In Russian literature of the 18th century, the first independent direction began to take shape - classicism. Classicism developed based on examples ancient literature and Renaissance art. The development of Russian literature in the 18th century was greatly influenced by Peter's reforms, as well as the school of European enlightenment.
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky made a significant contribution to the development of literature of the 18th century. He was a wonderful poet and philologist of his time. He formulated the basic principles of versification in the Russian language.
His principle of syllabic-tonic versification was the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. The syllabic-tonic principle of versification, formulated back in the 18th century, is still the main method of versification in the Russian language.
Trediakovsky was a great connoisseur of European poetry and translated foreign authors. Thanks to him, the first fiction novel, exclusively secular topics. It was a translation of the work “Ride to the City of Love” by the French author Paul Talman.
A.P. Sumarokov was also a great man of the 18th century. The genres of tragedy and comedy developed in his work. Sumarokov’s dramaturgy contributed to the awakening in people of human dignity and higher moral ideals. IN satirical works Russian literature of the 18th century was marked by Antioch Cantemir. He was a wonderful satirist, making fun of nobles, drunkenness and self-interest. In the second half of the 18th century, the search for new forms began. Classicism ceased to meet the needs of society.
The largest poet in Russian literature of the 18th century was Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin. His work destroyed the framework of classicism and introduced lively colloquial speech into the literary style. Derzhavin was a wonderful poet, a thinking person, a poet-philosopher.
At the end of the 18th century, it developed like this literary direction like sentimentalism. Sentimentalism is aimed at exploring the inner world of a person, personality psychology, experiences and emotions. The heyday of Russian sentimentalism in Russian literature of the 18th century was the works of Radishchev A and Karamzin A. Karamzin, in the story “Poor Liza,” expressed interesting things that became a bold revelation for Russian society of the 18th century.
There is a clear boundary between the creations of the first and second halves of the 18th century, and the works created at the beginning of the century are very different from those that followed.
In the West, major literary forms were already developing and preparations were underway for the creation of the novel genre, while Russian authors were still rewriting the lives of saints and praising rulers in clumsy, unwieldy poems. Genre diversity in Russian literature poorly represented, it lags behind European literature for about a century.
Among the genres of Russian literature of the early 18th century it is worth mentioning:
- hagiographic literature(origins - church literature),
- Panegyric literature(texts of praise),
- Russian poems(origins - Russian epics, composed in tonic versification).
Reformer Russian literature consider Vasily Trediakovsky, the first professional Russian philologist who was educated in his homeland and consolidated his linguistic and stylistic mastery at the Sorbonne.
Firstly, Trediakovsky forced his contemporaries to read and his followers to write prose - he created a mass of translations of ancient Greek myths and European literature created on this classical basis, giving his contemporaries-writers a theme for future works.
Secondly, Trediakovsky revolutionaryly separated poetry from prose and developed the basic rules of syllabic-tonic Russian versification, drawing on the experience of French literature.
Genres of literature second half of the XVIII century:
- Drama (comedy, tragedy),
- Prose (sentimental journey, sentimental story, sentimental letters),
- Poetic forms (heroic and epic poems, odes, a huge variety of small lyrical forms)
Russian poets and writers of the 18th century
Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin ranks in Russian literature significant place along with D.I. Fonvizin and M.V. Lomonosov. Together with these titans of Russian literature, he is included in the brilliant galaxy of founders of Russian classical literature of the Enlightenment era, dating back to the second half of the 18th century. At this time, largely thanks to the personal participation of Catherine the Second, science and art were rapidly developing in Russia. This is the time of the appearance of the first Russian universities, libraries, theaters, public museums and a relatively independent press, although very relative and for a short period, which ended with the appearance of “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A.P. Radishcheva. The most fruitful period of the poet’s activity dates back to this time, as Famusov Griboyedov called it, “the golden age of Catherine.”
Selected poems:
Fonvizin's play - classic sample comedies in compliance with the traditional rules of creating plays:
- The trinity of time, place and action,
- Primitive typification of heroes (classicism assumed a lack of psychologism and depth of character of the hero, so they were all divided into either good and bad, or smart and stupid)
The comedy was written and staged in 1782. Denis Fonvizin’s progressiveness as a playwright lies in the fact that in a classic play he combined several issues (the problem of family and upbringing, the problem of education, the problem of social inequality) and created more than one conflict (a love conflict and a socio-political one). Fonvizin's humor is not light, serving solely for entertainment, but sharp, aimed at ridiculing vices. Thus, the author introduced realistic features into the classic work.
Biography:
Selected work:
The time of creation is 1790, the genre is a travel diary, typical of French sentimental travelers. But the journey turned out to be filled not with the bright impressions of the voyage, but with gloomy, tragic colors, despair and horror.
Alexander Radishchev published “Journey” in a home printing house, and the censor, apparently having read the title of the book, mistook it for another sentimental diary and released it without reading it. The book had the effect of a bomb exploding: in the form of scattered memories, the author described the nightmarish reality and life of the people he met at each station along the route from one capital to another. Poverty, dirt, extreme poverty, bullying of the strong over the weak and hopelessness - these were the realities of Radishchev’s contemporary state. The author received a long-term exile, and the story was banned.
Radishchev's story is atypical for a purely sentimental work - instead of tears of tenderness and enchanting travel memories, so generously scattered by French and English sentimentalism, an absolutely real and merciless picture of life is drawn here.
Selected work:
The story "Poor Liza" - adapted European story on Russian soil. Created in 1792, the story became an example of sentimental literature. The author sang the cult of sensitivity and the sensual human principle, putting “inner monologues” into the mouths of the characters, revealing their thoughts. Psychologism, subtle portrayal of characters, great attention to the inner world of the heroes - a typical manifestation of sentimental traits.
Nikolai Karamzin's innovation was manifested in his original resolution of the heroine's love conflict - the Russian reading public, accustomed mainly to the happy ending of stories, received a blow for the first time in the form of the suicide of the main character. And this meeting with the bitter truth of life turned out to be one of the main advantages of the story.
Selected work:
On the threshold of the Golden Age of Russian literature
Europe passed the path from classicism to realism in 200 years, Russia had to rush to master this material in 50-70 years, constantly catching up and learning from the example of others. While Europe was already reading realistic stories, Russia had to master classicism and sentimentalism in order to move on to creating romantic works.
The Golden Age of Russian literature is the time of development of romanticism and realism. Preparations for the emergence of these stages among Russian writers took place at an accelerated pace, but the most important thing that the writers of the 18th century learned was the opportunity to assign to literature not only an entertaining function, but also an educational, critical, morally formative one.
Ticket 1. General characteristics and periodization.
The 18th century was a turning point. There was a change in relation to human personality. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries there was a change in cultural reference points and sources of influence. Ch. cult. Western Europe became the reference point, but Europeanization is a relative term. The process of Europeanization began in the mid-17th century; the key event was cultural reforms. In the 17th century, the Kyiv elders came to Moscow - the first Russian Westerners. Those who carried out the reform of books, thanks to them, poetry and drama appeared in Russia. All R. In the 17th century, by Polish order, translations of European novels began in Moscow. Europeanization began with St. Polish Fr. German liters.
Process of discovery Zap-Eur. cult. M/b is called transplantation (Likhachev). The development of Western culture was more painful than that of Byzantine culture. Russian cult. forgot lane apprenticeship. Most of the 18th century went to apprenticeship.1 transpl. It happened evenly and purposefully. In Peter. The era of transpl. is spontaneous, therefore the first beginning. 18 in – chaotic. Euro set Pr. Eurolpeiz. was refused. Visa. Cult. I didn’t want to give up my position. In the 18th century the national brine took place. Literary Other rus lit. She did not die with Russia. Chit other russian texts were dem. Bottoms. There was a secularization of Russian cult. It was expressed in a change in genre systems. The verses of satire, odes, drama genres, comedies, tragedies, elegies, idylls came. In the 18th century, the poet and drama genres dominated. In the 18th century, the idea of the very nature of TV, of the author’s relationship to literary work. Individualization of auto consciousness. The professionalization of writers is gradually taking place, mass literature is appearing. Russian literature is developing rapidly, what the Hebrew literature experienced in 250 years, Russian literature - in 100 years. 18th century AD. Lit of the Russian Renaissance.
Stage 1 90 17 -20 18 century. Peter's era. Continuation of other Russian Baroque. The era of translations. Rus pr-y very little.1) verses-poems syllabic.
2) school drama. Writers Stepan Yavorsky, dm Rostovsky, Feofan Prokopovich, Andrey and Semyon Denisov.
Stage 2 30-50 18th century. The period of formation of Russian classicism. Change of genres. 1) verse. Satire, 2) ode 3) class com 4) tragedy. Happening
ref russian language, russian versification. Syllabich. Sist syllabo tonic. (ref Trediakovsky-LOMONOSOV). Kantemir. Trediak, Lomon, Sumarok
3rd period 60-90 Catherine's era. The heyday of creative writers. Ek spent lib. Ref. The heyday of journalism begins: essay, travel. The leading direction is classicism, it will acquire a civil character, sentimentalism of the 90s and pre-romanticism appears, prose returns to literature. Genre of the story and novel. This era is called the era of enlightenment. Fonvizin, Derzhavin, Karamzin, Radishchev. Krylov.
Ticket 2. Peter's era in Russian literature, the work of Rostovsky and Yavorsky.
This is the most unliterary era. The state was reformed, there was a suspension of literature. P1 was a man of business, not of aesthetic pleasure, this is the era of people and things. A fleet was created, reg. army, synod, St. Petersburg as an antipode to Moscow. 650 books were created, P1 required that the book be useful, these were the main ones. textbooks, almost all translations. In 1722 a table of ranks was created. Stepan Yavorsky and DM Rostovsky Were invited by Peter from Ukraine to promote reforms. Stefan - Metropolitan of Ryazan, rector of the SGL Academy, head of the Holy Synod. Syllabic poems and polemical works. Dmitry of Rostov was appointed Metropolitan of Rostov
Both did not like P’s wild life and from time to time they tried to set him on the right path. This forced P to bring F Prokopovich closer to him.
Ticket 3. Baroque style in Russian literature, Disputes about the borders of Russian Baroque.
Baroque is a pan-European style, especially manifested in Spain, Italy, France, in the 16th century. This is a tragic style. The authors consider life tragic, it is walking through a labyrinth, a person is alone. Pendulum law. An intermediate place between revival and classicism. Baroque pearl of irregular shape, everything is based on disharmony. This is the most 1lit for example in Russia, the brightest. writer-Simeon of Polotsk. Russian Baroque is essentially excellent, it is a combination of the incompatible.
Christ and language images
Comic and tragic
Natur-zm and fantasy
Poetry and prose
Union of Arts
1 item image b/w 2
Baroque art of allegory, addressed to highly educated people. A very complex claim in terms of language. Basic genres of syllabic verse: sermon (church and ceremonial) and school drama.
Ticket 4. Russian theater, school drama.
Theater in Russia appeared in the 70s 17 in it was the theater of 1 spectator - the Tsar, the court theater of Alexei Mikhailovich.
The plays were written by a German pastor on biblical themes, the performances lasted 8-10 hours. When p1 the theater develops, 3 types of theater:
1 public
2 courtier
3 school
The public theater was organized in 1702, German actors, humiliation for Moscow, theater on Red Square, 15 plays, closed in 1707, the repertoire was secular, both modern and Renaissance (Molière), and ancient history. The theater showed that human life can be a subject of art. Court theater 1707-1717 It was created in Preobrazhensk. Several Russian plays were written:
Plays of secular content, sources - chivalric novels.
Lives of saints, they were called either actions or comedies. The school theater existed during educational institutions. The plays were written by teachers of rhetoric and literature. The actors were children. The Shk theater performed educational functions. The subjects were taken historical. The theater tried to develop intonation and diction. The very first school theater was the SGL Academy Theater in 1702. Theaters in the province existed until the 19th century; school theater plays are divided into 3 groups:
Plays with religious content - MORALITY, the plot was the Bible and the lives of saints.
Historical and panegyric content. Scenes from historical events.
Dialogues and recitations.
The poetics of school theater is purely baroque. We are talking about a turning point in the hero’s fate: From happiness to unhappiness and vice versa.
Ticket 5. Handwritten stories 1/3 of the 18th century.
In the 18th century, two branches of literature developed separately:
1 High literature
2 Democratic literature.
On dem. influenced Western European. fiction.
“The story of the Russian sailor Vasily Koriotsky”, “the story of the brave cavalier Alexander”. The author of these works is unknown; most likely they were created in a democratic environment. Researchers compare these stories with PLDR. What they have in common:
Anonymity
Handwriting
Entertaining and practical nature.
The main hero is a man who is ready to sacrifice everything for the sake of his friends. There is even more history with European novels; this is the first attempt to create a Russian adventure novel. Related to European novels:
Adventures,
Battles for the lady of the heart
Travel by sea
“...about Vasily...”
A bizarre interweaving of novelty and antiquity, it is written in another Russian language and has a student’s character.
“…. About the gentleman Alexander.."
The story is remarkable in 2 aspects: 1) this is 1 encyclopedia about love, because... Dr. Ruslit rejected love.
2) the story experienced baroque phenomena.
The hero's wanderings
The structure and composition of the story.
Inserted novellas
Mixing verse and prose
A mixture of church words and barbarisms, a comical effect.
Ticket 6. Old Believer literature 1/3 18th century.
Old Believer literature arose in the mid-17th century in connection with the past schism. In 17, the leader of the art movement was Archpriest Avvakum. 1658-1682 there was a Pustozersky center. In 1682, the st./arr. were burned, thus ending the 1st stage of st.
Stage 1 – Vygoleksinsky Monastery, it was founded in 1694 on the Vyg River. Founders: Daniil Vikulin, Andrey Denisov - future abbot of the monastery. M existed until 1856. In the 18th century, the monastery was the center of cultural culture. The heyday came in 1/3 of the 18th century.
Singing school, foundry, icon painting.
VL st/obr entered into a dispute with the authorities, P issued a decree that they should pay a double capitation salary and should work in industry. enterprises, they must also wear yellow collars. Famous writers: Andrei and Semyon Denisov, Ivan Denisov the historian. Essays are divided into 2 groups: - of a business nature (statutes).
Literary works
The Vygovites abandoned cultural confrontation; high literature contained the same genres as the Baroque, except for drama. “The Tale of the Siege of the Solovetsky Monastery” by Semyon Denisov in the 20s of the 18th century was also published in standard printing houses. Pr0e m/b is called historical, because. the events of the 17th century are described.
The story is written in 2 genres: hagiography and historical story. Martyrius is a hagiography about witnesses - martyrs, who accept violent death at the hands of infidels, confessing Christ. The author introduces many realistic scenes that were not there before. The baroque quality of the story is evidenced by whole line cross-cutting metaphors, the image of a garden-vineyard-1 from the stable emblems of Baroque literature. The author uses the theme of metamorphosis: the garden dies, everything turns into the opposite. The image of Troy is a cross-cutting metaphor. Her death is mentioned at the very beginning of the story. Denisov is trying to compete with Homer in poetic skill. Other features of the Baroque: a combination of verse and prose. The author introduces new words and plays up the contrast between past and present.
Ticket 7. The work of Feofan Prokopovich.
He came from Ukraine in 1715, studied at the Kiev-Mogilev Academy, and also studied in Poland. Became a court writer P1, found Russian literature in Lilya Prokopovich new type employee writer. After Peter's death, he was commissioned to write the funeral eulogy. The word is a work of author’s art, the author uses rhetorical questions, exclamations and appeals, compositionally the word consists of 3 parts:
1 lament for Peter
2 glorification of Peter
3 praise E1 to the widow. The combination of praise and lamentation is a feature of the Baroque, in Part 2 F uses the poetics of reflection, called P-Japheth and Moses (biblical characters), Solomon. Plays up the contrast between the past and the present, leading to the etymologization of the name. Peter the Stone. The language is very high, replete with church words and rhetorical figures. (chiasmus)
“Spiritual Regulations” 20
"New Charter on Monks."
Nesk ist pr.
"Word on the burial of Peter."
“Vladimir.” The play was staged at the Kiev-Monilev Academy. Belongs to panegyric plays. F largely rethought the history of the event, he proposed a new concept of the church, this is enlightenment. The Old Testament is a teacher. The cat brings him to school. New Testament- a true teacher of Christianity.
Ticket 8. Classicism. Sumarokov, Lomonosov.
Peter's successors had little interest in continuing the reforms. From 1725-1762 - era of stagnation
This time palace coups, the throne was replaced by E2, P3, Anna Ioannovna, Ivan Antonovich, Elizabeth, Pyotr Fedorovich.
Under Elizabeth, Moscow State University was founded in 1755, and a professor was created in St. Petersburg. Theater, its director was Sumarokov. In 1757, the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, 30-50, approved a new literary direction - classicism in literature. Along with this genre came comedy, tragedy, ode, satire, genres typical for the literature of the 30-40s.
Classicism is a pan-European movement that originated in France in the 1st 1/2 of the 17th century. The ancestor was Malherbe the odoscribe. The change in genres occurred due to a change in cultural guidelines; the essence of Peter’s reforms was secularization, which brought its own changes. The dominant theme was the relationship between man and the state and society.
Classicism is a lit glorification of the state and statehood. The dilemma between a person and a state is resolved in favor of the state; a person must obey the laws of the state and be a patriot.
1) rational nature-mind
2) passionate nature - the element of human feelings and passions.
These 2 natures are opposite in essence. The main idea is to subordinate the element of passion to reason. Antiquity served as the image for the literature of classicism. Principles of anti-art: 1) simplicity
2) symmetry
3) harmony
4) clarity
According to the classicists, beauty is something unchangeable. It is based on fundamental principles that are comprehended in a rational way. A writer-scientist who comprehends beauty.
Poet and scientist
Poet and craftsman
Poeticsmith
Comparison of the poet's TV with other works.
An important feature of the class-TV personality was not given initial importance.
For example, in the dispute between Trediakovsky and Lomonosov, the most important thing is not the personality of the poet, but the poetic meter.
GENRE SYSTEM OF CLASSICISM.
Art by Lomonosov about the benefits of church books in the Russian language. Set 4 levels
FORM PLAN:
lexical level-speech
Style-combination of sayings
3) genre-ode, comedy, etc.
4) object-matter (what we are talking about).
SEPARATES WORDS INTO GROUPS
The words ts/sl yaz, cat came into everyday use, god, hand
The words ts/sl are spoken, reproduced as archaisms, but also known to all, planted, of the Lord.
The words Russian language, cat are not in liturgical books, for now, only
Lomonosov identifies 3 items: - tall
Mediocre
High arr by words 1 and 2 g, medium - 1,2,3 g
Low - by combining 1 and 3gr. Each group has its own system of genres. To the high - heroic, solemn, commendable, philosophical, Genres:
Heroic poem
Ode - sermon.
To the middle rel: tenderness, condemnation, ridicule, history and teaching.
Poetic satire
Elegy and Eclogue
Textbooks, - ist op.
Low rel comic, entertainment, everyday, Genres:
Comedy
An epigram will amuse you
Song, friend. letters.
Tragedy occupies an intermediate position between the high and middle styles; there is heroic, but there is also tenderness. Any work must have moral value, the genre must be pure, should not allow the penetration of other genres, i.e. their mixtures.
Ticket 9. Satires of Cantemir.
Kantemir's creative heritage is small; he was mainly involved in translations of satires by the writer Boileau. He also created a Russian/French dictionary, indexes to the psalter, an unfinished “Petriad”, and in total he wrote 9 satires.
He wrote 5 satires in London, and 4 in Russia; they were published in Russian in 1762 under E 2.
They were published by Ivan Barkov. Satire came to the literature of the Hebrew class from the anti-tradition. Juvenal, Horace, in Euro-Boileau.
Satire on concrete face-pamphlet
Satire on vices is written on specific vices, condemning stupidity and stinginess; most often the characters were given Greek names.
Satire is written in definition. a type with many hints. The subject of the claim is classicism. Regardless, satire should heal society. Later, satires were written mainly about common vice. The poetic satire was built from a chain of monologues by Neg. heroes. The author evaluates the characters directly in the text; sometimes satire is structured as a dialogue between gender and neg. hero. The most interesting are satires 1, 2 and 9. 8 not saved in manuscripts. The choice of verse of satire was dictated by those surroundings. in which the writer lived. They wanted to revise the reforms, Cantemir tried to defend Peter's reforms. 1 2 9 are devoted to the facts of Russian reality. 1 was written in 1729. Cantemir uses the technique of self-exposure of the hero, not actually direct speech, into which the author’s words are inserted. Cantemir also introduces the technique of objectifying the hero.
Real fame came to Cantemir after death,
Cantemir is 1 writer who completed the syllabic tradition.
Ticket 10. Trediakovsky's works. 1703-1769.
In Russian literature, 18 is one of the most striking personalities, he is often called the Russian nugget, his fate is extraordinary, he rose from the very bottom, was born into the family of a priest in Astrakhan, and showed interest in other cultures. Studied in Moscow at the SGL Academy. Then the teacher in Holland, from where he walked to Paris. Uch. at the Sorbonne University. T was a polyglot, returned to Moscow in 1730. “Trip to the Island of Love - 1 love story, cat. made an impression on the Russians. public. Opinions were divided: they condemned, they praised. Anna Ioannovna brought T closer to her in the 30s 18 in T was famous poet at court. In 1740 he wrote and read poems for a wedding in an ice house. After T's death, his celebrity diminished; he died in poverty and obscurity. T was very good. int. people, a secret oppositionist and freethinker. He was considered an atheist." solemn ode on the surrender of the city of Gdansk” - 1 of his works in Russian. T was a theorist and reformer, trying to reform versification. His later steps back, because... he uses st/sl-zma. He was a prolific writer. Translations: riding to the island of love, telemakhida, and many others. VERSE REFORM:
In poetry, two things should be noted: matter and matter, cat. prompted the poet to write.
Longitude and cr. syllables in Russian language ex. from Greek, there-tonic. Theroic ross verse consists of 13 syllables and 6 stops. 1 stop-spinde--, pyrrhic~~, trochee-~, iambic~-, 2 3 after the cat syllable the intersection should be., 456.. However, the best verse cat consists of 1 trochee, or most of it, bad, the cat consists of iambs, the middle one, the cat consists of only pyrrhic and spondean. The new verse was composed only of two-syllable feet. The heroic verse should be divided into 2 hemistiches 1-7, 2-6 syllables. A heroic verse should not carry an unfinished thought into another part. – A hexameter cannot have more or less than 13 syllables.
The property of our poems is that they always require accented rhyme.
The poetry of our people brought Tr to all this.
Almost all names are French.
Ticket 11. Works of Lomonosov.
Lomonosov's role in historical literature is associated with the reform of the Russian language. The theory of 3 calms. They wrote in Lomonosov language before Karamzin’s reform. Lomonosov-Peter the Great in literature (Belinsky). 3 true geniuses: Lomonosov, Pushkin, and partly Gogol. (Dostoevsky).
Pushkin also spoke very warmly about Lomonosov. At the age of 20 he went on foot to Moscow. At home he received a good education by those standards. It is assumed that L in childhood read manuscripts of St./Pomeranian books. L called 3 books the gates of learning: Arithmetic of Magnitsky, Grammar of Smotritsky, Psalter of Polotsk. L entered the SGL Academy. In 1731 he was sent to Germany, Malburg. In 1740 he returned to Russia. Lit Lomonosov-Russian revival., wrote in different genres. In particular, Cantemir continued his satire.
“Hymn to the Beard” 1750, Russian ignorance is exposed. Heroic poem about P1, drama “Tamira and Selim”. The main genre is TV-va-inscriptions., L was a court poet at the court of E2 and d.b. write inscriptions for palace festivities.
L is the largest ode writer in Russia, the first ode in 1739 was written in Germany, the last one in 1763 was dedicated to Anna I.
Ode-genre of ancient literature. Horace, Pindar - wrote mainly solemn odes., In Europe, Malherbe, Gunther.
European classicism narrowed the genre scope of the ode. 2 different:
Solemn, boastful - a purely secular genre where a person or event is glorified.
Philosophical (spiritual) - a type of Christian poetry. The faces of sacred biblical history are glorified.
Lomonosov wrote 20 laudatory odes, 11 spiritual ones.
Praiseworthy6 for the day of the ascension, for the capture of Khotin.
PAREMIA style. 2 traditions:
Old Russian eloquence (sloao)-addresses
East retrospective
Wide spaces
Comparison of man with the universe.
Tradition of European and Russian Baroque. Disputes about whether L belongs to any style. There is a poetic disorder that is not characteristic of a classicist.
Associative connections between individual images = baroque tradition. For Lomonosov it was important to connect the incompatible.
L made science a poetic subject.
arrangement of psalms.
Ticket 12. The genre of tragedy in Russian classicism.
Tragedy as a genre was formed in the literature of other Greece. According to Aristotle's definition, a tragic hero is a person with a contradictory character, in which general moral dignity is combined with a tragic mistake, or guilt. He evokes sympathy from the viewer, and his guilt will cause him tragic death at the end. As a rule, he is an archaist, associated with the idea of the past, this also leads him to death, because... the past is doomed not to go away. The source of the contradiction that forms the conflict of the tragedy is in the character of the hero, in his mistake, which forces him to break the laws. The second side of the conflict in the tragedy is fate, the moral law. Thus, in tragedy, the individual truth of the individual and the truth of the super-personal force collide, which cannot exist simultaneously, otherwise the tragedy would not evoke compassion. In total, Sumarokov wrote 9 tragedies. Signs of classicism: 5 acts, unity of time, place and action. Creation of a new genre model - typology of plot structure 7 written on the topic of Russian history. But the Russian plot is only an external sign of the national originality of the Sumy tragedy genre model. Most of all, it was expressed in the peculiarities of the poetics and structure of the genre, clearly oriented towards the Russian lit tradition. All tragedies C are poetic and written in high meter - Alexandrian verse (6th iambic with paired rhyme). This follows the fr class scheme.
The tragedy of Horev. 1747 The conflict situation revealed a tendency towards bifurcation of the levels of conflict. Khorev - a sense of duty and love come into conflict. Osneld too: to love, or obey his father. The cue is to do good to the subjects, or to rule (with the plot Otalverh). All 3 characters are on the threshold of a choice, but for each the choice is imaginary. The struggle of passions is filmed by the author as the origin of the action of a tragedy. It consists only of a surface, a type of layer. As a result, there becomes an ideal conflict. Given the overall tragic sound of the finale, the action clearly gravitates towards a comedic development pattern. Instead of one complex hero, there is moral antagonism. The concept of power becomes the main tragic hero.
In the tragedy of Dm the impostor of 1770, the signs of the genre of early Russian tragedy found their ultimate embodiment. The tyrant needs Sum to turn the tragedy into an ideological dispute about the nature of power. The opposite side of the conflict Parmen, Shuisky, Ksenia do not resign themselves to tyranny, therefore passion and passion are abolished on both sides hours of duty. The protagonists openly oppose the antagonist Dm. Instead of a person, Sumy has power, the cat analyzes himself. The tragedy inherited from the trade its problems of power. In the conflict, there is the presence of a 3rd party. The people are a transpersonal force.
Ticket 13. The Age of Enlightenment in Russian Lit.
1760-1790 In the 60-90s there was a lit explosion, because the number of writers has increased. The dem lit was born, the cat was created by the bourgeoisie, soldiers and commoners, this is no longer shameful. Even E2 writes. Journalism begins to develop, satirical magazines appear. Reading becomes a public activity. Literally 60-90 years, variegated in their directions, classicism, drama, and acute civil classicism began to take shape. A new literary movement, sentimentalism, was established.. At this time, bookselling, bookstores, and shops were developing. The reason for the rise in literature was the actions of E2 herself, she was the 2nd ref after P1, the successor of his actions. The knowledge of her reforms is also great, but they are not so well known. Klyuchevsky: P made a roar of morals, and E - a roar of minds. E was interested in history. In 1767, along with the beginning of reforms, Russian liberalism was born. She assembled a commission on the composition of the new code and wanted the people to come up with laws for themselves. -1 experience of Russian parliamentarism. E2 wrote the “mandate” principles for the development of laws. E called for a reduction in autocracy, for the creation of bodies to control the actions of the emperor. E2 believed that people just needed to show the way, but she was wrong.
E2 corresponded with French enlighteners Voltaire and Rousseau. The main source of the “mandate” was Montesquieu
About spiritual laws. She spoke about the dangers of autocracy, the need for freedom of speech, the principle of religious tolerance, forbade educators to be called slaves, wanted to abolish serfdom, but those around her were against it.
The consequences were twofold:
The great enthusiasm of certain nobles, a general opinion began to take shape in Russia, freedom of speech appeared, reforms contributed to the development of literature.
Ref led to mass unrest, the epicenter of which was the peasant war.
1762-decree on the freedom of the nobility.
Russian Voliterianism was born among the nobility; it was expressed in atheism—the rejection of everything national.
Gallomania - admiration for everything foreign.
E2 was afraid of the peasant war, and most of all of the revolution, and by the end of her reign her policies became tougher.
Ticket. 13 Comedy genre in Russian class.
Comedy as a genre of forms in other groups, like tragicomedy, has a common set of structural features. It is the antonym of tragedy. In a comedy, the hero has a contradictory character that breaks down into simple components. In the center of the plot, as a rule, there are 2 heroes: the protagonist, the embodiment of virtue, and the antagonist. - vice and evil. A hero-protagonist, an innovator, he is connected to the future and ahead of his time. This is obst. motivation for victory, because the future will certainly come. The source of conflict is the confrontation of characters. it stems from the morals and social conditions of human beings, but is of a more mundane nature. In resolving conflicts, games of chance and acquisition play an important role. The comedy was not a great success for Sumarokov. Researchers vyd 2 water class com: - light, - high (social).
Sumarokov wrote lightly, in haste. The purpose is to correct the temper with mockery. Who is not entertainment, she d.b. instructive. mockery of passions. The characters have names. Mental flaws in the properties of people at all times, com. ahistorical. Particularly - pamphleteering. With a clear decree on modern times (Tred). Sumarokov wrote 12 comedies; he wrote comedies for 30 years; from the 50s to the 70s, the genre model of comedy underwent changes: the 50s gravitate towards bombast, the 60s - the category of intrigue and character is being developed. 70s-comedy arr. genre features morals com. In relation to tragedy, his comedy arose as a junior negative genre. Sumarokov created his comedies not in order to create an example of a new genre, but to ridicule the enemy.
“Tristosine” is a light comedy modeled after the Molieres. It does not reflect Russian action.
Ticket 16. Novikov’s satirical magazines.
E2 itself was the initiator of the creation. satire of magazines. In 1769 she began publishing the magazine “All sorts of things”. Novikov-1 is one of the biggest names of the Ek era. 69-74 he published 4 magazines: “Drone” “Painter” “Wallet” “Pustomelya”.
"Drone" 69-70g Weekly magazine range 1000 copies. “Painter”72-73
Trutna published articles in the genre of letters sent by readers. Vices of the community yard. Researchers have a problem with authorship. Everyone published under pseudonyms. Moral descriptive essays, letters from his readers, travel, sataric lexicon. Moral descriptive essays: allegorical characters are carriers of k/l vice. Traditions of Kantemirovskaya satire..
An excerpt from the trip to *** was published in “The Painter” in 1972, perhaps written by Radishchev. A bright anti-serfdom narrative, op. from the perspective of a nobleman. “Letters to Falatey” 4 letters, written by Fonvizin. 1 of the Persian mother Falateya very much reminds Mr. Prostakov. In the letters, the evil spirit of the court clearly appears.
We find out how the provincial nobles spent their time.
CONTROVERSY: E2 and N defended their opinions in magazines. Subject: what satire is and what it should be.
"Letter of Afinogen Perochin." Most people's shortcomings are weaknesses, not vices. Indulgence and humanism. It is necessary not to expose weakness, but to contrast it with virtue. .Position E2.
Novikov’s position in Drone “Letter of Truth-Seekers.” It is impossible to distinguish between weaknesses and vices. Satire must be sharp and accusatory. Conflict. E2 was clearly losing to N. She closed her journal and everything else too. At the end of the 70s in the worldview. changes occurred: he became disillusioned with satire. Not exposure, but treatment of vices. But how?
N begins to get involved in Freemasonry, he became 1 of 1 leaders of Moscow Masons, worked at Moscow University and was the director of a printing house, publishes a lot of spiritual literature, and is engaged in active educational work.
Ticket 19. Comic opera. 70-80s The playwright Lukin introduces the concept of “Inclinations towards Russian morals” into literature.
He believed that no one could write a better French comedy, so he had to imitate, but by imitating, incline everything towards Russian morals. He reproached Sum,
That he doesn’t have a single Russian name in comedies. The genre of comic opera is related to low genres. In the computer op, the action usually takes place in the lap of nature, in the village, and all the actors are peasants. Prose monologues op. with arias of the heroes. For example, Ablesimov “The Miller-Sorcerer...” The style is low, there is a lot of vernacular. In Knyazhnin's opera, among the crosses there are also landowners - the Firyulins, who despise Russian morals and yearn for Paris and everything French.
Ticket 20. Political tragedy.
1786 E2 wrote the drama “From the Life of Rurik”. She turned to the chronicle plot, describing the rise of Vadim against Rurik. She gave all her sympathy to Rurik.
Knyazhnin rethought this plot and entered into controversy with E2, shifting the emphasis.
The prince raises pressing political issues. Rurik is not shown here as a tyrant, the author reflects on what system of government is suitable for the Russian people, agrees with E2 that this is autocracy, the people are not free, they choose peace, but become a slave.
The prince did not give preference to either P or B, these are quantities. At the end of sympathy on side B, because he died.
The play reflects tyrant-fighting motives. The characters are real and personal. In his polemics with E2, Knyazhnin sees the saving role of the autocracy in the person of Rurik.
In his tragedy, Knyazhnin develops the image of a consistent fighter against autocracy, a supporter of republican rule. In the tragedy, the Prince refuses the reconciliation proposed by Rurik and prefers to give up his life rather than live as his slave. Rethinking the image of Vadim, naming the tragedy after a fighter against autocracy, raising the question of the tyrannical essence of monarchical power - all this had significant influence on the formation of a progressive worldview in Russia at the end of the 18th century.
Ticket 21. Democratic prose.
The fate of fiction in the 18th century is unenviable; it is on the periphery of literature. Literature d.b. useful, but novels bring nothing except inciting passions and damaging morals. In 2 ½ 18 the situation changes, this is the era of prose. This lit consists of the book market. A book market is taking shape, printing houses and enterprises have appeared. Fiction arrang to prose genre from ancient/russian literature. Writers: Chulkov, Levshin, Popov, Novikov, Kurganov, Emmin. Aesthetic inheritance of plot and style. The plot should be entertaining and twisting, it has many plot lines, rich color language, folk characters. East - wandering stories, other Russian stories, folk tales and epics, Arabic folk, Middle Ages prose.
4 genres: - Literary anecdote, - Plutish novel, - Magically - heroic story, social story (satyr story).
Ticket 22. Social comedy in literature.
The political struggle with the autocracy also manifested itself in comedy. In the early 1780s, there were a number of works of this genre that sharply criticized the Ek regime, and sometimes the entire regime as a whole. There is a lot of criticism about the Minor: The bright image of vice is considered more inferior than pale virtue. This leads to doubts about F's ability to construct dramatic action. This approach of the writer is the fundamental basis of the poetics of great comedy; it no longer coincides with the pure theory of drama (extra characters, scenes, intermittent action devoid of unity). Solvl has 2 functions: - description of the world of physical flesh. - oratory.
Ticket 23. This genre was represented in the works of 3 writers: Chulkov SB “Mockingbird” in 4t 1766-68 Collection of stories “The Tale of Siloslav”. Popov Sat “Slavic Antiquities” 3 hours end 70s. “Ancient curiosities.”, -Levshin “Russian Fairy Tales.” 10 h 80s. This genre was created under the influence of 2 tr. - fairy-tale - epic (folklore) - Hebrew novel.
This is an attempt to devour Russian epics and the Hebrew knights of the novel. The heroes were given the features of European knights. It was these authors who were the first Russian folklorists. Chulkov collected famous myths: “ABVG” of Russian superstitions. They also collected folk songs, the birth of folk music. The main characters are Russian heroes. Events take place in battles with monsters and the liberation of a beauty. Russian epics were primarily constructive. Dobrynya was depicted as a noble, brave and unmarried man, which contradicted Russian epics. These wizard-god stories are an innovative approach to Russian history. Epics are historical, a combination of history and fables. These stories were influenced by Eastern fairy tales.
Ticket 22. A picaresque novel.
This genre of Europe lit 17 was especially vividly represented in Spain. This is a novel about the adventures of a rogue and/or his servant PICARO. Such a novel allowed us to address social problems.
The character of the rogue is charming, and one must sympathize with him. PR is a genre of humanistic literature. Auto tries to justify him, but he is not free of his fate. The first experience of the rogue novel was "The Tale of Frol Skobeev." Chulkov “The Adventures of a Depraved Woman”, Komarov “The Adventures of Vanka Cain”. The interest in the picaresque novel is not accidental. The discovery of a private person, the era of the 18th century itself contributed to this interest. "Fuck the cook." This novel is interesting in its portrayal of the heroine; it attracts a sinner and makes her guilty without guilt. He was able to show the fate of the hero, determined by the external environment. “The Adventures of Vanka Cain.” 1775, 1779 published and published, the novel even entered the handwritten tradition. The so-called criminal novel. V.K. is a real person. He lived during the time of Eliz Petrovna. He was arrested and sent to hard labor. Now his name is Ivan Osipov, he wrote an autobiographical story. Matvey Komarov decided to edit it stylistically; he was personally acquainted with Osipov, he served in the detective parish and took part in interrogations. Compositionally, the novel falls into 3 parts: - About the adventures of the story. - A change in fate, he becomes a detective. – Lyrical songs (either about Cain himself, or an entry into the repertoire of Cain’s gang). The image of Cain himself is a folk, a clever thief, for K. theft is first of all an art. His interest is the very spirit of adventure. The novel is a whole kaleidoscope of small short stories. The author changed the form of the narrative, writes about K. in the 3rd person, this shows the author’s sympathy.
Ticket 24. Social household, or sat story.
Its meaning is very large in Russian lit. They are close to the realistic masterpieces of the Russian classics. The action heroes were simple Lyuli. These stories are satirical and accusatory: - Bribery
Embezzlement, - Slavery.
Such stories are reminiscent of Novikov’s magazine satire. These are action-packed works, they are close to a picaresque novel, but here the rogue is clearly condemned. These stories were written by the same authors. Chapter 3 of the work: Stockings “Mockingbird” - Precious pike
Gingerbread coin - Bitter fate.
Levshin 1: “An annoying awakening”
These stories use wandering plots.
SIGNIFICANCE: Fiction of the 60s helps overcome the classicist trend. Russian fiction testifies to the democratization of Russian literature, which has a strong folklore influence. The works are written in simple, accessible language, this is a humanistic literature, an image of a small person.
Ticket 27. A humorous poem.
It is characterized by: a busy plot, - acute intrigue, - democracy (the heroes are a coachman, or a soldier), - folklorism. Ironic comic poem. - the main type of humorous poem. There are 2 traditions here: - high (heroic), low. When they are combined, it is born comic effect. Reception at the cat, the plot is presented in low language called burlesque. Genre of ironic-comic poem-genre class lit. In Rus lit 18 this genre in 2 varieties was legalized by Skmarokov.
Ivan Barkov - publisher of Cantemir's satires, composed erotic poems, many imitated him. Maikov: “Elisha, or the irritated Bacchus.” 1771, Bogdanovich “Darling”. 1783 Maykov’s model was also the “Aeneid” (a poem, for example, in the 17th century, on which many wrote parodies.) Maykov is the ancestor of writers of the mid-19th century
He ate ant motives and Russian life remind him of a rogue novel. This poem has 2 plans: ant gods and russ life. Folklore motives: a public house is like a monastery. The author was a writer of everyday life of the Russian bottom. Very brightly revealed as a witch, M. parodies Ridon, hinting at E2 a depraved German woman.
Ticket 28. Bogdanovich’s work “Darling”.
1778-1 var It was a fairy tale in verse “Dushenka's Adventures”, a short story in free verse, a Spanish old story about the love of Cupid and Psyche based on the new “Metamorphoses of Apuleius” by La Fontaine, “The Love of Psyche and Cupid” - Russian version. Russification of another plot and “D”. This is a product that has a consequential effect on its aesthetic success.
When writing, it was not about introducing the cheat to a new plot, but rather about a creative competition in interpreting the plot. “D” was not a parody of the heroic epic. The first sign of the abandonment of the burlesque tradition was the original meter, which did not belong to any genre. Burlesque in Bogdanovich's poem is predicted by the name the cat gave to his heroine. In Apuleius and La Fontaine she is called Psyche, 1 Russian translator Laf slightly Russified this name - PSISHA, but God called his Ger Darling, he designated it thus. partial Russification of the plot. And only in this does the burlesque discrepancy between the narrative plans come into play. B felt the folk-myth nature of the plot and tried to reproduce the plot in the genre of a Russian fairy tale.
Ticket 25. Derzhavin's work.
Derzhavin wrote in various poetic genres
Elegies, idylls, love lyrics, comedies, odes. In Russian literature he entered under the name of an odopist. He was an innovative writer, he made everyday life a poetic subject, and he poeticized it, presented it in the best traditions, and paid a lot of attention to boyar life. Many of the Derzhs bring a philosophical character. The theme of the frailty of earthly beings. He paid attention to the gastronomic bustle and perfectly described the Russian feast. D is not accepted for any, for example, occupying an intermediate position. In his views, D was never an oppositionist; he believed that there should be no conflict between the poet and the state. Very negative towards Voltairianism. He was just a Russian gentleman and loved choir life. In 1779 there was a turning point in his consciousness, before that he was tortured under Lomonosov, but then he realized that it was not his. From those heights he tried to descend to the ground. He approached the ode genre early, expanded its genre, and returned to the anti-understanding of this genre. Obed high and low, introduced the comic into the ode. D himself enriched the ode with a funny Russian syllable. Destroyed the border between the market and the spirit of ode. Often the market and the spirit of ode are combined. Celebrations: “Felitsa” 1782, “Gratitude to Felitsa” 1783, “Leading Murza” 1784, “Image of Felitsa” 1789.
Satirich El-t-Murza is a personal hero. Derzh managed to convey the essence of the historical era.
Spirit of the ode: “On the death of Prince Meshchersky.” 1779, “To Rulers and Judges.” 1795, “God” “Waterfall” 1794. The spirit of the ode is an arrangement of the psalter (metaphrase). Derzh refuses this tradition. “To Rulers and Judges” is really an ode to the spirit of an arrangement of the psalm, but in it D departed from the spirit of the meaning, it is a former citizen, accusatory. An anecdotal case with Vyazemsky.
The literary direction originated at the turn of the 50-60s of the 18th century. The heyday occurred in the 90s, and the decline occurred in the 19th century, 1812, the upper limit of sentimentalism. In the Ek era, 2 directions coexisted. At this time, classicism was experiencing its decline, and its birth.
Many writers of the Ek era began as classicists and ended as St. There are certain common features between these directions: they both proceed from the solution of one problem - between a person and a state, people and civilization. They solve this problem in directly opposite ways. From the point of view of class, people have a rational and passionary beginning, passions are destructive, people must learn to subordinate passions to their own reason by introducing them to culture and science (odes of Lomonosov). From the point of view of sentimentalists, the natural nature of a person is everything good in him, a kind, beautiful person. Civilization destroys all of man’s natural principles. The principle of returning to nature. Zapadov: sentimentalism-classicism inside out. Paul the hero is kind and sensitive, able to sympathize and have fun with others. These are simple people in their position. Writers: Kheraskov, Emin, Karamzin, Dmitriev.
Reasons for the emergence of sentimentalism: - strong influence of European sentimentalism. 20-30g 18th century.
Hebrew Saints began to actively translate and imitate writers: Goethe, Richardson, Jung, Stern, Rousseau.
The national soil in Russia was prepared by ref E2, a private person was formed, this idea inspired not only sentimentalists, but also prose writers. Holding the image of E as a private person. Disillusionment with the ideals of Russ Int, which inspired Lomonosov, played a big role. Now the ideals of Epicureanism. Or opposition Sentimentalism began to actively take shape under the influence of Masonic ideals (build a church within yourself). -Oda, only now it’s lyrical verse of different, intimate content. -dramatic genres (comic opera). -Epistolary novel, -travel genre, story.
Russian literature of the 18th century Review of themes and genre features. The main representatives of Russian literature of the 18th century. In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods: I. Literature of the time of Peter the Great. II. 1730-1750 III.1760s - first half of the 70s. IV.The last quarter of a century. Literature of Peter's time. It is still of a transitional nature. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (i.e., the replacement of religious literature with secular literature). During this period, a new solution to the personality problem is developed. Genre features: oratorical prose, stories, political treatises, textbooks, poetry. Feofan Prokopovich The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich (“Poetics”, “Rhetoric”), who clearly formed his artistic and aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves. Second period (1730-1750). This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, in-depth development literary language. The basis of classicism was the orientation towards high examples of ancient art as a standard artistic creativity . Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres), comedy, fable, satire (low genres) Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744). The author of satires in which the national flavor is noted, the connection with oral folk art, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the teaching”, “On the envy and pride of the evil nobles”, etc.). According to V.G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.” Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (1703-1769). He was a true innovator in the art of words. In his treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems,” he prepared the ground for the further development of Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram. Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765). One of the first theorists of classicism, a scientific experimenter, an artist, the author of a mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, the creator of solemn odes, a language reformer and the author of “Letters on the Rules of Russian Poetry,” “A Brief Guide to Eloquence,” “Grammar,” and the theory of the three calms. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) Lomonosov's enlightenment views and democratic disposition were reflected in his poetic activity and in the content of his works. The theme of the homeland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes. Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (1717-1777). He also entered the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as the author of love lyrics (songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies in which the main thing is the struggle between passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), and author of comedies , fables (they wrote 400 fables). Third period (1760s - first half of the 70s). During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, and the dominance of the noble class intensifies. Parody genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. Maykov have been written (“The Ombre Player”, “Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus”), M.D. Chulkov has written in the short story genre, and M.D. Chulkov’s literary magazines are being published (“ Both this and that”), V.V. Tuzova (“Mixture”), N.I. Novikova (“Drone”, “Pustomela”, “Painter”). At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of "Rossiyada" - the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas ("The Venetian Nun", "Borislav", "Fruits of Sciences", etc.) was working. The fourth period. Literature of the last quarter of the 18th century developed during a period of upheaval, social explosions, and foreign revolutions (American, French). In the fourth period, comic opera flourished, the work of D. I. Fonvizin (1745-1792) - the author of many fables (“Moralizing fables with explanations by Mr. Golberg”), the play “The Brigadier” and the famous comedy “The Minor.” Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816). Many poems and famous odes belong to his pen (“Ode on Her Majesty’s Birthday...”, “Felitsa”). Derzhavin was the first to introduce colloquial vocabulary and vernacular into poetry; he strengthened the democratic foundations of the literary language. Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev (1749-1802) Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844) Famous fabulist, whose works also include tragedies (“Philomela”, “Cleopatra”) and comedies (“Fashion Shop”, etc.) Writer, philosopher, poet . Author of the famous “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” Protest against slavery and spiritual enslavement constitutes the main pathos of this work. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826). N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, and journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as “Poor Liza”, “Natalia - the Boyar’s Daughter”.
“Our literature suddenly appeared in the 18th century,” wrote Pushkin, knowing full well that its origins go back to ancient times. With the word “suddenly,” Pushkin emphasized the special, unprecedented nature of the dynamic development of Russia at that time. XVIII century - this is the era of the rapid formation of new Russian literature. Over the course of several decades, Russian literature has caught up with Western literature. Literary phenomena of this period are so compressed in time that already in the era of classicism elements of sentimentalism appeared; new syllabic-tonic versification(see about this below) coexists with archaic verses. Speaking about the literature of the 18th century, we often come across phenomena that, although not of interest from an aesthetic or artistic point of view, have great importance from the point of view of historical literary process. Poems by V.K. Trediakovsky is almost impossible to read, but he is the creator of modern versification. And none other than Pushkin stood up for Trediakovsky when I.I. Lazhechnikov in his historical novel"Ice House" brought out the poet of the 18th century. in the guise of an insignificant jester: “His philological and grammatical research is very remarkable. He had the most extensive concepts about Russian versification... In general, studying Trediakovsky is more useful than studying our other writers.”
Periodization of Russian literature of the 18th century. traditionally based on the leading stylistic trends in the artistic culture of that time. In general, it can be presented in the form of the following table:
1. Literature of Peter's time
First quarter of the 18th century was marked by major transformations in the economic, political and cultural life Russia. Peter's reforms marked the beginning of the process of Europeanization of Russia, and this process also captured the field of literary creativity. The literature of modern times decisively emerged from church influence, adopted the European concept of enlightened absolutism, having before its eyes the living example of Peter I. Peter I, in turn, sought to use literature for state needs, to promote new ideas. The particularly educational, openly didactic character of Russian literature of the Peter the Great era will remain throughout the entire 18th century. and acquires a new quality in the Russian classics of the 19th century.
However, Russian literature of the first quarter of the 18th century. in terms of its artistic capabilities, it clearly lagged behind the needs of the time, and the scope of Peter’s transformations. It is not for nothing that the era of Peter the Great is often called the most “non-literary era” in Russian history. Literature 1700-1720s represents strange picture a mixture of old and new, it is generally still of a transitional nature. In the time of Peter the Great, the old handwritten tradition of Old Russian literature continued to exist and develop - it remained on the periphery of the general literary process in Russia until the end of the 18th century, and some of its phenomena will survive to this day (Old Believer estachological writings and journalism).
The secularization of culture entailed the liberation of artistic creativity; Another thing is that the writer often did not know how to use this freedom. Literature under Peter not only serves practical purposes, it also entertains, exploring new topics that were once forbidden to it. Old Russian literature was almost unknown love theme(with rare exceptions, love is interpreted as an obsession of the devil; only marital love was recognized). In the era of Peter the Great it spreads love lyrics(the so-called “kants”), in which folklore images from folk poetry peacefully coexisted with ancient mythological motifs. Secular stories with an exciting adventure story. These stories were distributed in manuscripts, were anonymous and were built according to the type that were popular in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. translated short stories and adventure novels. However, the hero of these stories was a young man typical of Peter the Great's era. Usually ignorant, but educated, energetic and enterprising, he achieved fame, wealth, recognition solely through his personal merits. This is the “History of the Russian sailor Vasily Koriotsky and the princess Heraclius of the Florentine land.” The style of this story is strikingly eclectic - along with the traditional gallant vocabulary of translated knightly novels - barbarisms and clericalisms, going back to the business writing of Peter the Great's time, the language of the Vedomosti and Kurantov newspapers, and even the language of translated textbooks on natural history and exact sciences. These stories most clearly revealed the Achilles heel of Peter's culture as a whole: the lack of a literary language that could adequately convey those new concepts in the field of culture, philosophy, and politics that the era of Peter's reforms brought with it. The writers of Peter the Great's era bequeathed the task of creating a new literary Russian language to a new generation of writers.
The traditions of school drama continued to develop in Peter's literature. The emergence of a school theater within the walls of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy played a big role here. Religious plots in this dramatic genre were replaced by secular ones, telling about political current events, containing panegyrics to Peter I and his associates. In the future, the journalistic and panegyric character of dramaturgy is further enhanced. The genre of school drama took a central place in the work of Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736) - a brilliant speaker, publicist, playwright and poet. The tragicomedy “Vladimir” (1705) occupies a central place in his work. Depicting in this play the events associated with the adoption of Christianity in Rus' under Vladimir, Theophanes allegorically glorified the transformations of Peter and satirically ridiculed his opponents. The tragicomedy “Vladimir” bore the features of future classicist drama: the conflict between passion and reason, unity of action and time, clarity and clarity of composition.