Luke and Satin: which one is right? What is more correct for me: Luke’s saving lie or “Truth is the god of a free man Luke and Satin, whose side is truth on?”

“Three truths in M. Gorky’s play “At the Bottom”

Development of a literature lesson with elements of communicative teaching and RKMP technology;

Goals:

Educational - identify the position of the characters in the play in relation to the issue of truth,find out the meaning of the tragic collision of different points of view: the truth of fact (Bubnov), the truth of a comforting lie (Luke), the truth of faith in man (Satin);create a problematic situation, awaken students to express their own opinions about life principles Luke, Bubnova, Satina.

Educational – to promote the formation of one’s own point of view in relation to such a concept as “truth”, to create situations that will help to understand that there is a way out of each situation.

Developmental – development of public speaking skills, the ability to defend one’s point of view, activation of students’ creative abilities.

During the classes:

I want to start our lesson with poetry. Listen, please.

Is it fog? Haze? Is there smoke from the fires?...
The sinister world of an unknown era...
Was this world really like this?
Or is it scary to us because we know it poorly?..

We'll slide down the spiral of time
In those times where we cannot be...

Imagine for a moment that by the will of fate you found yourself in Moscow without money, without friends, without relatives, without cell phones. You have traveled to the beginning of the century. How would you try to improve your life or change the situation you find yourself in? Will you try to improve your life or will you immediately sink to the bottom?

The heroes of the play we are studying stopped resisting; she sank to the “bottom of life.”

The topic of our lesson: “Three truths in M. Gorky’s play “At the Bottom.”

What do you think will be discussed?

What questions will we consider?

(Suggested answers: What is truth? What kind of truth can there be? Why three truths? What thoughts about truth do the heroes express? Which of the heroes thinks about this question?

Teacher's summary: Each hero has his own truth. And we will try to find out the positions of the characters, understand them, understand the essence of the dispute that arose between the characters and decide whose truth is closer to us, modern readers.

Literary warm-up.

You know that you cannot competently defend your point of view without knowledge literary work. I offer you a literary workout. I read a line from the play, and you determine which character it belongs to.

What is conscience for? I'm not rich (Bubnov)

We must love the living, the living (Luke)

When work is a duty - life is slavery (Satin)

Lies are the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is god free man! (Satin)

People live... like chips floating down a river... (Bubnov)

All love on earth is superfluous (Bubnov)

Christ had compassion on everyone and commanded us (Luke)

Petting a person is never harmful (Luke)

Human! It's great! It sounds proud! Human! We must respect the person!

Updating knowledge. Call.

You have demonstrated good knowledge of the text. Why do you think you were offered the lines of these particular characters? (Luka, Satin, Bubnov have their own idea of ​​truth).

How do you understand the meaning of the word “truth”?

IS IT TRUE, -s,and. 1. What actually exists corresponds to the real state of affairs.Tell the truth. Hear the truth about what happened. The truth hurts my eyes (last). 2. Justice, honesty, just cause.Seek the truth. Stand for the truth. The truth is on your side. Happiness is good, but truth is better (last). 3. Same as (colloquial).Your truth (You are right).God sees the truth, but will not tell you soon (last). 4.introductory sl. The statement of truth is true, in fact.I really didn't know this.

Those. truth can be private, but it can also be ideological

So, let's find out the truth of Luka, Bubnov, Satin.

"Luke's Truth"

In the work of every talented writer, the name of the hero necessarily means something. Let's turn to the origins of the name Luke. What meanings can it have?

1) Ascends on behalf of the Apostle Luke.

2) Associated with the word “Evil,” that is, cunning.

3) “Lukovka”, by the time you get to the middle, you’ll take off a lot of “clothes!”

How does Luke appear in the play? What are the first words he says? (“Good health, honest people,” he immediately announces his position, says that he treats everyone well, “I respect swindlers, too, in my opinion, not a single flea is bad.”

What does Luke say about attitude towards people around you?

Let's consider how Luka behaves with each of the inhabitants of the shelter.

How does he feel about Anna? (She regrets, says that after death she will find peace, consoles, helps, becomes necessary)

What advice does an actor have? (Find a city that offers treatment for alcoholism, it’s clean, the floor is marble, treatment is free, “A person can do anything, if only he wants to.”)

How does he propose to arrange Vaska Pepl’s life? (Go to Siberia with Natasha. Siberia is a rich region, you can earn money there and become a master).

How does he console Nastya? (Nastya dreams of big, bright love, he tells her: “What you believe in is what it is”)

How does he talk to Medvedev? (Calls him “under,” that is, flatters him, and he falls for his bait).

So how does Luka feel about the inhabitants of the shelter? (Okay, he sees a person in everyone, opens positive features character, trying to help. He knows how to bring out the good in everyone and instill hope).

Read the remarks that reflect Luke’s life position?

How do you understand the words: “What you believe in is what it is?”

What other thoughts of Luke are consonant with your thoughts?

Which heroes need Luke's support? (Actor, Nastya, Natasha, Anna. What is more important to them is not the truth, but words of consolation. When the Actor stopped believing that he could recover from alcoholism, he hanged himself.

A person can learn goodness... very simply, says Luka. What story does he give as an example? (Incident at the dacha)

How do you understand the “story” of the righteous land?

So, Luke’s truth is comforting, he turns to the remnants of humanity in the souls of the night shelters, gives them hope.

- What is Luke’s truth? (Love and feel sorry for a person)

“Christ had pity on everyone and commanded us to”

“What you believe is what you believe”

“A man can do anything, he just wants to”

“To love – we must love the living, the living”

“If someone has not done good to someone, he has done something bad”

Which of the heroes (Luka, Satin or Bubnov) seemed the darkest character to you?

Which character's position is opposed to Luke's?

"Bubnova's Truth"

Who is it? (Kartuznik, 45 years old)

What does he do? (trying old, torn trousers on blanks for hats, figuring out how to cut)

What do we know about him? (I was a furrier, I dyed furs, my hands were yellow from paint, I had my own establishment, but I lost everything)

How is he behaving? (Dissatisfied with everything, treats those around him with contempt, looks sullen, speaks in a sleepy voice, does not believe in anything sacred. This is the gloomiest figure in the text).

Find lines that characterize his worldview.

“Noise is not a hindrance to death”

“What is conscience for? I'm not rich"

“People all live... like wood chips floating down a river... They build a house, but the wood chips go away.”

“Everything is like this: they are born, they live, they die. And I will die... and you."

When Anna dies, he says: “That means she’s stopped coughing.” How would you rate it?

How do these words characterize him?

What is the truth about Bubnov? (Bubnov sees only the negative side of life, destroys the remnants of faith and hope in people. A skeptic, a cynic, he treats life with evil pessimism).

Satin becomes the spokesman for another life truth.

"The Truth of Satine"

How does this character appear in the play?

What do we understand from his first words?

(Appears with a growl. His first words indicate that he is a card sharper and a drunkard)

What have we learned about this man? (Once served at the telegraph office, he was an educated man. Satin likes to pronounce unclear words. Which?

Organon – translated means “tool”, “organ of vision”, “mind”.

Sicambrus is an ancient Germanic tribe that means “dark man.”

Satin feels superior to other night shelters.

How did he end up in the shelter? (He went to prison because he stood up for his sister’s honor).

How does he feel about work? (“Make the work pleasant for me - maybe I will work... When work is pleasure, life is good! Work is a duty, life is slavery!

What does Satin see as the truth of life? (One of the climaxes of the play is Satin’s famous monologues about man, truth, and freedom.

“Lies are the religion of slaves and masters”

“Man is free, he pays for everything himself: for faith, for disbelief, for love, for intelligence...”

“Truth is the god of a free man.”

How, in his opinion, should a person be treated? (Respect. Do not humiliate with pity. Man - this sounds proud, says Satin).

- According to Satin, pity humiliates a person, respect elevates a person. What's more important?

Satin believes that a person should be respected.

Luke believes that a person should be pitied.

Let's look at the dictionary

Regret

Feel pity, compassion;

Reluctant to spend, spend;

To feel affection for someone, to love

Respect

Treat with respect;

Be in love

What do they have in common? What is the difference?

So, each of the heroes has their own truth.

Luke - the comforting truth

Satin – respect for man, faith in man

Bubnov - the “cynical” truth

Bottom line. Whose truth is closer to you?

Sinkwine

Express your attitude towards your work in class.

Subject - your name

Appendix 2 – evaluation of your work in class

Verb 3 – describing the actions of the object, i.e. how you worked in the lesson

A 4-word phrase expressing your attitude towards your work in class

Summary – assessment

Today we are convinced that everyone has their own truth. Perhaps you have not yet decided what positions in life you will adhere to in the future. I hope you choose the right path.

Gorky's play "At the Depth" certainly has a socio-philosophical character. It reveals not only the gradual moral “dying” of people who find themselves in difficult social conditions, but also the author’s philosophical views on various problems. Without any doubt, we can say that one of the main themes of the work is thinking about Man.

In fact, it seems unusual that each of the inhabitants of the shelter has his own position regarding this problem. Gorky in his work shows us scary world complete poverty, hopeless suffering, a world of people placed in extremely inhuman conditions. And it is in this society that the dispute about Man is born.

The wanderer Luke and Satin are considered to be textbook opponents in disputes about man. It is in the contrast of their positions that the reader can see the position of the author himself.

The philosophy of humane deception in the play is preached by the wanderer Luke. He appears, and with him pity and compassion enter the lives of the night shelters. Luka can be called humane person. But what is Luke's humanism? He has no faith in man. For him, all people are equally insignificant, weak, they only need compassion and consolation: “I don’t care! I respect swindlers too; in my opinion, not a single flea is bad: all are black, all of them jump...” I think it would not be a mistake to assume that in fact Luka believed that the real situation of a person cannot be changed. You can only change a person’s attitude towards himself and towards others, change his consciousness, well-being, self-esteem, and reconcile him with life. Hence Luke's comforting lies. For each suffering inhabitant of the shelter he has kind word. For the dying Anna, he paints a tender, comforting death, a calm afterlife, and for Nastya, he maintains faith in the existence of the student Gaston and his fatal love. Luke tells the drunken actor about a free clinic for alcoholics... His philosophy is that a person must always be supported by inner faith. A clear picture of this is Luke’s story about the search for a righteous land. In this parable we are talking about the fact that a scientist, who destroyed the faith in the righteous land of one of its seekers, destroyed this man: he hanged himself after his illusion dissipated. Thus, Luke wanted to show the weakness of this person in the case when he has no goal in life, even a ghostly one.

It cannot be denied that Luke, in his own way, stands up for a person, his dignity: “And everyone is people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wobble, but you were born a man, you will die a man...” Defending Anna, Luke says: “... is it really possible to abandon a person like that? Whatever he is, he is always worth his price...” But still, first of all, Luke’s position is that a person is worthy of pity; it is pity and affection that can return a human form to a frightened creature, brutalized by fear. He confirms this with his story about a meeting at the dacha with escaped convicts: “Good men!.. If I didn’t feel sorry for them, they might have killed me... And then - a trial, and a prison, and Siberia... what’s the point? Prison will not teach you goodness, and Siberia will not teach you... but man will teach you...".

The wanderer Luke is contrasted with the position of the inhabitant of the rooming house Satin. He speaks of a free Man with a capital F. Satin considers Luke’s compassionate humanism humiliating: “We must respect a person! Don’t feel sorry... don’t humiliate him with pity...” Satin also condemns comforting lies: “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters...”, “Truth is the god of a free man!”, “Man is the truth!”, “Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and brain! Human! It's great! That sounds… proud!” But what is a person for Satin? “What is a person?.. It’s not you, not me, not them... no! - it’s you, me, them, the old man, Napoleon, Mohammed... in one!” But Satin’s romantic dream of a proud, free, strong man the reality of his life, his character, are opposed. Satin is a skeptic. He is apathetic, passive in life. His protest consists of a call for “doing nothing”: “I’ll give you one piece of advice: don’t do anything! Just - burden the earth!..” Satin was not just thrown to the “bottom”. He came there himself and settled there. It's more convenient for him. And so he lives in the basement and drinks and loses his opportunities. Although by nature he is endowed with a lively mind, the ability to think. We would like to believe that meeting Luka could somehow change his life, give him more activity, but we understand that this will not be the case. This person will continue to deliberately ruin his life; he can only philosophize and remain inactive.

So what is the position of the author himself? It seems to me that Satin’s thoughts about man are in many ways the thoughts of Gorky himself. But the writer, of course, condemns the weak-willed position of his hero. He does not accept the discrepancy between reasoning and action. It cannot be said that Gorky condemned Luka’s position. Lies really can be life-saving sometimes. And every person needs warmth, attention and compassion. Man – that sounds proud. But we must not forget that this word means, first of all, a living creature that from time to time simply needs help and support. That is why we can say that Gorky’s view of man is a reasonable combination of the positions of Luke and Satin.

Three truths in Gorky's play “At the Lower Depths” occupy a special place in the narrative. Bubnov, Luka and Satin have their own idea of ​​what truth is.

Bubnov

The truth for Bubnov is the truth of the fact. The character argues that no one should lie, that all people should “tell” only the truth, even if it turns out to be difficult for the person who hears it. The statements of each person, according to Bubnov, should be constructed as an indisputable fact. The hero does not accept lies in any of its manifestations.

Luke

Luke believes that lying can give a person hope. The hero adheres to the position of white lies. Luke tells the drunken actor about a special city in which he will recover from alcoholism and change for the better. Luke tells the dying Anna that after death she will find real peace. Luka tells Nastya, who was striving to find love, that she will definitely achieve what she believes in. The hero who appears in the shelter tries to support everyone who is at the “bottom”. Luke's truth is mercy and compassion. It is built on love for all humanity. The hero strives to give every resident of the shelter hope for better life, and lies become a weapon. Luka does not agree with Bubnov’s position; he believes that truth alone cannot cure a person’s soul.

Satin

Satin does not agree with Luke’s position. He is the exponent of the 3rd truth. Satin believes that lies are the religion of only slaves and masters. Truth is opposed to it; it is she who is the “god of a free man.” Satin does not support Luke’s pity for the residents of the shelter; the hero believes that a lie covered with pity will not help anyone, that a person should not be pitied, but respected.

Table

To understand the difference in understanding the truth different heroes, consider the table “Three Truths (“At the Bottom”)”, built on quotes.

Goals: consider the characters’ understanding of Gorky’s play “truth”; find out the meaning of the tragic collision of different points of view: the truth of a fact (Bubnov), the truth of a comforting lie (Luke), the truth of faith in a person (Satin); determine the features of Gorky’s humanism.

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Lesson topic:

“THREE TRUTHS” IN GORKY’S PLAY “AT THE BOTTOM”

Goals: consider the characters’ understanding of Gorky’s play “truth”; find out the meaning of the tragic collision of different points of view: the truth of a fact (Bubnov), the truth of a comforting lie (Luke), the truth of faith in a person (Satin); determine the features of Gorky’s humanism.

During the classes

Gentlemen! If the truth is holy

The world doesn’t know how to find a way,

Honor the madman who inspires

A golden dream for humanity!

I. Introductory conversation.

– Restore the sequence of events of the play. What events take place on stage and what events take place “behind the scenes”? What is the role of the traditional “conflict polygon” - Kostylev, Vasilisa, Ashes, Natasha - in the development of dramatic action?

The relationships between Vasilisa, Kostylev, Ash, and Natasha only externally motivate the stage action. Some of the events that make up the plot outline of the play take place off stage (the fight between Vasilisa and Natasha, Vasilisa’s revenge - overturning a boiling samovar on her sister, Kostylev’s murder takes place around the corner of the flophouse and is almost invisible to the viewer).

All the other characters in the play are not involved in the love affair. Compositional and plot disunity characters is expressed in the organization of the stage space - the characters are dispersed throughout different angles scenes and are “closed” in unconnected microspaces.

Teacher. Thus, the play contains two actions in parallel. First, we see on stage (supposed and real). Detective story with conspiracy, escape, murder, suicide. The second is the exposure of “masks” and the identification of the true essence of a person. This happens as if behind the text and requires decoding. For example, here is the dialogue between Baron and Luke.

Baron. We lived better... yes! I... used to... wake up in the morning and, lying in bed, drink coffee... coffee! – with cream... yes!

Luke. And everyone is people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wobble, if you were born a man, you will die a man...

But Baron is afraid to be “just a man.” And he does not recognize “just a person.”

Baron. Who are you, old man?.. Where did you come from?

Luke. Me?

Baron. Wanderer?

Luke. We are all wanderers on earth... They say, I heard, that the earth is our wanderer.

The culmination of the second (implicit) action occurs when the “truths” of Bubnov, Satin and Luka collide on the “narrow everyday platform”.

II. Work on the problem stated in the topic of the lesson.

1. The philosophy of truth in Gorky’s play.

– What is the main leitmotif of the play? Which character is the first to formulate the main question of the drama “At the Bottom”?

The dispute about truth is the semantic center of the play. The word “truth” will be heard already on the first page of the play, in Kvashnya’s remark: “Ah! You can’t stand the truth!” Truth – lie (“You’re lying!” – Kleshch’s sharp cry, sounded even before the word “truth”), truth – faith – these are the most important semantic poles that define the problematics of “At the Bottom”.

– How do you understand Luke’s words: “What you believe is what you believe”? How are the heroes of “At the Depths” divided depending on their attitude to the concepts of “faith” and “truth”?

In contrast to the “prose of fact,” Luke offers the truth of the ideal—the “poetry of fact.” If Bubnov (the main ideologist of literally understood “truth”), Satin, Baron are far from illusions and do not need an ideal, then Actor, Nastya, Anna, Natasha, Ashes respond to Luke’s remark - for them faith is more important than truth.

Luke’s hesitant story about hospitals for alcoholics sounded like this: “Nowadays they are curing drunkenness, listen! Free, brother, they treat... this is the kind of hospital built for drunkards... They recognized, you see, that a drunkard is also a person...” In the actor’s imagination, the hospital turns into a “marble palace”: “An excellent hospital... Marble.. .marble floor! Light... cleanliness, food... everything for free! And marble floor. Yes!" The actor is a hero of faith, not the truth of fact, and the loss of the ability to believe turns out to be fatal for him.

– What is truth for the heroes of the play? How can their views be compared?(Work with text.)

A) How does Bubnov understand “truth”? How do his views differ from Luke's philosophy of truth?

Bubnov’s truth consists in exposing the seamy side of existence, this is the “truth of fact.” “What kind of truth do you need, Vaska? And for what? You know the truth about yourself... and everyone knows it...” he drives Ash into the doom of being a thief when he was trying to figure himself out. “That means I’ve stopped coughing,” he reacted to Anna’s death.

After listening to Luka’s allegorical story about his life at his dacha in Siberia and the harboring (rescue) of escaped convicts, Bubnov admitted: “But I... I don’t know how to lie! For what? In my opinion, tell the whole truth as it is! Why be ashamed?

Bubnov sees only the negative side of life and destroys the remnants of faith and hope in people, while Luka knows that in a kind word the ideal becomes real:“A person can teach goodness... very simply,”he concluded the story about life in the country, and in setting out the “story” of the righteous land, he reduced it to the fact that the destruction of faith kills a person.Luka (thoughtfully, to Bubnov): “Here... you say it’s true... It’s true, it’s not always due to a person’s illness... you can’t always cure a soul with the truth...” Luke heals the soul.

Luka’s position is more humane and more effective than Bubnov’s naked truth, because it appeals to the remnants of humanity in the souls of the night shelters. For Luke, a person “no matter what he is, is always worth his price.”“I’m just saying that if someone hasn’t done good to someone, then they’ve done something bad.” "To caress a person– never harmful."

Such a moral credo harmonizes relations between people, abolishes the wolf principle, and ideally leads to the acquisition of internal completeness and self-sufficiency, the confidence that, despite external circumstances, a person has found truths that no one will ever take away from him.

B) What does Satin see as the truth of life?

One of the culminating moments of the play is Satin’s famous monologues from the fourth act about man, truth, and freedom.

A trained student reads Satin's monologue by heart.

It is interesting that Satin supported his reasoning with the authority of Luke, a man in relation to whom at the beginning of the play we imagined Satin to be an antipode. Moreover, Satin's references to Luke in Act 4 prove the closeness of both."Old man? He’s a smart guy!.. He... acted on me like acid on an old and dirty coin... Let’s drink to his health!” “Man – that’s the truth! He understood this... you don’t!”

Actually, the “truth” and “lies” of Satin and Luke almost coincide.

Both believe that “a person must be respected” (emphasis on the last word) is not his “mask”; but they differ on how they should communicate their “truth” to people. After all, if you think about it, it is deadly for those who fall into its area.

If everything has faded away and one “naked” person remains, then “what’s next”? For the actor, this thought leads to suicide.

Q) What role does Luke play in addressing the issue of “truth” in the play?

For Luke, the truth is in “comforting lies.”

Luke takes pity on the man and entertains him with a dream. He promises Anna an afterlife, listens to Nastya’s fairy tales, and sends the Actor to a hospital. He lies for the sake of hope, and this is perhaps better than Bubnov’s cynical “truth,” “abomination and lies.”

In the image of Luke there are allusions to the biblical Luke, who was one of the seventy disciples sent by the Lord “to every city and place where He Himself wanted to go.”

Gorky's Luka makes the inhabitants of the bottom think about God and man, about the “better man,” about the highest calling of people.

“Luka” is also light. Luka comes to illuminate the Kostylevo basement with the light of new ideas, forgotten at the bottom of feelings. He talks about how it should be, what should be, and it is not at all necessary to look for practical recommendations or instructions for survival in his reasoning.

Evangelist Luke was a doctor. Luke heals in his own way in the play - with his attitude to life, advice, words, sympathy, love.

Luke heals, but not everyone, but selectively, those who need words. His philosophy is revealed in relation to other characters. He sympathizes with the victims of life: Anna, Natasha, Nastya. Teaches by giving practical advice, Ashes, Actor. Understandingly, meaningfully, often without words, he explains with the smart Bubnov. Skillfully avoids unnecessary explanations.

Luke is flexible and soft. “They crumpled a lot, that’s why it’s soft...” he said in the finale of Act 1.

Luke with his “lies” is sympathetic to Satin. “Dubier... keep quiet about the old man!.. The old man is not a charlatan!.. He lied... but it’s out of pity for you, damn you!” And yet Luke’s “lies” do not suit him. “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters! Truth is the god of a free man!”

Thus, while rejecting the “truth” of Bubnov, Gorky does not deny either the “truth” of Satin or the “truth” of Luke. Essentially, he distinguishes two truths: “truth-truth” and “truth-dream”.

2. Features of Gorky’s humanism.

The Problem of Man in Gorky’s play “At the Depths” (individual message).

Gorky put his truth about man and overcoming the dead end into the mouths of Actor, Luka and Satin.

At the beginning of the play, indulging in theatrical memories, Actor selflessly spoke about the miracle of talent - the game of transforming a person into a hero. Responding to Satin’s words about books read, education, he divided education and talent: “Education is nonsense, the main thing is talent”; “I say talent, that’s what a hero needs. And talent is faith in yourself, in your strength...”

It is known that Gorky admired knowledge, education, and books, but he valued talent even more highly. Through the Actor, he polemically, maximalistically sharpened and polarized two facets of the spirit: education as a sum of knowledge and living knowledge - a “system of thought.”

In Satin's monologues the ideas of Gorky's thoughts about man are confirmed.

Man – “he is everything. He even created God"; “man is the receptacle of the living God”; “Faith in the powers of thought... is a person’s faith in himself.” So in Gorky's letters. And so - in the play: “A person can believe and not believe... that’s his business! Man is free... he pays for everything himself... Man is the truth! What is a person... it's you, me, them, the old man, Napoleon, Mohammed... in one... In one - all the beginnings and ends... Everything is in a person, everything is for a person! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain!”

The Actor was the first to speak about talent and self-confidence. Satin summarized everything. What is the role Bows ? He carries the ideas of transformation and improvement of life, dear to Gorky, at the cost of human creative efforts.

“And that’s all, I see, smarter people They’re becoming more and more interesting... and even though they live, they’re getting worse, but they want to be better... stubborn!” - the elder confesses in the first act, referring to the common aspirations of everyone for a better life.

Then, in 1902, Gorky shared his observations and moods with V. Veresaev: “The mood for life is growing and expanding, cheerfulness and faith in people are becoming more and more noticeable, and - life is good on earth - by God!” The same words, the same thoughts, even the same intonations in the play and the letter.

In the fourth act Satin remembered and reproduced Luke’s answer to his question “Why do people live?”: “And - for the best, people live... For a hundred years... and maybe more - for better man live!.. That's it, my dear, everyone, as they are, lives for the best! That’s why every person must be respected... We don’t know who he is, why he was born and what he can do...” And he himself, continuing to talk about a person, said, repeating Luke: “We must respect a person! Don’t feel sorry... don’t humiliate him with pity... you have to respect him!” Satin repeated Luke, speaking about respect, did not agree with him, speaking about pity, but something else is more important - the idea of ​​​​a “better person”.

The statements of the three characters are similar, and, mutually reinforcing, they work on the problem of the triumph of Man.

In one of Gorky’s letters we read: “I am sure that man is capable of endless improvement, and all his activities will also develop with him... from century to century. I believe in the infinity of life...” Again Luka, Satin, Gorky - about one thing.

3. What is the significance of the 4th act of Gorky’s play?

In this act, the situation is the same, but the previously sleepy thoughts of the tramps begin to “ferment.”

It started with Anna's death scene.

Luke says over the dying woman: “Much merciful Jesus Christ! Receive the spirit of your newly departed servant Anna in peace...” But last words Anna had words about life : “Well... a little more... I wish I could live... a little more! If there is no flour there... here we can be patient... we can!”

– How should we regard these words of Anna – as a victory for Luke or as his defeat? Gorky does not give a definite answer; it is possible to comment on this phrase in different ways. One thing is clear:

Anna spoke for the first timeabout life positively thanks to Luke.

IN last act A strange, completely unconscious rapprochement of the “bitter brethren” is taking place. In the 4th act, Kleshch repaired Alyoshka’s harmonica, after testing the frets, the already familiar prison song began to sound. And this ending is perceived in two ways. You can do this: you can’t escape from the bottom - “The sun rises and sets... but it’s dark in my prison!” It can be done differently: at the cost of death, a person ended the song of tragic hopelessness...

The actor's suicide interrupted the song.

What prevents homeless shelters from changing their lives for the better? Natasha’s fatal mistake is in not trusting people, Ash (“I somehow don’t believe... any words”), hoping together to change fate.

“That’s why I’m a thief, because no one ever thought of calling me by another name... Call me... Natasha, well?”

Her answer is convinced, mature:“There’s nowhere to go... I know... I thought... But I don’t trust anyone.”

One word of faith in a person could change the lives of both, but it was not spoken.

The Actor, for whom creativity is the meaning of life, a calling, also did not believe in himself. The news of the Actor's death came after Satin's famous monologues, shading them with contrast: he couldn't cope, he couldn't play, but he could have, he didn't believe in himself.

All the characters in the play are in the zone of action of the seemingly abstract Good and Evil, but they become quite concrete when it comes to the fate, worldviews, and relationships with the lives of each of the characters. And they connect people with good and evil through their thoughts, words and deeds. They directly or indirectly affect life. Life is a way of choosing your direction between good and evil. In the play, Gorky examined man and tested his capabilities. The play is devoid of utopian optimism, as well as the other extreme - disbelief in man. But one conclusion is indisputable: “Talent is what a hero needs. And talent is faith in yourself, your strength...”

III. The aphoristic language of Gorky's play.

Teacher. One of characteristic features Gorky's creativity is aphoristic. It is characteristic of both the author’s speech and the speech of the characters, which is always sharply individual. Many aphorisms of the play “At the Depth,” like the aphorisms of the “Songs” about the Falcon and the Petrel, became popular. Let's remember some of them.

– Which characters in the play do the following aphorisms, proverbs, and sayings belong to?

a) Noise is not a hindrance to death.

b) Such a life that just as you got up in the morning, you started howling.

c) Expect some sense from the wolf.

d) When work is a duty, life is slavery.

e) Not a single flea is bad: all are black, all jump.

e) Where it is warm for an old man, there is his homeland.

g) Everyone wants order, but there is a lack of reason.

h) If you don’t like it, don’t listen, and don’t bother lying.

(Bubnov – a, b, g; Luka – d, f; Satin – g, Baron – h, Ashes – c.)

– What is the role of the aphoristic statements of the characters in the speech structure of the play?

Aphoristic judgments receive the greatest significance in the speech of the main “ideologists” of the play - Luka and Bubnov, heroes whose positions are indicated extremely clearly. A philosophical dispute, in which each of the characters in the play takes its own position, is supported by a common folk wisdom expressed in proverbs and sayings.

IV. Creative work.

Write a reflection expressing your attitude to the work you read.(Answer to one question of your choice.)

– What is the meaning of the dispute between Luke and Satin?

– Which side do you take in the “truth” debate?

– What problems raised by M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” did not leave you indifferent?

When preparing your answer, pay attention to the speech of the characters and how it helps to reveal the idea of ​​the work.

Homework.

Select an episode for analysis (oral). This will be the topic of your future essay.

1. Luke’s story about the “righteous land.” (Analysis of an episode from the 3rd act of Gorky’s play.)

2. Dispute between shelters about a person (Analysis of the dialogue at the beginning of the 3rd act of the play “At the Depths.”)

3. What is the meaning of the ending of Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths”?

4. Luka's appearance in the shelter. (Analysis of a scene from the 1st act of the play.)

Maxim Gorky’s play “At the Depths” shows the life of the lower strata of society, reflects the hopes and aspirations of its poorest strata, and opens up for readers the spiritual and moral world of people who were previously considered outcasts. The work shows two main life positions, two “truths”, they are professed by two heroes: Luke and Satin. With the help of this antithesis, Gorky showed the fermentation of thought at the bottom of society.
Luke is a wanderer, a vagabond, he has developed his own understanding of the truth. This hero puts a person’s feelings above all else; he believes that “...to caress a person is never harmful...” - one must treat him humanely. In fact, this is expressed in the fact that Luke tells almost every character in the play what he wants to hear. Ash, for example, is that he can get out of the bottom; Anna, what exists better world after death, the Actor that there is a hospital for alcoholics, where he (the Actor) can be returned to normal life.
At first glance, it seems that these actions of his are justified: indeed, Anna receives consolation in her last hour, Actor and Ashes receive hope, but further development The play completely refutes Luke's truth. Ash goes to prison, and the Actor, realizing that there is no other choice, commits suicide. The hopes that these heroes had were crushed, crushing them with their weight.
It turns out that there is no way out from the bottom, that the characters in the play are at a dead end in life, that they have neither hope nor chance to change anything.
No! At the end of the play, the most striking monologues are delivered by the hitherto undistinguished Satin. It’s strange to hear such words from the lips of an ordinary tramp, but this was the great writer’s idea, to show how a person who finds himself on the edge of an abyss has a desire to jump over it, break the shackles that are sung in the tramps’ favorite song, and live fully again. life.
Satin’s truth is to look at things soberly, in order to boldly move forward towards your goal, so as not to deceive yourself with false hopes. The reader cannot but agree with this point of view; it is confirmed by the entire course of the play. “Do not humiliate a person with pity!” - says Satin, and indeed, after reading the play, we understand that pity only humiliates a person, makes him even more unhappy. And man, “man—that sounds proud!”
However, the truth of Luke and the truth of Satin are far from being opposed to each other in everything. So, Luke says: “You need to respect a person,” and Satin says about Luke that he “... is smart!.. He... acted on me like acid on an old and dirty coin...”
The play “At the Bottom” reflects one of eternal problems human existence: white lies - evil or good?
According to Gorky’s work, it is difficult to make a choice between two truths: it is difficult not to say words of consolation to a dying person, on the one hand, and one cannot but agree with Satin, with his understanding of the truth. This is where Gorky’s genius manifested itself: in the ability to pose a philosophical question and illuminate it from different angles, to show different points vision. The writer was able to act not as a judge, but as an “impartial witness of life.” And more than once, a person faced with a choice will turn to the great work of Russian classics.