In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but after three years he abandoned his studies, as he quickly became bored with it. When Tolstoy turned 23, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During Tolstoy's service, a writer awakens, and he begins his famous cycle - a trilogy, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. Lev Nikolaevich also writes several autobiographical stories and stories (such as “Cutting Wood”, “Cossacks”).
Finding himself on his plot, Lev Nikolaevich creates own system pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to study educational activities. Completely fascinated by this type of activity, he goes to Europe to get acquainted with the schools. In 1862, Tolstoy married young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately left with his wife for Yasnaya Polyana, where he was fully occupied with family life and household chores.
But by the autumn of 1863 he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy’s worldview was completely formed, which is self-explanatory name- “Tolstoyism”, the whole essence of which is well depicted in such works of the writer as “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “What is your faith”, “Confession”.
And in 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana with his attending physician. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at the Astapovo Ryazan-Ural station.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich was born on 08/28/1828 (or 09/09/1828 according to the old style). Died - 11/07/1910 (11/20/1910).
Russian writer, philosopher. Born in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, into a wealthy aristocratic family. He entered Kazan University, but then left it. At the age of 23 he went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here he began to write the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”.
In the Caucasus
In the Caucasus he took part in hostilities as an artillery officer. During Crimean War went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he went to St. Petersburg and published “Sevastopol Stories” in the Sovremennik magazine, which clearly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which disappointed him.
From 1853 to 1863 He wrote the story “Cossacks”, after which he decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner, engaged in educational work in the village. For this purpose, he went to Yasnaya Polyana, where he opened a school for peasant children and created his own pedagogy system.
In 1863-1869. He wrote his fundamental work “War and Peace”. In 1873-1877. He created the novel Anna Karenina. During these same years, the writer’s worldview, known as Tolstoyism, was fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: “Confession”, “What is my faith?”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”.
The teaching is set out in the philosophical and religious works “Study of Dogmatic Theology”, “Connection and Translation of the Four Gospels”, where the main emphasis is on the moral improvement of man, the denunciation of evil, and non-resistance to evil through violence.
Later, a duology was published: the drama “The Power of Darkness” and the comedy “The Fruits of Enlightenment,” then a series of stories and parables about the laws of existence.
Admirers of the writer’s work came to Yasnaya Polyana from all over Russia and the world, whom they treated as a spiritual mentor. In 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published.
Tolstoy's last works
The writer’s latest works are the stories “Father Sergius”, “After the Ball”, “ Posthumous notes Elder Fyodor Kuzmich" and the drama "The Living Corpse".
Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of his emotional drama: painting pictures social inequality and the idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy harshly posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to society, criticized all state institutions, going so far as to deny science, art, court, marriage, and the achievements of civilization. Tolstoy's social declaration is based on the idea of Christianity as a moral teaching, and he interpreted the ethical ideas of Christianity in a humanistic manner, as the basis of the universal brotherhood of man. In 1901 the reaction of the Synod followed: worldwide famous writer was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused enormous public outcry.
Death
On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana from his family, fell ill on the way and was forced to get off the train in a small railway station Astapovo Ryazan-Uralsk railway. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life.
Lev Nikolaevich was born on August 28 (September 9, n.s.) 1829, in the estate Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family. By origin, Tolstoy belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. Among the writer's paternal ancestors is an associate of Peter I - P. A. Tolstoy, one of the first in Russia to receive the title of count. Participant Patriotic War 1812 was the father of the writer, Count. N.I. Tolstoy. On his mother's side, Tolstoy belonged to the family of the Bolkonsky princes, related by kinship to the Trubetskoy, Golitsyn, Odoevsky, Lykov and other noble families. On his mother's side, Tolstoy was a relative of A.S. Pushkin.
When Tolstoy was nine years old, his father took him to Moscow for the first time, the impressions of the meeting with which were vividly conveyed by the future writer in children's essay"Kremlin". Moscow is here called “the greatest and most populous city in Europe,” the walls of which “saw the shame and defeat of Napoleon’s invincible regiments.” The first period of young Tolstoy's Moscow life lasted less than four years.
After the death of his parents (his mother died in 1830, his father in 1837), the future writer with three brothers and a sister moved to Kazan, to live with his guardian P. Yushkova. As a sixteen-year-old boy, he entered Kazan University, first at the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic-Turkish Literature, then studied at the Faculty of Law (1844 - 47). In 1847, without completing the course, he left the university and settled in Yasnaya Polyana, which he received as property as his father's inheritance. Tolstoy went to Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), “practical medicine,” languages, Agriculture, history, geographic statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve highest degree excellence in music and painting."
After a summer in the countryside, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing under new conditions favorable to the serfs (this attempt is depicted in the story “The Morning of the Landowner,” 1857), in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university. His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, he devoted himself passionately to music, he intended to start an official career, he dreamed of joining a horse guards regiment as a cadet. Religious sentiments, reaching the point of asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, and trips to the gypsies. In the family he was considered “the most trifling fellow,” and he was able to repay the debts he incurred then only many years later. However, it was precisely these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
1851 - Leo Tolstoy works on the story “Childhood”. In the same year, he left as a volunteer for the Caucasus, where his brother Nikolai was already serving. Here he takes the exam for the rank of cadet and is enrolled in military service. His rank is fireworksman 4th class. Tolstoy participates in Chechen war. This period is considered the beginning literary activity writer: he writes many stories, stories about the war.
1852 - “Childhood”, the first of the writer’s published works, was published in Sovremennik.
1854 - Tolstoy was promoted to the rank of ensign, he petitioned for transfer to the Crimean Army. Going Russian-Turkish war, and Count Tolstoy participates in the defense of besieged Sevastopol. He was awarded the Order of St. Anne with the inscription “For Bravery” and medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol.” He writes “Sevastopol Stories”, which with their realism make an indelible impression on Russian society, who lived far from the war.
1855 - return to St. Petersburg. Leo Tolstoy is one of the circle of Russian writers. Among his new acquaintances are Turgenev, Tyutchev, Nekrasov, Ostrovsky and many others.
Soon “people became disgusted with him and he became disgusted with himself,” and at the beginning of 1857, leaving St. Petersburg, he went abroad. Tolstoy spent only about a year and a half in Germany, France, England, Switzerland, and Italy (1857 and 1860 - 1861). The impression was negative.
Returning to Russia immediately after the liberation of the peasants, he became a peace mediator and began setting up schools in his Yasnaya Polyana and throughout the Krapivensky district. The Yasnaya Polyana school is one of the most original pedagogical attempts ever made: the only method of teaching and education that he recognized was that no method was needed. Everything in teaching should be individual - both the teacher and the student, and their relationships. At the Yasnaya Polyana school, children sat wherever they wanted, as much as they wanted, and as they wanted. There was no specific teaching program. The teacher's only job was to get the class interested. Despite this extreme pedagogical anarchism, classes went well. They were led by Tolstoy himself, with the help of several regular teachers and several random ones, from his closest acquaintances and visitors.
In 1862, Tolstoy began publishing the pedagogical magazine Yasnaya Polyana. Put together, Tolstoy's pedagogical articles made up a whole volume of his collected works. Having warmly welcomed Tolstoy's debuts, recognizing in him the great hope of Russian literature, criticism then cooled towards him for 10 - 12 years.
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding, he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he devoted himself completely to family life and economic concerns. However, already in the autumn of 1863 he was captured by a new literary project, which for a long time bore the name “One Thousand Eight Hundred and Five.”
The time when the novel was created was a period of spiritual elation, family happiness and calm, solitary work. Tolstoy read memoirs and correspondence of people of the Alexander era (including materials from Tolstoy and Volkonsky), worked in archives, studied Masonic manuscripts, traveled to the Borodino field, moving forward in his work slowly, through many editions (his wife helped him a lot in copying manuscripts, refuting friends joked that she was still so young, as if she was playing with dolls), and only at the beginning of 1865 he published the first part of “War and Peace” in the “Russian Bulletin”. The novel was read avidly, caused many responses, striking with its combination of a broad epic canvas with a subtle psychological analysis, with a vivid picture of private life, organically inscribed in history.
Heated debate provoked the subsequent parts of the novel, in which Tolstoy developed a fatalistic philosophy of history. There were accusations that the writer “entrusted” the intellectual demands of his era to the people of the beginning of the century: the idea of a novel about the Patriotic War was indeed a response to the problems that worried Russian post-reform society. Tolstoy himself characterized his plan as an attempt to “write the history of the people” and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature (“will not fit any form, no novel, no story, no poem, no history”).
In 1877, the writer completed his second novel, Anna Karenina. In the original edition, it bore the ironic title “Well done, woman,” and main character was depicted as a woman without spirituality and immorality. But the plan changed, and final version Anna is a subtle and sincere nature; she is connected with her lover by a real, strong feeling. However, in Tolstoy's eyes, she is still guilty of deviating from her destiny as a wife and mother. Therefore, her death is a manifestation of God’s judgment, but she is not subject to human judgment.
At the height of his literary fame, shortly after the completion of Anna Karenina, Tolstoy entered a period of deep doubt and moral quest. The story of the moral and spiritual torment that almost drove him to suicide as he vainly sought to find the meaning of life is told in Confession (1879–1882). Tolstoy then turned to the Bible, especially the New Testament, and was confident that he had found the answer to his questions. Each of us, he argued, has the ability to recognize goodness. She is a living source of reason and conscience, and the goal of our conscious life is to obey her, that is, to do good. Tolstoy formulated five commandments, which he believed were the true commandments of Christ and by which a person should be guided in his life. Briefly they are: don't get angry; don't give in to lust; do not bind yourself with oaths; do not resist evil; be equally good with the righteous and the unrighteous. Both Tolstoy’s future teaching and his life’s actions are somehow correlated with these commandments.
All his life the writer painfully experienced the poverty and suffering of the people. He was one of the organizers of public assistance to starving peasants in 1891. Tolstoy considered personal labor and the renunciation of wealth, property acquired through the work of others, to be the moral duty of every person. His later ideas are reminiscent of socialist ones, but unlike the socialists, he was a staunch opponent of the revolution, as well as any violence.
Perversity, depravity of human nature and society is the main theme late creativity Lev Nikolaevich. IN latest works(“Kholstomer” (1885), “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1881-1886), “Master and Worker” (1894-1895), “Resurrection” (1889-1899)) he abandons his favorite technique of “dialectics of the soul”, replacing it with direct author's judgments and assessments.
IN last years During his life, the writer worked on the story "Hadji Murat" from 1896 to 1904. In it, Tolstoy wanted to compare “the two poles of imperious absolutism” - the European, represented by Nicholas I, and the Asian, represented by Shamil.
Also loud was the article “I Can’t Be Silent,” published in 1908, where Lev Nikolaevich protested against the persecution of participants in the revolution of 1905–1907. Tolstoy's stories "After the Ball" and "For What?" date back to the same time.
The way of life in Yasnaya Polyana was a burden to Tolstoy, and he more than once wanted and for a long time could not decide to leave it.
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at the small railway station of Astapovo (now Leo Tolstoy, Lipetsk region). Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. November 7 (20) Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy died.
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MCOU Kupreevskaya Secondary School L. N. Tolstoy. Life and art. ( Literary reading 4th grade) Completed by S. G. Kruglova
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828 – 1910), prose writer, playwright, publicist. Born on September 9 (August 28, old style) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province. By origin he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. He received home education and upbringing.
His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of “her spiritual appearance.” Tolstoy’s father, a participant in the Patriotic War, who was remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting, also died early (1837). The children were raised by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy and were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood”. "Childhood period" The writer's father is Nikolai Tolstoy
L.N. Tolstoy with his brothers. Tolstoy was the fourth child in the family; he had three older brothers: Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergei (1826-1904) and Dmitry (1827-1856). In 1830, sister Maria was born. His mother died with the birth of her last daughter, when he was not yet 2 years old.
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent 2.5 years preparing to enter university; at the age of 17 he entered there. Lev Nikolaevich already at that time knew 16 languages, read a lot and studied philosophy. But his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in social entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and domestic circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of science. Kazan University P. I. Yushkova is the aunt of the writer Kazan University. House in Yasnaya Polyana.
After a summer in the village, in the fall of 1847, Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university. His lifestyle changed frequently during this period. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared. "The stormy life of adolescence"
In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. Tolstoy lived for almost three years in Cossack village on the banks of the Terek. In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the Sovremennik magazine without revealing his name. Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition. The story "Childhood"
In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. A boring staff life forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began writing the cycle " Sevastopol stories" Crimean campaign
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a “great the hope of Russian literature." In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 - abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany. In the fall he returned to Moscow, then to Yasnaya Polyana. Among writers and abroad
In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village and helped establish more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana", the books "ABC" and "New ABC", as well as children's books for reading. People's School
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. For 17 years life together they had 13 children.
In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and developing his pedagogical views in print, Tolstoy worked on the novels: “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, the story “Cossacks”, the first of works in which Tolstoy's great talent was recognized as a genius.
The turning point years radically changed the writer’s personal biography (Tolstoy’s proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp discontent among family members, especially his wife). In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The journey turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale. Astapovo station
Throughout his life, L.N. Tolstoy expanded his knowledge and was a highly educated person. In his works, L.N. Tolstoy said that only one who works, who does good to other people, who honestly fulfills his duty can be called a person. It is shameful and unworthy of a person to live by someone else’s labor. On November 10 (23), 1910, he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, on the edge of a ravine in the forest, where as a child he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that kept the secret of how to make all people happy.
Lev Tolstoy- the most famous Russian writer, famous throughout the world for his works.
short biography
Born in 1828 in the Tula province into a noble family. He spent his childhood on the Yasnaya Polyana estate, where he received his primary education at home. He had three brothers and a sister. He was raised by his guardians, so in early childhood At the birth of her sister, her mother died, and later, in 1840, her father, which is why the whole family moved to relatives in Kazan. There he studied at Kazan University in two faculties, but decided to quit his studies and return to his native place.
Tolstoy spent two years in the army in the Caucasus. Bravely participated in several battles and was even awarded an order for the defense of Sevastopol. He could have had a good military career, but he wrote several songs ridiculing the military command, as a result of which he had to leave the army.
At the end of the 50s, Lev Nikolaevich went to travel around Europe and returned to Russia after the abolition of serfdom. Even during his travels he was disappointed in a European way life, because I saw a very big contrast between the rich and the poor. That is why, when he returned to Russia, he was glad that the peasants had now risen.
He got married and had 13 children, 5 of whom died in childhood. His wife, Sophia, helped her husband, copying all the creations of her husband in neat handwriting.
He opened several schools, in which he furnished everything according to his wishes. I compiled it myself school curriculum- or rather, the lack thereof. Discipline did not play a key role for him; he wanted children to strive for knowledge themselves, so the main task of the teacher was to interest students so that they wanted to learn.
He was excommunicated from the church because Tolstoy put forward his theories about what the church should be like. Just a month before his death, he decided to secretly leave his native estate. As a result of the trip, he became very ill and died on November 7, 1910. The writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana near the ravine where he loved to play as a child with his brothers.
Literary contribution
Lev Nikolaevich began writing while still studying at the University - mainly it was homework comparing different literary works. It is believed that it was because of literature that he abandoned his studies - he wanted to devote all his free time to reading.
In the army he worked on his “Sevastopol Stories”, and also, as already mentioned, composed songs for his colleagues. Upon returning from the army, he took part in literary circle in St. Petersburg, from where he went to Europe. He noticed the characteristics of people well and tried to reflect this in his works.
Tolstoy wrote many of the most different works, But worldwide fame received thanks to two novels - “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”, in which he accurately reflected the life of people of those times.
The contribution of this great writer to world culture huge - it was thanks to him that many people learned about Russia. His works are still published to this day, plays are staged and films are made based on them.
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