Who coined the term subculture? Youth subcultures of modern Russia

A brief overview of the main of these trends presents us with the following picture:

Alternatives are a youth subculture that emerged in the early 1980s and was subsequently brought to Russia in the 1990s. It was formed by mixing metalheads, punks and rappers. The success of alternative music was ensured by groups such as Nirvana, Korn and Limp Bizkit. Popular themes for song lyrics include calls for political literacy and anti-fascism. However, the lyrics can talk about wild parties, love, violence, drugs.

The appearance of representatives of this subculture greatly depends on their age and communication environment. The most common thing today is black hair covering the ears, black clothes, sneakers (mostly skater ones), facial piercings, tunnels, dreadlocks, tattoos. In this environment they often use drugs, alcohol and engage in extreme sports.

Gomty are representatives of a youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. They appeared in Russia in 1990. The Gothic subculture is very diverse and heterogeneous, but to one degree or another it is characterized by the following features: gloomy image, interest in mysticism and esotericism, love of gothic music. Initially, fans of gothic music were called goths, but later the subculture spread to literature, cinema, and painting. And yet, the main role in this subculture is played by a unique worldview, a special perception of the surrounding world, death as a fetish, which can be considered one of the signs of belonging to the Goths. But we should not forget that gothic appeared thanks to music, and to this day, it is the main unifying factor for all goths.

Goths have their own recognizable image, which has recently undergone significant changes. No matter how Gothic develops, two unchanged basic elements remain: the predominant black color of clothing (sometimes with elements of other colors), as well as exclusively silver jewelry - gold is not used in principle, since it is regarded as a symbol of ordinary, hackneyed values, as well as the color of the sun ( silver is the color of the moon).

Hairstyle also plays a very important role in the image of goths of both sexes. It can be simply straight long hair, or it can be lifted with gel or collected in large buns. Iroquois are occasionally seen. Often hair is dyed black, red, purple and white colors, it is also possible to dye with strands of one color against the background of another. Make-up remains one of the main signs of belonging to the subculture: a dense layer of white powder on the face, black eyeliner and lips.

Metallimstas (metalhamds or metamlers) are a youth subculture inspired by metal music that appeared in Russia in the 1980s.

The metal subculture is devoid of a clearly defined ideology and is focused mainly around music. The lyrics of metal bands promote independence, self-reliance and self-confidence, the cult of a “strong personality”. Attitudes towards religion vary, but it is traditionally believed that metalheads are not religious.

Appearance of metalheads: long hair for men, leather jacket - leather jacket, leather vest, black T-shirts or hoodies with the logo of their favorite metal band, wristbands - leather bracelets, heavy shoes - camelots, grinders, short boots with Cossack chains, jeans (usually blue or black), leather pants, chains attached to the belt.

Punks are a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia; in Russia, this subculture appeared a little later, in the 1980s.

Punks hold a variety of political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Punks are characterized by a desire for personal freedom and independence, the principles of “not selling out”, “relying on yourself”.

Rockers appeared as a subculture in the fifties and early sixties during the era of rock and roll, representatives of the music and style of which were Chuck Barry and the early Elvis Presley.

Rockers wear leather motorcycle jackets, abundantly decorated with buttons, patches, stripes and pins. They often wear quite fashionable leather caps on their heads. They usually ride a motorcycle wearing an open-face helmet. Every rocker's wardrobe includes jeans. leather trousers, high-top motorcycle boots, military t-shirts and boots.

Another side of rocker culture is the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes.

Hip-hop culture. Hip-hoppers have been rooted in the Russian youth environment for quite a long time. Hip-hop music consists of two main elements: rap (rhythmic recitative with clearly defined rhymes) and the rhythm set by the DJ, although compositions without vocals are not uncommon. On stage, musicians are often accompanied by a dance ensemble. Currently, hip-hop is one of the most commercially successful forms of modern entertainment music.

Style of hip-hop fans: most wear tube jeans and tight shirts or sports T-shirts, jewelry, stylized in rap culture. Plus size clothing is welcome. Hats, “baseball caps” turned backwards, backpacks to the waist, chains, sports jackets, T-shirts are the obligatory attributes of representatives of this subculture.

Youth who are part of this subculture can be classified as quite specific and extraordinary. Hip-hop fashion will continue to influence the next younger generations of consumers, and artists and their fans will find new ways to develop the subculture.

Emo is a youth subculture formed on the basis of fans of the musical style of the same name. Like most modern subcultures, emo originated in the United States in the mid-80s. In Russia, this subculture became known only at the beginning of the 21st century.

Expression of emotions is the main rule for those who consider themselves to be part of the emo subculture. They are distinguished by: self-expression, opposition to injustice, a special, sensual perception of the world. Often an emotional and depressed person. He stands out from the crowd with his bright appearance, looks for like-minded people and dreams of happy love.

Emo is characterized by a fundamentally infantile view of the world, introversion, and an emphasis on internal experiences, based on the aesthetics of beauty.

The traditional emo hairstyle is considered to be oblique, torn bangs to the tip of the nose, covering one eye, and short hair sticking out in different directions at the back. Preference is given to coarse, straight black hair. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles. To create these emo hairstyles, they use cans of fixing hairspray. Emos often pierce their ears or make tunnels. In addition, an emo may have piercings on her face (for example, in the lips and left nostril, eyebrows, bridge of the nose). The eyes are heavily lined with pencil or mascara, making them look like a bright spot on the face. Nails are covered with black varnish.

Emos wear pink and black clothing with two-tone patterns and stylized badges. The main colors in clothing are black and pink (purple), although other shockingly bright combinations are considered acceptable. The most typical clothes for them are skinny jeans, sneakers with bright or black laces, a black or pink belt, and a checkered scarf around the neck.

Football fans. A group close to criminal subcultures are fans of football teams. Communities of football fans are one of the most widespread forms of subcultural youth activity in modern Russia, which has a long origin. Many forms of support for teams by their fans developed back in the 1930s, when football was amateur in the full sense of the word and football players worked in labor collectives(in other words, among their fans). Later, as football professionalized in Russia, the modern practice of organized fan trips to support the team at games in other cities arose (for example, fans of the Moscow football team Dynamo date the first such trip to a game in another city to 1976). In these forms of amateur activity, the fan community is autonomous from the supported team.

The specificity of this subcultural form is that identification is situational, which requires a minimum of effort from participants and does not deeply affect the way of life. The fans of football teams we surveyed in May 2000 (37 young Muscovites) did not know the history of these sports teams; up-to-date knowledge about recent and upcoming matches was enough for them. Of course, the game itself on the football field inspires them, but more significant (as can be judged from the interview) are the moments of general emotional release, the opportunity to “break away”, to express their feelings to the fullest (yell, rowdy).

Environmentalists. In general, the ecological consciousness of Russian youth - in the country of Chernobyl - is not so developed as to be realized in special life styles in the original philosophical basis. Even among student youth (the most cultured and informed among youth), according to our research, less than a quarter of respondents are concerned about environmental pollution and environmental disaster (19.7%; Moscow State University study “Molodezh-2002”, N = 718). Environmentally oriented groups are few in number and, to a certain extent, imitate forms of youth activity in the West. The actions of the Russian Greenpeace, for example, are more demonstrative than effective.

Some youth associations in their official materials demonstrate a clear orientation towards environmental issues, but in reality this is not the basis of group formation. IN similar cases The use of popular subcultural images for the image of organized structures is obvious. But there is another side: it is more convenient for spontaneous groups, based on some common interest that is not very accepted in society, to organize under official structures and support them to the extent that this does not interfere with the implementation of a special vision of the world and the social practices corresponding to them . Otherwise, the existence of some of these amateur associations would be almost impossible due to financial difficulties and legal obstacles.

Bikers versus motorcyclists. Sometimes spontaneous forms of subcultural activity are mistakenly correlated with some familiar Western styles; phenomena of different nature are combined into one whole. This is the situation regarding bikers. In Russia there are a number of biker groups in the sense familiar to the West. By their origin, they are a model of Western bikers, but the social background here is different. In Russia, it is mainly wealthy people who can imitate Western bikers. Having special motorcycles (in Russia - unaffordable even for the “middle class”) and other iconic signs of bikerism, Russian bikers are most often just consumers of a certain cultural assortment. According to expert estimates, most of them are not able to fix even simple breakdowns in a motorcycle; for any reason they turn to a service station.

Ravers. Among the borrowings from the West in the European part of Russia, ravers are quite noticeable, mainly thanks to the media. “Rave” (from the English rave - to rave, nonsense, incoherent speech, also: to rage, roar, howl, rage, speak with enthusiasm) is interpreted in T. Thorne’s Dictionary of Modern Slang as “a wild party” , dancing or a situation of desperate behavior.”

Source life guidelines ravers became a musical style, or more precisely, samples of the life style of the most popular musicians who act in the charismatic role of idols - carriers (creators) of the corresponding sociocultural samples. Breaking away from its source, rave acquired international features, also characteristic of Russian youth followers. Russian ravers mainly borrow the behavior model of nightclub regulars. According to this model, the lifestyle of the Russian raver is nocturnal.

In Russia, rave culture develops with approximately a 5-year delay in relation to world practice.

Diggers. This kind of subcultural phenomenon includes diggers - researchers of underground communications. The dangers of being in underground passages, the closed nature of digger communities, the mystery of the dungeon world, devoid of everyday life - these properties of diggerism determine the internal motives for the interest of a certain part of young people in such forms of activity. There are parallels here with the professional activities of speleologists, but no less, it seems, with guerilla (without political motives, but only according to the self-perception of the participants), military intelligence (military uniform is often used as an identification sign), adventures in the style of Indiana Jones .

If in the early 1990s the activity of diggers was noted mainly in Moscow, then by now associations of diggers (usually not officially registered) exist in many cities of Russia (Vladivostok, Samara, etc.). They have a small number of participants (up to several dozen people) and are not looking for opportunities to expand it. Diggers, as a rule, have no desire to advertise their activities.

Tolkienists. Tolkienists stand apart in the youth subcultures of Russia. Their connection with a foreign source is obvious - the images of John Ronald Rowell Tolkien’s books “The Hobbit”, “The Lord of the Rings” and “The Silmarilion”, the plots of which were used as the basis for role-playing games that gave rise to a kind of social movement. At the same time, much in this movement is quite original, connected with Russian existential and ideological problems, with the Russian mentality.

In general, mythologization within the framework of this informal association is built according to the configuration of a romanticized and brighter world than the one that surrounds young Russians. It is characteristic that forms of communication are various kinds of discourses. The “family” organization of the Tolkien community also attracts attention. We know the facts when role-playing marriages later became real. In general, the loss of a clear line between reality and fiction turned out to be a way of compensating for anomie and the destruction of the ideals of the Soviet era. Quite seriously, the participants in Tolkien meetings see themselves as saviors of the world (in one of our entries literally: “At home I told my mother: don’t you understand, we are performing feats, we are saving the world!”).

Ultimately, the mentality of Russians, previously realized in such forms as the Timur movement, was reflected in the Tolkien movement. Literary images writer Arkady Gaidar in the book “Timur and His Team” (1940) determined the face of the social movement of children and adolescents in the USSR for decades. Timurov's detachments were created everywhere; their activities combined public benefit and romantic relationship to life. Against the background of discrediting the images of Soviet youth literature, which provided models for behavior young man in a certain normative value system, including in the direct form of role-playing games, as was the case in Gaidar’s books, Tolkien’s mythologizations turned out to be in demand because they reproduced a similar construction: a completely completed and ideologically sanctified construction, easily reproduced in role-playing behavior.

Subculture is patterns of behavior, lifestyles, specific values ​​and their symbolic expression of a social group.

Not only age cohorts and special layers of youth, but also professional groups have their own subcultures. Subcultures Doctors, astronauts, actors, TV people, teachers have them... The usual teacher words “window”, “clock”, “rusichka”, “extension” are not understood by all representatives of other professions. Try to decipher the slang of TV journalists: “brick”, “canned food”, “live”, “ruler”, “parquet”...

Youth subculture – These are behavioral patterns, clothing styles, musical preferences, language (slang), specific values ​​and their symbolic expressions characteristic of groups of young people (12−25 years old).

Youth subcultures have existed for a long time, at least since the second half of the twentieth century. In our country, they attracted the attention of society and the media in 1980s. In those years, bearers of such special cultural practices were usually called participants in informal youth associations. The most famous examples are hippies, punks, rockers, metalheads.

The main socio-psychological feature of informal youth associations is the symbolization of appearance, lifestyle, behavior, in particular, clothing, and speaking style. For example, long hippie hair is not only long hair, but also a symbol of freedom; the English-language layer of hippie slang is an orientation toward Western patterns of behavior; an apartment where informal people gather is not just a room, but a flat, where everyone is their own, united by an unpretentious style of everyday life.

Types of subcultures

Alternatives - formed in the first half 90s. It included representatives rappers, metalheads and punks. Of all youth music styles, they stand out for their friendliness towards representatives of any subcultures. Unlike all musical movements, Alternative combined several styles at once, which made it possible to create a completely separate subculture. The style was taken as a basis HardCore, were later involved Grunge And Industrial.

Closer to the turn of 2000, a new style hit the mainstream and began to spread massively throughout the world. A huge impetus in the development of its popularity was provided by such groups as: Linkin Park, Korn, Limp Bizkit.

The appearance of the Alternatives immediately catches the eye. They are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. They wear loose clothing and piercings. This subculture did not have a special ideology; everything rested on a musical experiment, which radically changed the development of world music.

Anime people- came from Japanese TV series Anime, which began to be filmed on a large scale in the twentieth century. Followers and adherents can be easily identified by bright things and symbols. As a rule, Anime people do not hide this, but rather show it off. As for ideology and philosophy, within this subculture it is completely absent. This movement is well developed in major cities, which cannot be said about settlements with a small number of people.

Of all the existing, modern youth subcultures, this name is the most harmless, not bearing any danger, both for society and for its followers. The main thing that Anime people do is watch a lot of Anime and discuss it in their circle.

Bikers- the subculture has deep roots around 60-70s It was then that this direction began to take shape. The members of this class are usually men over 30 years old who cannot imagine life without the following things: motorcycle, beer and rock music. All these three elements are inextricably linked.

Distinctive features bikers is from other types of subcultures – this motorcycle, long hair, leather, beard and beer belly. As a rule, they travel in groups; it is rare to see them alone. Every self-respecting biker belongs to a club. You can tell which one you are wearing by the stripes on his clothes. This is the main sign of how representatives of this class differentiate themselves from each other.

They are distinguished from other representatives of various subcultures by their more or less calm character (relatively), they are not the first to get involved in fights, they live on their own, but if you touch a motorcyclist who is a member of a biker club, nothing good will come of it.

Today, the biker movement has also been supplemented by scooters. As a rule, only the younger generation rides them, who do not have the money to buy a good motorcycle. Now they are already accepted into clubs, moreover, there is a separate movement in individual clubs.

Vanilla girls or Vanillas is a new subculture that arose quite recently (compared to all youth subcultures, just a few years ago). Moreover, this direction covered exclusively girls. The main distinguishing feature from other youth movements is Carrying a camera all the time, (by and large mirror), in all places. Also, such girls are characterized by increased emotionality and sensuality. With the help of a camera, Vanillas convey their emotional mood, and this is the only way they can do it.

Glamor - is one of the youngest subcultures of our time. It was formed on the basis club life and social parties. The most important feature that distinguishes Glamor from other subcultures is unquestioning adherence to the latest fashion trends. On your own appearance Huge amounts of money are being spent. What do glamor girls wear? – these are global brands – Adidas, Guchi and others. Moreover, both women and men can get into this subculture. Each gender has its own dress code.

Gopniks - subculture arose in recent years existence of the USSR. In their ideology and behavior, they are extremely close to hooligans. Gopniks stand out from other youth subcultures prison slang, increased violence and low IQ. The term Gopnik itself arose from the word "gop stop"- sudden robbery. The attitude towards other subcultures is aggressive, i.e. Long hair makes Gopnik aggressive. They wear tracksuits and short hair.

Goths- like any modern movement of youth, it originates from music. In appearance they are distinguished by the predominance (monotonous) black in clothes and cosmetics(if we are talking about girls), and also symbols related to death - teeth, crosses, inverted crosses, pentagrams, and so on. During the entire existence of this Goth subculture, its adherents never developed their own ideology to follow. The only thing that remains unchanged and eternal among the representatives of this movement is a gloomy appearance and a predominance of decadence in the mood.

According to established traditions, the favorite place where people who adhere to this subculture gather is cemeteries(urban, rural, suburban, etc.).

Also, after 2000, another, more modern one, separated from the Gotha subculture. Cyber ​​Goths.

Grangers- one of the oldest subcultures, they arose under the influence of the musical movement grunge, from where they actually emerged as a separate culture around 1990-1991. Its ancestors Nirvana group, who were able to promote not only their style to the masses, but also give birth to a whole generation of their followers. By their appearance, Grangers can be easily distinguished from representatives of other subcultures; as a rule, they dress like their idol Kurt Cobain, those. plaid shirt, sneakers and long hair- these three elements completely form the image and image. Moreover, preference is given to worn-out clothes. Often, such things to create an image, style and image are bought at second-hand stores.

They are completely harmless to others. The grunger subculture is also distinguished by its conservatism, its reluctance to change its ways of life, norms, philosophy or value system. As for age, there are no restrictions. Among the grangers you can meet both those aged 15 years (youth) and fully formed and established people (25-30 years old). As mentioned above, this is the safest and non-aggressive social movement in our time.

Graffitiers - originated from street art – graffiti, at the end 1960s. At that time, this direction was called modern avant-garde. Later from USA graffiti began to spread rapidly throughout the world. As a rule, young people are involved in this movement, i.e. It's quite rare to see adults with a can of spray paint. Different places are chosen for graffiti. Graffiti artists like to paint both on abandoned buildings and on subway cars; it is not uncommon to see works by contemporary artists on the central streets of large cities.

Cyber ​​Goths - is the youngest and most developing subculture. Approximately, the origins of the origin fall on the year 1990. The origins themselves were taken precisely from the Gothic movement, but in short term were completely reoriented. Like most subcultures, Cyber ​​Goths were formed due to musical trends in particular style Noise, and Industrial, which was radically different from other existing styles of that time period.

The main hairstyles used are: dreadlocks, dyed hair different colors, are not uncommon among representatives of this movement and Iroquois, but they have nothing in common with the punk subculture. The color range ranges from green to black, but bright ones are predominantly used. Word Cyber, is used for a reason. If you take a closer look at their appearance, you can see microcircuits, involved as an element of clothing design, i.e. own style.

Since this is the most modern subculture, the passion for computers is considered here by default. 90% of representatives of this informal trend are well versed in today's computer technologies.

Metalheads– the subculture was formed at the beginning1960s. This direction was bornmetal music style, or to be more precise, styleHeavy Metal. The term metalheads refers to all adherentsheavy rock musicand all types of metal, starting from classicalHeavy Metal ending with Thrash Metalother more difficult directions. From this subculture, another one subsequently separated -satanists , which completely separated itself and became an absolutely independent movement. Modern metalheads, however, like the founders of the movement, love free life, living for your own pleasure. In these circles, it is generally accepted to drink alcohol and attend heavy rock concerts; as for drugs, this is not accepted, although there are isolated cases. The main constituent mass of this subculture are teenagers, aged 16 to 20 years, as well as “old” (old) representatives of this trend; often there are metalheads aged 45 or more.

From the image metalhead the following can be distinguished: leather clothing(mostly black) a large amount of metal on the body(chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), big boots, piercing(usually in the left ear), bandanas. From symbolism, often found skulls. Adherents of this trend introduced the most popular informal gesture called "Goat".

New Age -its essence lies in spiritual self-improvement. Hereread books, and it is believed that whathigher intellectual and spiritual level of a person, then the higher his status within this subculture. Differences from ordinary people, lie not only in this, the matter also affected religion. Standard religions, Islam, Christianity or Buddhism are completely rejected by them. Based on world teachings, each member of the New Age creates his own movement, interfering with the teachings of mystical vices with the rituals of manism, neo-paganism or occult movements.

Punks- how a separate subculture began to form back in 1930, at that time there was no such thing as rock music, but it was then that the lifestyle and appearance of its adherents began to become this direction. The place of origin of Pankov (homeland) is England. The first punks were people from inner cities in Wales. Their entertainment was robberies, hooliganism, fights, rowdy. At that time, in these circles the so-called "Black Jazz" As for their ideology, almost all ideas and worldviews boil down to ordinary anarchy, i.e. the existence of people without laws and state control.

Iroquois- symbol of the punk movement, leather jackets on naked bodies or torn T-shirts, massive facial piercings and neglect of baths and showers- all this distinctive features of this subculture.

At rock concerts, Punks behave aggressively, causing Slam, drinking alcoholic beverages in large quantities.

Fedots (or another name for Pendovka)- appeared quite recently, around 2008 - 2009 year, this term became firmly entrenched in informal get-togethers. They call them fagots girls(usually young people up to 20 years of age, to be precise, then from 12-17 years old- this is the peak age at which the wave of this youth movement occurs). In their appearance and behavior, they try to combine the “positive” aspects of different subcultures, for example ready, emo, punks, and others. In particular, they create an image for themselves glamor girl, trying to attract as much attention as possible with their appearance. Of all the youth subcultures, they are one of the youngest and most despised.

In appearance, they can be easily distinguished from representatives of other movements; for example, they wear modern clothing 12 months a year. skate shoes and clothes from specialized stores (board shops), preference is given to brands like Fallen. The hands are hung with various cheap bracelets purchased in McDonald's, Euroset or Svyaznoy, as well as a large abundance icons. Also drawing on your own body, with a black marker, various expressions or “pictures”. Among this movement there is an active piercing, and everything that is possible is pierced.

Rastafarians- the subculture formed around 1920s. The culture itself began its spread with African territories, later covering Caribbean. Ideology is built around hemp cult(cannabis), excessive consumption of this natural product and listening to songs recorded in the style Reggae.

The appearance is very simple, but at the same time very striking, i.e. ordinary T-shirts with images or symbols of cannabis, manually tied hats or robes, dreadlocks. The color scheme in clothing, attributes and symbols consists of three colors: red, yellow, green. It is not uncommon for various objects to be woven into hair: balls, threads and so on. Majority Rastafarian, wears long dreadlocks, emphasizing his attitude to his subculture. The meaning of the subculture of breakers is as follows: smoke marijuana, expand your consciousness, comprehend life meaning, do not harm others, promote reggae to the masses.

Ravers - subculture represents endless night parties, where they perform most popular DJs, and from the speakers it sounds electronic dance music. Ravers – party-goer subculture. The source of youth priorities is dance music, and their way of life originates from their idols - musicians. "Rave" translates as a mass disco where DJs perform.

Rockers- the subculture appeared in 1960 year on the territory England. It was originally applied to youth who rode motorcycles.

The image of the rocker subculture is practical; in principle, it has survived to this day. They wear leather jackets (leather jackets), decorated with various stripes, iron buttons and other paraphernalia. Of all subcultures, rockers stand out for their kind attitude towards others and a complete lack of aggression towards representatives of other youth movements. The only ones negative traits rockers is a strong passion for drugs, alcohol and drugs(cigarettes). Nowadays, this subculture has practically ceased to exist, as other musical trends and subcultures have replaced it, such as alternativeists And metalheads.

Rappers- the most common of all existing youth trends in Russia. Mass fashion, which came from the United States, has firmly established itself in our country.

By appearance, it is quite easy to identify rappers; they are wearing clothes several sizes larger, i.e. she just hangs down. Accepted in rap circles pathos, i.e. The more pretentious a person is, the more harshly his environment treats him. Modern rap dictates the rules for its followers - the main emphasis is on sex, violence and coolness.

Among this youth movement it is widespread basketball, beatboxing, graffiti, break dancing and other areas.

Skinheads- are one of the youngest directions. They got their name due to their appearance - bald voice(shaved). Moreover, the first followers did not come from fascist Germany, as is now commonly stated. It began to actively emerge in Germany in 1960. Skinheads began to actively spread throughout the entire globe, by the year 2000, completely taking over the entire world.

Separately, it should be mentioned that in general the skinhead subculture is aimed at preservation of the nation, and modern political system trying to mix all peoples and nations. This is the main reason why skinheads fight so hard for the purity of the blood of their people. The swastika began to be used after the era Adolf Hitler, as a symbol of the movement of his ideology. In the early 1980s, representatives of this movement often decorated their bodies with swastika tattoos.

Hipsters- considered a Soviet movement of the second half 40's – 50's years. At this time, on the busy streets of cities one could see young people dressed indecently in provocative clothes. Supporters of the movement of that time were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet standards of behavior and morality.

Subculture dudes- this is a peculiar protest against standard stereotypes of behavior, monotony in clothing and style. After two decades of alienation of the USSR from the West, in the 40s there was a “window” in new world, has finally opened up. Fashion magazines and jazz records began to be imported from Europe, and the first foreign films were shown in cinemas. Therefore, the model of behavior of post-war youth became a contrast reflecting the “Western way of life” in films.

About where the newfangled word at that time came from "hip" It's hard to understand now. According to one version, it was “born” on the pages of the popular magazine "Crocodile"(1949). In it, the falletonists called the dressed-up people dudes "listening to jazz and hanging out in restaurants." Within a few years, the word “hipsters” came into use and, in fact, became the name of a new youth movement.

The style formed by the 50s was significantly different from communist ideology. Men wore skinny trousers(famous “pipes”), long double-breasted jackets, bright shirts combined with colorful ties, pointed boots and sunglasses. It was typical for girls: sewn bows and a predominance of a large number of trinkets. Light costumes were complemented with all kinds of accessories (sticks or belts). Particular preference was given to colors in checks, polka dots or large stripes.

Straight-age(sXe) - formed from a subculture Punk, gradually separating as a separate direction over time. Abbreviated straight edge, written and sounded like sXe. The ideology of this youth subculture is very simple - an obvious, not hidden call for a healthy lifestyle, giving up meat and alcohol, i.e. maintaining your health not only physically, but also spiritually. The date of origin (formation) is considered to be 80s.

« Food instead of bombs“, this is how the followers of straight edge interpreted themselves until 2000, however, after this milestone, their ideals did not change too much, except that they began to give a different musical preference than ordinary punk or hardcore.

From clothing and symbols, they are distinguished from other representatives of various subcultures only Cross (X) or using a shortened abbreviation ( sXe). Later the symbolism became the subject of tattoos.

Tolkienists– the direction appeared approximately 1960, its idea, it is completely obliged writer D. Tolkien. The first origins were formed in the United States. As a rule, all works and movements of Tolkienists are scientific and research papers, in which the languages ​​of the created fantasy world, the intricacies of writing a series of books, and controversial issues in the plots that emerged as they were being written are studied. It was from the Tolkienists that a new direction came - role players(role-playing, not to be confused with a sexual term). They completely imitated the image of their fantasy character with their appearance - orcs, elves, hobbits and other inhabitants of the Mediterranean. They completely got used to their image, and sometimes to such an extent that they practically lost touch with the real world.

The main feature that distinguishes them from other subcultures is passion for literature, and this manifests itself not only in reading, but also in writing your own books, dedicated to the themes of its legendary writer.

Trash models- sees struggle as its goal against glamor. Thus, trash girls, through their appearance, strive to litter the glamorous style that is fashionable today, to create a ironic and harsh caricature. In order to stand out from the crowd, the youth of this trend will do everything possible - they will combine absolutely incompatible things: leopard print with cartoon T-shirts, lace and military, checks and stripes, rhinestones and spikes, creepy skulls and cute flowers, as well as butterflies, tiaras , anarchic and satanic symbolism...

Also widely and universally used tattoos, piercings(including, " tunnels"- wide holes in the ears and not only in them), "snake tongue". Besides bright makeup, false eyelashes, drawn eyebrows(or their complete absence), the challenge to the glamorous world of trash models is thrown through uneven asymmetrical hairstyles(ala “I fell from a dump truck...”). At the same time, the desire to outdo the rainbow is clearly expressed in hair color. Among this trend, both traditional colors (acid pink, purple, yellow, arctic white) or mixed with each other, as well as “raccoon tail” and “exotic raccoon tail” (black and white or any other colored striped hair) are popular. For complete chaos, sometimes they add to all this dreadlocks or afro braids.

Their favorite pastime is to photograph themselves from a very close distance in order to appear in all their shocking beauty. The main rule of the trash movement is the absence of any rules. They do not force themselves into the framework of any particular subculture. It's more of a lifestyle.

Freaks(Freak) – the subculture was formed in XX century, on the territory North America. Until now, her followers adhere to one main idea - stand out among the crowd of people around you. To do this, they not only use clothes, but also use different behavior and philosophy. The term Freak itself comes from English word Freak, which means – strange man. Each follower of this trend creates his own image and in no way adheres to public standards.

Creative people often join this subculture. musicians, actors, artists, writers and other representatives of creative professions.

Fans(or football fans) – the subculture was formed at the beginning 1930s, after Football has become a popular game all over the world, the number of followers of this trend has increased exponentially. It so happened that each football club had its own staff of fans who supported their favorite team at games and tournaments. Main feature, which distinguishes this subculture from others is minimal idealism - Anyone can become a football fan, and no significant effort is required from him.

Fans are especially active after major football matches, when in the immediate areas of the stadium, almost everything is literally heard. This movement gave birth to a network beer bars targeted specifically at one group or another. Subsequently, they became a kind of headquarters and a gathering place for regular fans.

Hackers- is one of the youngest trends of our millennium. As a rule, these are people (young men and people under 30 years old) who masterful use of computers. It is difficult to identify them on the street by their appearance. Most of them prefer to sit at home at the computer rather than spend time in the company of peers on the street or in entertainment venues. First of all, these are the people who can hack programs or entire websites, they easily bypass any security systems. A hacker should not be confused with programmer. These two directions are significantly different from each other, although they have much in common with each other than might seem at first glance. It’s worth saying right away that not every programmer, maybe Xaker. As a rule, not all of them reveal their identities. They hide behind online fictitious names and names called Nicks.

Hippie– the subculture arose in the territory America during the period 1960s years. Overall it was a solid youth movement of white people. Its main difference was a separate concept of society and social foundations. They were also distinguished peacekeeping position(pacifists), they hated nuclear weapons and any forceful influence on people. Parallel to the political context, Hippie made a great contribution to the development small religions, promoting them to the masses through their movement. Moreover, they have had a huge impact on the spread of drugs among young people, motivating it as an expansion of consciousness. Among drugs, it was common to use marijuana (hemp) and LSD, usually for meditation. Appearance subculture The hippie stood out loose clothes, a lot of baubles on his arms and long hair.

Hipsters - the main contingent of adherents of this direction was taken from the listeners jazz music . Subsequently, the scope of action was expanded to include indie styles, alternative music, films of the genre art house And modern literature. Hipsters' ages range from 16-25 years old, mostly representatives of the middle class who are looking for new forms and methods of social self-expression.

It is quite easy to recognize such people on the street; they are wearing T-shirts with prints(massively common nowadays) sneakers, notepad, SLR camera,iPhone (or tablet computer).

They are passive to politics, riots, protests or other ways of youth expression. Complete apathy towards the entire social world is a constant feature of this subculture stratum. They love to take a lot of photos, posting them in most cases on social networks for everyone to see. They love to keep online diaries on such popular blog services as LiveJournal(LJ), Blogs Mail, Twitter.

Emo boys- the most beautiful representatives of the male half of all the followers of rock. Many girls are attracted to bright tight T-shirts, torn, side-swept bangs and eyes lined with black eyeliner. Today it is no longer uncommon to see an emo boy on the street with his nails painted black. Excessive neatness in clothing and well-groomed appearance (which is quite rare among ordinary teenagers) attracts the attention of girls. Emo boys, just like girls, lead a healthy lifestyle. Currently, there are quite a lot of emo groups . Many have won the love of their fans not only with the lyrics of their songs, but also with the beauty of their voices.

Take material from the site http://cbs.omsk.muzkult.ru

Social sciences understand a subculture as a part of a culture that differs from the generally accepted one: a system of values, the appearance of representatives, language. A subculture, as a rule, seeks to oppose itself to society and isolate itself from its influence.

The concept itself was formulated in the 1950s in America. The article will examine the youth subculture, its types, and ideology.

History and modernity

In the middle of the 20th century, the first informal youth associations appeared, based on musical preferences. The development of rock and roll, its new directions led to the emergence of such types of subcultures as beatniks, hippies, rockers, punks, goths and others. In one form or another, these movements have retained their relevance.

In the 21st century, the basis of informal movements is not only musical tastes, but also various types of art, sports hobbies, and Internet culture.

If several decades ago belonging to one single movement was unambiguous, now fragmentary entry into one or another informal society does not cause rejection and conflicts among young people.

Among modern species Subcultures are distinguished by the following areas:

• musical;
• sports;
• industrial;
• Internet cultural.

Art subculture

Art subculture refers to informal movements associated with creative self-expression and hobbies. This includes graffiti, underground art, role-playing games, and anime.

Graffiti is the most recognizable type of art subculture. It refers to inscriptions and drawings on the walls of buildings, entrances, and metro stations. The modern graffiti movement originated in New York.

Many street artists in their works reflect sensitive social or political issues, some create real masterpieces on the walls of houses, and 3D paintings on city streets, popular in recent years, amaze with their realism.

Graffiti as a type of subculture is quite popular among Russian youth. In the mid-2000s, an international festival of this direction was held in St. Petersburg.

Roleplayers are inhabitants of two worlds

Role-players or historical reenactors are another direction of the art subculture.

The role-playing movement is based on a passion for fantasy or history. Each participant role playing game transforms into a certain character and acts according to the script. Games can be based on: historical events, as well as the plots of works in the fantasy style.

Participants try to replicate living conditions, costumes, crafts, and battles of a particular era as faithfully as possible. Vikings are popular among roleplayers, Ancient Rus' or medieval knightly battles.

A separate direction of the role-playing movement are Tolkienists - fans of J.R. Tolkien. Participants in this subculture transform into characters from his books: elves, orcs, gnomes, hobbits, acting out scenes from the universe invented by the writer.

In ordinary life, participants in the role-playing movement may not stand out from the crowd, but many prefer unusual jewelry and clothes that are stylistically close to the character’s costumes; many create accounts in social networks on behalf of your hero.

Role-playing games are a form of escapism, a way to escape reality. For some it is a break from the daily routine, for others it is an alternative and more preferable reality. Among role-players you can meet both teenagers and older people.

Anime fans and cosplayers

Another type of youth subculture is otaku. It is based on a love of Japanese animation and manga (Japanese comics). Participants in this movement not only passively watch cartoons, but also create their own, organize festivals and cosplay competitions.

Cosplay is the transformation into a specific character from an anime, manga, film or computer game. This is not only an authentic costume and hairstyle, many people use art makeup to achieve a complete resemblance to the chosen hero.

Representatives of this type of subculture can be recognized by their bright hair and paraphernalia with their favorite characters. But again, not everyone copies the appearance of their favorite heroes in everyday life.

The otaku movement in Russia is characterized by specific slang based on the use of Japanese words. These can be both common phrases - “arigato” - “thank you”, “sayonara” - “goodbye”, and specific ones: “kawaii” - “cute”, “lovely”, or “nya” - expressing a huge range of emotions.

The age composition of anime fans is varied - these include 15-year-old teenagers and people 20-30 years old.

Musical subcultures

In the concept of subculture, types are inextricably linked with the development of musical genres. The first musical movement is considered to be rock and roll fans of the 50s of the 20th century - rockabilly. Bright and daring, they challenged social norms, winning their right to self-expression.

With the development of rock music in the 60s, hippies appeared, advocating a world without wars, for love of nature and harmony with it. “Flower children” preferred to live in communes, wore long hair, indulged in soft drugs and studied Eastern philosophy. Self-knowledge and the discovery of one's mental abilities, love of nature and non-violence form the basis of the hippie subculture.

In the 70s, a variety of rock music genres gave the world punks and metalheads. In the 80s, the goths appeared. In the 90s of the 20th century, the development of electronic music led to the emergence of ravers.

What various musical subcultures have in common is a love for a particular genre, an appearance that copies popular musicians, and the philosophy and values ​​inherent in a particular genre of music.

Punks are anarchists who challenge social norms

In the mid-70s of the 20th century, the punk movement was born. Its participants opposed themselves to society and expressed dissatisfaction with the political system.

The flagships of punk rock are the Sex Pistols, The Stooges (Iggy Pop), Ramones. The music is characterized by dirty guitar sound, provocative lyrics and outrageous behavior of the musicians on stage, bordering on and even beyond the bounds of decency.

Iggy Pop, one of the brightest representatives of the punk scene, largely laid down the behavior of the musicians of this genre.

Punk as a subculture declares complete personal freedom, rejection of generally accepted rules, the desire to rely on one’s own strengths and not be influenced.

Nihilism, non-conformism and outrageousness are the features that define representatives of the punk movement.

You can recognize a punk by torn jeans, an abundance of metal jewelry, pins, rivets, chains, brightly colored hair, a mohawk or shaved temples, and a leather biker jacket.

Despite the fact that the punk movement originated in the distant 70s, it remains relevant in modern realities. Protest against social injustice, a call for personal freedom - this is what makes punk popular among young people.

Gothic - aestheticization of death

In the 80s of the 20th century, on the wave of post-punk, a new musical direction appeared - gothic rock. It gives rise to a new type of subculture.

Goths do not protest so vehemently against social injustice; they move away from an imperfect world, plunging into mystical romance and the aestheticization of death. They can be compared with adherents of the decadence of the literary and artistic movement at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Melancholic, dressed, as a rule, in all black, Goths see beauty where ordinary people do not notice it. Cemeteries and ancient cathedrals, grotesque graphics filled with mystical meaning, poems glorifying decline, thrillers and horror films are an incomplete list of hobbies of representatives of this type of subculture.

Goths have a refined taste and high level aesthetic needs. They can be called rock music snobs.

Black clothes victorian era or more modern looks made of latex and leather, makeup based on a bleached face, on which black-painted eyes and lips stand out - the hallmarks of a goth.

Gothic rock underwent changes, branching into several directions, and the entire subculture changed and expanded along with the musical genre. From the classic The Sisters Of Mercy, Bauhaus, The Cure to London After Midnight, Dead Can Dance, Clan of Xymox, Lacrimosa.

In countries such as UK, Germany, USA, countries Latin America Gothic has remained popular for several decades; in Russia, the peak of popularity of this subculture occurred in 2007-2012.

Industrial subcultures

Industrial subculture, its types and their characteristics are discussed below.

Industrial subcultures include:

• diggers;
• stalkers.

Diggers are explorers of underground military or civil structures, abandoned or active. These can be either bomb shelters or abandoned bunkers inaccessible to metro station passengers.

This subculture is characterized by its own slang, which will be difficult for the uninitiated to understand.

Stalkers prefer to explore all sorts of abandoned objects, both civilian and military, and ghost towns. The object of their interest may also be existing industrial zones that are closed to citizens.

Stalkers are attracted to industrial landscapes and the special atmosphere of abandoned buildings. Many people combine their passion for stalking with photography or graphic art.

Representatives of this subculture are particularly secretive; most do not advertise the exact coordinates of the objects they visit, and try not to post personal photos of objects on the Internet.

Internet subculture

The spread of the Internet has led to the emergence of such subcultures as “bastards” and the blogosphere.

The emergence of such an Internet phenomenon as “bastards” is associated with the site “Udaff.ru”. It was its founder who first began to promote communication on the Internet using specially distorted, misspelled words. Expressions such as “aptar zhot” quickly spread throughout the Runet.

“Bastards” are characterized not only by violating the norms of the Russian language, but also by a particularly cynical attitude towards everything that happens, ridiculing and devaluing even significant events.

The blogosphere as a direction of Internet subculture brings together people running various blogs. These can be YouTube channels, LiveJournal diaries, and partly public pages and communities on social networks. Bloggers cover a variety of topics: some cover the latest in cinema, music, literature, some write about politics, some write a beauty blog.

A short list of subcultures

List of types of subcultures most common in Russia:

Musical subcultures:

• punks;
• metalheads;
• Goths;
• rappers;
• folkers;
• skinheads.

Art subcultures:

• graffiti;
• role players;
• otaku;
• underground.

Industrial subcultures:

• diggers;
• stalkers;
• cyber goths;
• rivetheads.

Internet subcultures:

• "bastards";
• blogosphere;
• demoscene.

Subcultures allow a teenager to find like-minded people and better understand his inner world, but at the same time it is a kind of escape from reality.

a set of specific socio-psychological characteristics (norms, values, stereotypes, tastes, etc.) that influence the lifestyle and thinking of certain groups of people and allow them to recognize and assert themselves as different from other representatives of society. The following subcultures are distinguished: adult, children's, marginal, regional, national. The social basis for the formation of subcultures is certain segments of the population, as well as contact groups that are part of them, which are characterized by specific age, social and professional qualities. Subcultures belong to specific stylized mechanisms of personality socialization. However, due to the narrow sphere of interests, they create only the illusion of complete socialization, since they close the world of interests of a specific individual and groups on limited aspects (for example, on only adults or children’s music, literature, games, hobbies, methods of self-expression, or only on the characteristics of national or regional culture, a specific marginal culture that does not always correspond to ideas about culture and social norms), which often creates problems in understanding between representatives of different subcultures. The uniqueness of the subculture exists in informal youth associations, religious sects, associations of sexual minorities and various interest groups, as well as professional groups and associations. The latter include artists, actors, collectors (for example, philatelists, second-hand book dealers), etc. Such groups, depending on the transformation of values ​​and social practices of society and in accordance with the nature of a particular subculture, are distinguished by prosocial, antisocial or asocial orientation. This gives rise to specific needs and problems, both for an individual group and for society as a whole. Within a subculture, norms of behavior and interaction differ significantly. Among the bearers of a prosocial subculture, such norms do not contradict generally accepted norms, but are transformed accordingly value orientations. In antisocial groups, the subculture is opposed to social norms, and its carriers are characterized by destructive behavior. In asocial groups, there is a transformation of universal and, depending on the situation, partially asocial norms. Its carriers are characterized by deviant behavior, which manifests itself in different types addictions (dependencies) and deviations in behavior from social norms. Informal associations of young people with antisocial behavior arise as a result of deformation in social communication and relationships. The mechanism of group integration and differentiation in these groups is based on the socio-psychological nature of relationships, although they develop only in the process of asocial activity. Therefore, most of them have signs of pre-criminal, criminal and criminal groups. Marginal subcultures are especially attractive to teenagers and young adults. According to research data, the main reasons why teenagers and young people become members of groups with an antisocial orientation are loneliness, disagreements with parents, and the desire to establish themselves. Obviously, in informal groups they are looking for psychological and physical protection, material support and pleasure. In such groups, a compensatory mechanism is triggered: the group’s activities become a testing ground for self-affirmation, manifestation of individuality in a shocking way, compensation for those failures that are observed in the school environment and family. There are multi-vector informal groups - shocking amateur performances (punks, majors, rockers); amateur cultural activities (rock musicians, metalheads, hippies); social initiative (ecologists, internationalists); political amateur activities (political clubs, social initiative funds); aggressive amateur activities (repair workers, extremists). Subcultures are characterized by a certain status structure, which reveals the hierarchy of intragroup relations and the level of success achieved among members of a particular group and carriers of a particular subculture. This is especially clear in marginalized groups. An important feature of a subculture is jargon (slang), fashion in appearance (hairstyle, clothing, makeup, jewelry), and manners. Each subculture develops its own folklore and aesthetic tastes. The most typical manifestation of informal, shocking amateur performances are punks, whose lifestyle is aimed at shocking the public - the main thing is to attract attention. Their appearance - from their hairstyle to their clothes, which mix all styles - is a challenge; communication style is primitive, slang and rude; behavior – demonstrative, with open propaganda of sexual debauchery, drug use and toxic substances, with illegal behavior and - fights, the use of rituals. The ideal for punks is a person who has no complexes and does not owe anything to anyone, as well as independence from living conditions and comfort in general. The trend of otherness also attracts metalheads: they decorate themselves with metal things - chains, clasps, etc. They are fond of specific “heavy” music. The ideal of metalheads is loyalty to their idols, and their credo is to be different from those who do not understand heavy metal. Popular among young people 14-20 years old, associations of rockers, with a mandatory attribute - a motorcycle. They gather in large groups at night and demonstrate their skills in driving a motorcycle. Their ideal is strength, technical competence. Hippies are aimed at refuting traditions and moral and ethical standards. They oppose themselves to everything related to social success, thereby demonstrating the conventionality of society. Their ideal is a person free from all problems and responsibilities. A specific manifestation of the subculture is graffiti - the image of taboo words, phrases, messages, or certain symbols on the walls of houses, fences, transport stops, elevators, etc. In this way, representatives of this subculture protest against certain social norms, certain people (for example, politicians), and also assert themselves through symbolic (conditional) identification with other members of the group of this subculture or favorite sports teams, musical groups or movements in music. Subcultures are of interest to researchers, since their in-depth study will make it possible to more objectively judge various social processes that occur in society, as well as track trends and problems of individual socialization in a multicultural society and predict their further development.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

1. Conduct research.

2. Draw conclusions.

3.

4. Publications in the press (collect materials, information).

5. Expert opinion.

6. Official statistics data.

7. Degree of scientific development (3-5 sources on this problem).

Formation of justification for the chosen topic. Social problem.

Modern man is brought up and grows up not just in society, but in the confrontation between subcultures of society. Subcultural differences sometimes lead to serious consequences, such as subculture wars. Therefore, it is necessary to understand what a subculture is, how people live, what goals they pursue and for what purpose.

Subculture understood in sociology and cultural studies as part of the culture of society, different from the prevailing one, as well as social groups of carriers of this culture. A subculture may differ from the dominant culture own system values, language, demeanor, clothing and other aspects. There are subcultures that are formed on national, demographic, professional, geographic and other bases. To others famous example are youth subcultures.

History of the term

In 1950, the American sociologist David Reisman in his research, he developed the concept of subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values ​​preferred by a minority.

A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book Subculture: The Meaning of Style. In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

Frenchman Michelle Mafessoli in his works he used the concept of “urban tribes” to designate youth subcultures. Victor Dolnik in the book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” he used the concept of “clubs”.

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals.”

Fandom and the emergence of youth subcultures

Fandom(fandom) - a community of fans, usually of a specific subject (writer, performer, style). A fandom may have certain features of a single culture, such as “party” humor and slang, similar interests outside the fandom, its own publications and websites. According to some signs, fandom and various hobbies can acquire the characteristics of a subculture. This, for example, happened with punk rock, gothic music and many other interests. However, most fandoms and hobbies do not form subcultures, being centered only around the subject of their interest.

If fandom is most often associated with individuals ( musical groups, musical performers, famous artists) whom fans consider their idols, then the subculture does not depend on obvious or symbolic leaders, and one ideologist is replaced by another. Communities of people with a common hobby (gamers, hackers, etc.) can form a stable fandom, but at the same time have no signs of a subculture (a common image, worldview, common tastes in many areas).

Subcultures can fundamentally contain different interests: from musical styles and art movements to political beliefs and sexual preferences. Some youth subcultures originated from various fandoms. Other subcultures, for example, the criminal one, which occurs as a result of the conflict between the main culture and persons who have broken the law, are formed on a different basis.

Most often, subcultures are closed in nature and strive for isolation from mass culture. This is caused both by the origin of subcultures (closed communities of interests) and by the desire to separate from the main culture and oppose it to the subculture. Coming into conflict with the main culture, subcultures can be aggressive and sometimes even extremist. Such movements that come into conflict with the values ​​of traditional culture are called counterculture. Youth subcultures are characterized by both protest and escapism (escape from reality), which is one of the phases of self-determination.

As subcultures develop, they develop a common style of clothing (image), language (jargon, slang), attributes (symbolism), and a common worldview for their members. A characteristic image and behavior is a marker that separates “our own” (representatives of the subculture) from strangers. Image for a representative of a subculture is not only clothing, it is a demonstration by one’s appearance of the beliefs and values ​​that the subculture promotes.

From a cultural point of view, symbol and symbolism are decisive in the description of a particular culture and cultural work. Symbols of subcultures are, on the one hand, the self-determination of a subculture among many other cultures, on the other hand, a connection with cultural heritage past. For example, the ankh sign in the Goth subculture is, on the one hand, a symbol of eternal life, like the heritage of Egypt, and on the other, a symbol that self-defines culture at the present time.

Examples of subcultures

Musical subcultures

One of the most vibrant and well-known subcultural communities are youth movements associated with certain genres of music. The image of musical subcultures is formed largely by imitation of the stage image of popular performers in a given subculture.

One of the first musical youth subcultures of our time were hippies, a youth movement of pacifists and fans of rock music. Much of their image (in particular, the fashion for long hair) and worldview migrated to other subcultures. The beatnik subculture is associated with hippies. In Jamaica, the religious and musical movement Rastafari (Rastafarians) arose, which, in addition to reggae music and a specific image, had a certain ideology. In particular, among the beliefs of Rastafarians are pacifism and the legalization of marijuana.

In the 1970s and 80s, following new genres in rock music, metalheads and punks formed. The first cultivated personal freedom and independence. The latter had a pronounced political position: the motto of punk rock was and remains idealized anarchy. With the advent of goth rock, a goth subculture emerged in the 1980s. Its characteristic features are darkness, the cult of melancholy, the aesthetics of horror films and gothic novels. In New York, thanks to emigrants from Jamaica, a hip-hop culture appeared with its own music, image and way of life.

In the 90s, Emo Kids and Cyber ​​Punks became strong youth subcultures. The Emo subculture is one of the youngest (most of its representatives are minors), it promotes vivid feelings and demonstrative behavior. Cybers, as an offshoot of industrial rock, are passionate about the ideas of an imminent man-made apocalypse and the dominance of technocracy.

Art subcultures

Most youth subcultures not related to musical genres originated from interests in a certain type of art or hobby.

For example, the role-playing movement that originated in the mid-20th century. In our country, the Game Technology Society is associated with the role-playing movement.

The passion for Japanese animation gave rise to an anime fandom that eventually grew into the otaku subculture. She is characterized by a passion for Japanese pop music and cosplay.

Internet community and internet cultures

Since the mid-90s of the 20th century, with the spread of Internet technologies everywhere, interactive subcultures began to appear. Hackers are often classified as a subculture.

Industrial and sports subcultures

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the romanticization of the urban lifestyle and the inability of some young people to live outside the city, industrial (urban) subcultures emerged. Some industrial subcultures came from fans of industrial music, but the greatest influence on these subcultures was made by computer games(for example, Fallout).

Sports subcultures include Parkour, as well as football fans.

Countercultures
One of the oldest countercultures is the counterculture of the underworld. Its appearance was caused by the natural isolation of persons who violate the law (exile to remote places, imprisonment, “gatherings”) from the main culture. As a result of this, a very strict subculture was formed with a clear hierarchical ladder and its own laws http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB% D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0 - cite_note-Kravchenko-2.

In Russia after the 90s, many elements of this subculture penetrated into popular culture: elements of thieves' slang, thieves' song and tattoos. Gopniks are often classified as representatives of the criminal subculture. However, the gopniks themselves (“hooligans”) do not distinguish themselves as a special subculture, and this definition can be considered nominal.

Another striking example of counterculture is the radical part of the skinhead subculture. Originating as a musical subculture, this subculture was for a long time associated with reggae and ska music, but later some skinheads joined radical political movements. However, one should not confuse the subculture itself, which is generally apolitical (such as traditional skinheads), and the radical part of the subculture (counterculture), which is associated with neo-Nazis, anti-communists and other political beliefs.

Relationships between subcultures

Subcultures, like any cultural phenomenon, arose not in a cultural vacuum, but in a culturally saturated environment. Society of the 20th century is oversaturated with various ideas, philosophical movements and other cultural elements. Therefore, it cannot be said that subcultures are isolated; they have complex relationships, both with mass culture and with other subcultures.

Genetic connections of subcultures

Family ties between cultures make it possible to trace the movement of peoples, language changes and human technological development. Family ties between subcultures also help track changing attitudes and developments in the 20th century. Perhaps the most a shining example related subcultures are the punk subculture and its descendants: goths and others.