Onomastics - what kind of science is this?
If you have ever studied surnames, given names, or wanted to find information about your own surname, you have probably encountered an incomprehensible term - onomastics. So, onomastics - what kind of science is it?
Translated from Greek language, onomastics means the art of giving names. Speaking in dry scientific language, onomastics is a specialized branch of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of the origin of names, their transformation during prolonged use in the source language or when borrowed from another language. In a narrower sense, onomastics is the study of proper names of various types, onomastic vocabulary. Now you already have some idea what onomastics is - what kind of science is it? Let's look at what directions onomastics has. Onomastics includes the following sections: anthroponymics, astronomy, toponymy, zoonymics, cosmonymy, chrematonymy, pragmonymy, carabonymy, theonymy. Let's look at each in more detail.
Anthroponymy is a specialized section that studies people’s own names and surnames (anthroponyms), the origin of surnames and given names, their changes and transformations during long-term use, their geographical distribution, social function, development and general structure of anthroponymic systems. An anthroponym is understood as any proper name (Andrey, Natalya, etc.), patronymic (Nikolaevich, Ivanovna, etc.), surname (Vorotyntsev, Savelyeva, etc.), pseudonym (Soviet writer Arkady Golikov - Arkady Gaidai, etc.), nickname (Slant, Evil, etc.), nicknames (Lantern, Spring, etc.).
Astronomy deals with the study of the names of all celestial objects or individual names celestial bodies(Moon, Sun, stars, comets, etc.).
Cosmonymics deals with the study of the names of objects exclusively in outer space, for example: scientific and popular names galaxies, constellations, etc.
Toponymy studies the proper names of any geographical objects and formations (both scientific and folk). For example: Volga River, Russia, Mount Everest, etc.
The section of onomastics, called zoonymics, deals with the study of proper names and nicknames of animals (Squirrel, Sharik, Tuzik, etc.).
Chrematonymy. The object of study of chrematonymy is the names of objects related to the material culture of mankind (the Durandal sword, the Orlov diamond, etc.).
Karabonimika studies the proper names of various boats, ships, and other vessels (Titanic, Aurora, etc.).
Theonymy is a section of onomastics that studies the proper names of various deities and gods of any culture (Poseidon, Zeus, Thor, etc.).
Pragmonymics is responsible for studying the names of different products. For example, chokonyms are chocolate products (“Chamomile”, “Red Poppy”, etc.).
Probably, now the answer to the question is “onomastics - what kind of science is this?” almost completely open. It remains only to dwell on the functions of onomastics. Why is it even needed?
The main essence of onomastic research is to identify and understand the migration routes of all peoples, study cultural contacts and the associated mixture of languages. Onomastics also deals with the study of ancient dialects and the original state of languages of different nationalities. Anthroponymy is of greatest importance in onomastics. Onomastic studies have various aspects. Here are the main ones: descriptive onomastics (general philological and linguistic analysis), theoretical (general laws and principles of functioning of all onomastic systems), applied onomastics (assignment and function of names), onomastics of works of art (cultural aspect), historical onomastics (history of names) , ethnic (the emergence, characteristics and function of all ethnic groups).
Proper names react acutely to any changes that have occurred and are occurring in society, cultures and nature. Therefore, with the help of onomastic research, it is possible to trace many important historical events that happened to humanity. All the enormous diversity of our world of things, real, invented and only hypothetical, is the primary basis of common nouns, which generalize similar facts, and proper names, which distinguish individual objects from a number of those named using common nouns. Just as things with names are located in terrestrial and extraterrestrial space, the words that name them are located in the minds of the people who use them, so to speak, they have a spatial location (onomastic space) in the human consciousness, different for residents of different regions of our planet. Similar spatial distribution is typical for residents of the same area, people from the same region. Onomastic space can be described as a nominal continuum that exists in the minds of people and it differs for each different culture and time period of history. In the consciousness of each individual person, the onomastic space is present in a fragmentary composition. It seems possible to fully identify it only with specialized research.
If you believe the religions of many nations, then the first names were for the heavenly bodies, animals, places on earth (known at that time), and the people themselves. Only this limited number of objects and objects filled the onomastic space of consciousness of ancient people. As time passed, expanding the boundaries of knowledge, man began to thereby expand the boundaries of onomastic space. Everything that humanity has known, discovered, invented and created now has its own names and fills the truly enormous onomastic space of all humanity. Also, according to religions, using onomastics, one can come to the conclusion that all the most ancient cultures (standing at the origins of humanity) had approximately the same onomastic space.
ONOMASTICS, the science of proper names of all types, the patterns of their development and functioning. Linguistic at its core, onomastics includes historical, geographical, ethnographic, cultural, sociological, literary components that help to identify the specifics of named objects and the traditions associated with their names, which takes onomastics beyond the scope of linguistics itself and makes it an autonomous discipline that uses predominantly linguistic methods, closely related to the complex of humanities, as well as sciences about the Earth and the Universe.
Proper names react vividly to changes occurring in nature and society, therefore proper names can serve as chronologists for texts, as well as historical and archaeological monuments. Due to the special conservatism of proper names, they survive the era in which they were created, preserving evidence of a more ancient state of the language, and contain a large amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic information, which can only be obtained by linguistic methods.
The entire diversity of the world of things (real, hypothetical and invented by human imagination) constitutes the primary basis for names – common nouns as generalizing similar facts and own as highlighting individual objects in a series named using common nouns.
Just as named things are located in earthly (and unearthly) space, the words naming them in the mind of the speaker also have a spatial arrangement, similar for residents of the same area, different for residents of remote territories. It may not resemble the actual arrangement of named objects, but it exists and serves as a framework that supports the denotations of names. Onomastic space- this is a nominal continuum that exists in the minds of people different cultures and filled differently in different eras. In the consciousness of every person, onomastic space is present fragmentarily. It is revealed quite fully only with a special study.
According to the Book of Genesis, people themselves, places on earth known to them, animals (domestic and wild) and visible heavenly bodies were the first to receive proper names. These objects and their names filled the onomastic space of ancient man. Over time, this space expanded, and new types of objects received names.
The onomastic space of modern residents of Russia includes: names of people - anthroponyms(Ivan,Marya,Anton Pavlovich Chekhov,Rurikovich); geographical names – toponyms(mountain Elbrus, city Cockerels, mowing Beyond the swamp, The White house ), including the names of water bodies – hydronyms(river Volga, Lake Ritsa, Black Sea); animal names - zoonyms(dog Blot, horse Loud Success, goose Ivan Ivanovich); proper names of individual plants - phytonyms (Tree crying, pine Airplane); names of zones and parts of the universe - cosmonyms(constellation Capricorn, nebula Andromeda, galaxy Big Magellanic Cloud); names of celestial bodies - astronyms(star Vega, planet Mars, asteroid Ceres, comet Galea); names of points and time periods – chrononyms (Petrovskaya era, Varfolomeevskaya night, era Renaissance, New year); names of holidays ( Christmas, Day Victory, Day geologist, Day teachers, Trinity); names of events, campaigns, wars (festival " Russian winter», Russian-Japanese war, Brusilovsky breakthrough, operation " Steel helmet"); names of enterprises, institutions, societies, parties, etc. business associations of people ( Russian state library, Small theater, factory " Sickle And hammer"); names of churches, monasteries ( Trinity-Sergius Lavra, temple Trinity in sheets, church Introductions under pine trees); names of communication routes ( The path from the Varangians to the Greeks,Vladimirsky tract,Minskoe highway); names of vehicles (aircraft) « Motherland», motor ship « Cosmonaut Gagarin», express « Yaroslavl"); names of works of art (painting by V.M. Vasnetsov Three hero, sculpture Let's have a snack swords on plowshares, symphony Winter dreams P.I. Tchaikovsky, opera Troubadour G. Verdi); names of periodicals (newspaper " News", magazine " Science and life"); titles of documents ( Land Law,Treaty of Friendship,Peace Decree,Helsinki Agreement); titles of books, stories, poems, articles ( Monument A.S. Pushkin, novel by A.N. Tolstoy Bread); proper names of individual, especially valuable objects of material culture (gold nuggets " Camel», « bunny ears", diamond " Shah", bells " Goat», « Ram», « Sysoy" In Rostov); names of orders, medals (order " Badge of honor", medal " Mother's glory"); names of natural disasters (hurricane " Flora"); names of varieties of manufactured products and selected plants (vehicle " Volga", cheese " Poshekhonsky", soap " Degtyarnoe", cologne " Lilac", cherry " Beauty of the North", lilac " Lights of Moscow"); trademarks - signs marking goods and service marks, specially preserved and kept from becoming common vocabulary (shampoo " Blue Wave", candies " Gold little key"); names of deities ( Zeus,Perun); names of various spirits (genie Maimun, Daemon, Anchutka); names of various mythological realities (river Summer); names of characters and names of places in literature and folklore ( Eugene Onegin,Sobakevich,Blue Beard, village Dyryavino, city Skotoprogonevsk); names of hypothetical geographical features ( Sannikov Land,Beringia) etc. Depending on the type of names studied, onomastics as a science is divided into special areas, among which the most studied are anthroponymy, toponymy, hydronymy and others. etc. (see ANTHROPONYMY; TOPONYMY).
The names of long-dead people and settlements that ceased to exist fill the depth of onomastic space; however, their place may vary depending on the significance of the denotation. Names Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, Nero, Napoleon are still relevant today. Less well-known names are significant only for the chronological slice when the named person lived. The names of uninhabited cities become archaeonyms, i.e. names of archaeological objects. Only a good knowledge of history and geography allows us to establish that Antarctica, Tavrida, Tasmania– names of real existing objects, and Atlantis, Pacifida, Beringia– hypothetical. In all similar cases images of named objects, emerging in the minds of members of a linguistic community, become a kind of denotations, substitutes for actually non-existent objects.
Aspects of onomastic research are diverse. Stand out: descriptive onomastics, which forms the objective foundation of onomastic research, providing a general philological analysis and linguistic interpretation of the collected material; theoretical onomastics, which studies the general patterns of development and functioning of onomastic systems; applied onomastics associated with the practice of naming, with the functioning of names in living speech and the problems of naming and renaming, giving practical recommendations cartographers, biographers, bibliographers, lawyers; onomastics works of art, which makes up the section of poetics; historical onomastics, which studies the history of the appearance of names and their reflection in the names of the realities of different eras; ethnic onomastics, which studies the emergence of the names of ethnic groups and their parts in connection with the history of ethnic groups, the relationship of ethnonyms with names of other types, the evolution of ethnonyms, leading to the creation of toponyms, anthroponyms, zoonyms, the connection of ethnonyms with names of languages (linguonyms).
Modern onomastics is a complex scientific linguistic discipline with its own range of problems and methods. Onomastic research helps to study the migration routes of individual ethnic groups, identify the places of their former habitat, establish the more ancient state of individual languages, and determine the linguistic and cultural contacts of different ethnic groups.
Relevance of this problem is to find out what names parents give their children. Create a special “onomastic” dictionary. Study of this material increases observation, teaches us to find interesting and unexplored things around us.
Name- this is the word that people hear most often.
From a scientific point of view:
According to V. I. Dahl’s dictionary: “A name is a word that is called”
According to the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov: “The personal name of a person given at birth...”
Anthroponymy- “the science of personal names”
(dictionary by S. I. Ozhegov)
The following methods were used in this work:
Theoretical;
Search;
Mathematical;
Questionnaire
Area of our research is the science of personal names " Anthroponymy ».
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Introduction .................................................................................................4
Chapter I Anthroponymy – a section of onomastics……………………………….….6
Chapter II Names of student leaders of building 1 of MBOU Secondary School No. 19.. 8
2.1 Female names of the 1st corps………………….………….……………………………..9
2.2 Male names of the 1st corps………………………………………………………..11
Chapter III Questionnaire….………………………………………………………………………………12
Chapter IV Choosing a name……………………………………………………………………………….13
Chapter V Sound theory….………………………………………………………………………………..14
Chapter VI Characteristics of the name………….……………………………………………………….15
Chapter VII Name day……………………………………………………………………………………….17
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….20
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..….21
Applications ……………………………………………………………………….………….….22
Introduction
"Between living people
No one is anonymous at all.
At the minute of birth, everyone
both low and noble,
Your name from your parents
receives as a sweet gift"
Homer "Odyssey"
Relevance of this problemis to find out what names parents give their children. Create a special “onomastic” dictionary for our school (1 building). Studying this material increases observation skills, teaches us to find interesting and unexplored things around us.
Goal of the work: determine the most popular names of students in building 2 of MBOU Secondary School No. 19 in Belovo (names are leaders).
Based on the goal , we set the following tasks:
- Study the name lists of students in grades 8-11;
- Systematize, classify the material - male and female names students;
- Give quantitative and qualitative characteristics to the names;
- Determine what parents are guided by when choosing a name for their child.
Name - this is the word that people hear most often.
From a scientific point of view:
- According to V. I. Dahl’s dictionary: “A name is a word that is called”
- According to the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov: “The personal name of a person given at birth...”
Anthroponymy - “the science of personal names”
(dictionary by S. I. Ozhegov)
The following methods were used in this work:
- Theoretical;
- Search;
- Mathematical;
- Questionnaire
Area of our researchis the science of personal names " Anthroponymy".
Object of study– students of the 1st building of MBOU Secondary School No. 19 in Belovo.
Subject of study– male and female names of these students.
Chapter I
Anthroponymy is a section of onomastics.
Onomastics (from the Greek ONO mastic - the art of giving names) is the science of the origin of names. There are several areas of onomastics.
IN in this case We are interested in anthroponymy. This is a science that studies people's names, surnames, patronymics, and pseudonyms. The basis of this term is the Greek words anatropous "man"
The term is believed to have been first proposed by the Portuguese linguist J. Leite Vasconselva in 1887. Anthroponymic name, anthroponymy is a set of personal names, endearments, contemptuous names, nicknames, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, etc. Let’s take not even the meaning of words, but phonetics (sounds) and word formation. Is this a purely internal matter of linguistics, independent of society? An example familiar to us is three modern different names Georgy, Yuri, Egor. They were one name, “broken” into three only phonetically. But such a difference in sounds cannot be explained if you do not know that the ancient Greek Georgiy in pronunciation was not given either to the princes - the Varangians, whose native language was Scandinavian (hence Yurgi, later turned into Yuri), nor to the people whose native language was Russian (hence Yegor, later turned into Yegor). Only by combining knowledge of the subtle features of phonetics and knowledge of the history of society can one get to the origins of these three names. The same is true in relation to one of the purely linguistic methods of word formation - compounding: proper names, for example, Old Slavic Vladimir, Yaroslav, at first served the Russians exclusively princes, and later passed on to the nobility.
The science of personal names is a social science and, of course, a linguistic science.
Together with the sciences of other proper names, anthroponymy constitutes onomastics.
Chapter II
Names of student leaders of building 1 of MBOU Secondary School No. 19
Total representatives of female names in building 1 – 217 people
Of them:
Leading names – Anastasia (17 people)
Anna (13 people)
Alina (12 people)
Marina (12 people)
Julia (11 people)
Total representatives of male names in corps 1 – 210 people.
Of them:
Leading names – Alexander (17 people)
Alexey (15 people)
Dmitry (14 people)
Evgeniy (13 people)
Ivan (13 people)
Female names of the 1st corps.
Names | Carriers |
Alyona | |
Daria | |
Marina | |
Angelina | |
Alina | |
Christina | |
Anastasia | |
Elizabeth | |
Anna | |
Arina | |
Asya | |
Julia | |
Alexandra | |
Maria | |
Yana | |
Ksenia | |
Catherine | |
Karina | |
Evgenia | |
Natalia | |
Svetlana | |
Angelica | |
Sophia | |
Suzanne | |
Olga | |
Alesya | |
Victoria | |
Irina | |
Vasilisa | |
Margarita | |
Elena | |
Hope | |
Oksana | |
Aliya |
Male names of the 1st corps.
Names | Carriers |
Rodion | |
Stanislav | |
Konstantin | |
Vladislav | |
Alexei | |
Eugene | |
Stepan | |
Arthur | |
Ivan | |
Ruslan | |
Michael | |
Alexander | |
Vyacheslav | |
Marseilles | |
Anatoly | |
Maksim | |
Novel | |
Sergey | |
Artem | |
Dmitriy | |
Paul | |
Nikita | |
Valery | |
Sheroz | |
Egor | |
Ilya | |
Daniel | |
Elchin | |
Andrey | |
Albert | |
Gregory | |
Timur | |
Yuri | |
Semyon |
Kirill | |
Klim | |
Vladimir | |
Rustam | |
Arkady | |
Rinat | |
Nikolai | |
Timofey | |
Anton | |
Denis | |
Benjamin | |
Matvey | |
Oleg | |
Mark | |
Shavkat | |
Zakhar | |
Vadim | |
Grant |
Chapter III
Questionnaire
“Why did the parents give this name to their child?”
1) We conducted a survey among students of the 1st building of MBOU secondary school school No. 19 in Belovo.
2) 100 students took part in the survey.
85% of respondents indicated that they like their name;
15% of respondents do not like their name.
Chapter IV
Choosing a name
Every proper name is a word, but a word that has received special properties, a new coloring. These properties make even us, modern people, involuntarily feel in him a close connection with the person himself. It often seems to us that a name is capable of even seemingly changing the properties of its owner or, to some extent, defining them.
Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given until the end of life; it has significance not only for the person himself, but also for the people collaborating with him. Every proper name is a word, but a word that has received special properties, a new coloring. These properties make even us, modern people, involuntarily feel in him a close connection with the person himself. It often seems to us that a name is capable of even seemingly changing the properties of its owner or, to some extent, defining them.
People have had personal names at all times. Each person can be called only by name; thanks to the name, all his good and bad deeds become known.
Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given until the end of life; it has significance not only for the person himself, but also for the people collaborating with him.
Chapter V
Sound theory.
The name is a set of sounds of different pitches and timbres. Different names mean different sets of sounds, different sound stimuli for the brain. And different stimuli, as is known, excite different brain structures. And therefore, in a child named Vasya, who during the entire “pre-speech” period of his development hears “you” a thousand times in the words “Vasya”, “Vas-ilek”, “Vas-yutka”, a thousand-fold excitation of the brain structures associated with reflection occurs sounds "v", "a" and "s". Things happen completely differently for boys named Kolya. His brain structures associated with the reflection of the sounds “v”, “a” and “s” are in a state of relative rest, but the structures associated with the perception of the sounds “k”, “o” and “l” are constantly excited. The sound load on certain brain formations in one child and a load that is completely different in its physiological pattern in another cannot but affect the formation of differences in the psyche of these children.
There is another mechanism possible influence name on character formation. As a result of studies in which people were asked to answer the question with which color they associate different names, it turned out that for the statistically overwhelming majority of those studied, the name “Tatyana” evokes the idea of red (and close to it) colors, while the name “Elena” "is usually associated with blue (and similar) colors. From color psychology it is known that red color awakens in a person a state of anxiety, danger, suffering, while blue, on the contrary, evokes a feeling of calm and tranquility.
Chapter VI
Characteristics of the name
As you know, the name largely determines the character and future of the newborn. Modern parents give their children names that are not always of Russian origin. Modern names children are the result of numerous historical turns, the mixing of races and cultures of peoples. So, day after day, year after year, a list of names has been formed that are used in our country to name children. Orthodox parents can call their child any name, Jewish, Catholic or Muslim, and even one that came into use during the period of creating “common happiness.” Pagan, South and East Slavic, Scandinavian, and Celtic dialects are used. National names already contain not only original, but also borrowed names.
It is clear that today few are interested in the origin and characteristics of the name. It is much more important that the name helps the child to life path, and it was simply pleasant to the ear. As a rule, when choosing a name for your baby, a person trusts his heart and determines the appropriate one on a whim. Perhaps this is the surest way to determine a name for a child. We will try to give the most information to all those who are now choosing a name for their baby. In this chapter, we will collect data on the most popular and used names today. It often happens that two people named the same have common character traits and even appearance. It is clear that character is influenced by heredity, date of birth and upbringing, but the name also does not matter. last position in personality formation.
Everyone will make their own decision whether to believe these characteristics or not. While reading the description, remember someone you know with that name, maybe you will find common features. Skeptics who regard such portraits as inventions of mankind will also find a lot of interesting things in this section. The Russian philosopher A.F. Losev once wrote that without a name, human society would remain a deaf-mute mass in absolute darkness. “We curse and pray through the name, pronouncing it. The life of a name has no boundaries, just as its power has no measure. The name and the word are the basis of the world..." The name is the beginning of communication between people, the separation of one person from another and the definition social status each of them. A.F. Losev believed that a person who does not have a name is an antisocial, non-individual, uncommunicative animal organism, “an eternal prisoner of himself” (see Appendix 2).
Chapter VII
Name day.
Most of the names of students in our school are in the Saints (or monthly calendars) - “a list of saints revered by the Orthodox Church, compiled in the order of the months and days of the year to which the celebration and honor of each saint is dated (Small encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Athos). Each of us has name day ("Day Angel") -the popular name for the holiday of the same name of a saint, the day of his church memory. Name days are based on the church custom of naming Christians the names of saints and angels (Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary).
Name day - this is the day of the Name. Otherwise it's an angel's day.
Each of us has our own Guardian Angel, who is always with us and who helps us follow the right path. Our guardian angel looks at us, rejoicing, worrying, helping us overcome difficulties. And this Angel deserves that once a year we take the time to thank him for everything good, kind and reasonable that he brings us.
Name day or Angel Day is a special holiday. This day is a spiritual birth because it is associated with the names that our heavenly patrons bear. The celebration of names began in Rus' in the 17th century. The family brewed beer and baked rolls and loaves for the birthday boy. In the morning, the birthday boy and his family went to church, lit candles and ordered a prayer service for health. And in the evening guests came and had a festive dinner. On birthdays they still sing what they used to sing at name days: “How on (someone’s) name day we baked a loaf.”
In Russia, for example, until the seventeenth century, parents kept secret the name given to their child at baptism, thereby trying to deceive evil spirits. In Azerbaijan and Turkey, a child was given two names - one of them was false, the second real - all in the same hope as the Russians to mislead unkind spirits. Historians and ethnographers find the custom of hiding their names among almost all peoples of the world. The ancients were sure that the fate of a person, a city and even a state was destined by his name. In his opinion, today’s custom of changing one’s name is connected with this idea. Like the ancients, it also implies a change in fate. This is precisely the meaning of the fact that, upon marriage, a woman takes a new name (surname) of her husband. This is what writers and actors do when they create a pseudonym for themselves; changing his name, taking monastic vows or ecclesiastical rank, joining a secret society. At the beginning of our century, the Russian researcher S. R. Mintslov wrote about the amazing homogeneity of character and properties of bearers of the same name. Based on an analysis of the names of outstanding personalities of the past, he came to the conclusion that among the Alekseevs most often there are prudent people, the Alexanders are usually cheerful, and the Perts are most people quiet, quiet, but with a strong and stubborn character. Sergei, Mintslov believes, are very often the fathers of outstanding people: Pushkin, Griboyedov, Turgenev, Dargomyzhsky were Sergeevichs. It is difficult to disagree with the latter if we remember that of the small number of leaders of the Soviet state who played the most prominent role in its history, two - Khrushchev and Gorbachev - were also Sergeevichs. Pavel Florensky, an outstanding Russian scientist and philosopher, believed that the name Alexander is fundamentally sanguine, with a bias towards choleric character.
Alexandras are attentive and kind towards women, but their feelings for a woman rarely “explode like a plow.” inner life”and is more often limited to light flirting. It’s good with the Alexeis now and you need to be happy with this, without especially counting on the fact that it will be just as good in the future. The name Elena signifies feminine nature, Nikolai is very kind by nature, Vasily usually hides tender feelings within himself. Konstantin is distinguished by inconstancy.
Regarding the mysticism of names, V. A. Nikonov, a specialist in the field of anthroponymy - the science of names, recalls in his book “Name and Society” a story by Jack London, in which one woman names her sons after her deceased beloved brother Samuel, and all four of them, one by one, death takes away. Interesting observations by G. Ace, who analyzed three hundred modern detective novels and found a connection between the names and destinies of the heroes (see Appendix 3).
Conclusion
Thus, during research work We identified male and female names-leaders of students in the 1st building of MBOU Secondary School No. 19 in Belovo. We found out through a survey, “Why did the parents give this name to their child?” We also compiled an anthroponymic dictionary of the names of students in the 1st building of this school (Appendix 1). They gave the characteristics of the leading names (Appendix 2), found out the name days of these names (Appendix 3).
We believe that work on this topic can be continued, supplemented by studying the names of students in the entire school (buildings 2 and 3). New names-leaders of all students will be identified, and a complete anthroponymic dictionary of the entire school will be created.
Bibliography.
- Anthroponymy /Ed. V.A.Nikonova, A.V.Superanskaya. – M.: Nauka, 2001/
- Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language M.: 1999.
- Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. – M.,
1998.
- Superanskaya A.V. Name - through centuries and countries - M.: LKI, 2007.
- Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. – M., 1995.
- Suprun V.I. Names and birthdays. – Volgograd: Committee on Press and Information, 1997.
- Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. About Russian names. L.: 1991.
- Khigir B.Yu. The secret of the name. M.: 1996.
Annex 1
Anthroponymic Dictionary
Female names
Alexandra
Alesya
Alyona
Alina
Aliya
Anastasia
Angelina
Angelica
Anna
Antonina
Arina
Asya
Valentina
Vasilisa
Victoria
Violet
Galia
Daria
Evgenia
Catherine
Elena
Elizabeth
Irina
Karina
Christina
Ksenia
Maragrita
Marina
Maria
Hope
Natalia
Nina
Oksana
Olga
Svetlana
Sophia
Suzanne
Tatiana
Julia
Yana
Male names
Alexander
Alexei
Albert
Anatoly
Andrey
Anton
Artyom
Arkady
Arthur
Vadim
Valery
Benjamin
Vladimir
Vladislav
Vyacheslav
Grant
Gregory
Daniel
Denis
Dmitriy
Eugene
Egor
Zakhar
Ivan
Ilya
Kirill
Klim
Konstantin
Maksim
Mark
Marseilles
Matvey
Michael
Nikita
Nikolai
Oleg
Paul
Rinat
Rodion
Novel
Ruslan
Rustam
Semyon
Sergey
Stanislav
Stepan
Timofey
Timur
Shavkat
Sheroz
Elchin
Yuri
Appendix 2
Characteristics of names - leaders
Anastasia
Nastenka is a name from Russian fairy tales. A girl with such a name is, as it were, destined to be the most beautiful, the most intelligent, the most tender.
Anastasia is loved in kindergarten, At school. She will not disappoint expectations - she will never be angry and vindictive; on the contrary, she is defenseless against cunning, evil people, she is easy to deceive or offend. The girl grows up dreamy, loves fairy tales, and has a well-developed imagination. But he eats poorly, which often upsets his parents. Grandma will also have to put a lot of effort into teaching how to put away toys, fold books, and put things in order in her room. And in the future, having matured, Nastya will do homework only according to her mood, although in her youth she will learn to sew and cook.
Julia - “wavy, fluffy” (gr.) Mobile, it’s difficult not to notice its presence. Always goes up the stairs. The darling of fate has been surrounded by worship since childhood and accepts it with dignity. Talented, with a twist. Tries to achieve universal recognition, but has a sense of tact and gives appropriate honors to the strongest. Fidget goat with graceful sharp horns. He beckons and... leaves. Secretive, somewhat timid and indecisive. It requires increased attention and care from parents in order to blossom with unprecedented force at the right time. Its activity should be tactfully and persistently developed.
Alina - meaning “noble” (French-German origin). She miraculously knows how to control herself, but in a certain situation she can become aggressive. From an early age he gives parents trouble in raising him. It is simply impossible to lead her. Alina is an extrovert by nature. She easily adapts to various situations around her and to people. Simultaneously both objective and subjective. This duality of her character begins to manifest itself already in childhood. The girl constantly feels the need to give of herself - to love someone, look after someone, take care of someone. Parents should pay attention to this and surround her with care, then the girl will be affectionate and obedient. But in this desire to help and protect, she sometimes shows an iron will, so don’t let her get on your head. Alina is too excitable, but this state of hers does not turn into nervousness. She manages to hide the fire of her passions under apparent coldness. If she has something in mind, then it is impossible to dissuade her, and in no case should you use force or try to suppress her aspirations. In this case, you need to use only the persuasiveness of the arguments.
Anna - “merciful” (Hebrew). Fair, uncompromising. Usually reserved, nervous breakdowns are rare. She is conscientious in her work, thinks through her plans carefully and in advance. Devoted to the point of self-forgetfulness, kind and affectionate. Loves kids. Attentive to loved ones - the personification of a Russian woman. Gives the impression of a person possessing secret knowledge. Anna's health is average: fragile bones, a sensitive stomach, you should not neglect your diet and eat dinner late. Susceptible to injury. As a child, you need to pay attention to your joints and eyes. Anna is an introvert by nature. She does not succumb to the influence of others and acts favorably on those around her. Has a good memory. She has a strong will and wants to have everything, immediately. He only believes in himself. Strong excitability balances her remarkable will. She easily resists everything that often interferes with her life.
Marina - “sea” (Latin). Characteristics of the name and the nature of the name. A little arrogant girl. He has a poorly controlled character, tries to subjugate all his household, at the same time he can recklessly succumb to the influence of more strong man. Sexual feeling awakens very early. At school, passions are always in full swing around Marina, notes are passed around, quarrels break out between the boys, and there are always those who want to carry her briefcase. And it’s surprising that this happens regardless of whether Marina is beautiful or ugly. From childhood to old age, Marinas have a mysterious charm, a certain magnetism, against which men are completely defenseless. Smart, brave, relaxed, not a laugher, but of a cheerful disposition.
Alexander - “courageous defender” (gr.). Characteristics of the name and character of the name. He is always decisive, smart, witty and sociable. But he is often quick-tempered, impudent, harsh, and does not respect the bounds of decency. Anyone who tries to influence him from a position of strength should not expect success. By nature, he is an introvert, tries to escape from reality, hides in his subconscious. He has a vivid imagination and incredible curiosity. Has a synthetic way of thinking and a reliable memory. Justifies his actions and deeds in advance, especially when he deserves condemnation. At first glance, he has remarkable willpower and can make every effort to achieve a goal, but in his determination there is still a certain amount of doubt and unsteadiness. He experiences fear of the unknown and is often and unreasonably afraid of failure. There is some restlessness in persistence, which determines the fickleness of character.
Alexei - “protector” (gr.). In childhood, a sincere, spontaneous child. He doesn't know how to lie at all. When faced with injustice, he can emotionally express disagreement and do everything to spite the offender. In controversial situations, he resolutely insists on his own, clearly arguing his arguments. He is a leader in games and enjoys authority among his peers. In early childhood he is often susceptible to respiratory diseases. With age, his body becomes stronger, he gets sick much less often. “December” is healthier than “summer” and “spring”. Emotional nature. Alexey is stubborn and persistent and often finds himself in conflict situations without wanting to. He is an eternal fighter for justice, but adults sometimes get the impression that the boy is an incorrigible bully and a hooligan. Pride will not allow him to prove that it was not he, but his classmate, who was to blame for some brawl, that he only wanted to restore justice. As a result, most often all the blame falls on himself.
Dmitriy - in honor of Demeter - the goddess of fertility and agriculture (gr.). Outwardly, Dima reveals similarities with her mother. Frequent respiratory diseases, sore throat, flu, bronchitis make him a sick child. In childhood, he is capricious and places increased demands on others. With age, health improves, and capriciousness degenerates into stubbornness. A very strong-willed person, he can explode, it’s difficult to compete with him. Smart, inventive, not afraid of work. Colleagues appreciate his sociability and ability to easily cope with failures. As a result, Dmitry achieves success in his career and is most successful in those professions that involve communication. Dmitry loves coziness, comfort, beautiful women and various pleasures. For him, there is nothing worse than limiting himself in something. To create the necessary level of living comfort for him, the wife will have to rack her brain a lot.
Ivan - common Russian name. It can be carried by both a smart good boy and a noisy bully. Vanya is always on his own, his character combines strength and weakness, kindness and deceit, spiritual openness and cunning, tenderness and unbridled rage. He is persistent, and if he sets his mind to something, he often goes ahead. However, sometimes, two steps before the goal, Ivan suddenly makes a sharp turn, demonstrating complete indifference to what, five minutes ago, seemed to be the meaning of his existence. The breadth of Ivan’s nature is also reflected in an extremely wide range of hobbies, moods and plans. You won't meet anyone among the Ivanovs: from a hero pilot or a writer - a master of thoughts to some kind of recidivist bandit. Ivan is open to the world and responsive, he is always aware of the affairs of his brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles.
Eugene - “noble” (gr.). His health is good, but he gets tired quickly. He needs long sleep, peace and a measured lifestyle. He is susceptible to infectious diseases. Special attention you need to pay attention to the eyes and bronchi. Evgeniy is nervous and sentimental, psychologically unstable type character, but skillfully hides it. His will is rather weak. He is quick-tempered and even aggressive. This is due to indecision and self-doubt. Excitability is average, but you can expect an undesirable reaction from him to the most ordinary things. His true feelings are always hidden deep in his soul, but on occasion a surge of emotions can occur. His behavior is not entirely usual if he is guilty of something. He is capable of acting on the sly and blaming anyone, so long as he is not punished himself. Parents need to pay attention to this, since Evgeniy lies skillfully, with wide open and honest eyes, so it is difficult not to believe him.
Appendix 3
Name day
Anastasia - January 4, March 23, April 5, May 10, June 9, July 17, August 10, November 11, December 26.
Alina -
Anna – January 11, February 16, March 11, April 13, May 11, June 25, July 18, August 13, September 10, November 10, December 11.
Alexander - January 3, February 7, March 8, April 9, May 4, June 8, July 6, August 7, September 9, October 9, November 12, December 8.
Dmitriy – January 4, February 7, March 4, April 1, May 2, June 1, July 3, August 1, September 8, October 4, November 8, December 14.
Ivan - January 2, February 3, March 5, April 2, May 2, June 5, July 4, August 6, September 5, October 6, November 5, December 5.
Eugene – January 21, February 25, March 20, August 31, September 20, October 29, November 20, December 23.
Word onomastics comes from a Greek word meaning “name”. As a science, onomastics studies proper names, i.e. names of people, names of animals, nations, geographical objects. That part of onomastics, which is devoted to the study of the names of rivers, mountains, settlements and other things, is separated into a separate science - toponymy.
Proper names cover a significant part of our lives. Names are given not only to everything that a person creates, but also to geographical objects, including those located outside the globe. The origin of names is considered holistically, both from the point of view of etymology and logic.
Among the proper names one can trace specific features their preservation and transmission. That is why their research is important from a scientific point of view. The origin of names may be completely forgotten, and the name itself may have no connection with other words of the same language. However, with all this, the proper name retains its social meaning, i.e. serves as a clear indication of a specific subject.
Proper names can be very stable. Often they are not affected by revolutionary changes in language, or even the complete replacement of one language by another. For example, in the Russian language there are still names similar to the names of the Volga or Don rivers, which from the point of view of the Russian language do not have any meaning. However, after etymological clarifications, their Scythian origin can be traced. Thanks to such research, it becomes possible to restore the nature of the language that prevailed at the time of the creation of a name, as well as to clarify many other aspects.
In this way, onomastics collects the most valuable material for history, allowing us to trace the migration routes of peoples and giving an idea of the contribution made to the construction of culture not only by existing peoples, but also by already disappeared peoples. As an example, we can say that an analysis of the origin of the names of Russian cities (for example, Vyshny Volochek) allows us to judge the transport routes that existed in that era, and studies of the names of various geographical objects on the East European Plain show the influence of Scythian culture on the Russian language.
Thus, onomastic research is largely aimed at identifying migration routes and places of settlement of peoples in ancient times, as well as determining the then existing contacts between cultures and the study of ancient languages. Often, only onomastic studies can be used to judge the disappearance of languages and peoples.
However, the field of onomastics does not end there. Literary works contain very rich material for the study of proper names, aimed at reflecting different styles and creative methods. It is enough to mention a whole set of “talking” names and titles, such as Skotinin, Sobakevich or Chichikov, names
Home > LectureLecture 1.
Subject: ONOMASTICS – THE SCIENCE OF PROPER NAMES. TOPONYMS AS AN OBJECT OF STUDYING ONOMASTICS.
Toponyms as an object of study of onomastics.
Toponymic object terminology.
Methods and techniques of toponymic research.
Basic terms and concepts:
agiotoponym, agoronim, agroonym, appellative, astiononym, geolonim, hydronym, hodonim, dromonym, komonim, limnonym, oikonym, oceanonym, onym, onomastics, oronym, pelagonym, potamonym, toponym, toponymy, urbanonym, bury. Recommended reading:- Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. – M., 1983. Zhuchkevich V.A. General toponymy. – Minsk, 1980. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary \\ V.N. Yartseva. – M., 2002. Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onamastic terminology. – M., 1978. Podolskaya N.V. Modern Russian onomastic terminology. – M., 1978. Popov A.I. Geographical names: Introduction to toponymy. – M.-L., 1965. Pospelov E.M. Names of cities: yesterday and today (1917-1992): Toponymic dictionary. – M., 1993. Superanskaya A.V. General theory of proper names. – M., 1973. Tolstoy N.I. – Dictionary of geographical terms: Semasiological studies. – M., 1969.
Define the scientific discipline “onomastics”.
Describe the specifics of this linguistic discipline.
Give a definition of the term “toponym”.
What is the name of the discipline that studies toponyms? What are the objectives of the linguistic study of place names?
Describe the aspects of studying toponyms?
1. TOPONYMS AS AN OBJECT OF STUDYING ONOMASTICS
Among the various nominal categories in linguistics, as in many areas of logic, much attention is paid to proper names. Neither general, nor abstract, nor collective, nor common nouns are not associated with a special branch of linguistic science, which would study only one of the classes. Proper names also correlate with a separate branch of linguistics. This section is called onomastics; the name in its internal form contains the general designation of the name. The term "onomastics" has two meanings. Firstly, it denotes the complex science of proper names, and secondly, proper names themselves (i.e. onymy). Proper names are a part of the language that demonstrates the most paradoxical situations, the analysis of which should contribute to the emergence of new, more in-depth general linguistic concepts. Construction general theory proper names is the identification of general patterns inherent in a given lexical category, this is the search for the regular properties of names (onyms), regardless of the language with which they are associated or used. Onomastics arose as an applied science, necessary for historians, geographers, ethnographers, literary scholars and did not go beyond the scope of auxiliary scientific discipline. When linguists became involved in the study of this issue, onomastics became an independent discipline that analyzes linguistic material using linguistic methods. Onomastics studies the basic patterns of the history, development and functioning of proper names. Onomastic studies use data from archeology, history of material and spiritual culture, biology, philosophy, logic, psychology, etc. There are a number of sciences that are especially interested in onomastic material, whose representatives consider onomastics to be their auxiliary discipline. However, proper names are words, and as such they belong primarily to linguistics. The relationship between onomastics and linguistics is characterized as a relationship between the part and the whole. Onomastics is a part of linguistics. Going beyond the boundaries of linguistics is carried out due to the extralinguistic components of onomastics, which are mandatory for it. This also explains the possibility of studying onomastic material using linguistic methods: establishing the linguistic affiliation of names, identifying phonetic and morphological patterns. In extralinguistic analysis of onomastic material, the history of the emergence of objects, changes in their names, and transfer of names are studied famous objects to others, the chronology of geographical discoveries and movements of tribes and peoples. All these studies, basic for historians and geographers, are auxiliary for onomastics, as they help to clarify the reasons for the emergence and change of names, tendencies of naming people and traditions associated with the assignment of names. The method of naming, the image underlying the name, is individual for each nation. Names live colloquial speech are closely related to the realities and traditions characteristic of a particular people. The more primitive the culture of a people, the more original ethnographic features it preserves and the more vivid the connection of its onomastics with the specifics of life and rituals. Language is a social phenomenon. The choice of a particular language by an individual is determined by the cultural and historical unity of which he is a member, and language variations are also determined by economic, cultural, social reasons, just as they are determined by variations in morals and customs among different peoples. Since onomastic vocabulary is part of vocabulary in general and, therefore, part of language, the provisions of sociology apply to it. Onims are still in to a greater extent than appellatives, they respond to social changes. The name always reflects the culture and social life of the society. In this regard, onomastic research helps to reveal social processes, and onomastics occupies an important place in sociological works. The study of the particular features of the onomastic system of each people reveals Interesting Facts related to its history, ethnography, geography, etc., and gives great material for further research. Directions for onomastic work have been outlined in a number of studies. Any study of proper names pursues the goal of cognizing the unknown, discovering the unknown. Therefore, each new onomastic work is based on previous experience and, in turn, serves as the foundation for subsequent works. Theoretical onomastics studies the general patterns of development and functioning of onymic systems. It helps to identify specific onomastic characteristics that distinguish proper names, both from general vocabulary and from other classes of special vocabulary. Descriptive onomastics deals with the analysis of the onomastic state of a certain territory, language, dialect in a certain historical period. The description deals only with one type of words (proper names), and sometimes with just one of its classes (toponyms, anthroponyms, etc.). Synchrony in pure form for onomastics it cannot be. A name is always the result of major transformations and long historical development. Applied onomastics is a special area of onomastic research. It is closely related to the practice of naming, as well as to their functioning in living speech. Among the applied tasks facing onomasts are the establishment of uniform pronunciation and stress of proper names, the development of normative models for the formation of patronymics, names of residents by place of residence, adjectives from geographical names and so on. The following aspects are distinguished in onomastics: lexicological, lexicographical, logical, semasiological, terminological, typological, psychological, sociological, historical, geographical, cultural. Lexicological aspect aims to inventory the material and describe the toponyms of the Evenki language as part of its vocabulary, compare toponyms with their appellatives. Lexicographic aspect is aimed at identifying lexical groups that are most suitable for secondary nominations. Since toponyms for the most part are words of secondary nomination, they can only, to one degree or another, preserve the residual semantics of the words from which they were once formed. Psychological aspect reveals the worldview of the name giver, his way of thinking and sequence of reasoning. Analyzing the affiliation of the informants, one can note their age and social background, especially highlighting children, since they believe that innovations often come from them. Geographical aspect is manifested in the fact that many toponyms reflect lexemes that are in one way or another connected with natural conditions. Cultural aspect refers to the study of the national-cultural background against which toponyms arise and their systems develop. Any aspect presupposes, first of all, the presence of material collected according to a certain principle and task and which has undergone a certain testing and inventory. So, onomastics as a special linguistic discipline turns out to be connected with the complex of humanities. All of them, helping to identify the specifics of named objects, and at the same time the status of names, turn out to be auxiliary for linguistics, the methods of which are used to conduct onomastic research. Toponymy, one of the branches of toponymy, deals with the study of geographical names, identification of their originality, history of origin and analysis of the original meaning of the words from which they are derived. Human life is closely connected with various places, which are designated using special words - geographical names, or toponyms (from the Greek words topos - “place” and onoma - “name, name”). Toponyms are an integral part of the background knowledge of speakers of a given language and culture: they, like a mirror, reflect the history of a given people, the history of settlement and development of a given territory. Therefore, it is this part of the vocabulary that has long attracted the attention of not only philologists, but also historians, ethnographers and geographers. Toponymy studies geographical names (toponyms), their functioning, meaning, origin, structure, distribution area, development and change over time. Many scientists believe that toponymy is a synthesis of linguistics, geography and history. A representative of each science looks at toponyms with his own eyes, pays attention to their various features and draws conclusions completely of different nature. Thus, toponymy is a branch of linguistics that studies the theory of creation, transformation and functioning of geographical names. The historical component in toponymy is required. But this is not the history of states and peoples, but the history of language. Not a single historical event is reflected directly in language. Traces of it can be found indirectly in individual words. Only linguists can analyze all types of geographical names in their connection with each other, with other proper names and with the entire language system in which they are created and used. It is known that writers of classical antiquity showed interest in geographical names, mainly in their semantics, but only in the 20th century. toponymy has become a subject scientific research. Geographical names are primarily an element of vocabulary. They are actively or passively part of the language and are therefore studied by linguists. At the same time, in most cases, a geographical name is a special element, different from other words. Often we use toponyms only as proper names, as if they have no other lexical meaning. It is impossible to put an equal sign between ordinary words that we use to convey thoughts and toponyms that correspond to a service task - the designation of a geographical object.
TOPONYMIC OBJECT TERMINOLOGY
METHODS OF TOPONYMIC RESEARCH.
1. Linguistic attribution of collected toponymic material
Before moving on to the description of the collected toponymic material, it is necessary to perform linguistic attribution of the nominees and collect information about the linguistic characteristics of each of the languages that participated in the formation of toponyms of this sample at the time of the creation of names and at the present time. Information about the type of language, its phonological, morphological, lexical systems remains a necessary condition for establishing a scientific basis for the successful interpretation of toponymic material.
2. Textual analysis
Toponymic texts include land inventories, scribal books, charters, survey acts, geographical maps, directories of administrative-territorial divisions and any lists of toponyms, more general or narrowly local profile, for example, street directories of this city.
3. Inventory of toponymic material
Before embarking on a linguistic analysis of certain units of a specific national toponymon, it is necessary to identify its private semantic fields and the hierarchical relationships of the microfields subordinate to it. The starting point for the standard description of a toponymon is usually the officially accepted forms of toponyms. However, since the codified forms of toponyms are organically connected both with the system of geographical names existing in lower styles of speech and with dialectal forms, the latter also cannot be ignored when analyzing supra-dialectal toponymy.
4. Classification of toponyms
Classifications in toponymy are carried out according to various principles, according to the types of named objects, according to the linguistic affiliation of names, according to the nature of lexical bases, according to formal indicators, based on the typological, chronological, genetic commonality of names, etc. For any toponymon it is very difficult to identify the basic principle of division.
5. Etymological analysis
Etymologization in toponymy is a technique that is often used. Without sufficient grounds for it, sufficient material and unaware of the limitations that exist here, every researcher, having collected at least minimal material, rushes to find out from which appellative this or that toponym is formed, without delving into the etymology of the corresponding appellative. However, between a name and an appellative there are usually many intermediate stages, through which names change, their models and forms change, the connection with the original appellative is lost, and instead a connection is gained with words to which the name actually has nothing to do. Etymological analysis in toponymy differs from etymological analysis in appellative vocabulary in that for a toponym it is sufficient to identify the appellative or the primary proper name underlying the etymologized nominative. Reliable toponymic etymologies can only be obtained by comparing toponymic material with the etymologized name. For example, a massive analysis of the word formation of toponyms and anthroponyms, as if belonging to the same models, makes it possible to correctly divide them into morphemes, to identify their stems and formants.
6. Word-formation analysis
Toponymic word formation constitutes a subsystem in the word-formation system of the dominant language, while borrowed toponyms, as a rule, are adapted by it. If in general linguistics word formation can be considered both as a part of grammar and as an independent section, then in toponymy it is a special independent direction, an independent section of research. Facts of modern and historical word formation can be highlighted, and therefore the problem of distinguishing between morphemic and word-formation analysis in toponymy is much more acute than in appellative vocabulary.
7. Structural analysis
With its help, toponymic models and lexemes and affixes that fill them are identified. In the process of toponymization of lexemes, they are re-decomposed, as a result of which the connection of toponyms with the original word is lost. Useful at a certain stage, such an analysis cannot exist on its own, without being supported by cultural and historical facts. This technique turns out to be more fruitful in the case when the researcher has developed his own toponymic concept, to confirm which he uses the material of the necessary structures.
8. Formant analysis
Formant analysis consists of identifying the toponymic formant of a name, which is not always equal to the appellative suffix. This type of analysis is closely related to structural analysis, but unlike the latter, its application is more limited. The formant method of toponymic analysis allows the researcher to identify massively repeated elements in toponyms: toponymic bases, toponymic suffixes, as well as toponymic prefixes. A special case of the formant method is the suffix method. V.A. studied the productivity and territorial distribution of Russian suffixes. Nikonov, he emphasizes that up to 94% of Russian or toponyms mastered by the Russian language are suffixal. This provision is partly relevant for toponyms based on the Evenki lexeme, for example: the name of the village Norsk (suffix -sk-), the hydronyms Abaykanka (topoformant - ka), Irakanchik (-kan- - diminutive suffix of the Evenki language, -chik- - suffix borrowed from Russian.
9. Analysis of the fundamentals
Analysis of the stems, especially in those cases where the use of synonymous stems takes place, provides a lot of interesting information from the point of view of the repeated, secondary use of lexical units of certain types and raises new questions about why, for what reason these particular lexical stems are involved in such and such a system and are used many times in it. Although the basics of toponyms are identified during structural analysis, their study is directly related to the semasiological aspect of the study of toponymic vocabulary.
10. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis cannot be an end in itself for toponymic research. It provides only good illustrations for the description of toponymic states carried out by linguistic methods, and serves as confirmation or refutation of toponymic concepts and hypotheses.
11. Experimental studies
In a number of cases, to clarify some of the features of the functioning of a name, the researcher resorts to an experiment. This may be an analysis of the use of words selected by a linguist in the speech of certain social groups, depending on what interests the experimenter. Any ordinary speaker of a given language has his own opinion about words and names. Linguistic public opinion is formed from the opinions of individuals. This is usually done through various surveys and is based on psychological factors. An experiment on free associations that the proposed toponyms evoke can confirm the presence of a large passive fund of nominees, since the associations they evoke are, as a rule, random and inexpressive. Questioning is a method of toponymic research that involves the responses of subjects, especially persons whose opinions are considered authoritative, to a series of questions of interest to the researcher. Thus, the methods and techniques of toponymic analysis are called upon to examine and study toponyms from all of the indicated angles, and, if possible, to identify their etymology.