Basic stressed vowel sounds. Vowel sounds

PHONOLOGY.

§ 10. The concept of a phoneme as a unit of language. Phoneme and sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

§ 11. System of vowel phonemes. Strong and weak positions of vowel phonemes.

§ 12. System of consonant phonemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

§ 13. Strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GRAPHICS

§ 14. The subject of graphics as scientific discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

§ 15. Characteristics of the Russian alphabet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

§ 16. The syllabic principle of Russian graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TERMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. PRACTICAL LESSONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. CONTROL WORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test No. 1 on the topic “Phonetics” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test No. 2 on the topics “Phonetics. Phonology. Graphics." . . . . .

VI. TESTS ON THE TOPICS “PHONETICS. PHONOLOGY. GRAPHICS"

VII. DIAGRAMS AND SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE UNITS. . . . . . .

VIII. QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IX. LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. THEORETICAL INFORMATION ON THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM

PHONETICS

The concept of phonetic transcription

Phonetic transcription is called special system recordings of spoken speech. This transcription is done in square brackets. One sign in transcription always denotes the same sound (i.e., the same sign is always used to denote one sound). There are several basic rules for transcribing.

1. The transcription uses signs that resemble vowel letters of the Russian alphabet, except I, yo, yu. Sign e denotes the sound [e] of the front row, sign uh– sound [e] of the front-middle row.

2. Signs ъ And b are used to denote reduced vowel sounds of the 2nd degree of reduction: [ъ] - reduced middle row of the middle rise, non-labialized, [b] - reduced front row of the upper-middle rise, non-labialized.

3. A reduced sound close to [a] is indicated in transcription by the sign [Λ]. The reduced sound, intermediate between [i] and [e] (or “[i] with an overtone [e]”), is denoted in transcription [and e]. The sound intermediate between [s] and [e] (or “[s] with an overtone [e]”) is denoted in transcription [s e].

4. A dot above the vowel sound of the non-front row indicates the advancement of the stressed vowel forward under the influence of neighboring soft consonants, for example: [lá˙n’], [l’˙ońon], [l’˙ú˙d’ And].

5. The sign ^ above the front vowel indicates tension, closedness of the stressed vowel, which appears under the influence of soft consonants: .

6. A line under a vowel sound indicates a quantitative reduction of an unstressed vowel of the upper rise, for example: [ s].

7. The transcription uses signs reminiscent of the consonant letters of the Russian alphabet, except for shch. The sound it denotes in transcription is conveyed by the sign [w’:], for example: [w’:i]. To denote a middle-language sonorant consonant, the sign of the Latin alphabet [j] or [th] is used. To denote a voiced fricative velar consonant, often used in words of church themes, the sign of the Greek alphabet [γ] is used, for example: [bóγъ ра́˙д’ And].

8. The softness of a consonant is indicated by the sign “apostrophe”, for example: [d’]. The absence of an apostrophe indicates the hardness of the consonant sound, for example: [d].

9. The length of a consonant sound is indicated either by a line above the sound [ka´съ], or by a colon after the sound, for example: [ka´с:ъ].

10. The sign under a sonorant consonant indicates the deafening of a sonorant sound, for example: [wet ^].

11. An arc over a combination of consonants means their continuous pronunciation: [no˙d’zh’-b s]

12. The dash “-” means that two (or more) lexical words are one phonetic ( unstressed words in pronunciation adjacent to the stressed ones), for example: [ at-house] [to-us-l’ And]

13. The transcription does not use capital letters and there are no punctuation marks.

14. The sign / indicates a pause in the speech flow; with the help of this sign, the phrase is divided into syntagms. At the end of the phrase, put //, because this pause is longer.

15. When transcribing, the stress is indicated in each phonetic word.

Classification of vowel sounds

The vowel sounds of the modern Russian language are classified according to three criteria:

1. according to the degree of elevation of the tongue when forming a vowel sound;

2. based on the row (at the place where the tongue rises), i.e. by horizontal movement of the tongue in the oral cavity;

3. in relation to labialization, i.e. participation/non-participation of the lips in the formation of a vowel sound.

Basic stressed vowel sounds

§3. Classification of consonants

All consonants of the modern Russian language are classified according to four articulatory characteristics:

2. at the place of noise generation;

3. by the method of noise generation;

4. by the presence/absence of palatalization (additional iota articulation).

Sonorous are the most sonorous of all consonant sounds. Their formation involves the voice with a slight participation of noise (approximately 75% - voice, 25% - noise).

Noisy are those consonants in the formation of which noise predominates over the voice or the voice is completely absent. Noisy voiced consonants consist of noise with little vocal participation (approximately 75% noise, 25% voice). Noisy deaf are formed without the participation of the voice and consist entirely of noise.

Many noisy consonants are paired based on the participation of voice and noise. Paired are noisy consonants that differ only in this one feature (with the others being common): [b] - [p]; [b’] - [p’], etc. Sonorant consonants do not have a pair based on the “participation of voice and noise” feature.

Note: For a list of consonants, paired and unpaired by voice and noise, see the “Phonology” section.

Vowel sounds- speech sounds, which are characterized by the following most important acoustic and articulatory features: firstly, they consist only of tone (voice), and secondly, during their formation there is no obstacle to the path of the air stream.

From an acoustic point of view, vowel sounds consist of only one tone, and different ratios of tone and noise characterize consonant sounds. So, when pronouncing vowel sounds, as a result of the vibration of tense vocal cords in the larynx, a voice, or musical tone, is formed. The resulting sound is transformed and enriched with additional tones formed in the supraglottic cavities (pharynx, nasal and oral cavity). These resonator tones give the sound a specific timbre, a special quality that distinguishes one vowel sound from another. Since the timbre of any sound, or its quality, depends on the volume and shape of the resonator (cf. the different volume and shape of resonators in musical instruments: violin, cello and double bass; domra, balalaika and guitar), then the timbre of vowel sounds is determined by the position of the tongue and lips, which can change the size and shape of the oral cavity.

The tongue is the most mobile organ of articulation; it can move horizontally and vertically in the oral cavity, thus forming different vowels.

The degree of elevation of the tongue to the palate ensures the difference in vowel sounds according to the rise: the highest position of the tongue forms the vowels of the upper rise ([i], [ы], [у]), the middle position forms the vowels of the middle rise ([e], [o]) and lower - lower vowels ([a]). Vowels of the upper rise are called closed (narrow), and vowels of the lower rise are called open (wide), since when the tongue is lowered, the mouth opens wider and the lower jaw drops lower. If we pronounce the vowels [i], [e], [a] in succession, we can feel the tongue moving vertically.

The body of the tongue can also shift horizontally: move closer to the teeth or move back to the root of the tongue, forming the front vowels ([i], [e]), middle ([a]) and back ([u], [o ]). If we pronounce the vowels [i], [s], [y] in succession, we can notice the tongue moving horizontally.

When pronouncing the vowels [e], [o], [a], the tongue moves vertically: [e] and [o] are mid-rise vowels, and [a] is a low-rise vowel; however, at the same time, there is still movement of the tongue forward (when pronouncing a front vowel - [e]), backward (when pronouncing a back vowel - [o]) or the tongue occupies a middle position ([a] - middle vowel).

The lips can also be involved in the formation of vowels. When pronouncing rounded vowels ([у], [о]), the lips are slightly rounded and pulled forward.

When articulating vowels, the air stream does not encounter any obstacles in the oral cavity and passes freely. The stronger and more intensely we pronounce the vowel sound, the wider we open our mouth. Vowel sounds are mouth openers.

The functional difference between vowels and consonants is that they behave differently when forming a syllable. The vowel sound forms the top of the syllable (there is no syllable without a vowel sound), and a consonant in the syllable usually accompanies the vowel.

Vowel percussion sound - a vowel under stress (in a stressed position), pronounced without weakening articulation, that is, without reduction. This means that the stressed vowel sound is longer and more intense, pronounced with greater force, that is, louder and more intense than a vowel in an unstressed position. The intensity and length of articulation contribute to the fact that the individual coloring of the sound (its timbre) becomes more defined and clear. Thanks to this, the position under stress is a strong position for vowels, that is, the position in which the vowels are in to the greatest extent are different from each other and cannot be confused. For example, catfish-sam, forest-fox.Material from the site

Unstressed (reduced) vowel sound- a vowel sound pronounced with a greater or lesser weakening of articulation. In the unstressed position, vowel sounds are characterized by less force, more sluggish (less energetic) articulation, and usually greater brevity. The result of changing the quality and quantity of unstressed vowels is called reduction. Vowel sounds that are pronounced with reduction are called reduced. The position of a vowel without stress is weak, since in this position vowels, pronounced less intensely, usually lose individual differences (in row and rise). When pronouncing this way, we sometimes stop distinguishing between meanings different words. For example: I [myself] caught a catfish [myself] or I saw a fox [fox] in the forest.

1. Read it.

The sun rises over the earth
Every day it gets higher.
And all day long they circle and coo
Pigeons on the roof.
(I. Surikov)

• Tell me what picture you can imagine while reading these lines. What can you call it?
• Write down the first sentence. Indicate the emphasis in words. What words are not accented?

2. Get acquainted with Memo 2 “How to determine stressed and unstressed vowel sounds in a word?” Using the reminder, explain which vowel sound in each of these words is stressed and which is unstressed.

Cherry, plum, currant.

3. Read tongue twister

There is grass in the yard
firewood on the grass.

• Write it down. Make an unstressed vowel sound in each two-syllable word. What letters does it represent on the letter?

Pay attention! An unstressed vowel sound in a word can be indicated by different letters.

Therefore, the spelling of a word with an unstressed vowel sound must be checked.

4. Write it down word-name of a bird. What does it mean? Underline the letter in it that denotes the unstressed vowel sound.

• Now change the word owl so that it denotes several objects (owls). Write it down. Underline the letter that represents the stressed vowel sound.

Pay attention! When changing a word (owl - owl), stressed and unstressed vowel sounds in the same part of the word are indicated by the same letter O.

• What word can be a test word for the word owl?

5. Read words as they are written. Now read them the way we pronounce them.

• In which words does the sound of the highlighted letters not match the spelling? Why?
• Does the same letter indicate the unstressed vowel sound and the stressed vowel sound in each pair of words?
• Which word will be a test word for each of these words: earth, pine, country, winter? Explain your answer.

6. Read. Find words in which the letter denoting the unstressed vowel sound in the first syllable must be checked. Choose a test word for each word.

• Write first the test word, then the word being tested.

7. Read the words. Why should their spelling be checked?

Tables, ... - sheets, ... - elephants, ... - doctors.

• Choose test words. Remember how to do this: change each word so that the unstressed vowel sound becomes stressed.
• Write down the test word first, and then the word being tested.

8. Read. Which word of each pair is the test word and which is the tested word?

Mountains - g..ra, closet - wardrobe, candles - candle, numbers - h..slo.

• Write three pairs of words, inserting the missing letters.
• Make up a sentence with any word. Write it down.

9. Read.

P..smo, ... - sh..ry, ... - r..ka, ... - ..gra, ... - p..tno, ... - r..sa, . .. - m..rya.

• Choose a test word for each word. To do this, change the word so that the unstressed vowel sound becomes stressed.
• Write down the test and verifiable words, inserting the missing letters.

10. Read test words.

, nests - ..., tears - ..., cheeks - ..., wasps - ..., rocks - ..., arrows - ... .

• Match each test word with the one being tested. To do this, change the word so that the stressed vowel sound becomes unstressed.
• Write the test word first, then the test word. Indicate the emphasis in words.

11. Read. What words that name the seasons are missing in the sentence?

Nice... in the snow,
... flowers,
... mushrooms,
...fruits.

Words for reference: spring, autumn, winter, summer.

• Write the sentence by inserting the missing words. Prove that the highlighted letters in the words are written correctly.

12. Read the riddles. Explain the answers.

The eyes are on the horns, and the house is on the back.
Tail with a sickle, head with a comb.

• In which words can you easily explain the spelling of the highlighted letters, and in which ones do you find it difficult? Write down any riddle.

13. Read. Explain the meaning of each word. Why are these words interesting?

• In which words do the letters in the general part of the words need to be checked? Why? Find a test word for each word.
• Write down any group of words. Indicate the emphasis in them. Underline the letters in the common part of the words that indicate unstressed vowel sounds.

14. Read expressively a riddle.

What kind of animal is this? e sleep
Stood up like a column under the O sleep
And stands among the tr A You -
Ears are bigger O l O You?
(E. Trutneva)

• Who is standing among the grass?
• According to what special signs can you recognize this animal? Write the answer.
• Why is it necessary to check the spelling of highlighted letters in words?

h A yats

15. Read. What letters are missing in the words?

O? A?

K..za, g..ra, g..za, m..rya, k..ring, sh..ry, sl..va, sh..gi, gr..chi, h..lmy, page..on, in..yes, from..sleep, from..dy, gr..for.

e? And?

Gn..zdo, z..mlya, ch..slo, p..rotten, z..rno, gr..by, p..letter, str..la, z..ma, st..na, r..ka, p..la, s..stra.

• Why do you need to check the spelling of missing letters in words? How to do this?
• Write any five words, filling in the missing letters.

16. Read.

You can find out whether a word is spelled correctly in a special book called “Spelling Dictionary”.

Spelling dictionary indicates exactly how to correctly write the word that caused you difficulty.

• Get acquainted with the textbook's spelling dictionary.
• Find out in the dictionary which letter is missing in these words.

Girl, boy, worker, boy.

which are indicated in the letter 10 letters:

1. The use of vowels as part of a word has some features in the Russian language:

Vowel [s] As a rule, it does not appear at the beginning of words; elementary [s] possible in rare borrowed proper nouns.

Oyya, Ynykgan.

Sound [s] used only after hard consonants.

Smoke[smoke], rear[rear].

Sound [And] used only after soft consonants.

Physicist[physicist].

Writing letters and after f, w, c (these sounds are always hard) not determined by pronunciation: letter combinations zhi, shi, qi pronounced like [zhy], [shy], [tsy].

Vowel [s] pronounced at the place of the letter and also at the beginning of the word after a preposition for a hard consonant (the preposition does not have its own stress and is adjacent to the subsequent word).

From and rice– [from] rice

Vowel [e] used in most cases after soft consonants.

Children[d'et'i], weight[v'es].

But there are digressions here. Sound [e] combines with hard consonants:

after [zh], [w], [ts];

Gesture[gesture], six[shes’t’], prices[prices].

in some foreign words;

Test[test], pace[tempo].

in some compound words.

HPP, VTEK.

2. A characteristic feature of Russian pronunciation is the different sound of vowels under and without stress.

A vowel in a stressed position is in strong position, that is, it is pronounced most clearly and with the greatest force. A vowel in an unstressed position is in weak position, that is, pronounced with less force and less clearly.

3. In an unstressed position (in a weak position), all vowel sounds are pronounced with less force, but some of them retain their qualitative characteristics, while others do not:

vowel sounds do not change the sound quality in unstressed position [i], [s], [y](letters and, y, y, yu );

Mil[m’il] – sweetie[m'ila], lived[zhyl] – lived[vein], jester[jester] – (no) jester[jester].

Exception makes up sound [And]: at the beginning of a word, if in the flow of speech the word merges with the preceding word ending in a hard consonant, it sounds in place [s];

IN And exile[V s exile].

change the sound quality in unstressed vowels [a], [o], [e](letters a, I, o, e, e, e ).

4. Russian literary pronunciation is usually called “akay” and “hiccuping”.

In the pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants in place of vowels [a], [o], [e](in the position after hard words this sound is rarely found in the Russian language) the sound usually sounds close to [A][A], although this sound is not so open, therefore in linguistics a special sign is used to denote it [Λ] .

MO th[moj] – mO I[mΛja] or [maja], dA l[gave] – dA la[dΛla] or [gave].

In the pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants in place of vowels [a], [o], [e] sounds close to [And]. In the school version of the transcription it is usually denoted as [And], although this sound sounds more like [And] with an overtone [e] – [and uh ] .

Wed: vzI l[vz’al] – vzI la[v’i e la] or [v’ila], ne With[nose] - ne sla[n'i e sla] or [n'isla], be l[b'el] – be la[b'i e la] or [b'ila].

It is with these features of Russian pronunciation that the need to check unstressed vowels is connected with the help of related words in which this vowel is stressed, that is, in a strong position.

The position of the vowel in the first pre-stressed syllable is called I weak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing a pre-stressed syllable is approximately one and a half times less than when pronouncing a stressed syllable.

Yandex.Direct

5. Exception can form some words with vowels [a], [o], [e] in I weak position after hissing ones [f], [w] and after the sound [ts]:

after hard [zh], [w], [ts] before a soft consonant in place [A] Usually the sound is between [s] and [e](denoted [s uh ] );

ANDA fly[and s uh l'et'], LoshA dey[lush s uh d'ej], twentyA you[dvats s uh t'iʁ].

in place of the letter e after [zh], [w], [ts] there is a sound between [s] And [e], – [s uh ] ;

Wife[zhyena], sixth[shyestoj], price[tsyena].

after hard [f], [w] on the spot [A] sounds close to [A] – [Λ] , as after other hard consonant sounds.

ShA r[ball] – wA ry[shΛrý].

6. In other unstressed syllables (second, third pre-stressed syllables, over-stressed syllables) vowels [a], [o], [e] sound even weaker and fuzzier.

The position of the vowel in other unstressed syllables (not in the first prestressed) is usually called II weak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing such syllables is three times less compared to a stressed syllable.

IN school course these sounds are not specifically mentioned.

In linguistics, such sounds are usually called reduced, that is, “weakened.” The signs most often used to denote them are: “er” [ъ]– after hard consonants, “er” [b]- after soft consonants. (This resource uses a simplified version of vowel transcription, that is, the pronunciation features of vowels [o], [a], [e] in closed and open overstressed syllables are not taken into account, the difference in pronunciation [o], [a], [e] in overstressed syllables syllable, etc.)

For example:

after hard consonants: dO language[d ъ mavoj], fishA [fish ъ], roofsA [roofs ъ], tse face[ts ъ l'ikom];

after soft consonants: rI Dovoy[r' b davoj], floore [floor' b], hA scooper[h' b sΛfsch’ik].

7. Exception constitutes II weak position of vowels at the absolute beginning of a word [a], [o]. In place of these vowels at the beginning of the word, an unreduced “er” sounds [ъ], and the sound is close to [A] – [Λ] , as in I weak position after hard consonants.

ABOUT gherkin[Λgur’ets]; O monkey[Λb'iez'jan].

Analysis algorithm when transcribing a word

Peculiarities of pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions

Features of the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions depend on a number of conditions:1) places in relation to the stressed syllable,2) positions at the absolute beginning of the word,3) hardness/softness of the preceding consonant.

The place in relation to the stressed syllable determines the degree of vowel reduction. In phonetics, it is customary to name syllables not according to their order in a word, but according to the place they occupy relative to the stressed syllable. All unstressed syllables are divided into prestressed and overstressed. The numbering of pre-stressed syllables is carried out in the direction from the stressed syllable, that is, from right to left.

In the first pre-stressed syllable, four vowels are possible - unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]: n[u]zhdaneed , [h"i]s y´watch , sh[y]lkasilks , n[a]chnoynight .

In the remaining unstressed syllables (second, third prestressed and post-stressed) strongly reduced vowels [ъ], [ь], as well as the sound [у] are pronounced. In the second pre-stressed syllable: d[ъ]movoy smoke Andbrownie , [m"b] sorubkameat grinder , [h"y]dotvornymiraculous .

In overstressed syllables: bolot[ъ]мswamp Andswamps , tendergentle Andtender , si[n"m]blue Andblue , pó[l"l]mfield , horsehorse .

In overstressed syllables at the absolute end of the word, along with the sounds [ъ], [ь] and [у], the vowel [ы] is fixed, only very short: note[y] sheet music , note[b] note, but[t"b]note , note[y]note .

The position at the absolute beginning of a word after a pause also affects the characteristics of vowel reduction. In this position the sounds [u], [i], [a] are pronounced regardless of their distance from the stressed syllable: [u] remove take away , [and] exporterexporter , [a]speakstipulate .

Features of the distribution of unstressed vowels in a word can be presented in the form of a table.

In a stressed syllable: stressed [ý], [i´], [ы´], [e´], [ó], [á]

In the 1st pre-stressed syllable,

at the absolute beginning of the word: unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]

In the 2nd, 3rd pre-stressed syllable,

in unstressed syllables: unstressed [ъ], [ь], [у] + [ы] (at the absolute end of the word)

Hardness/softness of the preceding consonant - important factor, which determines the possibility of the appearance of certain vowels: 1) after solids there may be [u], [s], [a], [b]: [lu]govoimeadow , [ly] networkgo bald , [la]retscasket , [l]shadayhorses ; 2) after soft ones, [u], [i], [b] are pronounced: [l "u]ubovátsyaadmire , [h"i]rnetturn black , [l "b]dorýbice ax ; 3) pre-stressed [a] and [b] after soft ones are impossible: [r"i]dy´ranks , [p"i]ti´ five, [r"b]dovoyprivate , [p"t]tiletkafive year plan ; 4) [ъ] after soft ones appears only in reflexive -sya, in endings and formative suffixes. Such pronunciation is possible, not mandatory, and is associated with the task of conveying grammatical information about case, number, etc.: received i´l[s"b]it worked out - at the granny's [s"b]at grandma's ; drip[l"b] drop - drip[l"b] drop;bear[d"b]mbears - bear[d"b]mbear ; in vy´sa[d"b]slanding - in vy´sa[d"b]sdisembark .

All the features of vowel pronunciation analyzed above relate to the phonetics of commonly used significant words. Conjunctions, prepositions, particles, interjections, rare borrowings may not obey the described patterns. They allow, for example, the following pronunciation of non-high vowels: slept, But]not for long , b[o]á , andant [uh].

In other unstressed layers ha x after soft hissing in place A, according to norms m am Russian orthoepy, pronounced unstressed z woo to, reminiscent of [and], but significantly OS Labeled (designated [b]): watchmaker - [whose] owler, enchanter neither tsa - [whose] rovnitsa, chanovoy - [whose] new, parts s y - [ch]stick, Chartoriysk - [ch]rtoriisk, Chakalarovo - [ch] ka Larovo, Charodinsky district - [ch]ro Di district.

In rare foreign countries strange words on the spot A after [h] save nya there is [a]: teariker - [tea]riker, chaturanga - [cha]turanga, h ah khan - [chay]khana, Changyrtash - [cha]ngyrtash, Cham n eriko-[cha]periko, Chattopadhyaya - [cha]ttopadhyaya.

Orthoepy. Unstressed - e, i, e, and

In place of sounds e And I after soft which consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced without shock [ie]: spring - [in "ie]sleep, carry - [n"ee ]sti, cedar forest - [k"ie] woodwood forest, Beshtau-[b"i uh ]shtau, Venice - [vie] netia, Regina - [r "ie] gina, rowan - [r"ee ]bina, frog - [l"ie]gushka, dance - p[l"ie] With at, Vyazovka - [v"ie]zovka, Myaskovsky - [m"ie]s co Vsky. Pronunciation on the spot e And I distinct vowel [i] - [v"i]sna, [r"i]bina, [b"i]shtau, [m"i]skovsky - is not a letter atur nom.

In less common words ah maybe pronunciation. nonreduction rowa data vowels: alegretto - a[l"e]gretto, bestseller - [b"e]stseller, l yeah then - [l"e]gato, Renklod - [r"e]nklod, Cape Town - [k"e]iptown, Medea - [m"e]dea, Nero - [n"e]ron, Vespucci - [v" e]spucci; gyaur - [g"a]ur, kariz - [k"a]riz, Nya asshole in - [n"a]zhlov, Shyashupe - [sh"a]shupe, Lyashko - [l"a]shko.

At the beginning the words are in place e And I in the first in the pre-stressed syllable, an unstressed [ie] is pronounced in combination with the preceding [th]: riding - [yie]zda, Elabuga - [yie]labuga, jarl s k-[yie]rlyk, Japan - [yie]poniya, and also in the middle of a word after a vowel: trains - po[ yee ]zda, to hurt - to [yee] to call. The pronunciation [ya]rlyk, [ya]poniya is incorrect.

In the rest we are pre-struck x syllables, as well as in stressed syllables in place e And I By sl e soft consonants are pronounced unstressed [ъ]: led IR an - [v"b]lykan, generator - [g"b]nerator, ice od ny - [l'y] profitable, laborist - [l'y] borist sk y, endure - vy[n'b]sti, field - po[l'b], Peter op Avlovsk - [p"b]tropavlovsk, Gelendzhik - [g"b]lendzhik, Venezuela - [v"ьн] Suela, Mesopotamia - [m"b]sopotamia, B er stovsky - [v'b]rstovsky, Mendeleev - [m'b]ndeleev, Nest er ov - nes[t"b]rov, Vrubel - vru[b"l"]; piglet [p]tachok, frog - [l"b]gushachiy, Vyazovaya - [v"b]zovaya, Pyatigorsk - [p]t Ig Orsk.

In non-Russian zai ms written words in place of letters e And I after soft consonants va no pronunciations are saved re duced vowels: becquerel - [b" e] Kquerel, Berkleanism - [b"e]rkleanism, Bersa l er - [b"e]rsalier, Weismanism - [v"ey]man And zm, genocide - [g"e]nocide, cenotaph - [k"e]notaf, Besançon - [b"e]z a nso n, Benvenuto - [b"e]nvenuto, Lekuv re r - [l "e]ku vr er; giardiasis - [l"a]mbliosis, kamancha - [k"a]mancha, ryasophora - [r"a]With orophoric, shamisen - [s "a] misen, Ganj ah ay - [g"a]njachay, Lyalmikar - [l"a]lmikar, Shyash uv is - [sh"a]shuvis, Lyatoshinsky - [l"a]tosh ins cue, Byalynitsky-Birulya - [b "a] Lynitsky-Birulya.

In place of a vowel I, and also A after [h] and [w":] in unstressed endings iyah pronounced [b]: seas, fields - mo[r"b], po[l"b], brothers, branches - bra[t"yy" ], su[chy]; burden, flame - bre[m"b], pla[m"b]; songs, drops - pes[n"mi], drops[l"mi]; sitting, playing - si[d "ъ], game[yъ]; new, red - new [yъ], cr asna[y]; dacha, thicket - yes[ch], cha[sh":b].

After [zh], [w], [ts] in place e in the first prev in a stressed syllable, a sound is pronounced, the middle one between [s] and [e] - [ые]: woolly - [shye]rsty, whisper - [shye]ptat, Sheksna - [shy uh ]ksna, Shelon - [shye]lon, Shevchenko - [shye]vchenko; yolk - [zhye]yolk, yellow Yesi sty - [zhye]leezy, chew - [zhye]vat, Zhelcha-[zhye]lcha, Zhernovsky district - [zhye]rnovsky district, Zhelyab ov - [zhye]lyabov, Zheromsky - [zhye]romsky; price - [tsye]na, cement - [tsye]menty, appreciate - [ tsye ]thread, Tselinny - [tselinny].

In some borrowed words it is possible t be pronunciable. without vowel reduction: masterpiece - [she]devr, sherhebel - [she]erhebel, Cherbourg - [she]rbur, Shetl en children's islands - [she]tland islands, Chenier - [she]nye; ginseng - [zhe]ginseng, geode - [zhe]oda, AND emaite - [zhe]maite, Gervais - [zhe]rvais, Gerard - [zhe]rar; time trouble - [tsey]tnot, centuria - [tse]nturia, Cieschanow - [tse]sh en uv, Ceres - [ce]rera.
In some foreign words in zmo please pronounce [uh] on the spot e after a vowel And in the first pre-stressed syllable: myelitis - mi[e]lit, piety - pi[e]tet, Pierre and I - pi[e]ria, Tiete - ti[e]te.

In the remaining unstressed syllables sl e [sh], [zh], in place of the letter e pronounced - [b]: silkworm - [sh']lkopryad, woolen - [sh']wool, shelu shi to be - [sh']obey, to ours - to [sh']mu, Shevardino - [sh']vardino, Shepetovka - [sh']petovka, She ba lin - [sh']balin, Shelgunov - [sh']lgunov, iron ore - [zh'] leznyak, tin - [zh'] styanoy, gesticulate -[and ъ]sticulate, also - so[zh], Zheleznovodsk - [zhа]leznovodsk, Zhelnino - [zhа]lnino, Zhemch yy ova - [zh']mchugova, cellophane - [ts']llophane, entirely - [ts'] face, cement - [ts']ment, tree - tree [ts], Whole in fence - [ts]linograd, Celebes Sea - [ts]lebes sea.

In some foreign words in order to accurately convey the sound appearance of the word, the pronunciation of the vowel can be preserved: “Chevrolet” - [she]vrole, sh ate interdek - [she]lterdek, shenapan - [she]napan, Shentala - [she]ntala, Sheridan - [she]ridan, " Shek pendekh" - [she]kpendekh; Germinal - [zhe]germinal, Zhetykol - [zhe]tykdol, Zhenisya - [zhe]nisya, Gerardin - [zhe]r ar den, Gericault - [zhe]riko, tsevadin - [tse]vadin, celibate - [tse]libate, cerapadus - [tse]rapadus, Tse denb al - [tse] denbal.

At the beginning of foreign words, as well as in position ii after the vowel in place of the letter uh pronounced [e]: screen - [e]kran, ether - [e]fir, eucalyptus - [e]vcalyptus, Eif e l - [e]yfel, Eurydice - [e]vrydice, Echmiadzin - [e]chmiadzin, dielectric - di[e]lekt ri k, coefficient - coefficient, muezzin - mu[e]dzin, Buenaventura - bu[e]naventura, Joinville - ju[e]nville, Lohengrin - lo[e]n green.

Incorrect pronunciation in place of a letter uh sound [and] - it is and gives a reduced stylistic coloring speech. Moreover, such a sound [e] can sue az to understand the meaning of the speaker’s statement: the pronunciation [i]kran instead of [e]kran evokes an association with the word no aniyam and crane, [and] world instead of [e] world - s and world, [and] mission instead of [e] mission - s and mission.

Pronunciation of [and], [u], [s] in unstressed rn y syllables occur somewhat weakened compared to stressed syllables, but they do not change qualitatively: fox - [l "i] sits A, chipmunk - [bur]nduk, Kyzyl-[ky]zyl.

On the spot And, if in the flow of speech it merges I with the preceding word on a hard consonant, according to the rules of orthoepy, is pronounced [s]: light and shadow - light-[ y]- shadow, cat and cook - cat-[s]-cook, in Italy - [in-s]talia, from Spain - [from-s]spain.

If the speaker needs to give a clear presentation noticing the sound of the unfamiliar foreign word, resort to a backlash pause between it and the previous word, more often a sentence O homo. Then in the second word starting with a vowel And, will be pronounced [i]: so about The story was published in "Ibaraki Shimbun" (not [in-s] baraki shibun), we arrived at Ikwe (not: [k-y]kwe), our journey no began with Isakly (not: [s-s] sakly).

IN difficult words, the first part of which x ends with a hard consonant, and the second begins with a vowel [i], in place And according to the norms of orthoepy oi pronounced unstressed [s]: Gosizdat - gos[y]zdat, city executive committee - city [s]polkbm, pedin st itut - pedagogical institute, Sovinformburo - sov[y]informburo. But the distinct vowel [i] is pronounced in the word Kom in turn - com[i]ntern.

After [sh], [zh], [ts] in place of a vowel And in no beat in the arny position it is pronounced [s]: rosehip - [shy]povnik, gaiters - gama[shy], Gramsci - gram[shy]; giraffe - [wы]р af, beaches - beaches [zhy], Zhiguli-[zhy]guli, Gilardi - [zhy]lyardi; mat - [tsy]novka, cyclonic esk ii - [tsy]clonic, Civil - [tsy]ville, Cincinnati - [tsyntsy]nnati.

To learn to speak beautifully and competently, study what learning the orthoepy of the Russian language, as well as consolidating the studied material in practice.After you have figured out the vowel sounds, look at how they are pronounced