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Directions of Anna Ioannovna's domestic policy. Reign of Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740)

25.09.2019

There was a time period that was included in textbooks as the “Era of Palace Coups.”

In a short period, many monarchs managed to rule Russia. Some managed successfully, while others did not. One of the representatives of the monarchs was Empress Anna Ioannovna. This is exactly what we will talk about.

The reign of Anna Ioannovna Romanova lasted ten years, from 1730 to 1740. Many historians characterize the period of her reign as a time of “Bironovism” - the alienation of everything Russian, and the dominance of foreigners in the ruling elite of Russian society.

Anna Ioannovna was the daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich. Ivan Alekseevich, let me remind you, was the brother of Peter I, with whom he sat on the Russian throne together for some time.

On January 28, 1693, Ivan V and his wife Praskovya Fedorovna, from the Saltykov family, had a daughter, Anna. In 1696, Ivan V died. Since then, Anna, together with her mother and two sisters, lived in Izmailovo.

Anna Ioannovna received the most ordinary education at home, without any frills. She studied dancing, native and foreign languages, stories. Her success in studying science was very modest.

In October 1710, Peter I gave his niece Anna in marriage to Duke William of Gurlya. This dynastic marriage was concluded to secure the rights of the Russian state to use the Baltic ports.

The wedding celebrations lasted for two months with great style and splendor. There was too much drinking and eating. During the celebrations, the Duke caught a cold. And now the time has come to go to Courland.

Ignoring health problems, Friedrich Wilhelm and his wife set off for their homeland. But get to native land he couldn’t, he died near St. Petersburg.

At the insistence of Peter I, the widowed Anna nevertheless went to live in Mitava. She was met herehostile, she constantly lived in need, complained to everyone about her fate. During the years spent in Courland, Annasettled down with favorites.

First, Bestuzhev walked among them. Later, Bestuzhev was recalled to Russia and Biron became the new favorite. Biron didn't have noble birth and the favorite could not have predicted that soon he would actually be in control.

So Anna Ioannovna would drag out a miserable existence in Mitau, if not for chance. The emperor died unexpectedly and, during a period of dynastic crisis, she had a chance (Peter was young and had no heir), which she took advantage of.

Members of the Supreme Privy Council invited Anna Ioannovna to take the Russian throne, but at the same time she had to sign a document limiting her powers. In fact, members of the Supreme Privy Council wanted to create a limited monarchy in the Russian Empire.

Anna agreed, but soon broke all agreements, becoming a full-fledged Empress. In this, the empress was supported by the guards, as well as by society itself, which for the most part supported autocracy.

Having become the Russian Empress, Anna Ioannovna was little involved in state affairs, due to her lack of education. All affairs of the Russian Empire were conducted by ministers, over whom stood the “eye” of the all-powerful a.

Domestic policy of Anna Ioannovna

However, the main events that happened in political life countries during the reign of Anna Ionovna are worth listing. The first thing she did was abolish the Supreme Privy Council and create a cabinet of ministers.

The reign of the niece of Peter I became a real tragedy for ordinary peasants. She increased the tax burden on the peasant class, later the peasants lost the right to swear allegiance to the emperor, the next step was to prohibit the peasants from engaging in any commercial activities.

The apogee of the unfair policy towards the Russian peasantry was the decree of 1736, which allowed landowners to trade in serfs, as well as engage in lynching of the guilty.

Domestic politics during her reign were brutal. The field of activity of the Secret Chancellery has expanded to immense borders. Any dissent in the Empire began to be severely punished. All sorts of social vices flourished at court. Drunkenness, informing, embezzlement...

Historians provide figures from the Russian budget. About 2 million were spent on maintaining the courtyard under Anna Ioannovna. rubles, and only 47 thousand for the activities of the Academy of Sciences. rubles

Foreign policy of Anna Ioannovna

Anna Ioannovna's foreign policy was much more successful than her domestic one. During her reign, Russian empire entered into a number of profitable trade relations with England, Spain, Persia, Sweden, and China.

She owes some success in foreign policy affairs, first of all, to Osterman, who developed the main foreign policy prerogatives of the Russian Empire.

Osterman concluded a military alliance with Austria, declared Russian interests in the Balkans and the Black Sea region, and actively fought for influence on Germany and Poland.

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna there was also a war with Turkey, which took place from 1735 to 1739. Russia had some success in this war, but the war became protracted and required a lot of costs.

The situation worsened when our negligent allies, the Austrians, concluded a separate peace with Turkey, fearing the increase in Russian influence in the Balkans.

As a result, the shameful “Belgrade Peace” was concluded, in accordance with which the Russian Empire renounced its conquests in Crimea and Bulgaria, and Russia was also prohibited from having a fleet in the Black and Azov Seas.

Anna Ioannovna died in October 1740. The Russian Empress, the niece of the Great Peter I, was then 47 years old.

Anna Ioannovna is a Russian empress from the Romanov dynasty, niece, who was on the throne from 1730 to 1740. Anna was born on February 7, 1693 in royal family in the Cross Chamber of the Terem Palace of the Moscow Kremlin.

The girl's parents - Tsar Ivan V and Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovna - raised two more daughters: the eldest Catherine and the younger Praskovya. WITH early age Anna and her sisters studied Russian literacy, arithmetic, geography, dancing, German and French. The princesses' teachers were Johann Christian Dietrich Osterman (Andrei Osterman's elder brother) and Stefan Ramburg.

In 1696, Ivan Alekseevich died, and the dowager queen and her children were forced to leave the Kremlin chambers and move to the country residence Izmailovo, which was an estate built in the old Russian style. The palace facilities included orchards, numerous ponds, and a winter Garden. The court theater regularly staged performances and musicians gave concerts symphonic music.

In 1708, the family of Peter I's deceased brother moved to St. Petersburg. The ceremonial procession arrived at new capital together with Alexei Petrovich, with the princesses Feodosia, Maria and Natalya and the dowager queen Martha Matveevna. In honor of the emperor's relatives, a large feast was held with cannon salvoes and a boat trip along the Gulf of Finland. Praskovya Fedorovna settled with her daughters in a palace not far from the place where Smolny now stands. Soon the Swedes began an attack on the northern capital, and the relatives had to return to Moscow.

Peter's troops were unable to gain the upper hand Northern War. To the Russian Emperor the support of the Prussian and Courland rulers was needed. During the war, Courland experienced political pressure from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from which it was a vassal. In 1709, Peter managed to turn the tide of action; Russian troops occupied Courland. Diplomatic negotiations took place with the King of Prussia, Frederick William I, at which it was decided to unite the two dynasties.

The Russian princess, Peter's niece Anna, was chosen as the bride, and the nephew of the Prussian king, Duke of Courland Friedrich Wilhelm, was chosen as the groom. After two months of marriage, the young husband died of a cold on the way to Courland. Peter forbade Anna to return to her homeland. The princess arrived in Mitau, where she held the position of dowager duchess for 20 years. The treasury of the duchy was devastated by long-term taxes from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, so Anna had to eke out a modest existence. The Duchess wrote many times to Peter I, and then to his widow, asking for financial assistance.

Beginning of reign

In 1730, Emperor Peter II died, and it became necessary to choose a new ruler. At a meeting of the Privy Council, six candidates were nominated for the Russian throne: the son of the deceased Duchess Anna Petrovna - Peter-Ulrich, the second daughter of Peter I - the crown princess, the first wife of Peter I - Evdokia Feodorovna Lopukhina, and three daughters of Tsar John Alekseevich.

Princes Dmitry Golitsyn and Vasily Dolgorukov proposed inviting Anna Ivanovna, who had been in straitened circumstances for twenty years and could make the necessary concessions to the aristocracy. The Privy Council supported the choice, and a letter was sent to the Duchess with a list of “conditions” - conditions limiting autocratic power in favor of the Privy Council.

Anna signed a document in Mitau on January 25 (Old Art.), according to which she was obliged to take care of the spread of Orthodoxy in Russia, not to marry, not to carry out major foreign policy actions without the consent of the Privy Council, not to change tax system, do not appoint a receiver at your own discretion. On February 15, Anna Ioannovna arrived in Moscow, where a week later military and senior government dignitaries swore allegiance to her.

But on February 25, the oppositionists of the Privy Council - Andrei Osterman, Gabriel Golovkin, Archbishop Feofan (Prokopovich), Peter Yaguzhinsky, Antioch Cantemir, Ivan Trubetskoy - presented a petition to the queen for the restoration of absolutism. Anna Ioannovna, having heard the petition, tore up the “conditions”, and three days later a new oath of autocratic ruler took place, and at the end of April - Anna’s crowning of the kingdom. The Privy Council was abolished in favor of the governing Senate.

Domestic policy

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna external and internal politics those close to him were engaged - Chancellor Andrei Osterman and favorite Ernst Johann Biron, who received favor from Anna during the dukedom in Courland. The army was led by a field marshal German origin Christopher Minich. Anna did not favor the Russian nobility, preferring to surround herself with foreigners. Contemporaries called the period of Anna Ioannovna’s reign “Birovshchina,” since the empress’s favorite had virtually unlimited possibilities.

Since 1730, according to established tradition, the Treasury began issuing coins with the image of the new empress. In 1731, a ruling structure was created - the Cabinet of Ministers, as well as two new military regiments - Izmailovsky and Cavalry, staffed by foreigners and soldiers from the southern provinces. In the same year, the Land Noble Cadet Corps appeared to train noble heirs, and a year later officer salaries increased. A school for training officials and numerous seminaries, including those at the Academy, were opened. The strengthening of Orthodoxy was facilitated by the introduction of a law on the death penalty for blasphemy.

Coins with the image of Anna Ioannovna

In the second half of the 30s it was finally legalized serfdom, factory workers are declared the property of the factory owners. After the introduction of stricter measures, industry growth began, and soon Russia took first place in the world in the production of cast iron. Participants in drawing up the initial demands for the empress were arrested and sent to prison or exile. By the fortieth year, a conspiracy against Anna Ioannovna had matured among the ministers, which was uncovered, and the organizers and participants - minister Artemy Volynsky, architect Pyotr Eropkin, adviser to the admiralty office Andrei Khrushchev - were executed.

Anna Ioannovna herself was not distinguished by her talent for governing the state. The queen spent most of the imperial time on entertainment - creating masquerades, holding balls and hunting. At the court of the empress there were about a hundred dwarfs and giants, jesters and jokers. The history of that time records a humorous wedding arranged at the court of the queen between Prince Mikhail Golitsyn-Kvasnik and a native of Kalmykia, Avdotya Buzheninova. Anna Ioannovna favored theater arts. During her reign, the fashion for Italian opera, a theater with 1000 seats was built, and the first ballet school was opened.

Foreign policy

Foreign policy affairs were handled by A. Osterman, who in 1726 had already achieved a peace treaty with Austria. Thanks to Russia's victory in the military conflict with France over the Polish heritage, King Augustus III was enthroned in Warsaw in 1934. The four-year war with Turkey ended in 1739 on unfavorable terms for Russia, signed in Belgrade.

Personal life

In 1710, Anna married the Duke of Courland, Friedrich Wilhelm. In honor of the wedding, Peter I organized a celebration that lasted more than 2 months. During feasts, the nobility were satiated with food and wine. Before going home, the Duke fell ill, but did not attach any importance to the illness. Having left with the crew, Wilhelm died on the first day of the trip. Unable to return to her family, Anna Ioannovna was forced to settle in Courland.

The courtiers were hostile against the young widow, and the duchess’s only friend, and then favorite, became Russian resident Petr Mikhailovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin. In 1926, Anna intended to marry Count Moritz of Saxony, but the wedding was upset by Prince Alexander Menshikov, who planned to become Duke of Courland himself.

In 1727, the prince was recalled to Russia, and Ernst Johann Biron became Anna's new favorite. It is assumed that the future Russian empress gave birth to a son from Biron. Anna Ioannovna later took her favorite to Russia and made her co-ruler.

Death

Empress Anna Ioannovna died on October 17 (old style) 1740 in St. Petersburg. The cause of the queen's death was kidney disease. The queen's grave is located in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. In her will, the empress indicated her descendants as heir to the throne sister Catherine of Mecklenburg.

Memory

The events of the 18th century are of interest not only to historians, but also to filmmakers. More than once the biography of Empress Anna became the basis of the plot of historical documentaries or feature films. In the 80s, in the films “The Ballad of Bering and His Friends”, “The Demidovs”, “” the role of Anna Ioannovna was played by the actress Maria Politsemako.

In the multi-part series “Secrets of palace coups. Russia, 18th century,” which was released in the early 2000s, played Queen Anna, and in 2008 she played her role.

After the unexpected death of the young Emperor Peter II. The Dolgorukys and Golitsyns, who ruled the Supreme Privy Council at that time, were feverishly looking for ways to maintain their influence in power. It was decided to find a convenient successor to the Russian throne.

The Dowager Duchess of Courland seemed to be a simple and controlled woman without character, personality or talents. Anna Ioannovna, who did not have a sharp mind and exorbitant ambitions. The leaders considered her a suitable candidate for the throne.

The reign of Anna Ioannovna went down in history as a dark decade. The dominance of foreigners in the internal and foreign policy brought modest results to Russia. Their insatiable desire for profit and personal gain led to a certain amount of economic growth.

The empress's policies increased the importance of the noble class, and the situation of the peasants worsened. Foreign policy on all stated positions was more likely to fail than succeed. In people's memory, this era has become a symbol of the disrespect of the authorities for the country and people.

Evil scam with “Conditions”

To ascend to the throne, a mere trifle was required - to sign the “Conditions”, which significantly curtailed autocratic power. For almost twenty years Anna Ioannovna hung around in Courland in need and humiliation. She did not miss the chance to become the Empress of Russia and at the end of January 1730 she easily brushed aside the ill-fated “Conditions”.

A month later, with the support of the guard and the nobility, she broke the agreement, returning full autocracy. The fate of the members of the Supreme Privy Council, abolished by the manifesto in March 1730, was tragic. The leaders of the Dolgrukikh-Golitsin party were repressed.

A quarrelsome lady on the Russian throne

Not without reason, Anna Ioannovna remained in historical memory an idle and lazy empress who transferred her affairs to those close to her. Ernst Biron was given special powers, and later the signature of three elected dignitaries was equated to the signature of the Empress herself. This form of detached government was called “Bironovshchina” in history.

This era was distinguished by the powerful dominance of foreigners in government and the army. The arbitrariness, embezzlement and senseless cruelty of temporary workers, endowed with the trust of the empress, became a disaster for the country. The tyranny of Biron and the foreigners around him was carried out along with the fact that the devout Anna Ioannovna cared about Orthodoxy and the preservation of traditions, but the Russian aristocracy was in fact disadvantaged.

Domestic policy

The Empress concentrated her main efforts in domestic politics on consolidating the positions won during palace coup 1730

Policy directions	Domestic policy events
Structural changes in the public administration system	Liquidation of the Supreme Privy Council (March 1730).
	Appointment of foreigners to leading positions in the leadership of the country.
	Return of powers to the Government Senate (1730).
	For the collection of taxes, the regulations of the new Chamber College were approved (July 1731).

Expansion of privileges and social support of the nobility	Cancellation of the decree of Peter I on single inheritance (1730 – 1731).
	The salary of Russian officers is set at the level monetary reward foreigners (1732).
	The service of nobles was limited to a period of twenty-five years (1736).
Economy	There has been an increase in metallurgical production.
Economy	Development of trade and increase in exports.
Development of education	The gentry corps was opened for the education of noble children (1731)
	A school was established under the Senate to train officials.
	A seminary was created at the Academy of Sciences
	A ballet school was opened (1738).
Transformations in the army	Formation of the Horse and Izmailovsky Guards regiments.
	Restoration of the fleet.
	Resumption of the order established by Peter I for the deployment of regiments in the provinces.
Strengthening serfdom and duties	Aggravation of the situation of serfs after permission to landowners to collect poll taxes.
	Prohibition of peasants from engaging in entrepreneurial activities.
	Forced transfer of beggars and vagabonds to state-owned factories.

In addition, Anna Ioannovna returned the capital's function to St. Petersburg and resumed the activities of the secret chancellery, which launched unbridled repressions.

Features of foreign policy

In the international arena, efforts focused on the Polish and Turkish directions. Vaguely expressed interests made foreign policy unprofitable for Russia, this is confirmed by the following facts:

Russian-Polish War 1733 – 1735 was provoked by the election of the enemy of Russia, Stanislav Leszczynski, as king of Poland, behind whom France stood. The success of the Russian troops brought Augustus III to the Polish throne, and Austria received the benefits.

Russian-Turkish War 1735 – 1739 in alliance with Austria, covered the Don, Dnieper and Crimean directions. However, the Austrians concluded a separate peace with the Turks, after which Russia signed a peace treaty in Belgrade. Despite the fact that Azov remained with Russia, it was not possible to enter the Black Sea.

For the sake of concluding an alliance with Persia against Turkey, Russia gave up the lands conquered by Peter I, but did not achieve the desired victories.

The wars waged by the empire did not bring the desired foreign policy benefits to Russia.

(6 ratings, average: 4,33 out of 5)

Panonood ng
The accidental empress was so smart that she understood her true role. She can show off on the throne, but she cannot rule. That’s why she let Osterman, Biron, and others rule the country, and those had their own interests, which she allowed. It seems that only Volynsky suffered, and even he, coupled with politics.
S.G.
Thanks a lot!!!
Vasya
Complete nonsense. Not an article, but disinformation. Foreign policy was successful. They planted their king in Poland, their duke in Courland: they received an ally right up to the division of Poland and reliable western borders. A bunch of countries have recognized the imperial title. We gained a foothold on the Dnieper. For the first time in history, they beat the French army into the face and defeated the Crimean Khanate. They gave the Caspian lands, where our troops died like flies for years, to the Persians. We got the opportunity to fight the Turks without fear of being stabbed in the back. England and France recognized our supremacy in the Baltic Sea and guaranteed Peter's conquests in the Baltic states and Finland. Concluded a peace treaty with China. The Belgrade peace was a failure, yes: the lesson from now on is to negotiate on your own, and not through well-meaning intermediaries.
There were no “repressions” inside. The bribe takers were executed. By the time of the empress's death, the budget was in surplus. Despite 8 years of continuous wars. Mining and metallurgy were raised, and our own stable leather, paper and cloth production was established. The Empress fired only from Russian-made guns)). They stably financed the Academy of Sciences and sent the slackers Lomonosov and Vinogradov to study abroad. They equipped the Second Kamchatka Expedition. Opened ballet school Lande (future Theater school). A permanent theater (Italian and German troupes) appeared in St. Petersburg with performances not only for the courtiers. They opened the Land Noble Cadet Corps and resumed garrison schools for MANDATORY education of soldiers' children. A network of state stud farms was created. The first bank was opened.
The capital was returned from Moscow to St. Petersburg. They created a radial street map of St. Petersburg (still exists). Orenburg was founded. They resumed the construction of large ships and created a powerful galley fleet. Two new regiments - Izmailovsky and Cuirassier. They raised a generation of highly educated and highly cultured nobles (these were the same age as Catherine the Great). They turned Russia onto the European path in such a way that it could no longer be turned back.
Literature: Kamensky, Anisimov, Kurukin, Petrukhintsev, Pavlenko (about mining plants). Read, develop, don’t repeat the nonsense of the 19th century...
Tatiana
Read Pikul’s “Word and Deed”, and then talk about the absence of repressions, Ivan the Terrible and Stalin are resting...
Elena, Krasny Yar
In 1732, by personal decree of Anna Ioanovna, the construction of the Krasnoyarsk fortress began as a border bastion. She personally chose a place on the map, focusing on a strategically advantageous location: the confluence of the Sok and Kondurcha rivers, the elevated bank of the Sok River, the crossroads of roads to Moscow and the Urals (tracts - roads - already existed).
The fortress was built in 1735.
She wasn't that stupid. She was bound hand and foot by the conventions with which she took the throne, yes. Otherwise they wouldn't have taken it. And who would rule... It's better not to think. Repression - yes, for any autocrat the throne is life.
Balls, parties, alcohol... - all this came from Peter the Great, his legacy and his heirs. But they didn’t know how to take care of their health back then.
A civilian settlement was later organized near the fortress. Nowadays this is a large and very beautiful village of Krasny Yar Samara region, regional center There is a Local Lore (Historical) Museum in the village. And there is the Rosso Ariev Museum (museum of stone sculptures). In the latter, on the territory of the most interesting shape, there are boulders and millstones brought from different parts of the region. There are houses - Slavic huts, Slavic (pre-Christian) holidays are held. The museum is officially registered; it was founded by a local farmer and his sons on their land.
IN Soviet time and in the 90s the fortress was a pitiful sight. The buildings, of course, were no longer preserved; the shaft was collapsing. In the early 2000s, the earthen rampart of the fortress was completely restored, and a sports complex with playgrounds and a stadium was successfully located on the territory.
In front of the entrance to the fortress there is a large stone with signs. Written:
“The Krasnoyarsk fortress was built by decree of Empress Anna Ioanovna in 1735.
The construction was led by military engineer Captain I.A. Babikov.
Fortress garrison:
4 companies of the Sergievsky Landmilitsky Cavalry Regiment
1st company of the Alekseevsky Infantry Regiment"
At the entrance to the fortress there is a memorial plaque in the shape of a scroll with the royal coat of arms in Russian and English:
“The Russian border ran here from 1732 to 1738.”
There is a border post with the same sign next to a private residential house.
Further, the border moved back in favor of Russia.
Several similar fortresses, similar in shape, were built along the ridge of the hill - they pulled a chain from Krasny Yar to the east - the Urals, Siberia. If you are interested, write to the search engine, you will find everything - both articles and photographs. But this was never taught in schools!

(01/28/1693, Moscow - 10/17/1740, St. Petersburg), Russian empress (from January 19, 1730). Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and Tsarina Paraskeva Feodorovna (nee Saltykova). She spent her childhood in the Kremlin palaces and a residence near Moscow in the village. Izmailovo. Together with her sisters Ekaterina and Paraskeva, she received a home education and studied it. language from I. H. D. Osterman (brother of A. I. Osterman), French. language from G. von Huyssen and dance from S. Ramburch. In 1708, together with her mother and sisters, she moved to St. Petersburg, where she lived on the City (Petrograd) side. Based on an agreement concluded in 1710 in Marienwerder between the king

Peter I and the Prussian cor. Frederick William I, married Hertz. Friedrich Wilhelm of Courland. The wedding took place on October 31st. 1710 in the Menshikov Palace on Vasilyevsky Island St. Petersburg, the wedding was performed according to the Orthodox Church. rank. After the death of her husband, who died on January 9. 1711 on the way to Courland, at the insistence of Peter I, A. I. lived as a dowager duchess in Mitava (modern Jelgava, Latvia). From 1712 she was under the strong influence of her favorite, Chief Chamberlain M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who in 1727 was pushed aside by a new favorite, Chief Chamberlain-Junker E.I. Biron. The alleged marriage of A.I. with gr. Moritz of Saxony ( illegitimate son Polish cor. Augustus II and Countess Aurora of Königsmark) in 1726 was upset by A.D. Menshikov, who himself intended to become Duke of Courland. In Courland, A.I., strapped for money, led a modest lifestyle and repeatedly turned to Peter I for help, then to Empress Catherine I.

Ascension to the Russian throne

As a result of a conflict with local civil authorities and an accidental delay in the solemn prayer service on the occasion of the accession of A.I., persecution by the archbishop. Theophan was subjected to archbishop. Kyiv Varlaam (Vanatovich). Based on a political denunciation, a search was carried out. According to the conclusion of the investigative commission, the Holy Synod deprived November 20. 1730 Archbishop. Varlaam rank and exiled to the Kirillov Belozersky Monastery as a simple monk.

In 1731, an investigation began into the friendly relations of Metropolitan. Kazan Sylvester (Kholmsky) and exiled to the Sviyazhsk monastery Metropolitan. Ignatius. Among the sealed papers of Metropolitan. Sylvester found notes about the “non-Orthodoxy” of Theophan, critical judgments about Peter’s decrees concerning monastic estates, etc. Based on the decree of A.I., the Secret Chancellery ordered on December 31. 1731 translate Metropolitan. Ignatius in Korelsky in the name of St. Nicholas Monastery near Arkhangelsk. Metropolitan By decree of the Synod, Sylvester was dismissed (actually under supervision) to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery without the right to serve as bishop. In March of the following year, he was transferred to the Krypetsky monastery of the Pskov diocese, and some time later, on the basis of accusations of false “word and deed,” he was defrocked and imprisoned in the Vyborg fortress.

The archbishop was subjected to repression. Tver Theophylact (Lopatinsky). In 1728 he published the work of his late teacher Metropolitan. Ryazan Stefan (Yavorsky) “Stone of Faith”, which denounced Protestantism, was suspected of an inclination towards Krom. Feofana. In 1731, Archbishop. Theophylact unsuccessfully tried to republish this book. Feofan submitted a denunciation to the Secret Chancellery about the dangers of such a publication, and also anonymously began to distribute the manuscript of “The Hammer on the Stone of Faith,” where he accused Metropolitan. Stephen in secret Jesuitism. Archbishop Theophylact was expelled from the Synod and sent to Tver. On the basis of the “Reshilov case” in 1735, he was arrested, taken to St. Petersburg and tortured in the Secret Chancellery. In 1738, by decree of A.I. and the decision of the Synod of Archbishop. Theophylact was deprived of dignity and monasticism and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Convicted bishops were also persecuted in their places of imprisonment. They were under surveillance and new charges were brought against them.

A serious change occurred in the position of the parish clergy during the reign of A.I. By a decree of the Holy Synod (1732), the election of candidates for the priesthood was reduced to the collection of formal evidence from parishioners about the integrity of the protege, while the fate of the protege himself was decided solely by the will of the bishop. Throughout the 18th century. The government more than once carried out “reviews” of the clergy, as a result of which the children of clergy and clergy who did not have a clergy and did not study in ecclesiastical schools were transferred to the tax-paying class or recruited into the army. As a result of the “discussions” that lasted from 1736 to 1740, the Russian white clergy fell into decline. All who belonged to the clergy and were fit for military service between the ages of 15 and 40 and those who did not have a full-time church position were subject to recruitment. By 1740, the lack of white clergy began to be greatly felt, ca. 600 churches were left without clergy.

A.I. continued the tough policy of Peter I to reduce the number of monks and monastics. By a decree of 1734, for unauthorized tonsure as a monk (according to the law, only widowed priests and retired soldiers were allowed to tonsure), a fine of 500 rubles was imposed on the diocesan bishop; the abbot of the monastery, in which an unauthorized tonsure took place, was condemned to lifelong exile, and the newly tonsured himself was deprived of his monastic title and subjected to corporal punishment. The abbots were entrusted with the responsibility of reporting to the Synod about the slightest offenses of the monks, primarily about their political unreliability. The perpetrators, after cutting their hair, were subjected to corporal punishment, were imprisoned, given up as soldiers, exiled to Siberia and hard labor. K con. 30s the number of monastics in Russia was 14,282 (compared to 25,207 in 1724).

During the reign of A.I., various administrators were accepted. measures in the field of confessional policy. In 1730, a manifesto was published demanding that the Synod observe the purity of the Orthodox Church. faith and the eradication of heresies, heretical teachings, schisms and superstitions. Sorcerers were persecuted and subject to public burning (decree of 1731). The government of A.I. continued the fight against the Old Believers, schismatics were resettled from the border territories inland under monastic supervision, monasteries were destroyed (in 1735 on Vetka Island, in 1736 in Starodubye), anti-schismatic works were published and missionary conversations were held. Despite government measures, the split intensified and spread. In the 30s XVIII century The Khlys sect arose and took root in Russia. Among upper strata Petersburg Society was conducted by Lutherans. and Catholic. propaganda, as a result of which in 1735 a decree was issued, according to which everyone was wrong. Christians (Catholics and Lutherans) on the territory of Russia were granted freedom of religion with the condition “not to spread their faith to the Orthodox.” In 1730, the decree on the mandatory admission of the Tatars was confirmed. Murzas of the Kazan province. Orthodoxy is under threat of expulsion from Russia. The effect of the decree was extended to the Persians living in Russia, although at the same time the decrees of 1734 and 1739 It was forbidden to forcibly convert captured Persians and Turks to Orthodoxy. In 1738 it was introduced the death penalty“for blasphemy”, in the same year, captain-lieutenant of the fleet Voznitsyn was executed for converting to Judaism. In 1739, to support missionary work among the peoples of the Volga region, the Commission for Newly Baptized Affairs was established in Kazan. The Kazan archbishops Hilarion (Rogalevsky; 1732-1735) and Luka (Konoshevich; 1738-1755), Archimandrites took an active part in the activities of this commission. Sviyazhsky Monastery (future metropolitan) Dimitri (Sechenov). In the Astrakhan diocese, Bishop actively preached Orthodoxy among the Kalmyks. Nicodemus (Lenkevich).

Under A.I., attention to spiritual education increased. On the initiative of the archbishop. Feofan (Prokopovich) and thanks to the works of the diocesan Little Russian bishops, 16 seminaries were opened on the model of the Southern Russians. school (in Kazan, Ryazan, N. Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Kholmogory, Pskov, Vyatka, Voronezh, Kolomna, Tobolsk, Vel. Ustyug, Vyazma, Tver, Rostov, Suzdal, Novgorod). In Kazan province. 4 schools were founded, in which Russian language was taught to Volga “foreigners”. language and orthodoxy creed.

Before her death, A.I. appointed the son of Anna Leopoldovna’s niece, a two-month-old baby Ivan Antonovich, as her successor, and Biron as regent. She died of kidney disease and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Source: Letters about Russia to Spain by Duke de Liria // Eighteenth century. M., 1862. Book. 2; Letters from Russian sovereigns and other members of the royal family. M., 1862. Book. 4; Correspondence of imp. Anna Ioannovna with the Moscow governor Count S.A. Saltykov // RA. 1873. Book. 2; Description of the highest commands stored in the archives of the Governing Senate / Comp. P. I. Baranov. St. Petersburg, 1875. T. 2; PSPiR. 1889-1911. T. 6-10; Minikh E. Russia and the Russian court in the first half of the 18th century. St. Petersburg, 1891; Revolutions and wars: History of Russia and the House of Romanov in the memoirs of contemporaries of the 17th-20th centuries. M., 1997.

Lit.: Gerye V. AND . The struggle for the Polish throne in 1733. M., 1862; Andreev V. IN . Representatives of the authorities in Russia after Peter I. St. Petersburg, 1871; Karnovich E. P . The significance of Bironovism in Russian history // Otechestvennye zapiski. 1873. T. 210 (35); T. 211 (36); Korsakov D. A . Accession of the Emperor Anna Ioannovna. Kaz., 1880. 2 issues; Paramonov A. WITH . About the legislation of Anna Ioannovna. St. Petersburg, 1904; Dolgorukov P. IN . Time imp. Peter II and Emperor Anna Ioannovna. M., 1909; Stroev V. H. Bironovschina and the Cabinet of Ministers: Essay on the internal policy of the Emperor. Anna. St. Petersburg, 1909-1910. 2 hours; Veretennikov V. AND . From the history of the Secret Chancellery, 1731-1762. Kh., 1911; Chernikova T. IN . The sovereign’s “word and deed” during the time of Anna Ioannovna // History of the USSR. 1989. No. 5; Soloviev S. M. Essays. M., 1993. T. 19-20; Anisimov E. IN . Anna Ivanovna // VI. 1993. No. 4; aka. Russia without Peter. St. Petersburg, 1994; Pavlenko N. AND . Passion at the throne. M., 1996; Lavrov A. WITH . Witchcraft and religion in Russia (1700-1740). M., 2000.

Prot. Vladislav Tsypin, S. V. Efimov

Reign: 1730-1740

From the biography

Anna Ioannovna was the niece of Peter 1, the daughter of his half-brother Ivan 5.
She was invited to the throne from Mitava, where she had lived before, having by that time become the widow of the Duke of Courland, having lived in Courland for 19 years.
Dumb, lazy, poorly educated, she had a cruel and capricious character
She was invited to the throne by the “higher-ups” on the initiative of D. Golitsyn and V. Dolgorukov, trying to limit her power.
Signed " Conditions", the purpose of which is to limit the power of the emperor in favor of the Supreme Secret Council. Conditions of the “Conditions”: the empress could not pass laws, declare war, make peace, introduce new taxes, promote to ranks higher than colonel, grant estates, get married, or appoint an heir to the throne. However, with the support of the guard and the nobility (A. Osterman, P. Yaguzhinsky, etc.), Anna Ioannovna tore up the “Conditions”, again the power of the emperor became unlimited.
The reign of Anna Ioannovna was called the “Bironovschina”, named after her favorite, Biron. The essence Bironovism: dominance of foreigners in higher authorities authorities - the Germans: A. Osterman - head of government, F. Minich - field marshal of the army, E. Biron - favorite and de facto ruler of the country; embezzlement, rampant government, loose morals, disrespect for Russian traditions

Anna Ioannovna was little involved in politics; mostly her associates did it for her. But she loved to relax and have fun. The expenses for her entertainment were enormous. She also loved luxury.
She loved to surround herself with jesters and clowns, often this role was played by prominent nobles - princes M. Golitsyn and N. Volkonsky, Count A. Apraksin
She arranged the wedding of her 50-year-old jester Golitsyn and the ugly Kalmyk woman Buzheninova (she received her surname in honor of the Empress’s favorite dish). For this purpose, a real Ice House was built, where the newlyweds froze.
Before her death, she declared Ivan 6 (the son of her niece, Anna Leopoldovna) as her heir during the regency of Biron.

Historical portrait of Anna Ioannovna

Activities

1.Domestic policy

Activities	results
Improving the system of public administration and strengthening the power of the emperor.	1730 - the “Conditions” were torn apart, which meant a return to an unlimited monarchy. 1731 - replacement of the Supreme Privy Council with the Cabinet of Ministers (A. Osterman, G. Golovkin, A. Cherkassky) Reclaiming the role of the Senate Restoration of the Secret Chancellery - investigation of those who oppose its rule. Police have been created in the provinces.
Carrying out a pro-noble policy	1731 - abolition of the decree on single inheritance. Reduction of the service of nobles to 25 years. 1731 - all lands of landowners became hereditary property.
Further enslavement of peasants	It was allowed for entrepreneurs to buy peasants without land1736 - permanently attaching workers and their families to factories. Landowners received the right to choose their own punishment for their serfs
Carrying out military reform	Creation of the Horse and Izmailovsky regiments, a significant part of them were foreigners. 1732 - The Land Noble Cadet Corps was opened to train nobles.
Further development of the country's economy.	Significant increase in exportsIncrease in metallurgical products -1730-beginning of iron and copper development on the Yenisei. 1731 - a new preferential customs tariff was adopted, which contributed to the development of trade. 1735-1738 - construction of new ironworks in the Urals.
Further development of culture	The construction of the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin continued. The activities of V. Tatishchev, the first Russian historiographer. This is the heyday of V. Trediakovsky’s poetry 1738 - ballet school founded 1733-1743 - second Kamchatka expedition of V. Bering.

2. Foreign policy

RESULTS OF ACTIVITY

Anna Ioannovna strengthened the unlimited power of the monarch.
During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, there were no significant positive changes in the country. The dominance of foreigners and their desire to gain personal benefit did not lead to noticeable economic growth, although there were some successes in trade and industry.
The implementation of a pro-noble policy increased the importance of the nobles in the country; the empress relied on their support in her activities.
Happened further deterioration the situation of the peasants.
There were positive trends in foreign policy (strengthening trade relations with Western countries, improving relations with Poland, acquiring a number of fortresses in the south). However, it was not possible to achieve access to the Black Sea.
In general, the reign of Anna Ioannovna went down in history as a dark decade, Bironovism, with the dominance of foreigners, embezzlement, disrespect for the country and people ruled by this empress.