Work program on literature on the topic: Solzhenitsyn_Matrenin_yard lesson_11_grade. Analysis of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin Dvor"

1) Alexander Solzhenitsyn: “Don’t live by lies!”
2) Realistic depiction of life Soviet people in a post-totalitarian society
a) Russia in the post-war period.
b) Life and death in a country after a totalitarian regime.
c) The fate of a Russian woman in the Soviet state.
3) Matryona is the last of the righteous.

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was one of the few Russian writers who wrote very realistic works, without fear of reprisals from the authorities for such a bold step. The pages of Solzhenitsyn's works depict society during and after the reign of the totalitarian regime. Alas, life in these two periods of time was little different: people were poor and always endured the hardships of life. Solzhenitsyn was an eyewitness to such events and sought to reveal the whole truth to his descendants, so he adhered to the motto “do not live by a lie!”

Solzhenitsyn considered the era of totalitarian society to be the darkest time in the history of the USSR. The country was plundered and destroyed. The totalitarian regime, when danger was expected from under every bush, has already passed, but people took a long time to recover from such an emotional shock, so they became embittered and immoral. But there were others - real righteous people.

Russia in the post-war period was a terrible country: in the outback people lived in inhumane conditions, and it was not easy to get to Moscow and St. Petersburg. The narrator in the work " Matrenin Dvor“After the front, he lost another 10 years of his life to serve in a camp - this was the fate that awaited many Soviet soldiers who were suspected of treason or escaped captivity alive during the war. The narrator finds himself in Russian outback, in the area where peat is mined. At the end of the world, he finds the only person who differs in character and lifestyle from everyone else - this is the old woman Matryona, with whom he was a lodger.

In the story, Solzhenitsyn compares to depict the difficulties faced by people who lived according to their conscience. Matryona can also be included in the category of such people. She was not happy either in her youth or now: without waiting for her husband to return from the war, she had to marry his brother. From then on, everything in this poor woman’s life went wrong: the children died one after another, and everyone in the village began to point the finger at her. However, Matryona found the strength to continue living and fight all adversities. Millions of women all over Russia shared the unfortunate fate with her, but Matryona was one of the few who did not lose heart, for which she can be admired.

Matryona was the last of the righteous people of the village of Talnovo. She didn’t think about herself - she lived for the sake of others. The proverb “a Russian woman will stop a galloping horse” becomes extremely true, since Matryona was indeed capable of not only this, but also other hard work. What will happen to Russia when there are no more women like Matryona? Solzhenitsyn makes the reader think about this at the end of the story, when a tragic event occurs. Matryona dies an absurd fatal death - it is unlikely that old age will ever overcome her. All that's left of her is right hand, to which she will certainly pray in the next world for all the good and bad, kind and evil, grateful and ungrateful people from her village and the entire Russian land.

Characteristics: Matryona’s relationship with the residents of the village of Talnovo

The main character of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's story “Matrenin's Dvor” was a unique type of human nature. She cared little about herself and gave herself entirely to people. Her outdated actions and habits irritated the people around her, and only the teacher, acting as a narrator, understood and loved this woman. He was Matryona's lodger and observed her life. He was never angry with her and even forgave her for a piece of peat or a cockroach leg that accidentally ended up in his stew. He “didn’t have the courage to reproach Matryona.”

Matryona was treated with kindness and affection by her adopted daughter Kira, who was born to a woman named Matryona from Thaddeus, the man who was to become her husband. main character, if not for the war. For the sake of Kira, all this inheritance was made, which, first of all, her father insisted on - he did not want to miss the opportunity to get the old woman’s small inheritance - a goat and a hut.

Nobody loved or respected Matryona: Thaddeus, having learned that Matryona did not wait for him and married her brother Efim, almost stabbed her with an ax. But was it worth blaming Matryona when Thaddeus was considered dead and the relatives themselves insisted on Matryona’s marriage to Thaddeus? Thaddeus unwittingly manages to carry out his revenge plan several decades later, when Matryona helps him and his sons drag their inheritance across the railroad.

None of Matryona's few heirs wanted to wait for her death - the property was distributed during her lifetime. Relatives did not like the eccentric old woman who practically did not take care of herself and did hard work for the benefit of others. She was not feminine, she was simple!

Husband Efim could not make Matryona happy. He reproached her for dressing simply, out of fashion, for not loving and not knowing how to take care of herself. Is it really necessary to take care of only yourself, when the whole village rests on one Matryona? No one thought about this at the moment of grief, and therefore, among the sincere lamentations of another Matryona, Thaddeus’s wife, one could hear: “And we’ll talk about the hut!”

Matryona was alone in Talnovo and throughout the Russian land: a dirty white goat, a lanky cat and a storyteller - the only creatures who, if they did not love, then at least did not condemn this old, but strong woman. And if you think about it, then, indeed, it is on people like her that our land rests.

Mini-essay: The meaning of the title of the story “Matrenin’s Dvor”

In the story “Matrenin's Dvor,” Alexander Solzhenitsyn depicts a whole gallery of images of Russian people living in the provinces. Some of them had already lived half their lives at the front and in the camps, and some were just beginning to live and, looking at their grief-stricken neighbors, adopted worst traits their character. Issues of education in the remote corners of Russia were of no interest to anyone: everyone lived their own measured life, considering it correct, and without a twinge of conscience condemned people who were different from others. Such was Matryona, an old woman from the village of Talnovo, who tragically dies after her charitable life through the fault of all the people around her.

Why was the village, which was shared with Matryona by dozens of other residents, called a yard, “Matryona’s yard”? There was an old lady central character- everyone followed her life, everyone condemned her for her old woman’s habits, but no one thought that it was people like her who supported the whole “court,” the whole of Russia, the whole world. It is unknown what changes will occur after Matryona's departure, but the answer to this question can be found in the original title of the story. “The village was not worth it without a righteous man” - this is exactly the title Solzhenitsyn wanted to give to his work, but he last choice helps the reader focus on the “yard,” which was not much different from the most remote area of ​​the earth, at the edge of the world.

After Matryona left, her property was gone - the hut was dismantled, the goat was taken away. No one remembered how unselfishly Matryona helped everyone in household matters, they talked about her without love - she was unkempt, not fashionable. There is nothing left after death: the last light has gone out, goodness has disappeared, everything good is forgotten. Matrenin's courtyard - the courtyard of simplicity, righteousness, selflessness - was wiped off the face of the earth.

“A village is not worthwhile without a righteous man” - this is the original title of the story. The story echoes many works of Russian classical literature. Solzhenitsyn seems to be transferring one of Leskov’s heroes into historical era XX century, post-war period. And the more dramatic and tragic is the fate of Matryona in the midst of this situation.

The life of Matryona Vasilyevna is seemingly ordinary. She devoted her entire life to work, selfless and hard peasant work. When the construction of collective farms began, she went there too, but due to illness she was released from there and was now brought in when others refused. And she didn’t work for money, she never took money. Only later, after her death, her sister-in-law, with whom the narrator settled, will remember evilly, or rather, remind her of this strangeness of hers.

But is Matryona’s fate really that simple? And who knows what it’s like to fall in love with a person and, without waiting for him, to marry someone else, unloved, and then see your betrothed a few months after the wedding? And then what is it like to live with him side by side, to see him every day, to feel guilty for the failure of his and your life? Her husband didn't love her. She bore him six children, but none of them survived. And she had to take in raising the daughter of her beloved, but now a stranger. How much spiritual warmth and kindness accumulated in her, that’s how much she invested in her adopted daughter Kira. Matryona survived so much, but did not lose the inner light with which her eyes shone and her smile shone. She did not hold a grudge against anyone and was only upset when they offended her. She is not angry with her sisters, who appeared only when everything in her life was already well. She lives with what she has. And therefore I have not saved anything in my life except two hundred rubles for a funeral.

The turning point in her life was when they wanted to take away her room. She did not feel sorry for the good, she never regretted it. She was afraid to think that they would break her, in which her whole life had flown by in one moment. She spent forty years here, endured two wars, a revolution, the echoes of which flew by. And for her to break and take away her upper room means to break and destroy her life. This was the end for her. The real ending of the novel is not accidental either. Human greed destroys Matryona. It is painful to hear the author’s words that Thaddeus, because of whose greed the case began, on the day of Matryona’s death and then funeral, only thinks about the abandoned log house. He does not feel sorry for her, does not cry for the one whom he once loved so dearly.

Solzhenitsyn shows the era when the principles of life were turned upside down, when property became the subject and goal of life. It is not for nothing that the author asks the question why things are called “good”, because they are essentially evil, and terrible. Matryona understood this. She didn’t care about outfits, she dressed like a villager. Matryona is the embodiment of true folk morality, universal morality, on which the whole world rests.

So Matryona remained not understood by anyone, not truly mourned by anyone. Only Kira alone cried, not according to custom, but from the heart. They feared for her sanity.

The story is masterfully written. Solzhenitsyn is a master of subject detail. He builds a special three-dimensional world from small and seemingly insignificant details. This world is visible and tangible. This world is Russia. We can say with precision where in the country the village of Talnovo is located, but we understand perfectly well that all of Russia is in this village. Solzhenitsyn combines the general and the particular and encloses it in a single artistic image.

Plan

The narrator gets a job as a teacher in Talnovo. Settles in with Matryona Vasilyevna. Gradually the narrator learns about her past. Thaddeus comes to Matryona. He is busy with the upper room, which Matryona promised Kira, his daughter, raised by Matryona. While transporting the log house across the railway tracks, Matryona, her nephew and Kira's husband die. There have been long disputes over Matryona's hut and property. And the narrator moves in with her sister-in-law.

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In Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, the main character of the great poet’s work - the people - appears more fully and brightly than in other works. Here Nekrasov draws various types of peasants, comprehensively showing their life - both in grief and in “happiness”. One of the most striking in the poem is the image of Matryona Timofeevna, a typical Russian peasant woman, an image that embodies the features of all the women of Mother Rus' with their difficult and sometimes tragic fate,
...She is the same righteous man, Without whom... the village does not stand. Neither the city. Not all the land is ours. A. Solzhenitsyn. Matrenin's Dvor In his story "Matrenin's Dvor" A.I. Solzhenitsyn acts as a successor to the wonderful traditions of Russian classics, who created an unforgettable gallery of images of Russian women (Nekrasov's Matryona Timofeevna, Orina, Turgenev's Lukerya). The main character of the story is a simple, lonely old woman Matryona Vasilievna. Her life has never been easy; there are enough sorrows and worries today. From the whole household - a lanky cat and a dirty white one
In the work “Matryona’s Dvor,” Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn describes the life of a hardworking, intelligent, but very lonely woman, Matryona, whom no one understood or appreciated, but everyone tried to take advantage of her hard work and responsiveness. The very title of the story "Matrenin's Dvor" can be interpreted in different ways. In the first case, for example, the word “yard” can simply mean Matryona’s way of life, her household, her purely everyday worries and difficulties. In the second case, perhaps, we can say that the word “yard” emphasizes
Equipment 1. Vocabulary for the lesson: Spirituality, righteous, righteousness, character. 2. Portrait of A. I. Solzhenitsyn, illustration for the story. 3. Tape recorder (recording the ending of the story). Written on the board: the problematic question “Can Matryona be considered a righteous woman?” and responses to it, which present different points of view. “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village would not stand. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours” (A.I. Solzhenitsyn). “...This conclusion
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The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was written by the author in poetic form. The poem consists of four parts. The first part of the poem consists of five chapters and begins with a prologue. In the prologue, the author tells the reader that “seven men” once decided to find out “who lives happily and freely in Rus'.” The argument gradually turned into a fight. Birds and animals peeked out from the forest in response to the scream and noise, and a small chick fell from the nest of the warbler.
1. What types of peasants were depicted by N. A. Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”? N. A. Nekrasov creates several types of peasants. These are seven men looking for happy people in Rus'. The second type are fighters for the people: Saveliy the Holy Russian hero, Yermil Girin, the robber Kudeyar. The third type are workers who are still enduring, but their protest is already brewing: Matryona Timofeevna, Yakim Nagoy. The poet did not idealize the peasants. He also shows the type of serfs, slaves who revel in their

In the journal " New world"Several of Solzhenitsyn's works were published, among them "Matrenin's Dvor". The story, according to the writer, is “completely autobiographical and reliable.” It talks about the Russian village, about its inhabitants, about their values, about goodness, justice, sympathy and compassion, work and help - qualities that fit into the righteous man, without whom “the village is not worth it.”

"Matrenin's Dvor" is a story about the injustice and cruelty of human fate, about the Soviet order of post-Stalin times and about the life of the most ordinary people living far from city life. The narration is told not from the perspective of the main character, but from the perspective of the narrator, Ignatyich, who in the whole story seems to play the role of only an outside observer. What is described in the story dates back to 1956 - three years passed after the death of Stalin, and then Russian people I still didn’t know and didn’t understand how to live further.

“Matrenin’s Dvor” is divided into three parts:

1. The first tells the story of Ignatyich, it begins at the Torfprodukt station. The hero immediately reveals his cards, without making any secret of it: he is a former prisoner, and now works as a teacher at a school, he came there in search of peace and tranquility. In Stalin's time, it was almost impossible for people who had been imprisoned to find workplace, and after the death of the leader, many became school teachers (a profession in short supply). Ignatyich stays with an elderly hardworking woman named Matryona, with whom he finds it easy to communicate and has peace of mind. Her dwelling was poor, the roof sometimes leaked, but this did not mean at all that there was no comfort in it: “Maybe to someone from the village, someone richer, Matryona’s hut did not seem friendly, but for us that autumn and winter it was quite good."
2. The second part tells about Matryona’s youth, when she had to go through a lot. The war took her fiancé Fadey away from her, and she had to marry his brother, who still had children in his arms. Taking pity on him, she became his wife, although she did not love him at all. But three years later, Fadey, whom the woman still loved, suddenly returned. The returning warrior hated her and her brother for their betrayal. But hard life could not kill her kindness and hard work, because it was in work and caring for others that she found solace. Matryona even died while doing business - she helped her lover and her sons drag part of her house across the railroad tracks, which was bequeathed to Kira (his daughter). And this death was caused by Fadey’s greed, avarice and callousness: he decided to take away the inheritance while Matryona was still alive.
3. The third part talks about how the narrator learns about Matryona’s death and describes the funeral and wake. Her relatives are not crying out of grief, but rather because it is customary, and in their heads there are only thoughts about the division of the property of the deceased. Fadey is not at the wake.

Main characters

Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva is an elderly woman, a peasant woman, who was released from work on the collective farm due to illness. She was always happy to help people, even strangers. In the episode when the narrator moves into her hut, the author mentions that she never intentionally looked for a lodger, that is, she did not want to make money on this basis, and did not profit even from what she could. Her wealth was pots of ficus trees and an old domestic cat that she took from the street, a goat, as well as mice and cockroaches. Matryona also married her fiancé’s brother out of a desire to help: “Their mother died...they didn’t have enough hands.”

Matryona herself also had children, six, but they all died in early childhood, so she later took Fadey’s youngest daughter Kira into her upbringing. Matryona rose early in the morning, worked until dark, but did not show fatigue or dissatisfaction to anyone: she was kind and responsive to everyone. She was always very afraid of becoming a burden to someone, she did not complain, she was even afraid to call the doctor again. As Kira grew up, Matryona wanted to give her room as a gift, which required dividing the house - during the move, Fadey’s things got stuck in a sled on the railroad tracks, and Matryona got hit by a train. Now there was no one to ask for help, there was no person ready to unselfishly come to the rescue. But the relatives of the deceased kept in mind only the thought of profit, of dividing what was left of the poor peasant woman, already thinking about it at the funeral. Matryona stood out very much from the background of her fellow villagers, and was thus irreplaceable, invisible and the only righteous person.

Narrator, Ignatyich, to some extent, is a prototype of the writer. He served his exile and was acquitted, after which he set out in search of a calm and serene life, he wanted to work school teacher. He found refuge with Matryona. Judging by the desire to move away from the bustle of the city, the narrator is not very sociable and loves silence. He worries when a woman takes his padded jacket by mistake, and is confused by the volume of the loudspeaker. The narrator got along with the owner of the house; this shows that he is still not completely antisocial. However, he doesn’t understand people very well: he understood the meaning by which Matryona lived only after she passed away.

Topics and issues

Solzhenitsyn in the story “Matrenin’s Dvor” talks about the life of the inhabitants of the Russian village, about the system of relationships between power and people, about the high meaning of selfless work in the kingdom of selfishness and greed.

Of all this, the theme of labor is shown most clearly. Matryona is a person who does not ask for anything in return and is ready to give herself all for the benefit of others. They don’t appreciate her and don’t even try to understand her, but this is a person who experiences tragedy every day: first, the mistakes of her youth and the pain of loss, then frequent illnesses, hard work, not life, but survival. But from all the problems and hardships, Matryona finds solace in work. And, in the end, it is work and overwork that leads her to death. The meaning of Matryona’s life is precisely this, and also care, help, the desire to be needed. Therefore, active love for others is the main theme of the story.

The problem of morality also occupies an important place in the story. Material values ​​in the village are exalted over human soul and her work, on humanity in general. Understand the depth of Matryona's character minor characters they are simply incapable: greed and the desire to possess more blinds them to their eyes and does not allow them to see kindness and sincerity. Fadey lost his son and wife, his son-in-law faces imprisonment, but his thoughts are on how to protect the logs that were not burned.

In addition, the story has a theme of mysticism: the motive of an unidentified righteous man and the problem of cursed things - which were touched by people full of self-interest. Fadey made the upper room of Matryona's hut cursed, undertaking to knock it down.

Idea

The above-mentioned themes and problems in the story “Matrenin’s Dvor” are aimed at revealing the depth of the main character’s pure worldview. An ordinary peasant woman serves as an example of the fact that difficulties and losses only strengthen a Russian person, and do not break him. With the death of Matryona, everything that she figuratively built collapses. Her house is being torn apart, the remains of her property are divided among themselves, the yard remains empty and ownerless. Therefore, her life looks pitiful, no one realizes the loss. But won't the same thing happen with palaces and jewels? powerful of the world this? The author demonstrates the frailty of material things and teaches us not to judge others by their wealth and achievements. True meaning has a moral image that does not fade even after death, because it remains in the memory of those who saw its light.

Maybe over time the heroes will notice that a very important part of their life is missing: invaluable values. Why reveal global moral problems in such poor settings? And what then is the meaning of the title of the story “Matrenin’s Dvor”? Last words that Matryona was a righteous woman erases the boundaries of her court and expands them to the scale of the whole world, thereby making the problem of morality universal.

Folk character in the work

Solzhenitsyn reasoned in the article “Repentance and Self-Restraint”: “There are such born angels, they seem to be weightless, they seem to glide over this slurry, without drowning in it at all, even if their feet touch its surface? Each of us has met such people, there are not ten of them and not a hundred of them in Russia, these are righteous people, we saw them, were surprised (“eccentrics”), took advantage of their goodness, in good moments answered them in kind, they are disposed - and immediately immersed again to our doomed depths.”

Matryona is distinguished from the rest by her ability to preserve her humanity and a strong core inside. To those who unscrupulously used her help and kindness, it might seem that she was weak-willed and pliable, but the heroine helped based only on her inner selflessness and moral greatness.

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A. N. Solzhenitsyn, having returned from exile, worked as a teacher at the Miltsevo school. He lived in the apartment of Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova. All events described by the author were real. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin's Dvor" describes not an easy lot collective farm Russian village. We offer for your information an analysis of the story according to the plan; this information can be used for work in literature lessons in the 9th grade, as well as in preparation for the Unified State Exam.

Brief Analysis

Year of writing– 1959

History of creation– The writer began working on his work, dedicated to the problems of the Russian village, in the summer of 1959 on the coast of Crimea, where he was visiting his friends in exile. Beware of censorship, it was recommended to change the title “A village is not worth it without a righteous man,” and on the advice of Tvardovsky, the writer’s story was called “Matrenin’s Dvor.”

Subject– The main theme of this work is the life and everyday life of the Russian hinterland, the problems of relationships common man with power, moral problems.

Composition– The narration is told on behalf of the narrator, as if through the eyes of an outside observer. The features of the composition allow us to understand the very essence of the story, where the heroes will come to the realization that the meaning of life is not only (and not so much) in enrichment, material values, but in moral values, and this problem is universal, and not a single village.

Genre– The genre of the work is defined as “monumental story.”

Direction– Realism.

History of creation

The writer’s story is autobiographical; after exile, he actually taught in the village of Miltsevo, which is named Talnovo in the story, and rented a room from Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova. In his a short story the writer reflected not only the fate of one hero, but also the entire epoch-making idea of ​​​​the formation of the country, all its problems and moral principles.

Myself meaning of the name“Matrenin’s yard” is a reflection of the main idea of ​​the work, where the boundaries of her yard are expanded to the scale of the whole country, and the idea of ​​morality turns into universal human problems. From this we can conclude that the history of the creation of “Matryona’s Yard” does not include a separate village, but the history of the creation of a new outlook on life and on the power that governs the people.

Subject

Having carried out an analysis of the work in Matryona's Dvor, it is necessary to determine main topic story, find out what it teaches autobiographical essay not only the author himself, but, by and large, the entire country.

The life and work of the Russian people, their relationship with the authorities are deeply covered. A person works all his life, losing his personal life and interests in his work. Your health, in the end, without getting anything. Using the example of Matryona, it is shown that she worked all her life without any official documents about her work, and did not even earn a pension.

All the last months of its existence were spent collecting various pieces of paper, and the red tape and bureaucracy of the authorities also led to the fact that one had to go and get the same piece of paper more than once. Indifferent people sitting at desks in offices can easily put the wrong seal, signature, stamp; they do not care about people’s problems. So Matryona, in order to achieve a pension, goes through all the authorities more than once, somehow achieving a result.

The villagers think only about their own enrichment; for them there is no moral values. Thaddeus Mironovich, her husband's brother, forced Matryona to give up the promised part of her house during her lifetime adopted daughter, Kire. Matryona agreed, and when, out of greed, two sleighs were hooked up to one tractor, the cart was hit by a train, and Matryona died along with her nephew and the tractor driver. Human greed is above all, that same evening, her only friend, Aunt Masha, came to her house to pick up the thing promised to her before Matryona’s sisters stole it.

And Thaddeus Mironovich, who also had a coffin with his late son in his house, still managed to transport the logs abandoned at the crossing before the funeral, and did not even come to pay tribute to the memory of the woman who died terrible death because of his insatiable greed. Matryona’s sisters, first of all, took her funeral money and began to divide the remains of the house, crying over their sister’s coffin not out of grief and sympathy, but because that’s how it was supposed to be.

In fact, humanly speaking, no one felt sorry for Matryona. Greed and greed blinded the eyes of fellow villagers, and people will never understand Matryona that with her spiritual development the woman stands at an unattainable height from them. She is a true righteous woman.

Composition

The events of that time are described from the perspective of stranger, a tenant who lived in Matryona's house.

Narrator starts his story from the time he was looking for a job as a teacher, trying to find a remote village to live in. As fate would have it, he ended up in the village where Matryona lived and settled down with her.

In the second part, the narrator describes hard fate Matryona, who has not seen happiness since his youth. Her life was hard, with daily labors and worries. She had to bury all of her six children who were born. Matryona endured a lot of torment and grief, but did not become embittered, and her soul did not harden. She is still hardworking and selfless, friendly and peaceful. She never judges anyone, treats everyone evenly and kindly, and still works in her yard. She died trying to help her relatives move their own part of the house.

In the third part, the narrator describes the events after Matryona’s death, the same callousness of people, the woman’s relatives and friends, who, after the woman’s death, flew like crows into the remains of her yard, trying to quickly steal and plunder everything, condemning Matryona for her righteous life.

Main characters

Genre

The publication of Matryona's Court caused a lot of controversy among Soviet critics. Tvardovsky wrote in his notes that Solzhenitsyn is the only writer who expresses his opinion without regard to the authorities and the opinions of critics.

Everyone clearly came to the conclusion that the writer’s work belongs to "monumental story", so in a high spiritual genre a description of a simple Russian woman is given, personifying universal human values.

Justification for choosing the topic.

Russian literature has always been a fusion of linguistic and spiritual wealth. As a school subject in the context of the disciplines of the aesthetic cycle, it is designed to develop in students artistic taste, reading talent, the art of improvisation, the ability to thoughtfully read, and analyze. The study of the works of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn provides beneficial material for dialogue with high school students. In our opinion, the time has come for deeper assessments of Solzhenitsyn’s work and a revision of many clearly outdated cliches. It's time to admit that the main theme of this writer's work is not criticism of socialism and communism, not curses on the Gulag, but the struggle between good and evil - the eternal theme of world art

Board design:

• record lesson topics,
• portrait,
• writer's epigraph.

Materials for the lesson:

• story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin Dvor” (text on each desk),
• exhibition writer's books,
• a selection of newspaper and magazine articles,
• dictionary literary terms(A.B. Esina),
• explanatory dictionaries S.I. Ozhegova, V.I. Dalia.

Vocabulary work: totalitarianism, totalitarian regime, condovy, righteous, righteousness.

Lesson objectives:

• to awaken interest in the personality and creativity of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, writer, publicist, public figure;
• introduce the history of writing the story “Matrenin’s Dvor”,
• evoke an emotional response to the work, show its journalistic nature and appeal to the reader;
• expand students' knowledge about various aspects of life in the Russian village in the early 50s. XX century;
• “following the author” to follow the fate of a Russian woman who withstood the harsh trials of life, but managed to retain a kind, sympathetic soul, capable of helping people;
• lead students to understand the tragic fate of the common man in a totalitarian state.

Methods and techniques: explanatory and illustrative, reproductive, method of creative reading, analysis work of art, work on theoretical and literary concepts.

Preliminary homework:

1. To the class: read the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s “Matrenin’s Dvor”, draw up a story plan, do vocabulary work in a notebook (totalitarianism, kondovoy, righteous); write down the most characteristic statements of the heroine, what is her manner of speech?

2. Topics for individual messages:

a) “The life and work of a writer”

b) “The crisis of the Russian village in the early 50s.”

c) “The history of writing the story “Matrenin’s Dvor” (1959)

d) “Matryona A.I. Solzhenitsyn and Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina N.A. Nekrasov”

e) “Matryona and Ivan Denisovich. What features do Matryona have in common with Ivan Denisovich?

Lesson epigraph:

“Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God.”

“There are such born angels, they seem to be weightless, they seem to glide on top of this slurry (violence, lies, myths about happiness and legality), without drowning in it at all.”

A. I. Solzhenitsyn

Vocabulary work:

Totalitarianism is a government system that exercises absolute control over all areas public life. Stalin's and Hitler's regimes are prototypes of this system. (Political science. encyclopedic Dictionary. Ed. "Big N")

A righteous person is one who in his actions is guided by the principles of justice, honesty, and does not violate the rules of morality (Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language; “... in everything he acts according to the law of God, sinless” (Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V. I. Dahl)

DURING THE CLASSES

Teacher's opening speech

For many years our country lived under a totalitarian regime. And people perceived this as a common occurrence, since they were taught to exist in a command-administrative system from early childhood. And only in recent decades has it become clear that we cannot hide the dark spots in the history of our people. Returned in the recent past from literary oblivion, the name of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, writer, publicist, citizen, Nobel Prize laureate in literature, is on the lips of all Russians, his works are read and reread, filmed, discussed in lessons. History cannot be rewritten. And you need to know it. And the writer A.I. will help us with this. Solzhenitsyn.

Life and work of a writer (individual assignment)

The future writer was born in Kislovodsk on December 11, 1918. I spent my childhood in Rostov-on-Don. There he graduated from school, and in 1936 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University. In parallel with his studies at the university, Solzhenitsyn entered the correspondence department of the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature, and successfully graduated in 1941.

On October 8, 1941, he was mobilized and during the war years he marched from Orel to East Prussia, receiving the rank of captain. In 1945, three months before the victory, he was arrested by military counterintelligence for free statements in private correspondence addressed to V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin. Sentenced under Article 58 to eight years in the camps. The writer’s release from the camp and the beginning of life in “eternal exile” coincided with the death of Stalin in 1953. In 1956, Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated. From 1957 to 1964 he lived in Ryazan and worked as a school teacher.

In 1962, the magazine “New World” published the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.”

In 1963, the stories “Matrenin’s Dvor”, “An Incident at Kochetovka Station” and “For the Good of the Cause” were published. In 1968, “ Cancer building” and “In the First Circle”, which brought the writer world fame (in 1968 - 1988, his works were published only in the West). In 1970, the writer was awarded Nobel Prize in literature for “the ethical strength with which he follows the traditions of Russian literature. At the same time, a propaganda campaign against Solzhenitsyn was launched in the USSR. In 1974, in connection with the publication of the first volume of “The Gulag Archipelago” in Paris, Solzhenitsyn was arrested, imprisoned in Lefortovo prison, deprived of Soviet citizenship and forcibly expelled to the West.

In exile, the writer lived in Frankfurt am Main, Zurich, and then the USA. In the 1970-1990s, works were published that had not seen the light of day in their homeland (“Letter to the leaders of the Soviet Union,” “Prussian Nights,” “The Calf Butted an Oak Tree”), the epic “The Red Wheel,” “The Gulag Archipelago,” collections of prose and journalism.

Changes in the socio-political situation in the USSR during the era of perestroika led to the abolition in 1989. decision to expel Solzhenitsyn from the Writers' Union. In 1994, he returned to his homeland, where his active creative and social activities continue.

History of writing the story

Autobiographical basis. (Individual task)

The story “Matrenin's Dvor,” written in 1959, has an autobiographical basis. Solzhenitsyn recalled: “The story is completely autobiographical and reliable. The life of Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova and her death were reproduced as they were. The true name of the village is Miltsevo, Kurlovsky district, Vladimir region.” The author's emphasis on the authenticity of the events described is emphasized by the fact that the place of the tragedy that occurred in the story is named with documentary accuracy (“one hundred and eighty-fourth kilometer from Moscow along the branch that goes to Murom and Kazan”). The time frame of the events described is precisely defined (summer - autumn 1956 and winter 1957) and the location of the action - the Vladimir region. The original title is “A village is not worthwhile without a righteous man”; the final one was given by A.T. Tvardovsky. When publishing the story, the year of its action, 1956, was replaced at the request of the editors with the year 1953, that is, pre-Khrushchev time. Published in “New World”, 1963, No. 1. The first of the stories was attacked in the Soviet press. In particular, the author pointed out that the experience of the neighboring prosperous collective farm, where the chairman was the Hero of Socialist Labor, was not used. The critics failed to notice that he was mentioned in the story as a forest destroyer and speculator (“... dense, impenetrable forests stood in this place before and survived the revolution. Then they were cut down by peat developers and the neighboring collective farm. Its chairman, Gorshkov, reduced quite a few hectares of forest to the roots and profitably sold to the Odessa region, thereby raising his collective farm, and receiving for himself a Hero of Socialist Labor.”)

How did the village actually live and “survive” in the post-war period? Tragic pages of history (individual assignment)

The story “Matrenin’s Dvor” opened the way for such a phenomenon in Russian literature as “village prose.” The basis of the story is the fate of the Russian peasantry. In the story we encounter a description of a Central Russian village in the post-war period. We will not find here any criticism of collective farm life, nor ideas denouncing the state system. What is so unusual about Solzhenitsyn’s story, if immediately after it was published, the work was subjected to harsh criticism?

The events of the story are limited by a clear time frame: summer - winter of 1956, however, thanks to the memories of the heroine and the thoughts of the narrator, these few months absorb the events of four decades. Reconstructing the fate of the heroine, we are convinced that her life dramas and personal troubles are in one way or another connected with the turns of history: with the First World War, in which Thaddeus was captured, with the Great Patriotic War, from which her husband did not return, with the collective farm, which squeezed out she was left without any means of subsistence. Her fate is part of the fate of the entire people. And today the inhumane social system does not let Matryona go: she was left without a pension; they don’t sell her peat, forcing her to steal, and they also search her based on a denunciation; the new chairman cut gardens for all disabled people; It is impossible to have a cow, since there is no place to mow grass for her; They don't sell train tickets either. The real life of the peasantry appears before our eyes, but not the one that was talked about at party congresses, but the real one... “Alas, they didn’t bake bread there. They didn't sell anything edible there. All the ancient people carried food in bags from the regional city.” Comparing the episodes depicting this wide world, we are convinced that the basis of relationships in it is lies. The peasantry has lost centuries-old economic traditions. The state was not interested in people's lives; their rights were not protected in any way.

Implementation of homework.

Assignment: draw up a story plan, briefly state its content according to the plan:

1 part– acquaintance with Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva.

part 2- Matryona’s story about herself, her past, memories of her youth, about love.

Part 3- death, after death.

Analytical conversation.

Will he tell you what Ignatich learned about heroin? Why does she have so many grievances?

Matrena Vasilievna Grigorievna is a resident of the village of Talnovo. Life was difficult for a poor and lonely woman. She lost her husband at the front, buried her children, “a stranger to her sisters and sisters-in-law” lives quietly and alone. Thanks to the relationships that have developed between the characters, the narrator reveals Matryona’s character, the world of her thoughts and feelings, her past. He witnesses an amazing tragic fate heroines. “They didn’t pay her a pension, her family didn’t help her much. “Year after year, for many years, Matryona Vasilievna did not earn a ruble from anywhere. And on the collective farm she did not work for money - for sticks. For sticks of workdays in the grimy accountant’s book.” “That autumn, Matryona had many grievances, there were many injustices: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she wasn’t at a factory, she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and could only get it for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But my husband had been gone for fifteen years. It was a hassle - to get these certificates... and get the certificate certified... and what year it is from... and then take it all to social security... and find out whether they will give you a pension. and lay flat for a day or two. She didn’t complain or moan.” The heroine considered it inconvenient to bother doctors because of her illness, to bother people with taking care of themselves.

Is there a detailed portrait of the heroine in the story? What portrait details does the writer focus on?

We will not find a detailed portrait of the heroine in the story. Matryona is endowed with a discreet appearance: “the smile of her round face,” “simply looking with faded blue eyes,” “... in her dim eyes.” Another thing is important to the author: Inner Light in her eyes and a “radiant smile.” From chapter to chapter, one detail is repeated - a smile: “smiling at something,” “enlightened, happy with everything, with her kind smile.” Solzhenitsyn states directly: “Those people always have good faces, those who at peace with my conscience"

What do the heroine and the narrator have in common?

A spiritual closeness is discovered between the narrator and Matryona, and a trusting relationship based on self-respect is established. This is explained by the fact that the heroes have a lot in common. They are both alone. Ignatich says about himself that “at no point in it (Russia) was anyone waiting for me,” Matryona is lonely and lost her husband in the war, left without children, a stranger to her relatives. “It was good for me here because, due to poverty, Matryona did not keep a radio, and due to loneliness, she had no one to talk to.” Ignatich and Matryona are indifferent to living conditions, the spirit of hoarding is alien to them, they are accustomed to being content with little. “So Matryona got used to me, and I got used to her, and we lived easily. She did not interfere with my long evening studies, did not annoy me with any questions. So lacking was womanly curiosity in her, or so delicate was she, that she never asked me once: was I ever married?” Matryona is unpretentious to food, she is used to being content with the least. Life, like the hero, taught her “to find the meaning of everyday existence not in food.” Both of them are people accustomed to working, alien to laziness and idleness.

What is the meaning of Matryona Vasilievna’s life?

The heroine’s way of overcoming the illness and returning to life is through work and mandatory daily household chores.” I noticed: she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately she either grabbed a shovel and dug up the cart. Or she would go for peat with a bag under her arm. And even with a wicker body - up to the berries in the distant forest. And bowing not to the office desks, but to the forest bushes, and having broken her back with burdens, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, happy with everything, with her kind smile. “Work, physical labor occupy a central place in the heroine’s life: she cannot imagine her existence without work.” ... looking closely at Matryona, I noticed that, in addition to cooking and housekeeping, she had some other significant task to do every day...” Matryona is trouble-free in her work when people turn to her for help, be it on a collective farm, “any distant relative or just a neighbor” she is always ready to help her neighbor. “When there weren’t enough hands, when the women refused too stubbornly, the chairman’s wife came to Matryona...”; “Tomorrow, Matryona, you will come to help me. We’ll dig up the potatoes...”; “Moreover, not a single plowing of the garden could be done without Matryona...”. The character of the heroine is gradually revealed. We are increasingly convinced that Matryona is immensely kind, hardworking, trying to please everyone, including the guest.

How does the narrator reveal to us the spiritual world of heroin?

We learn that Matryona is able to appreciate art rooted in folk art. Thus, she does not accept Chaliapin’s performance of folk songs, feeling the incompatibility of the singer’s classical opera manner and the folk singing tradition: “No. Not this way. Lada is not ours. And she spoils her with her voice.” But Glinka’s romances deeply move her, touching her to tears.

Tell us about the heroine’s attitude to the Orthodox faith

Of particular importance in the work are the narrator’s judgments about Matryona’s attitude towards the Orthodox faith. We see that the heroine’s life is lived in full accordance with Christian commandments. However, the narrator notes: “It cannot be said, however, that Matryona believed somehow earnestly. Even if she was a pagan, superstition took over in her.” But Matryona’s faith is genuine, because it is intimate and chaste. “Maybe she prayed, but not ostentatiously,” says Ignatich. Religion and Christian commandments exist within her, making up the content of her inner world, determining her actions, thoughts and feelings.

Let's watch the heroine's speech. What is special about her speech?

Deep folk character Matryona is manifested primarily in her speech. The abundance of colloquial, dialectal vocabulary, archaisms give her language a bright individuality and expressiveness (“I’ll have time, two days, three days, for the worst, I’ve taken care, now, summer, help, tizhel, molonya, hide, awkward; don’t know, begma , what time is it”). Solzhenitsyn endows his heroine with the gift of word creation, as evidenced by her sayings (“touch, duel (blizzard, reconnaissance (socket), portion (spoilage), cardboard soup; “if you don’t know how, if you don’t cook, you’ll lose”). The author says, that everyone in the village spoke like that. Matryona’s manner of speech was also deeply folky: “and always the same friendly words were heard from behind the partition. They began with some kind of low warm purring, like grandmothers in fairy tales.

- Mmm - mm... you too!
And a little later:
- And breakfast is in time for you.

Describe Matryona's life.

Matryona’s life is striking in its disorder: “She lives in a desert,” “besides Matryona and me, there were also living in the hut: a cat, mice and cockroaches,” “part of the hut was lined with stools and benches with pots and tubs of ficus. They filled the hostess’s loneliness with a silent but lively crowd.” In the sense of everything else: she “didn’t have”, she “didn’t have”, she “didn’t chase after anything”. These meager details indicate that the housewife is indifferent to everyday amenities, the spirit of hoarding is alien to her, she is prone to self-restraint. Despite Matryona’s living conditions, the guest felt in her hut something close to his heart. Therefore, her simple life becomes his life. “We didn’t share the room”

What made such a kind, selfless woman like Matryona steal?

“We stood around the forest, but there was nowhere to get a firebox. Excavators roared all around in the swamps, but the peat was not sold to residents, but only transported to the authorities, and whoever was with the authorities, and by car - to teachers, doctors, and factory workers. There was no fuel - and it was not supposed to ask about it... The writer draws our attention to the harsh reality of that time, reveals the complex relationship between power and man. The life of rural, “condo”, “interior Russia” turns out to be corroded by lies, cruelty, and pragmatism.

What did Matryona tell her guest about herself?

The image of Matryona has many meanings. It reveals to the author the true meaning of Russian life and becomes a symbol of national destiny. Matryona's life turns out to be inextricably linked with the fate of the country, inseparable from it. The fate of the heroine is tragic. The outbreak of the First World War separates her from her loved one, Thaddeus. “He went to war and disappeared. For three years I hid, waited. Not a word, not a bone...” Then “And one revolution. And another revolution. And the whole world turned upside down.” Matryona’s life also turned upside down. Thaddeus's younger brother, Efim, wooed her. Started a new life. “They say here: the smart one comes out after the Intercession, and the fool comes out after Petrov. They didn't have enough hands. I went...They got married on Peter's Day, and Thaddeus returned to Mikola in winter...from Hungarian captivity. New life it doesn’t work out, her marriage is barren.” Matryona and Yefim had no children: each one died before they were three months old and without any illness.” Matryona reveals herself in a completely unexpected way when she talks about her love. How many years have passed, but love remains, for many years the feeling that once flared up warmed her heart. Despite fate, which doomed her to loneliness, Matryona raised Thaddeus’s daughter, Kira, for ten years and became her second mother.

What are the reasons for the death of the heroine? Who is to blame for her death?

“Suffering from illnesses and near death, Matryona then declared her will: a separate log house of the upper room, located under a common connection with the hut, after death, be given as an inheritance to Kira..” Thaddeus “instructively spoke to Matryona and demanded that she give the upper room now same during life.” “Matryona didn’t sleep for two nights. It was not easy for her to make up her mind...” She soon gave up. “...it was terrible for her to start breaking the roof under which she had lived for forty years. Even I, a guest, felt pain that they would begin to tear off the boards and turn out the logs of the house. And for Matryona this was the end of her entire life.” But she cannot do otherwise, because, otherwise, it would no longer be Matryona, but a completely different person.

Almost Matryona Vasilievna’s only ally remains nature. On the day when the logs from the destroyed room had to be transported to Cherusti, a snowstorm began: “It twisted and turned for two days and covered the road with excessive snowdrifts.” Then it suddenly became warmer, and the soggy snow again made the road impregnable. “For two weeks the tractor couldn’t handle the broken chamber! These two weeks Matryona walked as if lost.” And the fact that Matryona’s holy water inexplicably disappeared seems like a bad omen. Matryona dies along with the upper room, with part of her house.

What killed her?

Human greed, negligence, self-interest, greed. A whole chain of seemingly accidents and coincidences. “No Matryona. A loved one was killed"

How did Thaddeus Mironovich, Matryona’s relatives, appear to us in the story? How is their moral position manifested in episodes related to the death of the main character?

Drawing a portrait of Thaddeus, the author repeats the epithet “black” several times, contrasting his appearance with the luminosity of Matryona. A man whose life was also broken in its own way by inhumane circumstances, Thaddeus, unlike Matryona, harbored a grudge against fate and people. And if Matryona’s work enlightened her, Thaddeus and his accomplices, on the contrary, hardened. “Everyone worked like crazy….in a frenzy. They shouted at each other and argued. ...The tractor driver came out with a cruel face...” “The eyes...glittered busily,” “climbed deftly,” “bustled animatedly.” Self-interest and greed force him to destroy Matryona's house. And even on the eve of Matryona’s funeral, then, when “his daughter was losing her mind, a trial was hanging over his son-in-law, the son he had killed lay in his own house, on the same street - the woman he had killed, whom he had once loved,” Thaddeus thought only about that , in order to “save the logs of the upper room from the fire and from the machinations of Matryona’s sisters.” At the funeral, Matryona’s relatives (her sisters and sisters-in-law) - even in ritual laments - compete for a meager inheritance, blame each other, care about the mortal, and not about the eternal. Their funeral lament is not real, “substitute”: “We are not to blame for her death, but we’ll talk about the hut later.” At the wake, no one talks about Matryona herself. The typicality of such a moral position is confirmed by Matryona’s friend Masha, who, although she sincerely cried over the deceased, did not forget, however, to grab the “knitted bundle” promised to her, “which is what the language strangely calls our property our good, the people’s or mine,” the writer notes. .

This is exactly how Matrenin’s relatives understand goodness. Solzhenitsyn’s heroine is completely different. For her, good is the inability to do evil, love and compassion. The writer sees in this substitution of concepts a spiritual crisis that has gripped Russia.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn called his heroine righteous, what does this word mean, what meaning did the writer put into it?

Implementation of home vocabulary work. Different dictionaries give different interpretations of the word “righteous”; we give.

The criterion for evaluating a person is not his social significance, but the ability to carry your soul clean through inhuman trials. Solzhenitsyn returned the Orthodox Christian meaning to this word. Matryona Vasilyevna is a person who lives according to the commandments of Christ, who managed to preserve the purity and holiness of her soul in the most dramatic circumstances of Russian history of the twentieth century. After many years of dominance in literature by a strong man who thirsted for freedom, who went against circumstances and led people, the writer returned to it a hero who embodied peasant thoroughness, a habit of work, patience, endurance, the ability to adapt to inhuman conditions without humiliating himself and without participating in the evil that is being done, the ability to remain internally free in an environment of total unfreedom, to preserve one’s name, one’s language, one’s individuality. In the article “Repentance and self-restraint as categories of national life” (1973) A.I. Solzhenitsyn designates “a certain measure of righteousness, holiness, continuously growing in some people and inaccessible to others....; there are such born angels - they seem to be weightless, they glide as if on top of this slurry, without drowning in it at all...” Matryona Vasilievna how sky Angel, always late to the “division of earthly goods.” Solzhenitsyn writes about the important spiritual mission of these “born angels” at the end of the story: “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was that very righteous person, without whom, according to the proverb, we could not there is a village. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours.”

In the image of Matryona, the writer captured those high, spiritual and moral ideals, which are doomed to destruction by the inhumane course of national history and which, according to Solzhenitsyn, must be preserved.

Literature:

1. Reshetovskaya N. A. Alexander Solzhenitsyn and reading Russia. M. 1990.
2. Solzhenitsyn A.I. Small collection op. In 7 volumes. M. 1991.
3. Medvedev Zh. A. Ten years after “One Day...”. Munich, 1973.
4. Niva Georges. Solzhenitsyn. M., 1992.
5. Chalmaev V. Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Life and creativity. M., 1994.
6. Magazine “Literature in School” No. 11, 2004, p. 26 “Righteous...”