Clearing company. Main types of clearing. Dry cleaning of furniture, carpets, rugs, mattresses

Clearing is a form of business cooperation with non-cash payments. The unit of account is not only goods or securities, but also certain types of services. The main thing is that payments are balanced.

Let's imagine that there are two companies, one of which produces wool, and the other produces sewing machines. If they want to cooperate, they can replace monetary payments with commodity ones. The tariff in this case will look something like this: 1 ton of wool is equivalent to one machine. It turns out that if the parties maintain such a mutual balance, then other forms of payments will become unnecessary for them. In economic terminology, this form of cooperation is called clearing.

Non-cash mutual settlements can be carried out between companies, international organizations and several countries. Not only goods or securities, but also certain types of services can be used as a unit of account. The main thing is to comply the most important condition any clearing transaction – balance of payments.

Intermediary companies

This is a mandatory clearing entity that simultaneously performs the functions of a seller and a buyer. The purpose of such companies is to ensure the security of transactions and simplify cooperation between several parties (especially if firms interact internationally).

If we take the banking sector, then clearing houses or centers will act as intermediary organizations. Their main functions will include:

• Establishing the obligations of each party participating in the transaction.
• Providing guarantees regarding the fulfillment of each of the subjects of assigned contractual obligations.
• Performing settlement operations to maintain the balance of each clearing transaction.
• Daily analytics regarding completed operations.

Clearing is actively practiced in those areas where big number transactions. The use of such a calculation method provides the parties with the following advantages:

• Possibility of accelerated payments.
• Reducing the use of cash Money.
• Elimination of risks of non-fulfillment of obligations on the part of partners.

Main types of clearing

Bank

This activity refers to a system of non-cash payments between several banking institutions. Their requirements are fulfilled on the basis of mutual transfers of equivalent amounts of money.

Foreign exchange

Most often, this concept includes an international system of non-cash fulfillment of obligations, based on the offset of established amounts for goods sold or services performed. The main nuance of this category of transactions is to establish an equivalent value for clearing objects.

Simple

This activity refers to the precise determination of the obligations of each of the parties participating in the clearing operation (related to securities or financial assets) and the carrying out of mutual settlements at each stage of the implementation of the clearing pool.

Multilateral

This process involves establishing the obligations of all participants in a clearing transaction simultaneously and carrying out mutual settlements simultaneously for all stages of the clearing pool.

Commodity

Non-cash method of repaying mutual financial obligations between the parties. It is carried out by the method of netting goods sold or services provided. Based on compliance with the balance of payments.

It is impossible not to highlight such a clearing situation as netting. Its essence lies in the fact that the debt obligations of one of the partners are repaid at the expense of his financial claims. In other words, between the allotted profits he receives a reduced amount of debt.

Use of clearing payments during periods of global economic downturn

When periods of crisis occur and government money emission becomes insufficient, clearing settlements go beyond their standard application. They act as an alternative payment source that allows you to make any transaction payments within the banking sector. Moreover, a similar phenomenon applies to all subjects involved in entrepreneurial activity and not violating international rules of cooperation.

Switzerland (Bank VIR) was the first to use a clearing transaction back in the 20th century as an additional settlement tool to get rid of current obligations. Later, a similar scheme was used in the international format.

The use of a clearing mechanism to repay debts during a crisis helped many organizations not only quickly overcome its negative consequences, not slow down the pace of production development, but also reach a new level of growth at a time when competitors were steadily moving towards bankruptcy.

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3. Cleaning of offices and premises

4. Window cleaning

5. Treatment of floors and hard surfaces

6. Dry cleaning of carpet surfaces

How are prices for cleaning company services determined?

Many factors influence the cost. This is a list of cleaning works and their labor intensity, the area of ​​the premises and territory, the location of the facility, the number of employees in the team, etc. All this is calculated on the basis of standard tariffs, which can be found in the price list. You will see that calling a specialist is not only more convenient, but often also more profitable than doing the cleaning yourself. You can order cleaning services on the website or by phone.

List of our services

1. General cleaning:

• washing windows and window frames;
• wiping dust from walls, tall cabinets, furniture;
• rubbing external surfaces all cabinets, shelves, etc.;
• washing doors, trim;
• cleaning radiators;
• polishing mirrors and glass surfaces;
• removing dirt from lighting fixtures;
• wet cleaning of floors;
• disinfection and cleaning of sinks, bathtubs, showers;
• kitchen cleaning: washing cabinets, removing all grease, lime stains, soot from the external and internal surfaces of the refrigerator, microwave, oven;

1.1 Maintenance cleaning:

• garbage collection and removal;
• dry cleaning of TV cabinets, refrigerators, lighting fixtures, cabinet furniture, equipment, sockets, switches, floors;
• vacuuming carpets and upholstered furniture;
• wet floor cleaning;
• cleaning and disinfection of toilets and bathrooms.

1.2 Cleaning after construction and renovation:

• construction dust is removed, including from walls, ceilings, furniture and other vertical and horizontal surfaces;
• wet cleaning of floors;
• excess grout, glue, remnants of tape, cement are removed from all surfaces, windows and other places;
• In the bathrooms, all plumbing fixtures are disinfected, walls and ceilings are washed;
• mirrors and other shiny surfaces are polished;
• Windows, slopes and window frames are washed.

2. General cleaning of the cottage:

• washing windows and window frames;
• wiping window sills, interior items, household, audio and video equipment;
• wiping dust from table and wall lighting fixtures;
• wiping dust from walls, ceilings, tall cabinets;
• wiping the internal surfaces of all cabinets, shelves, etc.;
• dry vacuuming of furniture;
• vacuuming carpets and rugs;
• washing doors, trim, stairs;
• heating radiator cleaning;
• washing door blocks, including fittings;
• wiping mirrors and glass surfaces;
• cleaning the floor covering;
• wet cleaning of floors;
• washing baseboards;
• disinfection and cleaning of toilets;
• disinfection and cleaning of sinks;
• disinfection and cleaning of bathrooms;
• disinfection and cleaning of shower cabins;
• disinfection and cleaning of plumbing fixtures, floor and wall tiles;
• kitchen cleaning: washing cabinets, removing all grease and lime stains, removing soot;
• cleaning household items (laying them out in neat piles);
• taking out the trash, washing trash cans.

3. and premises

Maintenance cleaning (during the day):

• wet cleaning of floors of corridors, stairs, entrance area;
• wiping walls, door blocks;
• maintenance cleaning of bathrooms;
• garbage removal with bag replacement;
• replacement of consumables in bathrooms (soap, toilet paper, paper towels, etc.).

Comprehensive cleaning (at the end of the working day)

In offices and corridors:

• wet cleaning of floors and baseboards with special means, removal of stains and sticky substances;
• wiping dust from the working surfaces of tables, shelves, cabinets, cabinets, window sills, grilles and screens of heating radiators, door handles, etc.;
• wiping office equipment and household appliances, removing dust from switches, sockets, plastic boxes, extension cords;
• wiping and removing dirt from leather upholstery;
• removing dust from armrests, crosspieces, legs of chairs and armchairs;
• cleaning and polishing mirrors and glass surfaces;
• removing garbage from bins and receptacles of paper shredding machines, washing trash cans, replacing plastic bags.

In the bathrooms:

• cleaning floors with disinfectant;
• cleaning and disinfection of plumbing fixtures;
• removing dirt from mirrors, door blocks, wall surfaces and accessories.

3.1 Cleaning the area in winter:

• removing snow and ice from parapets;
• removing dense snow and ice using hand tools;
• sprinkling dense snow and ice with granular reagent;
• cleaning up debris, sand and fallen leaves using manual equipment;
• snow removal using manual equipment, formation of temporary snow pyramids in places specified by the customer.

3.2 Cleaning the area in the summer:

• removing garbage from street bins and ashtrays;
• painting fences, gates, updating markings;
• watering hard surfaces (asphalt, concrete, stone, tiles);
• cleaning and painting of hatches;
• cleaning and painting curbs;
• storm drain cleaning;
• cleaning debris, sand and fallen leaves using manual equipment.

4. Window cleaning:

• frame washing;
• washing of slopes;
• washing window sills;
• glass washing;
• double glazing is unscrewed and washed (if possible).

5. Washing facades, shop windows, signs, sidewalks

Facades and sidewalk:

• treatment with a jet of water from top to bottom, angle 20-80°;
• pressure varies from 20 to 500 atm;
• working solution concentrate from 0.1 to 5.0%;
• removal of atmospheric pollution;
• removal of efflorescence on facades;
• soot removal;
• cleaning of metal facades;
• cleaning facades from cement residues;
• cleaning facades from mold;
• cleaning facades from fungus, applying antifungal compounds;
• post-construction cleaning.

Showcases, signs:

• preliminary cleaning of glass from coarse contaminants;
• removing traces of paint;
• removing glass stickers;
• glass rinsing;
• drying glass using a rubber squeegee;
• washing glass using special detergents.

6. Treatment of floors and hard surfaces:

• wet and dry cleaning of floors using special equipment and cleaning products;
• deep cleaning of floors using an alkaline solution and a rotary machine;
• crystallization of marble floors (to remove minor scratches and add shine) using a single-disc machine;
• grinding of stone floors is carried out using diamond dies of varying degrees of grain size;
• floor treatment with the application of polymers to protect linoleum, vinyl or plastic floors.

7. Dry cleaning of furniture, carpets, rugs, mattresses:

• pre-processing of the product;
• basic dry cleaning of the product;
• final dry cleaning of the product.

You can ask questions and order cleaning services in Moscow by phone or by calling back on the website. We guarantee affordable rates and high level ongoing work.

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Clearing– this is an activity aimed at relaxing the payment system between partners who have entered into a cooperation agreement.

This term comes from English word"clearing", which means "to clean". In the field of commerce, clearing plays an important role in the manipulation of securities and shares.

Clearing in simple words

If we talk in simple words, then this is a certain exemption from payment by cash payments, which was accepted by a special agreement between the two interacting parties. It is based on mutual partnerships between entities and has certain requirements when working with internal and external payments.

Clearing happens:

• interbank type;
• interstate type;
• clearing between organizations.

When working with international companies, clearing acts as a compensatory transaction, where the clearing entity takes over the contractually defined tasks of the acquirer and the seller for the subsequent execution of orders for both parties.

The continuous operation of banking organizations requires the “cleaning” of the obligations that they have. Clearing firms are intermediaries in concluding this type of arrangement. Such firms can carry out work on behalf of the state or on their own behalf, having received a license and permission to operate.

History of development

The history of clearing development begins in the middle XVIII century in England, when there was a shortage of gold. A little later, against this background, it began to develop credit system and implement various ways to cover them. With each subsequent year, the number of loans increased, so the state began to look for ways to control this developing trend.

At the end of the 18th century, the first clearinghouse opened in the capital of England. Over time the company of this type began to open in the United States of America, France, Germany and others developed countries. IN Russian Empire The role of the settlement house was played by the State Bank.

Clearing is also a kind of financial procedure where the clearing entity is an intermediary, taking on the responsibilities of both the seller and the buyer at the same time so that the procedure for ordering goods between organizations is more efficient.

Also, the clearing procedure can be performed when concluding trade agreements for settlement pricing policy when determining the number and type of goods, payment agreements. These agreements are needed to describe the rights and obligations between the parties, as well as for balance balance sheet for various types of operations.

In Russia, clearing organizations are opened thanks to any public or private property that is sold through a commercial form of activity. But there are some institutions that do not operate on commercial grounds.

An example can be given in this case: an enterprise under a contract is engaged in the supply of cotton products to another enterprise at a cost of 250 euros per ton, another enterprise must provide a machine for 2500 euros. It turns out that during the delivery process, one partner must provide 400 tons of cotton products, and the other must provide 20 cars. With such relationships, it is clear that equality of payment transactions is observed and there is no need to pay in money.

Types of clearing

There are several types of clearing:

Clearing always has a license to carry out work in the financial sector. All work of clearing organizations is carried out under the supervision of the Central Bank or the clearing house. The clearing company is a legally registered entity.

An integral element of clearing is netting. This is an activity where the client's monetary demands are calculated against his monetary responsibility. After determining the netting amount, the money remaining after paying all expenses (if any) is calculated for any client. These funds are paid to the enterprise whose profitability is higher.

Bank Vir in Switzerland and European Standard Bank in Panama - financial organizations, which provide the opportunity, using their own clearing organizations, to carry out clearing settlements for any company that is involved in the production process. In addition, you can get a clearing loan from them - money that is used only within clearing bank accounts. It is capable of replacing almost 100% of the funds that are subject to new issue.

Such loans are approved for small interest rate(1-7% per annum). At times, repurchased clearing assets are used as collateral during the loan period. The organization must complete training with these banks for further successful work in the field of clearing operations.

Participants

Participants in the clearing process are:

To effectively establish and promote positions of valuable excise taxes in market conditions, the place of the main founder of sales can fall on a company that is created from professional participants, knowledgeable in this market area. Similar unions are based solely on a voluntary basis.

Clearing of securities works gradually, without sudden upward surges.

1. First of all, the stock exchange signs an agreement with the help of an intermediary.
2. Next, all stages and terms of the agreement are clarified in detail, all the main indicators, cost, time intervals, etc. are described in detail.
3. Afterwards, the agreement goes through a registration process, where mutually beneficial terms are officially accepted.
4. The next stage is the mutual settlement of the obligations of the parties, where it is determined who is responsible for the services of the intermediary, the commission for the exchange and other representatives of the market environment.
5. On last stage All services provided are paid in full.

In the field of banking organizations, clearing intermediaries are chambers and settlement centers. Clearing houses are the main effective levers of the economic sector, which are independent organizations. She independently accepts the rights and obligations specified in the contract, which allows her to reduce risk situations and provide certain guarantees for a successful outcome.

If the settlement chamber is a branch of the exchange, then it is the controlling body of all related work. It turns out that in in this case it is the exchange that will provide a guarantee for the concluded agreements. The chamber also has the full right to act as an independent body by registering itself legal entity. In such a combination of circumstances, the chamber and the exchange will cooperate only on the terms of the agreement. A clearing organization of this type has the ability to enter into contractual relations simultaneously with an indefinite number of exchanges.

Clearing Process

At the moment when the intermediaries have registered the contractual relationship, clearing begins to operate. All clearing work has a specific meaning, where step-by-step implementation takes place new registration from one owner of value to another. This process looks like this:

• registration on the stock exchange;
• confirmation;
• valuables and funds are transferred to the exchange with the help of intermediaries;
• re-registration is carried out under the new owner;
• re-registered values ​​are returned to the exchange;
• newly registered values ​​are transferred through intermediaries to new owners.

Clearing work is one of the main levers of influence on the fund and currency market. With its help, the amount of money between all participants in the process is brought to a minimum. The guarantee of a successful outcome when using clearing provides efficiency and mobility in the market.

During a crisis, clearing may go beyond its usual use and begin work in the form of compensatory transfers, additional ways payments, etc. These actions help cover the cash deficit when issuing new money, which is a positive factor during times of crisis.

These manipulations were first used in Switzerland at the Vir bank at the beginning of the twentieth century. This allowed a large number of law firms to cope with critical consequences in the financial sector, as well as increase their own turnover and profitability at a time when other companies were forced to reduce own indicators, and were a few steps away from ruin.

The concept of clearing activity has existed in the world not so long ago, but has already contributed effective development and promotion large quantity organizations and companies. How certain type barter, clearing helps in conditions of market instability and stock exchanges to stay afloat and increase production efficiency, profitability and profitability indicators. Such agreements are always concluded on a voluntary basis and have state registration, where all points of current legislation are observed within the country or between several states.

The concept of Clearing refers to a system of mutual settlements aimed at reducing the volume of payments made. A similar work scheme existed back in the USSR period and was used to offset mutual demands between supply, transport and production enterprises.

What is Clearing in simple words

Clearing refers to a system of non-cash payments between countries, companies, banks, and enterprises, when mutual offset of goods sold to each other is carried out. Actual transfers of funds are carried out only if there are differences in amounts (to compensate for debts). Subsequently, this practice moved mainly into the sphere of international business.

The use of clearing settlements allows reducing the costs of banking operations

There is another name - compensation payments, which better denote the system itself in the case when several organizations agree on mutual reconciliations and offset of debts of counterparties against work performed and goods supplied to them. Clearing organizations, which are divided into private and public, usually act as intermediaries in such negotiations.

Types of clearing

The presence of an intermediary significantly improves the quality of clearing and adds a link to guarantee the integrity of transactions. Clearing company experts often provide clients with audit specialists who are ready to review the clearing settlements provided for compensation. This system effective in many ways.

Clearing is used in almost all areas of business

The most common types of Clearing are:

• Simple. Two counterparties are being considered. Mutual settlements are carried out for each type of business transaction (supply of raw materials/goods).
• Multilateral. A whole chain of organizations is taken into account, starting with the supply of raw materials to production, ending with sales in retail networks. This takes into account the likelihood of returning inventory items and other options.
• Commodity. Offsetting of goods, securities or services supplied to each other is carried out.
• Foreign exchange. Applies between countries and eliminates the need for actual currency transfers.

The most common is clearing between banks, since the transfer large sums funds often requires the actual transportation of cash, which significantly increases the risks of financial transactions.

Licensing of clearing activities

The quality of services of intermediary companies and the accuracy of clearing settlements guarantee the legislative requirement for compulsory licensing of activities. This requirement laid down in No. 7-FZ of February 7, 2011 “On clearing, clearing activities and the central counterparty.”

Without a license from the Bank of Russia, clearing activities are prohibited

On the Bank of Russia website you can find a list of organizations that have been issued a license to carry out clearing activities, which simplifies the choice of a partner for carrying out mutual settlements with counterparties. Without confirmation of licensing, Clearing may lead to financial problems requiring the involvement of qualified and expensive accounting restoration specialists.

Clearing loans

As part of the relationship between counterparties in clearing mutual settlements, a number of specific services have appeared, one of them is a system of targeted lending on the part of the clearing organization, as well as through a partner bank. Such loans are issued only for making payments and repaying debt under Clearing. Thanks to this service, it is possible to reduce mutual settlements between counterparties to zero, but the debt remains only to the intermediary.

The advantage of clearing lending is that a special intra-bank currency is used, which has a restriction on “circulation” exclusively within the organization itself, which allows you to do without collateral assets and issue loans at a minimum interest rate, since the bank does not bear material costs on emission and other operations typical for real money.

A similar system is common in the European market. Loans to Russian companies from international clearing organizations are available subject to a list of conditions, such as market coverage of at least 30%, basing the business on their own know-how, and the availability of highly liquid assets for collateral. Lending is not particularly widespread in the Russian market; clearing organizations primarily work to reduce the costs of actually making payments and mutual deliveries of goods.

Advantages and disadvantages of Clearing

Turning to the services of clearing organizations is justified primarily by the enormous speed of transactions. Due to the lack of actual deliveries of goods or transfers of funds, the entire cycle of mutual settlements is completed in a matter of hours. The system also has other attractive advantages.

Insurance or guarantee funds can reduce the risks of clearing operations.

Advantages of clearing:

• Low costs for operations.
• Elimination of the influence of price fluctuations on the results of mutual settlements due to the high speed of registration.
• Ease of interaction with any counterparties, regardless of their actual location.

There are certain risks in the system. One of the counterparties may provide incorrect information about the existing debt, and the mutual settlement will proceed with an error that will have to be corrected, and this will not be possible without a thorough audit. If the calculation is carried out on assets with high volatility, participants may lose profits due to postings on unfavorable quotes.

How to reduce the risks of clearing operations

The clearing settlement system was originally created to reduce the risk of financial losses due to ongoing settlements. The intermediary provides more accurate calculations, a guarantee of timely provision of data and fast financial transactions. In many ways, the presence of risks depends on the service procedure or the methodology for resolving disputes.

Measures to reduce the risks of clearing operations are reduced to the following list of conditions:

• Shorten the billing period.
• Determine limits on the total volume of settlement transactions for each type (by commodity values, securities, credit debts).
• Possibility of canceling a clearing session if one of the counterparties determines that the data provided is unreliable.

The key point is the minimum period of operations. This approach guarantees the absence of losses due to bankruptcies, financial crises, and fraudulent actions on the part of any counterparties. Processing transactions within the established limit makes it possible to solve large transactions step by step financial questions, and canceling started transactions allows you to stop mutual settlements in a timely manner without the risk of losing money.

Clearing during periods of financial crises

The services of clearing organizations are most in demand during financial crises. One of the methods of stabilizing the situation is to reduce overhead costs for cash transactions and logistics of raw materials/goods. Clearing allows you to eliminate most of the costs and bring mutual settlements to zero or a minimum amount by taking into account existing receivables/payables.

The use of clearing loans partially helps resolve the crisis situation. Essentially internal banking is used payment system, which does not require emissions from the state. In this case, the intermediary assumes the risks, and its clients receive a significant installment plan for the actual fulfillment of obligations while maintaining good partnerships with other counterparties.

For the first time, to reduce the impact of the financial crisis, clearing operations were used in Switzerland at the beginning of the 20th century. Subsequently, the practice was applied whenever there were negative consequences of fluctuations in supply/demand in world markets or other signs of financial crises.

Typically, all trading operations on the financial market are carried out automatically. After the transaction is completed, funds are credited to the account or debited; this process begins after the so-called clearing.

Clearing is the procedure for making counter-obligations non-cash payments for goods, securities, etc., in other words, countertrade, when others are provided to the counter party for some goods or services.

During clearing, the amount of currency in the trader’s account changes when accounting for the proceeds or lost money during a financial transaction, that is, the financial result of the transaction is determined. Clearing is based on mutual financial requirements, taking into account debts and other obligations. At the same time, they try to reduce cash flows between counterparties to zero, this is especially important in international transactions. Clearing is good because it increases asset mobility and sales volumes, and also reduces.

Intermediaries in this type of service are specialized clearing organizations; they find buyers for suppliers and secure orders between them.

Types of clearing

There are several types of this form of countertrade:

• Bank clearing- this is a non-cash settlement between banks through clearing houses, Central Bank departments or well-known commercial banks
• - a method of international payments between the governments of countries, made in a special clearing currency, used only non-cash and with the help of international payment agreements concluded by the states participating in this process
• Commodity clearing– performing settlements between the exchange and the actual product market

There is also a distinction between simple and multilateral clearing, depending on the number of members of the procedure.

An integral part of clearing - netting, when the clientele’s monetary claims go against its financial obligations. Based on its outcome, the position is calculated - balance. It is carried out without the dynamics of funds, which allows you to significantly save on all sorts of bank commissions, etc. It can also be bilateral or multilateral, just like clearing.

• Another advantage of netting is the absence of the need to strictly determine the amount of money to be paid if the claims are monetary.

Clearing organization is an institution with a special license from the Federal Commission that conducts clearing work on the exchange. It is obliged to approve the rules for conducting its activities and register them.

Clearing houses are formed to guarantee the financial integrity of exchanges and ensure the interests of clients. They streamline, simplify and make calculations cheaper, taking on a huge array of information, thereby regulating market transactions. This is an intermediary for transactions with contracts,which need to be calculated daily, and later calculate the number of payments. The clearing house assigns positions to an individual partner and forms claims against “debtors” for the transfer of funds. Clearing is carried out every day based on the results of purchases and sales.

In futures transactions, a variable margin is accrued for an individual trader; based on the results of transfers of winnings or losses, the number of open positions an individual transaction participant has is recalculated, and the amount of money that should be held by the clearing organization is calculated. All bidders are notified of this. If one of them has not registered the required amount, then he must close the position during the session. If closing all positions of a given participant does not cover the costs, then the missing funds are deducted from all members of the clearing house, or a loan is taken out. To reduce such risks, funds are pre-formed, minimum size which are established by the Central Bank. The dynamics of funds occurs only within the organization, this ensures liquidity of the securities market and speeds up settlement processes, improving the quality of the bank.

The guarantee of settlements by the clearing house is usually called “novation”; it provides for the closure of all long positions within a specified period of time, regardless of the receipt of funds from participants in short positions.

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Using futures as an example, let's look at how clearing occurs. Let's say there is a buyer and a seller, each of them has $100 thousand in their account. The client purchases a futures contract from the seller for 120 thousand points. Before the first clearing, the price became 121 thousand points, which means the financial result will be as follows:

(121,000 – 120,000)/10 (price step) * 6 (average price step, depending on the dollar exchange rate) = 600

The buyer is in the black, the seller is in the minus by 600 monetary units, but they have not yet been withdrawn from the account and not credited, but written off to accumulated income.

The second clearing becomes decisive. Let’s say the futures price fell in front of it and became 119,000. Then the situation will be as follows:

600 +(119 000 – 121 000)/10 * 6 = — 600

That is, 600 monetary units will be deducted from the buyer and transferred to the seller. Thus, it is better not to count on accumulated income.

Clearing activity in general is the process of establishing mutual agreements that occur on the exchange between sellers and buyers of shares.

The transaction process can be described in several stages:

• transmission of instructions to the broker to carry out a certain operation
• an agreement is concluded between brokers
• the clauses of the transaction agreement are checked and the balance is calculated
• execution of a transaction (exchange of securities and currency)
• payment of commission to intermediaries and other persons facilitating trade.

Clearing functions:

• collecting information on completed contracts, adjusting the collected data
• review of registered contracts
• distribution of mutual responsibilities for deliveries and payments
• transfer of shares from seller to buyer
• carrying out cash settlements for transactions
• provision of guarantees.

Clearing can be divided into several stages.

1. Conducting a transaction by a trader, which is the basis for clearing.
2. Checking the terms of the contract, during which the indicators of performed actions are correlated by size, price, etc. Documents provided by two (or more) parties are compared. If inconsistencies are identified, the conditions are adjusted.
3. The transaction is registered and confirmed.
4. The sales volume, payment amount and commissions to the contributing organizations are determined.
5. In one session, many purchase, sale and resale transactions are carried out, and the resale is sometimes not re-registered to the investor. Information on transactions is accumulated and subsequently sent to the clearing house.
6. Exchange of goods or services for currency.
7. Preparation of papers for re-registration from one client to the account of another.

The shorter the settlement period, the better the foreign exchange market performs.

To calculate it, use the formula

t+n

• t- period of the transaction
• n- days during which the transaction will be completed

Sometimes the settlement period is equal to t + 0, i.e., the delivery of securities to the buyer and the crediting of currency to the seller occur on the day of the transaction.

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