Predicate and its main types. Compound verb predicate

Predicate.

Predicate- This main member sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

Simple verbal predicate. Compound verbal predicate - SGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Simple verb predicate (PGS)

Ways to express a simple verbal predicate

1. Verb in some mood	A gloomy morning is coming. It was a gloomy morning. Sergei will enter drama school. He would gladly go to the village. Write down your homework.
2. Independent infinitive	To live is to serve the homeland.
3. Interjective verb forms (truncated forms of a verb like bam, grab, jump)	Each friend here quietly pushes her friend.
4. Phraseological phrase with the main word - a verb in conjugated form	The team won the championship. He's chasing the quitter again.
5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)	Let me go with you. Let him go with his father. May you have sweet dreams. He started to walk towards the door, but suddenly stopped. The room seemed to smell of smoke. He seemed petrified with fright. He almost died of grief. He just did somersaults, trying to make the audience laugh. He was almost crazy with joy.

Compound predicates.

Compound verb predicate

Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He started singing(PGS). – He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). – He was sick for two months(SIS).

A compound verb predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part (verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part ( indefinite form verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.

SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started singing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

Wed: Ibegan- what to do?; IWant- what to do?.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.

Wed: Shesat down(for what purpose?) relax.

The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing– compound verbal predicate ( I want - I, sing will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested– simple verbal predicate, sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she).

Auxiliary verb meanings

Meaning	Typical verbs and phraseological units
1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action)	start, become, start, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, cease and etc.	He began to prepare to leave. He continued to prepare for departure. He gave up smoking. He again began to talk about the hardships of rural life.
2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional assessment of an action, etc.)	Can, be able to, wish, want, dream, intend, refuse, try, strive, count, be able to, contrive, strive, assume, get used to, hurry, be embarrassed, endure, love, hate, be afraid, be afraid, be cowardly, be ashamed, set a goal , to burn with desire, to have the honor, to have the intention, to make a promise, to have the habit and etc.	I can sing. I want to sing. I'm afraid to sing. I like singing. I'm ashamed to sing. I'm looking forward to singing this aria.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate (CIS)consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part - the copula (verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.

SIS = copula + nominal part

For example: Hewas a doctor; Hebecame a doctor; Hewas ill; Hewas sick; Hewas injured; Hecame first.

Types of linking verbs

Type of connective by meaning	Typical verbs	Examples
1 . Grammatical connective – expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the copula be is usually in the zero form (“zero copula”): the absence of the copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	Hewas a doctor. Hewill be a doctor. Hedoctor. Hewas sick. Hewill be sick. Hesick. Heis sick. LyricsThere isthe highestmanifestationart.
2 . The semi-nominal copula not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the characteristic: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to happen, to happen; d) assessment of the characteristic from the point of view of reality: to seem, to seem, to introduce oneself, to be considered, to be reputed; e) name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be revered.	Hebecame sick. Hestayed sick. Hebeen sickevery autumn. Heturned out to be sick. Hewas considered sick. Heseemed sick. Heis sick. Hereputed to be sick. Theircalled sick.
3. The nominative connective is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander; c) verbs of state: live, work, be born, die.	Shesat tired. Heleft angry. Hecame back upset. Helived as a hermit. Heborn happy. Hedied a hero.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:

Himwasthree sons; Himwasmuch money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

Heturned out to bedowntown; Hebecamenear the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: Hesatnear the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( Hesat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what He sat and not stood or lying).

For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired- He was tired; He was born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was first;

the link can be made null:

He sat tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He first .

If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

Form	Examples
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case	He is mineBrother. Hewasminebrother.
1.2. Noun in oblique case with or without preposition	Navigatorwas in oblivion. Ipenniless. This house -Meshkova.
1.3. Whole phrase with the main word - a noun in genitive case(with qualitative assessment value)	Son-in-lawwas a silent breed. This girltall.
2. Adjective
2.1. Short adjective	Hecheerful. Hebecame cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	Hefunny. Hebecame cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective	Here's the sound of musicwere more audible. Youthe best.
3. Communion
3.1. Short Communion	Heinjured. Glasswere defeated.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case	Glasswere broken. Glasswere broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All fish -yours. Thissomething new.
5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut -thirdon the edge. Their hutwas thirdon the edge.
6. Adverb	Iwas on guard. His daughterMarriedfor my brother.

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero connective), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases – the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

A type of predicate, the main component of which is represented by:

1) the infinitive form of a full verb;

2) verbal phraseology;

3) descriptive verb-noun phrase: Water on the lake started to freeze. He continued diligently study. He Maybe for hours kick your ass. The forms of a compound verbal predicate differ in the expression of the auxiliary component, which is lexically incomplete, expressing in the predicate not an action, but an assessment of the main action, indicated by the infinitive: I want to rest. Auxiliary component S.g.s. expresses: a) grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person; b) phase additional values; c) modal additional values. 1. Phase value expressed by conjugated verbs indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action: begin, continue, to finish, stop, stop, quit etc. Species significance of S.g.s. created by an auxiliary verb: He kept talking to his friend.

1) conjugated auxiliary verbs: be able, want, prepare and etc.;

2) verbal phraseological units, descriptive verb-noun phrases: set a goal, procrastinate; 3) analytical combinations of short adjectives, participles, nouns, adverbs with conjugated forms of connectives (was - must, ready, capable, forced, master, able, etc.). A compound verbal predicate can have complicated forms expressing two grammatical meanings: phasic And modal. The auxiliary component in this case contains two verbs or corresponding combinations - one in the conjugated form, the other in the infinitive: He wanted to start working. Is not S.g.s. combination: 1) conjugated verb and objective infinitive: I asked him close door; 2) conjugated verb and target infinitive: They go on the sea relax.

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Syntax: Dictionary-reference book. - Nazran: Pilgrim LLC. T.V. Foaling. 2011.

See what a “compound verbal predicate” is in other dictionaries:

compound verb predicate- A type of predicate, the main component of which is represented by: 1) the infinitive form of a full-valued verb; 2) verbal phraseology; 3) descriptive verbal noun phrase: The water on the lake began to freeze. He continued diligently... ...

compound verb predicate- see verb predicate compound (verbal predicate in the article) ...

verb predicate simple- A predicate formed by the form of the indicative, imperative, subjunctive moods. The sounds of some kind of waltz are heard across the water (L. Tolstoy). Talk about branchy wheat or an agronomist, but keep quiet about plans (Antonov). You should go to bed, nanny... ... Dictionary linguistic terms

Predicate- (in syntax) the main member of a sentence associated with the subject and answering the questions: “what does an object (or person) do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?”, “what is it?”, “ who is he?" etc. The predicate means... ... Wikipedia

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting the active or passive attribute of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verb predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound... Dictionary of linguistic terms

predicate- the main member of the sentence, meaning an event. Expressed by a verb (simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, adjective, adverb (compound nominal predicate); Wed: He is sad/He is sad/It was a good year. Compound verb... ... Literary encyclopedia

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Predicate- Ch. member a two-part sentence, in which what is reported about the subject is expressed. Formally, S. depends on the subject, agreeing with it in number (and in terms of forms, also in gender and person). However, they contain. In terms of plan, the role of S. is no less significant than the role of... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

compound predicate- Type of predicate with an analytical structure: 1) the attribute is named in the main component; 2) there is a grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject; 3) grammatical meanings of mood and tense are expressed using the auxiliary... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Type of predicate with an analytical structure: 1) the attribute is named in the main component; 2) there is a grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject; 3) grammatical meanings of mood and tense are expressed using... ... Syntax: Dictionary

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting an action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the reality named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or unreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the mood forms of the verb, and in indicative mood- and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb And compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed in one word And ambiguous .

PGS- one word :

1) verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / is reading / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; There is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And bang the hat right on the floor. As soon as the music starts, the boy immediately starts dancing.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , But syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical value:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I walk and walk, but it’s still a long way to the forest.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle like this to indicate an intense or fully accomplished action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He doesn’t sleep himself and doesn’t let others sleep.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he just say / know and sings to himself.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with the particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was getting ready to go to the cinema, but didn’t go.

7) design with an action intensity value:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, indivisible in meaning into action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced with one verb: to take part, to come to one's senses, to become enraged, to sound the alarm, to have the opportunity, to have the intention, to have the habit, to have the honor, to have the right; express a desire, burn with desire, acquire a habit, consider oneself entitled, consider it necessary and so on.:

He took part in the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
preinfinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - names the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phasic meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, begin (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), cease (cease), stop (cease) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the given words, characteristic of a colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

Modal meaning can be expressed

1) verbs be able, able, want, desire, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present time in the zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was willing/willing/able to wait.

The phraseological unit can be used both in the pre-infinitive part and in the infinitive position:

He is looking forward to participating in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to take part in the conference(= wants to participate).
He eager to take part at the conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of the GHS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to feel hungry.
I felt that I might soon begin to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: To be afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is atypical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which is found in compound nominal predicates. In addition, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not coming means offending.

The following predicates are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of an imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, occupying the position of complement in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked her, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to notice that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb, standing before the infinitive, has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (ligament) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part It happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of “to appear” and not “to be” or “to have”), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-nominal (semi-abstract): verbs appear (appear), happen, appear (seem), introduce yourself (introduce yourself), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), count, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant And semi-significantbunch when determining the type of predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.

One-word noun phrase :

1) a noun in case form, usually in nominative case. / instrumental case.

For example: He is/was a teacher. The skirt was checkered.

2) adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) complete or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

Non-word expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase can have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is uninformative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be dropped from the sentence with almost no loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The connective part can also be expressed by phraseological units:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseological unit in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become an expert in this field.

The concept of a sentence occupies a central place in the syntax of the Russian language. Identifying the subject and predicate helps to distinguish a sentence from other syntactic units. This often causes difficulties, because in the Russian language predicates are divided into three types: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal.

The grammatical basis of a sentence

The secondary members in a sentence rest on a foundation consisting of a subject and a predicate. The predicative basis is the determining factor in the characteristics of a sentence: simple or complex, one-part or two-part.

It is by the presence of a subject and predicate that one judges what a syntactic unit is: a sentence has them, a phrase does not. For example, I'm walking down the street. Is a proposal because has a grammatical basis: I'm coming(subject and predicate respectively). Beautiful table- phrase, because there is no predicative basis.

A sentence does not always have all the grammatical basis. There are often cases when the subject or predicate is highlighted, then the sentence will be called one-part.

When analyzing a sentence, the problem of determining the predicate and its type causes the greatest difficulties.

What is a predicate

The predicate is part of the predicative basis of the sentence and forms a connective with the subject in gender, person and number. Thanks to the predicate, the sentence relates to reality and allows native speakers to communicate with each other. It is the bearer of the grammatical meaning of a syntactic unit: it indicates the reality and time of the narrative. The predicate answers questions regarding the actions of the subject, what it is, what happens to it, who it is and what it is.

There are two ways to determine the type of predicate:

1. Morphological. Predicates are distinguished according to their relevance to one or another part of speech: verbal (expressed by a verb) and nominal (expressed by a noun or adjective). For example, The lights are dimly lit.(predicate are burning verb). We've been friends all our lives(predicate were friends nominal, expressed by a noun with a verb link).
2. Composite. Simple and compound predicates, consisting of one grammatical whole and several words, respectively. For example, Which one of you will betray me?(predicate will betray- simple). I was embittered(predicate was embittered- compound).

These two principles for determining predicates formed the basis of their type:

• Compound verb predicate.
• Compound nominal predicate

Types of predicates: simple and compound

All predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. This affiliation is determined by the number of words in the predicate. If there is more than one word, then the predicate is compound. The presence or absence of a linking verb in their composition will help to distinguish between a simple and a compound verbal predicate.

The role of the connective is performed by verbs indicating:

• stages of action (beginning, development, continuation);
• duty;
• desirability;
• state

These can also be short adjectives, state category words and the verb to be.

There are two types of compound predicates: nominal and verbal. Both of them contain an auxiliary linking verb. The verb predicate includes the infinitive, and the nominal predicate includes the nominal part.

If in a sentence the role of the predicate is played by a verb or its grammatical form, then it will be called a simple verbal predicate.

Simple verbal predicate (SVS): definition of the concept

Consists of a verb in one of three moods: indicative (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate reigned), subjunctive (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate would reign) or imperative (Let emptiness reign inside the house - let the predicate reign).

As can be seen from the last example, ASG is not always one-word. There are cases when there are several of them, but the words are grammatically related: this can be a verb form (for example, imperative or future tense), an indivisible stable combination, or increasing expression by repeating the word.

Ways of expression

Methods of expressing a simple verbal predicate are divided into two groups: single-word and non-word.

How is a simple verb predicate expressed?

One-word	Ambiguous
Verb in one of the moods (indicative, imperative, conditional).	A verb form that contains two words: future tense ( Will work); conditional mood ( I would go); imperative mood ( let him go)
Infinitive.	A stable combination (phraseological unit) in the meaning of a single action ( to be lazy - to be lazy)
Interjections in verb form.	Verb reinforced by a modal particle ( a little Not fell).
The verb to be if has the meaning of presence or existence.	Repetition of cognate verbs in order to give expressive coloring ( waits and waits).

ASG can be consistent with the subject if it takes the form of one of the moods. There are cases when the subject and predicate are not consistent - then the PGS has the form of an infinitive.

One-word ASG

Most often in the Russian language there is a one-word simple verbal predicate. Examples of sentences are presented below:

1. I hear the trampling of horses.(PGS I hear- expressed by a verb in the indicative mood)
2. Daughter, come with me.(PGS let's go to- expressed by the imperative mood of the verb)
3. Not going today means waiting until morning.(PGS wait- expressed by a verb in the initial form)
4. And the glass bam - and on the floor.(PGS bam- expressed by verbal interjection)
5. In the morning there was dew everywhere.(PGS was- expressed by the verb “to be” in the meaning of “presence”)

Ambiguous PGS

Such a predicate causes great difficulty for those who study Russian. A simple verbal predicate, consisting of several lexical units, can be characterized by the fact that the words in it are grammatically related. Sentences with a simple verb predicate that is not single-word:

1. We will argue heatedly about what happened.(PGS we'll argue- expressed by an indicative verb in the future tense)
2. I would go with you, but I need to go somewhere else.(PGS I would go- expressed by a conditional verb)
3. Let everything be your way.(PGS let it be- expressed by an imperative verb)
4. Everyone on the farm worked except Stepan. He, as always, was kicking ass.(PGS - was kicking ass- expressed by phraseological units meaning “lazy”)
5. Let me do this work for you.(PGS let's do it- expressed by a verb with a modal particle)
6. I can't wait for the cold weather to end.(PGS can not wait- expressed by repetition of cognate verbs)

Coordination of the ASG with the subject

Consider sentences with a simple verbal predicate that agrees with the subject:

1. Agreement in numbers: The car is driving along the new highway.(PGS rides- singular) - Cars drive along the new highway.(PGS are going- plural).
2. Gender agreement: The tractor was driving.(PGS was driving - masculine) - The car was moving.(PGS was driving- feminine gender).
3. If the subject includes a word that has the meaning of quantity, then the PGS can be expressed in singular or plural: Two clouds float lonely across the sky.(subject two clouds, PGS float used in the plural) - Most students did not miss class.(Subject most students, PGS did not miss the use in the singular form).
4. If the subject is in the form of a noun with a quantitative or collective meaning (for example, people, youth, society, majority, minority), PGS can only be used in the singular. Youth build the future.(PGS builds used in singular) - The majority agreed with the director's proposal to improve production.(PGS agreed used in the singular).

There are cases when the ASG does not formally agree with the subject. IN similar cases it is expressed:

• Infinitive: He dances - and Vera laughs. PGS laugh expressed by a verb in its initial form.
• Verb interjection: I look and there is no bag. PGS lo and behold- an interjection that resembles a verb in form.
• The imperative mood in some forms: If she broke the vase now, things would end badly. PGS break it in the imperative mood.

Highlighting ASG in a sentence

The problem of how to define a simple verbal predicate is related to its possible ambiguity. Unlike a compound PGS, it contains words of the same grammatical form. It is this feature that distinguishes a simple verbal predicate. Example sentences are given below:

I started working last week. - I will work from tomorrow. In the first sentence, a compound verbal predicate containing an auxiliary verb began and infinitive work. The picture in the second sentence is completely different. Here ASG Will work- form of the future tense.

Use of PGS in speech

To give artistic speech dynamics, a simple verbal predicate is used. Examples: The soldiers, stationed around their cannon, were each busy with their own business. Some were writing a letter, some were sitting on a gun carriage, sewing a hook to their overcoat, some were reading a small army newspaper. (V. Kataev)- in this passage, the ASG adds dynamics to the events described.

PGS is used in a conversational style of speech. In the case when it is expressed by an infinitive that does not formally agree with the subject: Senka dances, Varka laughs.(PGS laugh in the form of an infinitive, conversational style).

To give speech an expressive coloring, a simple verbal predicate is also used. Examples: I bam - and broke it!(PGS bam indicates a conversational style); Thunder banging into the tree!(PGS fuck-crackers indicates the extreme degree of emotionality of the author).

In this chapter:

§1. The main parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.

Subject

The subject is the main member of a sentence, independent of other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions of the IP: who? What?

The subject of a sentence is expressed in different ways.

What is the subject expressed by?

The subject can be a word or phrase.

Most often the subject is expressed:

1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: patient, manager, greeter, ice cream, dining room;
3) pronouns: we, no one, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has the meaning:
a) togetherness: husband and wife, duck and ducklings, me and my friend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar appeared in the distance. One of the guests closed the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers various questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are variations of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.

The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of a sentence: its grammatical meaning.

Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:

• reality-irreality,
• time.

Reality-irreality expressed by the mood of the verb.

• Verbs in the indicative mood are characteristic of statements that reflect the real situation: It’s raining, It’s getting light.
• Verbs in the imperative and in conditional mood characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! I wish it didn't rain today!

Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by verb forms of present, past and future tense.

Simple and compound predicate

The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple or compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.

Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can be in one of three tenses: present - past - future.

He knows poetry by heart.

indicative mood, present time

He knew the poems by heart.

indicative mood, past time

He will learn poetry by heart.

indicative mood, bud. time

You will learn these verses by heart.

imperative mood

In a circle you would learn poetry by heart.

conditional mood

Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound predicate they are expressed in different words. For example:

Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.

He stopped singing and started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call an action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started

Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:

He finished working.

I want to help you.

Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:

1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of an action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;

2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: be able, able, want, want, wish, strive, try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intends.

In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

In the event that the auxiliary word is short adjective, then it is used with a copula. The connective is the verb to be. Here are relevant examples with the copula in the past tense:

I was so glad to meet you!

In the present tense the word is is not used, it is omitted: the connective is zero, for example:

I'm so glad to meet you!

In the future tense, the connective be is put in the future tense. Example:

I'll be glad to meet you.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.

1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. Yesterday she was beautiful. In the present tense the copula is zero: She is beautiful.

2. Linking verbs become, become, become, appear, be considered, appear, be called, introduce themselves: The house from afar seemed like a dot.

3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie, stand: The mother returned from work tired. The mother sat thoughtful, sad.

In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:

The mother sat thoughtful, sad. Synonymous: The mother was thoughtful, sad.

He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.

With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of meaning are not conveyed. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize various shades values.

Combinations of linking verbs with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:

1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,

2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,

3) numeral: Twice two is four.,

4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody will become everything (“International”),

5) participle: The essay turned out to be lost., The daughter was completely cured.,

6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right. The trousers were just right.

The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:

She ran into the room with cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.

It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face., She sat with eyes., because the phrases with a cheerful face and with thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Which parts of the sentence are considered the main ones?

   • subject and object
   • definition, circumstance and addition
   • subject and predicate

2. Can the subject be expressed in words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?

3. Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?

4. What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it successfully.?

   • any
   • any of you

5. What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?

   • reality - unreality and time
   • type and time

6. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?

7. Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?

8. I can't help you.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

9. What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always considered serious.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

10. What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?

    • simple verb
    • compound verb
    • compound nominal