedes the development of the plot of the story, which tells about the storm of a popular uprising. You can describe the landscape against which Masha Mironova’s meeting with Catherine II takes place. It is believed that both the portrait of the empress and its framing in the story are similar to the sentimental image of Catherine in the painting by V. L. Borovikovsky.

18. The novel contains the text of the folk robber song “Don’t make noise, mother green oak tree...”. Compare this work with the historical song “Pravezh” and think about what is common and what is the difference in the description of “the king’s trial over the robber.”

The comparison of two folk songs is interesting precisely because of the opposite attitude towards sovereigns. The “gift” that the robber receives from the tsar in the song “Pra-Vezh” is fair, but in Pugachev’s favorite song the tsar rewards the robber in a different way - “with two pillars and a crossbar.” The choice of this song by Pugachev himself speaks of the impostor’s understanding of his future fate.

19. Try to briefly characterize the three times that are associated with the story “The Captain's Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin: the time that is depicted in the work, the time of creation of the story and today's time.

The time of Pugachev's uprising was clearly defined by historians and then reproduced by Pushkin in two of his works: a story and a historical work. Both “The History of Pugachev” and “The Captain’s Daughter” depict the peasant war of 1773-1775. The causes of popular uprisings are always similar to each other: it is an increase in the difficulties of the life of the people, which are caused by wars, crop failures, and other disasters. Pushkin introduces the reader to the events of the 18th century.

The time of creation of the story and historical work can be characterized by referring to the pages of Pushkin’s life. The theme of the ruler and the people also sounds in his “ Bronze Horseman"(1833) and in the lyrics of those years. In August 1833, Pushkin went to the places where Pugachev acted, recording stories and songs about him. Created in 1833 historical work“The History of Pugachev”, and in 1833-1836 work was underway on “The Captain’s Daughter”. The theme of a popular uprising was also heard in parallel in the unfinished story “Dubrovsky” (1832-1833).

But the most difficult thing is to create a story about the time when the story is read. It is necessary to talk about what resonates in it with today and therefore arouses lasting interest today. So you need to think about what events are typical for the year in which you are answering the question.

20. For what purpose does the story tell about Grinev’s childhood and youth?
21. What role does the episode of Grinev’s first meeting with Pugachev play?
22. How is the “God-saved” Belogorsk fortress described? Why is this description needed? Did Grinev's expectations come true?
23. What impression do members of the Mironov family make when they first meet? Is this impression correct?
24. What role does the story about the relationship between Shvabrin and Masha before the uprising play in the story?
25. Why couldn’t Shvabrin and Grinev become friends? Was it only because of Masha that they became enemies?
26. What role does the episode with the captured Bashkir play in the story?
27. How did the defenders of the Belogrr fortress perform during its capture by the Pugachevites? Is their behavior surprising to you?
28. What saved Grinev?
29. Compare two military councils: Pugachev’s and the general’s in Orenburg. What conclusions does this comparison lead to?
30. Why do you think Pugachev decided to help Grinev and even forgave his deception?Material from the site
31. Did the Kalmyk tale he told about the eagle and the raven help you understand Pugachev? What is its meaning?
32. Why did Grinev refuse to serve with Pugachev, his savior? How does this characterize him?
33. Can Masha’s behavior in Shvabrin’s captivity be called heroic?
34. Shvabrin in the service of Pugachev. Did he surprise you? Why?
35. What qualities of Grinev showed up during the trial?
36. What saved Grinev? Do you think his rescue was accidental or natural? Why?
37. What role does the story about the fates of fictional characters play in this historical story?
38. How is the artistic depiction of rebellion different in the stories “Dubrovsky” and “The Captain’s Daughter”?

In “Dubrovsky,” the rebellious peasants are led by the impoverished landowner Dubrovsky, whose personal grudge against the landowner Troekurov was the impetus for the robbery. The participants in the rebellion were Dubrovsky’s peasants, who did not want to move from the “good” landowner to the “evil” one. The revolt is local in nature. In The Captain's Daughter, the leader of the rebellion is Pugachev, a native of the people. The causes of the peasant war are of a social nature - the oppression of peasants, factory workers, and foreigners. The fight is gaining folk character. Its goal is to install a “good” king instead of the oppressor queen.

39. Explain the meaning of the epigraph to the story by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” and its functions.

The epigraph “Take care of your honor from a young age,” which prefaces the entire story “The Captain’s Daughter,” reveals the main meaning of Grinev’s life story - to preserve the honor and dignity of a Russian nobleman in any twists of fate.

40. What is the connection between the story by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” with oral folk art?

The connection with oral folk art is manifested in epigraphs, some of which are proverbs or sayings, others are lines from soldiers’ and recruit’s folk songs. The folk poetic basis is visible in the speech of the characters (Pugachev’s conversation with the owner of the inn, all sprinkled with sayings and allegories), in the use of A.S. Pushkin folk songs, stylized as a fairy tale, the parable of the raven and the eagle, etc.

41. A.S. Pushkin, simultaneously with the story “The Captain’s Daughter,” wrote “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion,” where he showed the atrocities of Pugachev. Why did he soften the image in the story?

Artistic creativity has different principles than historical research. Departing somewhat from historical specifics, the writer creates a full-blooded, ambiguous character of Pugachev, which differs from the official one-line image of the villain-murderer.

42. How do Grinev and the author himself feel about the peasant revolt?

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In A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter,” the image of Pugachev is shown from different sides: he is either evil, or generous, or boastful, or wise. Consequently, the attitude of the main character of the work to this historical figure cannot be unambiguous.

So, Pyotr Grinev sees in Pugachev either a “villain” and an impostor, or a savior and benefactor. And all because in the eyes of soldiers and officers the leader of the uprising is a rebel and a robber, and for the peasants he is a defender and assistant, because he is fighting the main evil of his era - serfdom.

At the moment of execution, Pugachev appears as a ruthless villain, for whom human life does not cost anything, but even at this moment the best moral qualities appear in the hero. When it’s Pyotr Grinev’s turn, the impostor gives the order to pardon the young officer. And all because he recognized in Peter the man who gave the counselor a new hare sheepskin coat during a snowstorm. And Savelich’s request for mercy of the “master’s child” became decisive, in which the man showed all his devotion and love for Grinev.

Present at the feast of the leaders of the uprising, Grinev feels sympathy for both Pugachev and his comrades. Let us remember what impression the song of people doomed to the gallows made on the hero, demonstrating that they perfectly understood what awaited them, but did not want to retreat. In addition, Grinev was also struck by the fact that none of the Pugachevites showed “any respect to the leader,” as if demonstrating that they were all equal. And the appearance of Pugachev, whom we see through the eyes of a young officer, suggests that at heart he is a kind person (“his facial features are regular and quite pleasant, they did not express anything ferocious”).

In addition, in the work Pugachev appears as a highly moral person. He does not tolerate liars and traitors, respects faithful and devoted people. Thus, he does not refuse Grinev’s help when he informs him that the orphan, for whom he is the only “savior and benefactor,” is under the authority of the commandant of the fortress and that she needs to be helped. Life position impostor (“execute, so execute, have mercy, so have mercy”) became decisive for the main characters: for Peter and Masha, Pugachev became the person without whom their destinies would not have been united.

Thus, the attitude of the novel’s protagonist towards Pugachev is ambivalent, because the “impostor” raises the people to revolt, disposes of people’s lives, but at the same time commits noble deeds, which Petr Grinev appreciates.

In the story “The Captain's Daughter” A.S. Pushkin touches on the problem of noble honor, which is very important for him and his compatriots. Showing the gradual development of the personality of Pyotr Grinev, the main character of the work, the author outlines the Russian national character who is characterized by such qualities as kindness, nobility, honesty, loyalty this word and the sovereign. Only after going through difficult life trials does the young nobleman become what we see him in the finale.

Life in my father's house

The text of the story is a memoir written on behalf of the main character, which gives the events described greater authenticity: no one can tell about a person better than himself.

Petrusha received a traditional upbringing for noble children. The kind uncle Savelich was assigned to him, who accompanied the young man even after his departure for service. He was taught by the French hairdresser Beaupré, who could not give a thorough education. The boy lived as a teenager, carefree and without thinking about the future.

Even before birth, the father enrolled his son in But when Pyotr Grinev reached the age of sixteen, he decided to send him not to St. Petersburg, but to Orenburg, under the supervision of an old acquaintance. It was a foregone conclusion further fate young nobleman.

Entering an independent life

The main parting word that the father gave when seeing off his son: “Take care of... honor from a young age.” Peter will follow this principle throughout his life. In the meantime, he looks more like a spoiled little baron. For the first time he gets drunk and loses a hundred rubles to an unfamiliar Zurin, then demands that Savelich definitely repay the debt. He insists on an urgent departure to where he was assigned in Orenburg, and finds himself in a strong snowstorm. But the formation of the personality of Pyotr Grinev is already beginning. He suffers, realizing his guilt before his faithful uncle, and asks him for forgiveness - the ability to admit his mistakes. He gives the counselor who helped them get out of the snowstorm a sheepskin coat - gratitude for the help provided.

Test of love

In the Belogorsk fortress, life brings Pyotr Grinev together with a glorious family and the cowardly Shvabrin. The actions of the latter to a greater extent highlight the noble traits of the main character. Both fall in love with Masha Mironova, but if Shvabrin stoops to baseness after being refused, Grinev is ready to pay own life defend the honor of your beloved girl. This happens in the case of a duel, when the hero challenges a more experienced opponent to a duel, who spoke insultingly towards Masha. And also at the moment when the Pugachevites enter the fortress.

Shvabrin not only goes over to their side, but also tricks him into keeping the defenseless girl locked up, and then announces that she is the daughter of the executed commandant. The characterization of Pyotr Grinev is completely different in the current situation. He has to do Difficult choice between the duty of an officer, which obliged him to go to the unit, and the desire to protect his beloved. While the hero is sure that nothing threatens Masha, he goes to Orenburg, but at her first call, without receiving support and understanding from the command, he returns to the fortress. The hero will also remain silent at trial, when the accusation of treason based on the denunciation of the same Shvabrin could cost him his life. After all, to tell for what purpose he went to the fortress to Pugachev meant to involve the commandant’s daughter in an unpleasant story. And only Masha’s meeting with the empress will help restore justice and justify the hero.

Thus, the next stage When the formation of Peter Grinev’s personality occurs, his love is sincere and selfless. She turned yesterday's mischievous person into one capable of taking responsibility for another person.

Meeting Pugachev

During the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev shows strength of character, loyalty to the oath and the empress, and courage. Of course, a certain role in the fact that he was not executed along with the others was played by the hare sheepskin coat that Peter gave to the counselor on the way to the fortress. But the young officer refused to kiss the impostor’s hand and swear allegiance to him. Exactly this moral fortitude and the willingness to accept death for his convictions determined Pugachev’s attitude towards Grinev. And also the ability to always tell the truth, sincerity in everything and a feeling of complete inner freedom. This could be the characterization of Pyotr Grinev in the chapters that describe his meetings with the impostor. Indeed, the latter did not invite everyone to his table, let him go on all fours after refusing to go into his service, or gave his blessing for marriage with the daughter of the commandant of a military fortress.

The image of Pyotr Grinev in the story “The Captain's Daughter”: conclusions

Thus, during the events described, the character of the protagonist undergoes changes. And several points are important in this process. Firstly, the reasonable decision of the father, who sent his son not to St. Petersburg, where an idle life and amusements awaited him, but to a remote fortress, which in fact became the place where he pulled the strap and smelled gunpowder. Secondly, the era itself and an important historical event - the uprising under the leadership of Pugachev. Only in difficult life situations, as a rule, appear true human. In this case, the carefree boy turned into a real man.

Defining ideological plan A. Pushkin, it can be noted that the gradual formation of the personality of Pyotr Grinev was supposed to reveal in the hero those traits that every Russian nobleman should have. And the main ones are “two wonderful qualities”: kindness and nobility. They are exactly what Pyotr Grinev would like to see in his descendants. This wish of the author of the memoirs, which completed the draft version of the story, was excluded during the last edition of The Captain's Daughter.

THE PEOPLE'S WAR AND ITS LEADER.

MIRROR SCENES: THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE GENERAL AND

AN IMPOSTER TO THE PART OF AN ORphan GIRL
Knowledge in the lesson: comparison of episodes, determination of the author's attitude towards the characters, parable.

Vocabulary work: nobility, generosity and indifference, heartlessness, indifference.
DURING THE CLASSES

I. Analysis of students' written work.

Question No. 3 of the second option will cause the greatest difficulty for students. “Did Grinev lose the honor and dignity of a nobleman and an officer in a conversation with an impostor?” (No, he gives a firm answer: “I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.” But when Pugachev poses the question: “And if I let you go, will you at least promise not to serve against me?” Grinev cannot promise this. “ How can I promise you this? You know, it’s not my will: they tell me to go against you, I’ll go, there’s nothing to do.” And finally, Grinev’s third remark shows that he will not lie, cheat, or betray. “If you let me go, thank you; if you execute me, God will be your judge, and I told you the truth.”)

The decision remains with Pugachev. Good must be paid for with good, and the impostor lets the nobleman go.

The next question of the second option is “What role does the landscape play at the end of Chapter VIII?” - will force the children to read wonderful lines (commenting on independent work, these lines of Pushkin will be read by a teacher or an expressively reading student): “The night was quiet and frosty. The moon and the stars shone brightly,” etc. Let’s turn to the students. Imagine: amidst the anxiety, after the battle, and the terrible murders, silence reigned. Is the war over? Is your beloved girl saved? No, the rebellion is still in full swing, but in the hero’s soul, albeit for a short time, peace and tranquility reigns, and he sees the sky, bright stars, and hope appears. Maybe that’s why, after the nightmare of the day, this chapter ends with Savelich’s prayer: “Glory to you, Vladyka! .. rest until the morning, like Christ in your bosom.”

II. Homework survey.

1. Complementing the students’ answer to the question: “Is the faithful Savelich right when he asserts: “It was not without reason that I submitted a petition to the swindler...”, we note: Savelich, speaking before Pugachev with a register of the stolen master’s property, almost ruined both himself and his master. However, Pugachev still sent Grinev a horse, a sheepskin coat and half a sum of money for the journey. Savelich is right, because he is selflessly devoted to his master, who is a “child” for him. But he is unable to understand the “mysterious connection” that formed between his master and the thief, who “felt ashamed.”

“Words - rationality, sobriety - are one thing, but here conscience, face, silence are deeper” 1.

2. After reading chapters XI and XII and comparing the events reflected in them with Petrusha’s “prophetic dream” after the storm, students will come to the conclusion that the dream came true, he anticipated further events. The vivid symbolism of the dream (“an ax” that a “man” is waving, “dead bodies”, “bloody puddles”) is transformed into the terrible pictures seen by Grinev after the capture of the Belogorsk fortress.

This is how B. Nepomnyashchy 2 writes about it: “...The scary man called me affectionately, saying: “Don’t be afraid, come under my blessing.” Horror and bewilderment took possession of me.

And at that moment I woke up... And, waking up, I saw the “Russian rebellion” that shook the huge state to its foundations, and heard the old bandit song about the gallows, sung at the feast by people doomed to the gallows...”

III. Analysis of chapters XI and XII. Conversation with students on the following questions:

1. How did General R. react to Grinev’s request to save Mironov’s daughter (end of Chapter X)? (The general advises to “be patient”; having learned that Grinev loves this girl, he still refuses to help. He shows indifference and heartlessness.)

2. What did Pyotr Andreevich decide to do? (He decided to go to the Belogorsk fortress to save Masha. But in wartime, to leave besieged Orenburg without permission means to violate military discipline. What to do? What to do? To violate military duty or violate another duty is a duty to the beloved girl who is in the hands of Shvabrina? We are attracted to Grinev’s actions by his reckless courage, kindness, selflessness, nobility, generosity.)

3. And now Grinev is on the road again, accompanied by the faithful Savelich. Grinev rides on a good horse, donated by Pugachev, and Savelich rides on a skinny and lame nag, which one of the city residents gave him for free. (This couple reminds researchers of the noble knight Don Quixote and his faithful servant Sancho Panza.)

Why was Grinev captured by the rebels, because he could have galloped away from them? (Grinev escaped, but was forced to return because Savelich was captured and could have been killed!)

4. Consider the situation in which Grinev found himself.

Exercise. Find a description of the “Pugachev Palace”. Prove that this is the palace of the peasant king.

Exercise. Tell us about Pugachev's associates - Beloborodov and Khlopush. (Their portraits, attitude towards each other and towards the captured officer)

Compare the attitude of the general and the impostor to the fate of the orphan girl.

Exercise. Expressively read the dialogue between Grinev and Pugachev in the carriage. What secrets does Pugachev reveal to Grinev? (“My guys are smart. They are thieves. I have to keep my ears open: at the first failure, they will ransom their neck with my head.”)

Exercise. What “prudent” advice does his interlocutor give to Pugachev? How was his attitude towards Pugachev reflected in these pieces of advice, and how do they characterize the narrator himself? (Grinev treats Pugachev kindly, but does not understand that the uprising is Pugachev’s life’s work, that masses of people are following him; Grinev naively views the popular uprising as a bandit raid and is afraid of the inevitable reprisal against the leader.)

Pugachev’s answer: “Maybe it will work!” - conveys the spontaneity, unplanned movement and adventurism of Pugachev (as well as the mention of Grishka Otrepiev) and at the same time speaks of his courage, ability to take risks, without which a great deal will not be accomplished.

5. The culmination of the conversation was a Kalmyk fairy tale, which Pugachev tells “with some kind of wild inspiration.” Scientists consider this work to be a parable.

Exercise. Remember the meaning of the term “parable.” In case of difficulty, contact explanatory dictionary. What allegory is hidden in this parable?

Exercise. How do you evaluate Grinev’s response to the parable told by Pugachev? (Grinev’s words: “But to live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at carrion” - reveal the depth of the gap between the heroes, show the difference in their ideological ideals. Please note: “Pugachev looked at me in surprise and did not answer.” Maybe he is surprised by the courage and wisdom of Grinev, who said something that Pugachev himself had not thought about.)

Homework.

1) What is the significance of the epigraph to Chapter XII?

2) How did Masha Mironova’s character manifest itself in Shvabrin’s captivity?

3) How does Pugachev behave in the scene of the murder of Vasilisa Egorovna (Chapter VII) and in the scene of the liberation of Marya Ivanovna (Chapter XII)?

4) How does Pugachev behave when he learns that Grinev did not tell him the whole truth?

5) How is Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin portrayed in the story “The Captain's Daughter”?

LESSON 15

RESCUE OF MASHIA MIRONOVA. LAST DAY IN

BELOGORSKY FORTRESS. GENEROSITY OF PUGACHEV.

Grinev and Shvabrin
Come out, red maiden; I give you freedom. I am the sovereign.

A. S. Pushkin. "Captain's daughter"
Knowledge in the lesson: comparison of episodes in analysis ideological content a work of art; new knowledge about the portrait of a hero: reflection of the hero’s feelings in a change in his facial expression.

Vocabulary work: honor, dishonor, straightforwardness, loyalty - cunning, envy, cowardice.
DURING THE CLASSES

I. Imagine an endless road on a frosty winter day. A troika rushes along it, jingling its bells. In the tent are the main characters of the story - Emelyan Pugachev and Pyotr Andreevich Grinev.

Exercise. Tell us how the narrator felt when he got into the tent with Pugachev? What was he afraid of? (Grinev is scared for Masha’s life. After all, Pugachev doesn’t know that she is the daughter of Captain Mironov. What if Shvabrin or someone else tells him about this? What can an impostor do with the daughter of his enemy?)

II. Answers to homework questions.

1. Complementing the student’s answer to question 1, we can say that the epigraph to Chapter XII has a complex relationship to the text. As V. Shklovsky noted, “a song similar to the one given in the epigraph is sung when the bride is an orphan and is given in marriage by her imprisoned father and imprisoned mother. In this case, the imprisoned father seems to be Pugachev, which increases the tragedy of the chapter, since Pugachev executed Mironova’s parents” 1 .

2. Before asking students the second homework question, the teacher will read an excerpt from Chapter III of the story: “And Marya Ivanovna? - I asked, - are you as brave as you?

Is Masha brave? - answered her mother. - No, Masha is a coward...”

Was Vasilisa Egorovna right in her assessment of her daughter? How did Masha’s character manifest itself in Shvabrin’s captivity? (Students should note the strength of character of this simple and modest girl. After all, she really would rather die than agree to marry a man whom she does not respect and does not love, despite the tragedy of her situation. And perhaps even more so she hates Shvabrin, that he joined those at whose hands her parents died.)

What was the reason for Marya Ivanovna’s fainting after Pugachev’s gracious words, which we included in the epigraph of this lesson? (She realized that her parents' killer was freeing her.)

3. The third homework question is a comparison of episodes from Chapter VII and Chapter XII. In their center is Pugachev. But it seems that these are completely different people: in one case, he brutally deals with disobedient officers and does not spare a woman distraught with grief, and in the other, like the hero of a fairy tale, he frees the “fair maiden” from captivity. “Obviously, there is some kind of force standing above a person that forces him to go against his nature and do what is contrary to human nature” 2.

But the basis of Pugachev’s nature, as A.S. portrays him. Pushkin in the story “The Captain's Daughter” is not bloodthirstiness, but something else. What?

4. Let us remember: what scared Grinev most of all was the thought that Pugachev would not spare Masha if he found out who she was. And then the worst thing happened: what Grinev was afraid of happened. Shvabrin, embittered and humiliated, betrayed Masha. How does Pugachev behave when he learns that Grinev was not completely sincere and frank with him? (Fourth homework question.)

To answer this question, you need to draw students' attention to the image of the details of the hero's portrait.

When Shvabrin betrayed Masha, Pugachev’s face “darkened” and he fixed “his fiery eyes” on Grinev. It's a minute highest voltage. Now everything must be decided. Either Grinev and Masha will die, or...

What saved the lovers? (Grinev’s firmness and honesty: “Shvabrin told you the truth,” I answered with firmness... “Was it possible to announce in front of your people that Mironov’s daughter is alive? Yes, they would have killed her...

And that’s true,” Pugachev said, laughing. “My drunkards would not have spared the poor girl...”

As we see, Pugachev’s mood has changed. Not anger or annoyance, but a kind smile appeared on his face.

And Grinev again talks about honor, conscience and prayer. And in response, a fabulous formula: “To execute is to execute, to be rewarded is to be favored: this is my custom. Take your beauty, take her wherever you want, and God give you love and advice!”

After such a truly royal gesture, Pugachev “turned to Shvabrin.”) Let us also remember him.

5. Fifth homework question.

Why did Grinev turn away from Shvabrin and not rejoice at the victory over the destroyed enemy? (Grinev is not vindictive; he prefers not to think at all about his enemy, the “vile Shvabrin.”)

What is Shvabrin experiencing? (Humiliation, jealousy, and most importantly, envy.)

Envy is annoyance at someone else's good or benefit; not wishing good to others, but only to oneself... “Where there is happiness, there is envy. You can't gain anything with envy. The evil one cries with envy, the good one with joy." 1 Envy gives rise to hatred and the desire to cause harm. The most vile, vile actions are dictated by envy.

What vile actions of Shvabrin have we already encountered throughout the story? (He deliberately slandered Masha Mironova. In a duel he wounded Grinev, taking advantage of the fact that Petrusha turned away. He wrote a denunciation to Petrusha’s father. He went over to the side of the rebels only because “their strength was great”; he violated the oath, betrayed the honor of the officer. He forced Marya Ivanovna to become his wife.)

Unfortunately, I still have to meet with Shvabrin. His meeting with Pugachev was not the last - Grinev’s tests continued.

Homework.

1. What kind of person do you imagine Grinev to be? What actions did he repent of, and what actions could he be proud of?

2. Which beliefs of Grinev are common for a nobleman, and which are his personal, hard-earned through his own life experience?

3. Why was Pyotr Andreevich Grinev arrested?

LESSON 16

IMAGE OF GRINEV. FORMATION OF PERSONALITY UNDER

THE INFLUENCE OF GOOD SHOCKS
A person's independence is the key to his greatness.

A. S. Pushkin
Knowledge in the lesson: generalization, systematization of knowledge, drawing up a complex plan.

Vocabulary work: good shock”, illusion.

"Good" - church, old, and in part even now: kind, good, useful, virtuous, valiant 2.

DURING THE CLASSES

The first part of the lesson is answering homework questions. We will summarize the students' answers by drawing up a complex plan for the given lesson topic. The points of the plan are written down by the teacher on the board, and students write them down in their workbooks. Experience shows that the most difficult thing to formulate is the first point of the plan - the introduction. Therefore, we will discuss this point in detail and write it down briefly.

PLAN

I. A person’s character, his personality are formed in the trials that befall him. The task of man is to withstand these tests with dignity. And courage and nobility can manifest themselves in different ways. (Notebook entry: “Courage and nobility are manifested in life’s trials.”)

II. Grinev's life path is a path of honor.

1. Childhood and adolescence. Life on my father's estate. Dreams of serving in the guard and have a fun life in St. Petersburg, confusion in moral concepts.

2. Independent life Petra Grinev - the loss of many illusions 1, the formation of soul and character.

a) manifestation of various sides of Petrusha’s character in two meetings: frivolity, self-will, replaced by shame and repentance (meeting with Zurin), compassion, mercy (meeting with the counselor);

b) the hero’s growing up, strengthening the best inclinations of his character in the Belogorsk fortress - sympathy for simple good people, literary studies, love.

3. Grinev during terrible historical events:

a) readiness for heroic deeds or death following the commandant and unexpected salvation;

b) facing the indecision, indifference of the Orenburg command and the need to go to the besieged fortress;

c) contact with the personality of the leader of the popular uprising, involuntary sympathy for the breadth and charm of his soul (“... A monster, a villain for everyone except me.”)

4. Strength of character, moral fortitude of Grinev, the ability not to lose either vigor or hope during the dramatic events of the end of the war, arrest and pardon.

5. Involuntary sympathy, compassion for Pugachev, the meaning of the last (fourth) meeting at the execution, the last look into the eyes not of a criminal, but of a person.

6. The peculiarity of Grinev’s attitude towards people is the ability to love, help, forgive.

7. The theme of honor, associated with the meaning of life, with the choice of one’s path. The conclusion that Grinev comes to is: in all difficult life trials you need to maintain kindness and nobility.
Homework.

1. What impression did Masha Mironova make on you?

2. How is Masha’s character revealed in her love for Grinev?

3. What qualities of character did Masha show in difficult circumstances after the death of her father and mother?

4. How does Masha fight to save the honor and good name of her fiancé?

5. How did the empress show her mercy?

6. Using the plan, prepare for an essay about P.A. Grinev.

LESSON 17

IMAGE OF MASHA MIRONOVA. SOUL BEAUTY AND POWER

HEROINES. THE MEANING OF THE TITLE OF THE STORY
Knowledge in the lesson: selection and systematization of material, attention to artistic expression, mirror scenes: the sovereign's favors.

Vocabulary work: folk basis image, spiritual wealth, determination, dedication, moral purity.
DURING THE CLASSES

1. Students’ answers to the first question of the homework: “What impression did Masha Mironova make on you?”

Exercise. Why are there epigraphs taken from folk songs and proverbs for the chapters in which Masha Mironova appears? (Masha is close to the people, she looks like a fairy-tale heroine - a “fair maiden”, at the same time she turns out to be a strong and strong-willed person.)

2. Complementing the students’ answer to the second question of the homework, we draw the children’s attention to the heroine’s selflessness, manifested in the humility with which she accepts Father Petrusha’s refusal to bless them.

Exercise. Find Masha's words in Chapter V ("Love"), where she refuses to get married without the blessing of Grinev's parents. (“No... I will not marry you without the blessing of your parents. Without their blessing you will not be happy... If you find yourself a betrothed, if you fall in love with another - God be with you, Pyotr Andreich, and I am for both of you.. "Then she cried and left..."

Which spiritual qualities the heroines are revealed in these words (The strength of her love, the absence of selfishness and pride, humility, the desire for her loved one to be happy. And one more thing: Masha does not need happiness at any cost, it is important for her that there is harmony in her future family, that there is no discord .)

3. The main trials in Masha’s life begin when rumors about an impostor and his army reach the Belogorsk fortress. Masha’s parents wanted to protect their daughter from the “Pugachevism,” but they didn’t have time, and Masha was forced to stay in the besieged fortress. On the day the fortress was taken, she was left an orphan - she lost both her father and mother. What qualities of character did Masha show in these circumstances (homework question No. 3)?

Let us draw the children's attention to the fact that Masha was left alone in the fortress: Grinev, who miraculously escaped the gallows, went to Orenburg, and she, sick and helpless, ended up in the hands of Shvabrin, the new commandant of the fortress.

Exercise. What did Masha Grinev see when, together with Pugachev, he entered the closet where Shvabrin kept his captive? (“I looked and froze. On the floor, in a ragged peasant dress, sat Marya Ivanovna, pale, thin, with disheveled hair. In front of her stood a jug of water, covered with a slice of bread. Seeing me, she shuddered and screamed.”)

What did the poor girl go through during this time? What kind of bullying and humiliation?

Please note: she did not despair. And even in this hopeless situation, she managed to write a letter to Grinev, which he received through the constable Maksimych, who went over to the side of the Pugachevites.

4. As you remember, Shvabrin almost killed Masha by telling Pugachev that she was the daughter of the former commandant of the fortress, but Pugachev showed generosity, forgave Grinev for his forced deception and released the young people. Grinev sends Masha and Savelich to his estate - to his parents, who accepted the daughter of the deceased captain as their own. Of course, they fell in love with this girl, whom it was impossible not to love.

It would seem that Masha will finally find happiness. But fate prepared a new blow for her. What happened? (The arrest of Petrusha, his accusation of aiding the rebels, of betraying the oath. Marya Ivanovna was sure that Grinev could justify himself, but she guessed the truth: he did not tell the judges the whole truth.)

How does Masha fight to save the honor and good name of her fiancé? (Fourth homework question.)

Exercise. Is Masha right in considering herself to be the culprit of Grinev’s arrest and charges? (She knows her fiancé and understands that he would rather die, but will not say a word to the judges about her. For him, the honor of his beloved girl is more valuable than life.)

Exercise. Find Masha’s words, which express her conviction in the nobility and strength of Grinev’s feelings. To whom and where will Masha say these words? (“The coward” Masha, in order to save her fiancé, decided to go to the empress herself to ask for Grinev. And in Tsarskoe Selo, in the garden, to the lady “who happens to be at court,” Masha will say: “He was the only one who suffered everything for me, what befell him. And if he did not justify himself before the court, it was because he did not want to confuse (here we mean: “attract”, “entangle”) me.”)

Exercise. What scene can be compared to the meeting of Masha with the Empress in terms of significance for the fate of the heroes? What do they have in common and how do these scenes differ? (This is this scene and the scene when Grinev tells Pugachev about an orphan who is being bullied. These scenes are mirror ones. In them, the hero (heroine) asks the sovereign (empress) to save his beloved (beloved).

And the “sovereign” is in one case an impostor, and in the other also a “mask”. The all-powerful empress does not call herself by her real name. Both Grinev and Masha Mironova show dedication 1. The theme of deception appears in both scenes:

a) Grinev’s forced deception, the short-lived anger of the impostor, and then his good laughter;

b) the words of the “lady” about Grinev: “He stuck to the impostor not out of ignorance and gullibility, but as an immoral and harmful scoundrel.

Oh, that's not true! - Marya Ivanovna exclaimed.

How untrue! - the lady objected, flushing all over.

It's not true, by God, it's not true! I know everything, I will tell you everything...”

Marya Ivanovna managed to convince the “lady” of Grinev’s innocence, and it was no less difficult to do this than it was for Grinev to convince Pugachev of the need to snatch Masha from Shvabrin’s hands.

5. And the fifth question of the homework will help us figure out how these scenes are different: “How did the empress show her mercy?” He demands from the last page of the story. What did the empress do for the daughter of the captain who gave his life to save her power? (She forgave the innocent. The Empress’s promise: “I take it upon myself to arrange your fortune - nothing is confirmed in the story. The phrase “...Peter Andreevich married Marya Ivanovna. Their offspring prosper in the Simbirsk province...” is ambiguous. “Prosperity "of the descendants of Peter Andreevich Grinev, this is a village owned by ten landowners, in one of the lordly outbuildings of which there is “a handwritten letter from Catherine II behind glass and in a frame. The letter is addressed to the father of Peter Andreevich, it contains an excuse for his son and praise for the mind and heart of the daughter of Captain Mironov.” Yes, apparently, Catherine II, who gave millions of fortunes to her favorites, did not increase the dowry of the poor orphan. But she appreciated the mind and heart of the captain’s daughter.)

CONCLUSION. The quiet and timid captain's daughter became a winner under the most difficult circumstances. She defeated her fate as a “bitter orphan”, she found a home, a family, and happiness. She melted the cold heart of the majestic empress and saved the future of Peter Grinev, his honor, his family.

Honesty and moral purity can defeat mistrust, injustice and betrayal. It is no coincidence that the story has such a name - “The Captain's Daughter”.
Homework.

1. Make a plan for an essay about Masha Mironova.

2. Collect material about Pugachev throughout the story.

3. Individual task given in lesson 9: “Compare the image of a snowstorm in Chapter II of “The Captain’s Daughter” with the blizzard from the story “Blizzard” from the poem “Demons”, must be submitted before the next lesson.

LESSON 18

THE IMAGE OF PUGACHEV IN THE STORY "THE CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER".

M. TSVETAEVA. "PUSHKIN AND PUGACHEV"
There is ecstasy in battle,

And the dark abyss on the edge,

And in the angry ocean,

Among the menacing waves and stormy darkness,

And in the Arabian hurricane,

And in the breath of plague.

Everything, everything that threatens death,

It conceals for a troubled heart

Inexplicable pleasures

Immortality, perhaps, is a guarantee!

And happy is the one who is in the midst of excitement

I could acquire and know them.

A. S. Pushkin. "Feast in Time of Plague"
Knowledge in the lesson: selection, generalization, systematization of material, comparison of landscape scenes from three works, mystery, depth and charm of Pugachev’s personality, symbolic image blizzards in Russian literature.

Vocabulary work: doom.
DURING THE CLASSES

I. Checking the individual task: comparing three Pushkin descriptions of a blizzard - in the story “Blizzard”, in the poem “Demons” and in the story “The Captain’s Daughter”.

After the student’s speech, let us draw the students’ attention to the fact that in all three descriptions, inextricably with the theme of the blizzard, the theme of wandering, the theme of losing one’s way, also sounds. And in “The Captain's Daughter” Pugachev appears from the elements of a blizzard.

II. The epigraph for the lesson is an excerpt from a small tragedy written at the same time as the poem “Demons” - during the Boldino autumn of 1830, read aloud by the teacher or an expressively reading student.

How do the words of the epigraph relate to the image of the leader of the popular uprising? How do you imagine it?

III. In what scenes of the story is it shown that Pugachev understands that he is “walking on the edge”, that an imminent terrible death is inevitable? Answer options:

a) when Grinev hears the song sung by Pugachev and his associates - “people doomed to the gallows sing about the gallows”;

b) when Pugachev tells a Kalmyk fairy tale;

c) when he says that his people are unreliable, they will save themselves by betraying him.

IV. Why does Pushkin make Grinev a witness to Pugachev’s execution? Why doesn’t he give a description of how Grinev came to Moscow, how he ended up at Lobnoye Mesto?

Exercise. Find in the text of the story the scene of Pugachev’s execution and the sentence about his last look. In whose name is it written? (This is the phrase of the “publisher” - Pushkin.)

Grinev’s anxiety about the fate of the leader of the uprising poisons his joy of liberation, the joy of uniting with his family.

Exercise. Find words that reflect the narrator’s constant pain for Pugachev, the desire to save him. (“But meanwhile, a strange feeling poisoned my joy: the thought of a villain, spattered with the blood of so many innocent victims, and of the execution awaiting him, involuntarily disturbed me. “Emelya, Emelya!” I thought with annoyance, “why didn’t you come across a bayonet or didn’t turn up under buckshot...” The thought of him was inseparable in me with the thought of the mercy he gave me in one of the terrible moments of his life...” Why do such feelings awaken in Grinev?

V. Let's see how Marina Tsvetaeva, the author of the article “Pushkin and Pugachev,” answers this question.

1) How did M. Tsvetaeva perceive the image of Pugachev as a child?

2) How does Pushkin the historian portray Pugachev in “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion”? What kind of writer is Pushkin? Where is the truth?

VI. Do you agree with the judgment of M. Tsvetaeva, who defined the essence of the relationship between Pugachev and Grinev (as the embodiment of Pushkin himself) with the word “chara”?

“A powerful spell came from Pugachev to Pushkin - and therefore to me too... To love someone who, before your eyes, killed the father and then the mother of your beloved, leaving her an orphan... No amount of gratitude will force you to love such a person. And charm will force you to do something else... In “The Captain's Daughter” Pushkin fell under Pugachev’s spell and did not escape from under it until the last line... Chara is in his black eyes and black beard, charm is in his smile, charm in his dangerous tenderness, charm - in his feigned importance... Chara is given and carried through all meetings, with the Counselor, with the Pretender on the porch, with the Pretender feasting, with Pugachev telling a fairy tale... from the first glance to the last, from the scaffold , nod - Grinev did not come out from under the spell, Pushkin did not come out from under the spell.”

(If students do not find any objections to this judgment, then we will return to it in the next lesson.)

VII. Summarizing our ideas about the image of Pugachev, together with the guys we will draw up a thesis plan for the essay “The Image of Pugachev in the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Work on the plan needs to be structured as working together with the class: the wording should be discussed, clarified and written down in students' notebooks.
SAMPLE PLAN FOR THE TOPIC

“The image of Pugachev in the story by A. S. Pushkin

"Captain's daughter"

I. Introduction. The image of Pugachev is the most complex and most interesting image stories.

II. Main part. A powerful heroic and tragic figure of the leader of the peasant war.

1. An alarming, mysterious atmosphere that arises with every appearance of Pugachev: the element of a snowstorm, a blizzard, then the element of rebellion, a peasant war.

2. The theme of the impostor in the story:

a) tramp - sovereign - fugitive Cossack - murderer - savior - criminal - martyr;

b) mention of Grishka Otrepyev as a variant of fate and as a prediction of a brutal execution.

3. The complexity and inconsistency, the unpredictability of his human appearance:

a) cruel and generous,

b) crafty and direct,

c) scary and affectionate,

d) important and funny,

e) simple and inaccessible to understanding.

III. Conclusion. Pugachev filled Grinev’s life with deep content and the story with mysterious meaning.

Homework.

1. Individual task “The theme of the road in the story “The Captain's Daughter” (given in lesson 12).

2. Find compositional and semantic parallels in the story (we called them “mirror scenes”) associated with the figure of Pugachev.

LESSON 19

WAR. MAN AND HISTORY. PRIVATE AND

HISTORICAL IN THE STORY
Remember, O friends, from that time,

When our circle of fate was connected,

What, what were we witnesses to!

Games of the mysterious game,

Confused peoples rushed about;

And kings rose and fell;

And the blood of people is either glory or freedom,

Then pride stained the altars.

A. S. Pushkin. October 19, 1836
Knowledge in the lesson: the theme of the Russian rebellion, the symbolic image of the road, thoughts about time, the role of fate and history in the private life of a person.

Vocabulary work: lexical meaning of the words in the epigraph for the lesson, if their interpretation causes difficulties for students.
DURING THE CLASSES

I. Find descriptions of the consequences of the peasant war in chapters XIII and XIV. How does the narrator define them, what conclusions does he come to? (“... the disaster reached its extreme... The condition of the entire vast region where the fire was raging was terrible... God forbid we see a Russian revolt, senseless and merciless!”)

Material for teachers

“This phrase has been subject to various interpretations: they have often tried to claim that this is a statement of the hero, for which the author is not responsible” 1.

It seems to us that G. Volkov 2 is closer to the truth, who claims that “Pushkin put his own sincere conviction into the mouth of Grinev. But here the emphasis must be placed not only on the words “merciless Russian rebellion,” but, first of all, on the word “senseless,” that is, doomed to defeat.”

The suppression of the Decembrist uprising, the riot in Staraya Russa, mountains of corpses, a sea of ​​people's blood, rebels hanged and whipped, shackled and exiled to Siberian penal servitude. And the triumphant Nicholas I. God forbid we see such a rebellion again. But isn't Pushkin a rebel in his work? He, of course, is on the side of Pugachev, Stenka Razin, and other rebels. Of course, if not for the link, he would have been on December 14, 1825 Senate Square together with your friends. And he would have shared the fate of Pestel and Ryleev, or Ivan Pushchin and Wilhelm Kuchelbecker.

One should, obviously, judge Pushkin’s views on rebellion and rebellion not by individual quotes from letters and works, but by his entire work, by his personality.
2. Marina Tsvetaeva spoke about the same thing, claiming that Pushkin in “The Captain’s Daughter” “fell under Pugachev’s spell and did not come out from under it until the last line.” In the previous lesson, we promised to return to this statement and consider how true it is.

Exercise. Remember what Grinev answered to Pugachev after the Kalmyk fairy tale and who had the last word. Whose words are these: seventeen-year-old Pyotr Andreevich or the author himself? (The moral choice of Grinev and Pushkin is quite definite: “To live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at carrion.”)

3. How to live? Which road to choose? Where to go? The author and narrator reflect on this in the story “The Captain's Daughter.”

The theme of the road is traditional in Russian literature and in Pushkin’s work. And “Winter Road”, and “Demons”, and “Road Complaints” - they are all about this.

How does this theme sound in the story “The Captain's Daughter”? Speech by a student who prepared an individual assignment.

4. Please note that the symbolism of the story, including that associated with the theme of the road, appears when Pugachev bursts into the narrative. And then the story is filled with compositional and semantic parallels (mirror scenes), which we had to remember when preparing for this lesson.

What mirror scenes can you name? (Students will name scenes that were discussed in class. The teacher can add such as Grinev’s dream (omen) and further events; the “trial” of Grinev in Berdskaya Sloboda is a real trial in Kazan; the failed execution of Grinev is the execution of Pugachev, about which it says in the afterword; the defense of the Belogorsk fortress is the defense of Orenburg.)

The story is voluminous and multi-valued. It is written on behalf of a witness, an eyewitness to the events, whose private life turned out to be connected with those “good shocks” - the events of Russian history - in which he was involved.

The date October 19 spoke volumes to the poet’s contemporaries and friends. This is the day of the Lyceum anniversary, this is a sign that replaced Pushkin’s signature. On the day when “The Captain’s Daughter” was completed, at a meeting of fellow lyceum students, the poet read the last poem “It was time: our holiday is young...”. An excerpt from this poem is an epigraph to the story “The Captain's Daughter”. Let's read the poem in full. It was not completed, Pushkin did not have time to do it - a few months later he died defending the honor of his home, his family, his name. But he left us his will - his last story.
Homework.

Write an essay on the story “The Captain's Daughter” on one of the suggested topics:

1. The hero of the story “The Captain's Daughter”, which I would like to talk about.

2. “Take care of your honor from a young age.”

3. Narrator and Publisher in the story “The Captain's Daughter”.

4. The theme of the popular uprising and its leader in the story “The Captain's Daughter”.

5. Savelich and Pugachev.

6. Grinev and Shvabrin.

7. The theme of mercy in the story “The Captain's Daughter”.

8. The image of Masha Mironova - the heroine of Pushkin’s story.

9. The role of landscape in the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

10. Mirror scenes in the story “The Captain's Daughter” (using one or two examples).

Individual task

Preparation of the literary and musical composition “The Caucasus in the fate of Lermontov” (see lesson 20).

LESSON 20

M.Yu. LERMONTOV. LIFE AND FATE.

“BLUE MOUNTAINS OF THE CAUCASUS” IN LIFE AND CREATIVITY

POET
Knowledge in the lesson: The theme of the Caucasus in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. Analysis lyrical work. Thesis plan. Rhythmic prose.

Vocabulary work: throne, tear away.
DURING THE CLASSES

I. Reading and discussion of the introductory article “Singer of the Motherland and Freedom” (textbook, pp. 130-132).

Conversation based on reading.

1. In what way, in your opinion, was the versatility of M.Yu.’s personality manifested? Lermontov? (“Lermontov<...>was different and different - among the light that was merciless to him and in the circle of intimate friends, in battle and in the St. Petersburg living room...” Students will also note diversity stylistic devices in the works of the poet: folk poetic stylization of “Songs about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and swashbuckling merchant Kalashnikov" and the monologue of the old soldier in "Borodino", the bitter pathos of "Cloud" and the solemnity of "Sails".)

2. Why does the author of the article, I. Andronikov, characterizing the image of Lermontov, speak in such detail about his education and erudition? (There cannot be a truly great artist without cultural roots, outside the system of knowledge, historical ideas, and literary experience of his era.)

3. What gave I. Andronikov the right to assert, speaking about the only lifetime edition works by Lermontov: “No one has ever performed for the first time with such a collection”? (Immense severity towards himself allowed Lermontov to include only his best works in the collection, and they were brilliant.)

4. Drawing up a thesis plan for the introductory article. Example option:
Image of Lermontov

1) “...Lermontov was really different and different.”

2) “Lermontov confessed his poetry.”

3) “The history of past centuries and all the best accumulated by Russian and European culture<...>Lermontov learned from the first day of his stay at the boarding school.”

4) “His exactingness and severity towards himself are amazing.”

5) “And throughout our entire lives we carry the image of this person in our souls.”

II. Meetings with the Caucasus became a separate stage in Lermontov’s life and work.

For Lermontov, the Caucasus is a symbol of free, indomitable, original nature: it is a land of peaks rising into the sky and wildly blooming gardens; freedom-loving people not yet spoiled by civilization; this is a land mysteriously connected with the fate of the poet.

The image of the Caucasus appears in the works of Lermontov different years. He saw the Caucasus through the eyes of a traveler, artist, poet, warrior.
Literary and musical composition

The Caucasus in the fate of Lermontov

(prepare for the lesson in advance)

1) Romance based on Lermontov’s poems “Mountain Peaks”.

To you, Caucasus, stern king of the earth,

I dedicate again a careless verse<...>

Still a child with timid steps

I climbed the proud rocks,

Entwined with misty turbans,

Like the heads of Allah's fans.

There the wind flaps its free wings,

Eagles flock there to spend the night;

I flew to visit them with an obedient dream

And their heart was their comrade in the air.

Lermontov himself will tell you about his first meeting with the Caucasus.

“Who will believe me that I already knew love when I was ten years old?

We were a big family on the Caucasian waters: grandmother, aunts, cousins. A lady came to my cousins ​​with her daughter, a girl of about nine years old. I saw her there. I don't remember if it was good or not. But her image is still stored in my head; he is kind to me, I don’t know why. One time, I remember, I ran into the room; she was here and playing with dolls with her cousin: my heart trembled, my legs gave way. I had no idea about anything then, nevertheless it was a passion, strong, although childish: it was true love: since then I have not loved like that. ABOUT! This moment of the first disturbance of passions will torment my mind until the grave! And so early!.. They laughed and teased me, because they noticed the excitement in my face: I cried little by little for no reason, I wanted to see her; and when she came, I did not want or was ashamed to enter the room.<...>Blond hair, blue eyes, quick; ease - no, since then I have not seen anything like it, or it seems to me, because I have never loved as much as that time. The Caucasus Mountains are sacred to me... And so early! At 10! Oh this mystery, this one lost heaven They will torment my mind until the grave!.. sometimes it’s strange to me, and I’m ready to laugh at this passion! But more often - cry.”

Many difficult years have passed since then,

And again you met me between your rocks.

As once a child, your greetings

The exile was joyful and bright,

He poured oblivion of troubles into my chest

And he answered the friendly zone in a friendly manner.

5) Reader 4. Exile to the Caucasus under the bullets of the highlanders followed the poem “Death of a Poet” banned by censorship. The year was 1837. Despite the tragedy of what was happening, the poet rejoiced at his new meeting with the Caucasus Mountains - the “thrones of nature.”

M.Yu. Lermontov. From a letter.

“Yesterday I arrived in Pyatigorsk, rented an apartment on the edge of the city, on the highest place, at the foot of Mashuk: during a thunderstorm, the clouds will descend to my roof. Today at five o'clock in the morning, when I opened the window, my room was filled with the smell of flowers growing in a modest front garden. Branches of blossoming cherry trees look into my windows, and the wind sometimes strews my desk with their white petals. I have a wonderful view from three sides. To the west, the five-domed Beshtau turns blue, like the last cloud of a scattered storm; to the north, Mashuk rises, like a shaggy Persian cap, and covers this entire part of the sky; It’s more fun to look to the east: below me, a clean, brand new town is colorful, healing springs are rustling, a multilingual crowd is noisy - and there, further, mountains are piled up like an amphitheater, increasingly blue and foggy, and at the edge of the horizon stretches a silver thread of snowy peaks, starting with Kazbek and ending double-headed Elbrus... It's fun to live in such a land! Some kind of gratifying feeling flowed through all my veins. The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss; the sun is bright, the sky is blue - what else seems to be more? Why are there passions, desires, regrets?..

However, good Pyatigorsk impressions soon overshadowed the pictures of the war...

Valerik

(Excerpt)

What needs? local shelves

A tried and tested people... “With hostility,

More friendly!” - came behind us.

The blood burned in my chest

All the officers are in front...

He rushed on horseback to the rubble

Who didn't have time to jump off the horse...

"Hooray!" - and fell silent. "There are the daggers,

Butts!” - and the massacre began.

And two hours in the jets of the stream

The battle lasted. They cut themselves cruelly,

Like animals, silently, chest-to-chest,

The stream was dammed with bodies.

I wanted to scoop up some water...

(And the heat and battles tired

Me), but a muddy wave

It was warm, it was red.

From a report to the command:

“In the affairs of September 29 and October 3, Lermontov attracted the special attention of the detachment authorities with his efficiency, faithfulness of vision and ardent courage, which is why he was entrusted with the team of hunters on October 10; When the wounded cadet Dorokhov was taken from the front, I entrusted his superiors with a team consisting of hunters. It was impossible to make a more successful choice: everywhere Lieutenant Lermontov, everywhere was the first to be shot by predators and in all matters showed selflessness and stewardship beyond all praise. On October 12, while foraging for Shali, taking advantage of the flatness of the location, he rushed with a handful of people at the enemy who was superior in number and repeatedly repelled his attacks on the chain of our shooters and repeatedly hit the predators with his own hand. On October 15, he and his team were the first to pass through the Shali forest, turning on themselves all the efforts of the predators who tried to impede our movement, and took up a position within a rifle shot from the edge. When crossing the Argun, he acted excellently against predators and, taking advantage of the shots of our guns, suddenly rushed at the enemy party, which immediately galloped off into the nearest forest, leaving two bodies in our hands. Rakovich."

9) Reader 4. Fate protected M. Yu. Lermontov from a ridiculous bullet. In the meantime, grandma managed to secure a vacation for him. But soon the first link was followed by a second.

The last time he left the world of St. Petersburg, Lermontov seemed to be sure: his beloved mountains would not let him down, they would help him to forget, he might not cure him, but he would dull him. heartache. But it was the Caucasus Mountains that were destined to become silent witnesses to the tragedy.

A. I. Vasilchikov, M. Yu. Lermontov’s second, remembers.

“When we went to Mount Mashuk and chose a place along the path,<...>a dark, thundercloud was rising from behind the nearby Beshtau Mountain.

Glebov and I measured thirty steps; The last barrier was placed at ten and, having separated the opponents to extreme distances, they were ordered to each converge ten steps at the command “march”. The pistols were loaded. Glebov gave one to Martynov, I gave another to Lermontov and commanded: “Get together! Lermontov remained motionless and, cocking the trigger, raised the pistol with the muzzle up, shielding himself with his hand and elbow according to all the rules of an experienced duelist. At that moment, and for the last time, I looked at him and will never forget that calm, almost cheerful expression that played on the poet’s face in front of the barrel of the pistol, already pointed at him. Martynov with quick steps walked up to the barrier and fired. Lermontov fell as if he had been mowed down on the spot<...>

A black cloud, slowly rising on the horizon, burst into a terrible thunderstorm, and the rolls of thunder sang eternal memory to the newly departed servant Michael."

10) Romance based on poems by M.Yu. Lermontov “I go out alone onto the road...”.

What new facets of M.Yu.’s personality? Lermontov revealed themselves to you in this biographical material?

Prove that each meeting with the Caucasus was fateful for the poet and required the highest tension of mental strength.

III. Reading of the poem “Caucasus” by a teacher or a specially trained student.

Exercise. Based on the literary commentary (textbook, pp. 147-148), highlight the biographical basis of the poem “Caucasus”.

The tender lyricism of the hero’s feelings and memories is intertwined in this poem with the majestic solemnity of the chant thanks to the use of Church Slavonic, book words and forms.

Exercise. Find these words and explain their lexical meaning. (“Voice” - voice, “remembering” - remembering, “years” - years, “tear away” - separate, take away by force.)

What does Lermontov compare the Caucasus with? (With the “sweet song of the fatherland.”) Choose synonyms for the word “sweet” that explain its meaning in this line.

Sweet - mellifluous, pleasant, gratifying, euphonious, melodic, harmonious, harmonious.

M. Yu. Lermontov loved the evening. Why do you think the poet called the evening mentioned in the poem “pink”? What picture appears before your eyes thanks to this epithet? (Majestic Caucasus mountains in the rays of the setting sun.)

Exercise. Determine the poetic meter in this text. (Lines 1-4 are a tetrameter amphibrach, the 5th line of each stanza is a 2-meter amphibrach.) What effect does the poet achieve by alternating short and long lines? (The effect of uneven breathing as a consequence of excitement.)

What compositional role does the line “I love the Caucasus” play in the poem? (She creates a refrain linking various lyrical themes the main, single thought.)

IV. Expressive reading of the miniature “Blue Mountains of the Caucasus.”

The concept of rhythmic prose is formed in the process of conversation. What is rhythm? (Even alternation of something (sounds, pauses, stress.)

When do we most often encounter rhythmic construction? (When we study poetry. Poetic rhythm forms various meters of versification: iambic, trochaic, dactyl, amphibrachic, anapest.)

Is such an alternation of strong and weak syllables possible in prose?

Exercise. Analyze the rhythmic pattern of this miniature. Determine the poetic meter. (Dactyl.)

Such prose organized in a special way is called rhythmic. Such an organization of the text, its subordination to a single rhythm, allows us to achieve the effect of extraordinary emotion and enhance the lyrical beginning of the work.

Lermontov's miniature allows you to imagine a picture from heaven to earth. Above we see wild ridges, sky, clouds, thunder clouds, snow and distant ice floes of cliffs, rising Sun. Below - darkness, caves, on a smooth hill - a lonely tree, a vineyard rustling in a gorge, a river, an unknown path over an abyss, an unexpected shot.

Top and bottom are two poles. What is the poet's attitude towards these spatial poles? What does it mean?

Determine the meaning of the word “throne” using an explanatory dictionary. Why does the poet call the Caucasus mountains “the thrones of nature”?

Throne: 1) Same as trope. 2) A high table standing in the middle of the church altar, at which worship is performed 1.

The thrones of nature are a metaphor emphasizing the royal essence and divine power of nature in the perception of M.Yu. Lermontov.

Prove, based on the text of the miniature, that the poet perceives the Caucasus mountains as celestial beings, but quite accessible to an earthly creature. (“...I keep dreaming about you and the sky,” “you carried me on your wild ridges, dressed me in clouds.”)

Homework.

1. Prepare an expressive memorization of the poem “Caucasus”.

2. Answer the question in writing: What themes, images, feelings unite the poem “Caucasus” with Lermontov’s rhythmic prose?

LESSON 21

SYMBOLIC IMAGE OF PRISON

IN THE LYRICS OF M. YU. LERMONTOV.

ANALYSIS OF THE POEMS “CAPTIVE KNIGHT”, “NEIGHBOR”.
Knowledge in the lesson: the theme of prisonerhood (prison, captivity) in Lermontov’s lyrics.

Vocabulary work: symbolic image.
DURING THE CLASSES

I. Homework survey. Expressive reading by heart of the poem “Caucasus.

II. By refusing to participate in social activities, the Lermontov generation, the generation of the 30s, turned out to be a prisoner of their era. His destiny is inaction, spiritual death. And the glory of victories, the knightly valor of the fathers became only a distant memory. In his 1838 poem “Duma,” Lermontov wrote:
I look sadly at our generation!

His future is either empty or dark;

Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,

It will grow old in inactivity.<...>

Shamefully indifferent to good and evil,

At the beginning of the race we wither without a fight;

In the face of danger they are shamefully cowardly

And before the authorities - despicable slaves.<...>

And we hate and we love by chance,

Without sacrificing anything, neither anger nor love,

And some secret cold reigns in the soul,

When fire boils in the blood.

And our boring ancestors have luxurious fun<...>
The motif of captivity and lack of freedom of spirit is also present in the 1840 poem “The Captive Knight.” The fate of the poet himself and the tragedy of his lyrical hero are easily comparable in this poem. No wonder the researcher of creativity M.Yu. Lermontov I. Andronikov wrote:

“The fate of the captured knight is like the fate of Lermontov himself, who understood perfectly well that a new exile threatens him with inevitable death” 1.

III. Reading a poem by students.

Exercise. Read the first quatrain aloud. Name the oppositions inherent in it.

1) Free birds - captive (slave!).

2) Top - bottom.

3) Heaven is the place “under the prison window.”

The preposition “under” is significant: according to

compared to location

prisoner window of the dungeon and then

inaccessibly high. What are you saying?

shout about the sky!

4) Birds are playing - the prisoner sits silently

(active action is emphasized - (absolute inaction).

5) The birds are “playing”, but the captive is depressed, his mood is

they don't just fly. Underlining is defined in two words:

there is carelessness, joy, “hurt” and “shame.”

being.

Exercise. Read the poem “The Captive Knight” to the end. Consider the 1839 poem “Prayer.” What impression did prayer make on the lyrical hero Lermontov?
Like a burden will roll off your soul,

Doubt is far away -

And I believe and cry,

And so easy, easy...

Why does the lyrical hero of “The Captive Knight” reject prayer, even call it sinful? (He does not want reconciliation with reality. His memories are dominated by the music of the battle (which is now inaccessible), and his hopes are connected with death (for which it is a sin to pray.)

Why does the knight call for death? (Death for him is the acquisition of freedom, the only value to which he strives.)

How does the hero imagine his ending? What mood and why are the last lines imbued with? ( Lyrical hero Lermontov was used to looking death in the face. His spirit is depressed, but not broken. The last lines sound solemn, life-affirming notes.)

Please note: there are only 12 verbs in the poem, and 4 of them (1/3!) are located in the last two lines, the action of which takes place already beyond the threshold of death. What is this connected with? (The verb denotes action. Prison for a captive knight is inaction, which is tantamount to death. Death brings liberation, the illusion of being.)

Exercise. Determine what armor of the past and present is mentioned in this poem? (In the past - a heavy sword, an iron shell - military equipment. In the present: the armor - the walls of the prison, the visor of the helmet - the bars on the window, the shield - the doors of the dungeon, that is, everything that fenced the knight off from the “world of anxiety and battles.”)

Think about what metaphor is inherent in this opposition? When answering the question, use the lines of the poem “Duma.”

Teacher's material 1

"Prisoned Knight"

At the same time that Lermontov, while under arrest for a duel with Barant, wrote “Journalist, Reader and Writer,” he also created another poem, “The Captive Knight.” When reading the poem carefully, what first strikes the eye is the vertical organization of space. The hero (“knight”) is below (“under the window of the dungeon”), in prison, above him is the “blue sky”, the prisoner’s gaze is directed from bottom to top.

I sit silently under the window of the dungeon;

I can see the blue sky from here...

The contrast between freedom and bondage is given as the antithesis of prison (bottom) and sky (top), dark and blue. Only one line is dedicated to the sky:
All the free birds are playing in the sky.
but this line is full of symbolism for Lermontov. Birds in the sky in Lermontov's poetry are the daytime equivalents of stars. Both are consistently attributed to “game.”

The game here is that joyful, happy state of endless freedom and fun, which in Lermontov’s poetry is characteristic of children and blessed souls.

Birds and stars have one more thing in common - they are free.

Finally, both of them belong to the sky - a space that symbolizes purity, freedom and involvement in higher values ​​in Lermontov’s poetry.

The lower, earthly world is built as a collision of two hostile images: battle and prison. This conflict is realized as a clash of iron (battle) and stone (prison):
I only remember ancient battles,

My sword is heavy and my armor is iron.

I am now chained in a stone shell,

The stone helmet is crushing my head,

My shield from arrows and swords is enchanted,

Dostarynyzben bolisu:

Image of Alexey Shvabrin

Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin is a metropolitan man, a nobleman, a guard officer, socially brilliant, but superficially educated. In him, reading sentimental novels and works of French educators only instilled unprincipledness and ostentatious patriotism. Exiled, obviously, for a duel, having no chance of returning to St. Petersburg, he joins the uprising, seeing in it only the possibility of change and promotion, and most importantly, the preservation of life. Shvabrin despises the people, hates and fears Pugachev. All his thoughts and actions are only about himself; he is selfish. When everyone defends the fortress and, having lost the battle, refuses to recognize Pugachev as the emperor, he readily goes over to his side. His meanness and baseness are manifested in his relations with Masha Mironova and Grinev. Shvabrin could not win the heart of Marya Ivanovna and, having become the commandant, tried to force her to marry him. Having no other opportunity to take revenge on Grinev, Shvabrin sinks to such baseness that during interrogation he slanderes Grinev.

So, the novel depicts two opposing images of young nobles and officers: on the one hand, the honest, noble Petrusha Grinev, and on the other, the low, vile coward Shvabrin. In the images of these people, A.S. Pushkin showed that nobles are not only the “color of the nation,” and that among them there are scoundrels.

It is worth paying attention to the composition of the novel. The entire work is preceded by a general epigraph taken from folk art, which confirms the writer’s idea about the kinship of the people and the nobility. This is the proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age,” which determines the life path of the heroes of “The Captain’s Daughter,” as well as author's attitude to what is described in the novel.

The author's attitude towards the main characters

Pushkin showed the image of Grinev in development: a crazy boy, a young man asserting his independence, a courageous and persistent adult. The events in which he finds himself are what make him so fast. For Pyotr Grinev, honor is loyalty to service and class. In the famous conversation with Pugachev we see a brave nobleman. Finding himself among enemies in a rebellious settlement, he behaves with great dignity. In relation to himself from Pugachev, he does not even allow a mocking tone. He does not need a life bought at the price of humiliating his noble rank. Grinev also truly loves. He saves the life of Masha Mironova, putting his own in danger. At the trial, Peter does not name the girl, preferring to be convicted. The quarrel with Shvabrin speaks of the nobility of Grinev, who stands up for the honor of Masha, whose love for himself he does not know. Shvabrin's vulgarity outrages him. Peter tries to hide his triumph over the defeated Shvabrin. By pitting Grinev and Shvabrin against each other in various life situations, the writer shows that the most important thing in a person is not education and external brilliance of the mind, but devotion to convictions and nobility.

By depicting Grinev and Shvabrin, Pushkin denies the possibility of an alliance between the nobility and the rebellious peasantry. People like Shvabrin join the uprising because they have no principles, no honor, no conscience and are driven by personal goals.

The writer does not think of hiding the class psychology of the Grinevs. He shows that even the morality of the most honest and just landowners is influenced by the power of the serf owner. Those actions of Pyotr Grinev that are worthy of condemnation are associated with his attitude towards the serfs, and above all towards his faithful servant Savelich. I remember that one day Petrusha almost left his uncle among his enemies.

The author characterizes Alexey Shvabrin as a cynical empty person, capable of slandering a girl only because she refused to reciprocate his feelings. Shvabrin commits a number of vile acts that characterize him as a low person, capable of treason, cowardice, and betrayal. This character remains one of the most striking images of a traitor in Russian literature.