People whose names were given to various things. Car brands - meanings of names

Tired of going through the same names for the heroes of your stories? Do you seem to return to the same trivial options again and again? Here are some ways to come up with interesting, non- common names.

Steps

Creating Unique Names

You can use your first name as a last name. Since first and last names usually sound very different, breaking this rule will help your character stand out a little from others.

• Examples of such rotation include: Anna Joey, Robert Gideon, Paul Michael
• This subtle technique is best suited for describing events unfolding in a place and time close to the author.

1. Look for names in unexpected places. View the credits for a TV show or movie; you can find it there a large number of atypical names and their combinations. When walking or driving around the city by bicycle or car, pay attention to the street names. For a name, you can even borrow the name of a foreign city, a distant nebula or an exotic plant.

   • This is a fairly free approach, so it can be extended to the whole variety of genres and names: both male and female.

2. Unusual options can be found in books. Look through the telephone directory or a dictionary of names, especially children's names. There you can find many rare names and interesting variations of their pronunciation.

   • Can those found there be called commonly used: Rezili, Cadia, Joval, Dzhantani, Karil or Kaelin?
   • If you don’t just want to find a beautiful name, but strive for it to emphasize the character of the hero, turn to the library of myths. However, so that it does not sound too banal (say, Athena), we will have to abandon Scandinavian, Greek or Roman mythology.

3. Create names from simple words. They say that JK Rowling composed some of the names in “Harry Potter” as an anagram to describe the character’s character. Exists whole line algorithms for such a search that can be used in such a selection. For example:

   • Mix up common names. Thus, from “Sarah” and “Josephine” one can get “Josara” and “Seraphine”; “Garrett” and “Adrian” can become “Adriette” and “Garran”, and so on.
   • Experiment with different pronunciations. Replace Michael with Mikael, Gabriel with Gabriel, etc.
   • Rearrange the order of the letters in your own name (or your friend's name). If your name is Bob Smith, you can use letter inversion to get something like Omi Tibbs. Your friend Eileen can become Nellie, Annabelle Belanna, and so on.
   • Make anagrams of everyday words. For example, “laughter” can become the basis for the name Mesk, “jumper” - for Gunpri. You can also use this method to create a name that matches your character's personality. So, a person named Mesk (from the word “laughter”) can be a joker and a merry fellow, and a character with a name that is an anagram of the word “jumper” can really be into parkour and be famous topics that he jumps the highest.

4. Arbitrary choice. If you're looking for something truly unique, break away from the idea of ​​building on something you already know and try to come up with something completely new. It could be something from the area science fiction or fantasy stories that are completely out of your current cultural context.

   • Type a random set of letters in a text editor (for example, Word). Then choose from it the sequence that seems most promising to you and remake it so that you like it.
   • Or you can cut out individual letters from a magazine, throw them up, and see what combination you get when they hit the floor.

5. Name the character after your favorite literary character. But try not to make it too obvious, because you don't want to be outright plagiarizing.

   • Say, if you want to name your character after Katniss Everdeen, don't just call her Katniss Everdeen, as that is not only unoriginal, but also a violation of copyright law. Instead, try to create similar name, such as “Katarina” instead of “Katniss”, or “Dean” instead of “Everdeen”.
   • You can also use celebrity names to create new ones by mixing or combining them. For example, Justin Bieber and Kate Alexa could become Jaxa Kelbair.

6. To create new names, use existing words and phrases: adapt them or write them down with errors. This could be a spelling error or the use of transliteration.

   • Let’s try to write down “Like that” with errors. Let it turn out to be “Vratitavo”. Then, from what we get, we choose an interesting combination. For example: Titav, Itav or Rati.
   • Write down a short excerpt from a song without spaces between words and try to find interesting combinations. For example, based on the fragment: “He who believes is on the way. Voice of the wind, stars of love” we got Tover, Tigol, Etraz, Ritto, Losve, Etra, Azve.

7. Change the gender of the name. Make a feminine name from a masculine one and vice versa.

   • But remember that not all names have an equivalent for the opposite sex.

8. Look up names online. If you use a name generator program (which actually involves creating baby names, but can still be useful), you will most likely come across at least one, or even several, names that you want to call your characters.

   Using your favorite letter (or letters)

   1. Make a list of letters whose presence in the name is desirable. If you're still hesitant, let it be just one of your favorite letters. For example, you want a character's name to have an L or an S in it because you like the way they sound or you feel they would fit with the character's personality.

      Choose the ending. Usually female names end in -a, -bel, -na, -li, -i, -ey, -lin, etc. Typical endings for male names: -ob, -ab, -an, -li, etc. Choose the one you like or compose it yourself!

   2. Make a name based on any word you like or from the name of the first object that catches your eye when you look away from the monitor or look out the window.

      • If the name of this object, in your opinion, is not a very suitable starting point for composing a name, select synonyms. For example, you are looking at the moon. Why not also use the synonym “ heavenly body

   3. ”, from which the name “Bessie” can be created. Add more letters to the ones you like.

      • Let your favorite letters be “O” or “A”; you can add “n” and “x” to make “Hannah”.

   If the name you made up sounds a little awkward, add more letters, but don't overdo it.

   1. Finding names that match a character Use a name that fits the atmosphere of your story.

      • Names must be appropriate to the setting, time frame and/or country where the events take place.
      • If the names sound typical for the region, this will add credibility to your story. For example, if the setting is China, then most likely the names will have to be completely different than in a story that takes place in Africa. geographical names from the region or country where your character is located.

   2. Choose a name that is easy to pronounce. Most readers don't have the patience to spell out the character's name every time it appears. A name that is difficult to pronounce may even discourage the reader from engaging further with the story, and may even stop reading altogether.

      • Choose names that you can easily pronounce out loud and practice pronouncing them.
      • Avoid using too many strangely spelled names for your characters, as this can confuse the reader and even dampen their interest in the events.

   3. Think about what meaning(s) might lie behind the name of the hero of your work. The meaning of a name can help you find a connection between what he is called and his personality traits. Think about how the meaning of a name can highlight his personality characteristics.

      • You can also use the technique of contrasting a name with a character to create a contrast between the sound or meaning of the name and the personality of the character. For example, a rude and stubborn girl can be called Lacey, and a boring child can be called Brock.
   • Try changing the order of the letters in the word that describes the character. For example, Crafty to Vakul, Shy to Etzas Winch, Naive to Naya Van, and so on. Then you can add and remove letters as you wish.
   • If you need a name for a sci-fi piece, you can use permutations and combinations of your choice. There are thousands of names, and by combining science fiction names you can come up with a completely unique character.
   • Names like Aristotle, Sebastian and Bridgell are good for classic stories, while Andrew and Tom or Emma and Sarah would be perfect for the protagonists of more “modern” stories.
   • Modify a common name to break it up into more interesting forms. For example, Kris can become Kriss, Kreis, or even Crystal.

   Warnings

   • Don't name your character after a character in an already published story, especially if they have similar personalities. This may be considered copyright infringement. Find out if someone has used given name V literary works before naming your characters it.
   • Names should be believable, especially if you are working on a serious or sad story. Even if you're going for creativity and a sense of fantasy, names like "Lord Marky Mark" or "Princess Surfboard" can be difficult for the reader to grasp characters, and the whole story as a whole, seriously.
   • Do not rush to write the name into the text immediately after you have composed or found it. First, tell at least one more (preferably impartial) person about it. What sounds great to you may sound like castor oil to your listeners.

The stories of the appearance of certain words in the languages ​​of the world are always interesting and entertaining. Particularly impressive are words whose origin is connected with very real historical figures, be it writers, scientists, rich people or entrepreneurs who invented, rebelled, traveled, did charity work, in other words, did not leave the public indifferent, and therefore their names became household names. Words-eponyms, as etymologists call them, are found often, but we do not think about their existence or simply do not know. In this article, Bright Side has collected the most famous examples words that were originally names of real-life personalities. We will be glad to see your versions in the comments.

Begonia named after the French nobleman Michel Begon (1638-1710), intendant of the French colonies in the Caribbean, who organized a scientific expedition to the Antilles to collect plants.

Boycott named after the British manager in Ireland, Charles Boycott (1832–1897), whose land the Irish refused to cultivate and began a campaign to isolate Boycott from local society.

Cardigan was named after General James Thomas Brudnell, the seventh chief of the county of Cardigan, who is credited with inventing this item of clothing for the purpose of insulating a uniform.

Chauvinism Nicolas Chauvin, a semi-mythical French soldier, who pathetically and popularly expressed in his speeches his love for France and Napoleon Bonaparte in particular.

Whatman white thick paper High Quality got its name in honor of the English paper manufacturer James Whatman, who in the mid-1750s introduced a new paper form that made it possible to obtain sheets of paper without traces of the grid.

Breeches the name of the trousers is given after the French general Gaston Galifet (1830-1909), who introduced them for cavalrymen. Later, riding breeches were borrowed by other armies, and even later they entered men's and women's fashion.

Guppy English priest and scientist Robert John Lemcher Guppy, who in 1886 made a report to members of the Royal Society, in which he spoke about fish that do not spawn, but give birth to live young. After this he was laughed at.

Sweatshirt named after the great Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy popular look clothes, although the writer himself wore a shirt of a slightly different cut.

Guillotine the execution instrument is named after the French physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, who, although he did not invent it, in 1789 first proposed cutting off heads using this mechanism, which was considered “more humane.”

Tapestry the word arose in France in the 17th century, when the royal Gobelin manufactory opened there, the products of which were very popular, and in some countries everything that was done using the tapestry weaving technique was called a tapestry.

Olivie The famous salad received its name in honor of its creator, chef Lucien Olivier, who ran the Hermitage restaurant of Parisian cuisine in Moscow in the early 60s of the 19th century.

Masochism the term comes from the name of the Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836–1895), in whose novels “The Divorced Woman” and “Venus in Fur” despotic women mocked weak men.

Maecenas The name comes from the name of the Roman Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, who was a patron of the arts under Emperor Augustus.

Lovelace Sir Robert Lovelace is a character in Samuel Richardson's 1748 novel Clarissa, in which a handsome aristocrat cunningly seduces the 16-year-old protagonist.

Saxophone the instrument is named after Adolphe Sax (1814–1894), the Belgian inventor musical instruments. Sax died in poverty because there was no jazz then.

Sandwich named for John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), a London minister and gambler who, according to legend, invented it while playing cribbage. The game had already lasted for several hours, and the minister had not found time to eat. John Montague asked to be served between two slices of bread. His fellow players liked this way of eating while playing and they also ordered sandwich bread.

Silhouette Etienne de Silhouette (17091767), as controller general of finance in France under Louis XV, imposed taxes on external signs of wealth (doors and windows, farms, luxury goods, servants, profits). He stayed in his post for only 8 months. His name was associated with “cheap painting” - instead of an expensive portrait, it was cheaper and faster to outline a person’s shadow.

Mausoleum the funeral structure is named after the magnificent tomb of the Carian king Mausolus in the city of Halicarnassus in the territory of modern Turkey.

Attic the word comes from the name of the 17th century French architect Mansard, who invented cheap attic spaces.

Mac(cloak) the name of a Scottish technologist who invented a way to make fabric waterproof by impregnating it with a rubber solution.

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What's in a name?
(A.S. Pushkin)

Maria de las Mercedes (mercy and grace) is the meaning of the name given by Emil Ellinek to his daughter Adriana Ramona and the famouscar. Everyone knows the names of car brands almost from the cradle. But what lies behind beautiful names the most famous brands? Do they bear the names of their founders, are they named after someone, are they associated with significant event or the character of the car is hidden behind a short word, or maybe it’s something encrypted? How were the names of the world's most popular cars born?

Origin of car brand names

Acronyms

A number of car brand names are acronyms, abbreviations formed by the initial letters of words (or abbreviations) that make up, for example, the name of the plant that produces these cars.

BMW - Baverrische Motoren Wenke(Bavarian Motor Plant)

AlfaRomeo-ALFA(acronym AnonimaLombardaFabbrica Automobil) and the name of Nicola Romeo, who bought it in 1915.

Fiat - Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino(Italian Automobile Plant Turin)

Nissan - Nippon Sangyo(Industry of Japan)

Saab - Svenska Aeroplan ab (aktiebolaget)

Named after

How to leave your name forever? You can accomplish a feat, create a masterpiece in architecture, painting or music, set a world record (or two), or you can start a car campaign and give it your name! The latter method was very popular among automakers around the world. Sometimes the name of the area where it is produced was added to the name, and sometimes the owner even “ciphered” his name.

Aston Martin- a company founded by Lionel Martin near Aston Clinton, where the Aston Hill automobile race took place.

Audi- that very case of a “hidden name”. When August Horch was removed from the company that bears his name, he founded Audi Automobil-Werke. What is the connection between Khoroch and Audi? Horch and Audi translate as "listen", from German and Latin, respectively.

Cadillac- got its name from the French explorer, founder of Detroit.

Chevrolet- the name of one of the founders of the company, Swiss racing driver Louis Chevrolet.

Chrysler - named after founder Walter P. Chrysler .

Citroen- bears the name of Andre-Gustave Citroen.

Ferrari, Ford, Porsche, Renault- also named after their creators Enzo Ferrari, Henry Ford, Ferdinand Porsche and Louis Renault

Rolls-Royce- preserved two names in history: Frederick Henry Royce and Charles Stuart Rolls.

Name with meaning

The most beautiful, in our opinion, car brand names have a special meaning and meaning hidden in their translation.

Daewoo- name given by founder Kim Woo Chong meaning "Big Universe". This name gives a lot of room for imagination to designers.

Hyundai- translated from Korean as modernity, and This means that this company always keeps up with the times.

Volvo- means “I roll” translated from Latin, guaranteeing that this car will not let you down!

Subaru- the name given to the brand after the name of the Pleiades star cluster in the constellation Taurus, indicating that these are Stars among other cars.

Japanese cars have a special place among all the cars in the world in terms of names. Although many of them also bear the names of their creators, here everything is given special meaning. Name, given to a person, has a deep meaning that is carried over to the car named after him.

Toyota is a company created by Toyoda Kiichiro, whose name literally means "fruitful field."

Daihatsu- “great production”, formed by a combination of two hieroglyphs denoting “engine production” and the location of the company’s headquarters in Osaka.

Mitsubishi- "only" three diamonds, although there are many more diamonds in the collection of this car brand!

Suzuki- named after the founder Michio Suzuki, translated into Russian means ... "bell on a tree."

Honda- the brand, which also received its name from its founder Soichiro Honda, has two meanings: “ascending field” and “book field”.

Isuzu - "fifty bells" It owes its name to the Isuzugawa River. What does the river have to do with it? It’s just that at first the Isuzu company was engaged in the production of boats, generators and even various garden tools.

Full car name

Just as a person has a surname and a first name, the name of a car is made up of its make (surname) and model name (name). The name of a brand is an unshakable thing, but with names for models, their creators can dream up as much as they want. What kind of prefixes do famous brands get to their “family name”. What is hidden behind them - the character of the car, its individuality, hidden capabilities or obvious advantages?

Mitsubishi Debonair - courtesy and politeness

Mitsubishi Dignity - self-esteem

Nissan Fairlady - beautiful lady

Nissan Flying Feather - flying feather

Toyota VITZ - bright, witty, talented

Toyota BREVIS - courageous, brave, courageous, brave

Subaru DIAS - daily, for every day

Subaru SAMBAR TRY - from the term "try - winning three points when the player with the ball passes to the opponent's goal line in rugby."

However, funny things happen here! The name given by the creators to the car brand, which, according to their plan, should be beautiful and carry the most best qualities, inherent in this particular model, may turn out to be funny and even dissonant. Even the properties contained in the name may seem at least strange for a machine with a certain name. It's all in the translation! What in one language is music for the ear and food for the mind, in another may turn out to be funny and not even politically correct, as they say now, or even completely obscene.

This happened with Chevrolet Nova, the name of which for Spanish-speaking countries means the verb “does not go.” In countries Slavic group the sound of the name may cause confusion Maserati Ghibli- a dead car...

A number of cars may generally fall under the “18+” category and be subject to censorship checks:

Mazda La Puta- a car of easy virtue, if you buy it in Spain. Here it is also in question Fiat Punto. In Italian, this brand does not mean anything other than the word “dot”, but for the proud Spaniard it is a direct hint at his masculine inadequacy.

Mitsubishi Pajero- these days it can simply become the flagship of opponents of famous parades that are prohibited in our country. Just in case the car falls out of favor among some who are very tolerant of various minorities, because the Spanish roots of the name of the car brand can be interpreted as a very rude curse addressed to them. For Spain and Mexico, this model is produced under the name Montero(jaeger)..

Our dear Zhigulis - it turns out that not everything is going smoothly with them either! The brand received the new name “Lada” due to the consonant pronunciation with the word “gigolo” in a number of languages, and Hungarian has a particularly obscene translation. Therefore, LADA cars were produced for export already in 1975 (in Russia the brand has been called that only since 2004). However, even here a mistake was discovered: in France, the model of our car became synonymous with the word “ladre” (stingy and greedy). And Lada Kalina for Finland was renamed LADA 119 due to the fact that in Finnish “kalina” means crackling, rattling and rumble. This isn't about our cars, is it?

Whatever you call the boat, that’s how it will float, or to paraphrase for the car market: “The name given to the car determines its sales volume.”

By the way, they say that all dogs look like their owners. I wonder if the meanings of car names correspond to the characters of their owners?!

Source etoya.ru

How about something simpler: a salad or a smoothie? Agree that it will also be nice. In our review today, we want to introduce you to 10 historical figures who in their time gave proper names everyday things.

1. Pizza Margherita

One day, the Queen of Italy, Margaret of Savoy, tempted by various delicacies, wanted to eat something ordinary, that is, what the common people ate. The royal chefs were at a loss. Raffaello Esposito, the owner of the best pizzeria in Naples, came to the rescue. He prepared a special pizza for the queen: with mozzarella, cherry tomatoes and fragrant basil. Externally, this color combination resembled the Italian flag. The Queen really liked the dish. Without hesitation, Raffaello named his masterpiece “Pizza Margherita.”

2. Cocktail “Hemingway Champagne”

The great writer and connoisseur of alcohol was not always a fan of daiquiris. During his Parisian period, he himself came up with a cocktail recipe: a glass of champagne and a little absinthe. “Death in the Afternoon” - that’s how he cutely nicknamed him. The main thing here is not to lose the sparkle. But who cares? This drink literally blows your mind in a second.

3. Mercedes car

Emil Jellinek was a famous diplomat and entrepreneur in Europe. In the 1890s, he, together with engineer Gottlieb Daimler and auto designer Wilhelm Maybach, established automobile production in Nice. The business was very profitable. Emil named the most successful and best-selling model in honor of his youngest daughter Adriana, nicknamed Mercedes (from Sephardic - “Grace”). In 1902, a portrait of a girl was even hung at a car exhibition in Paris. Interestingly, Mercedes herself never shared her father’s passion for cars.

4. Bardot blouse

Brigitte Bardot was a true revolutionary in the fashion world. It was she who gave green color many, in our opinion, everyday things: skinny high-waisted jeans, bikini swimsuit, wide-brimmed hats and ballet shoes. And only one thing - a short blouse with bare shoulders literally received the name of a famous beauty.

5. Nicotine

The French ambassador Jean Villeman Nicot brought tobacco from Portugal to Paris in the 16th century. A couple of years later, he got not only the royal nobility, but the whole world hooked on this “miracle.” The man himself sincerely believed that this plant could cure a person from any disease, including the plague.

6. Carpaccio

In 1950, Giuseppe Cipriani, the personal chef of Countess Amalia Nani Mocenigo, who was forbidden by doctors to eat boiled and fried meat, prepared a special dish - thinly sliced ​​raw beef, seasoned with lemon juice and olive oil, and garnished with fresh arugula, cherry tomatoes and Parmesan cheese. The dish looked very colorful. Without hesitation, the chef named his masterpiece carpaccio, in honor famous artist Vittore Carpaccio, whose painting is distinguished by a special riot of colors.

7. Louboutins

In 1979, Christian Louboutin, who was then working as an apprentice in one of the fashionable Parisian houses, “invented” his famous shoes. The designer was inspired to create such a masterpiece by the bright red nails of a woman sitting next to him at a fashion show, where Christian, by some miracle, was able to make his way for the first time. Louboutin shoes almost immediately became fashionable. And for almost 40 years now they have not given up their positions.

8. Olivier salad

Lucien Olivier was a distinguished chef in Moscow in the mid-19th century. Of course, the well-known salad brought him fame. Lucien kept the recipe secret until the end of his life. And although all the ingredients seemed to be known, no one could come close to the original.

9. Attic

The architect François Mansart was a master of his craft, but a little strange. He could instantly destroy the building he had erected if it did not meet his ideals of beauty. As you understand, clients did not often turn to the eccentric architect. Despite this, Francois Mansart went down in history as one of largest representatives French Baroque. In addition, it was Mansar who was the first to come up with the idea of ​​equipping the attic for a comfortable life for the residents. That's how the attic came into being.

10. Eggs Benedict

According to legend, the idea to serve poached eggs on toast with bacon and hollandaise sauce was born in the Waldorf Hotel restaurant. Broker Lemuel Benedict, suffering from a wild hangover in the morning, asked the waiter to bring him something light and unusual. The head waiter of the restaurant was so impressed with the new dish that he quickly added it to the main menu of the establishment.

But it turns out that many things, names of dishes and household items, are named after people who once lived on Earth and whose names and surnames we now call certain things. Next you will find fascinating stories about people whose names we still pronounce, although we do not know them themselves.

Hooligan

The word "bully" was once the surname of an Irish family who lived in the London borough of Southwark. Its members were distinguished by a violent disposition: they were rowdy, participated in pogroms and robberies. The Hooligan Gang is mentioned in 1894 police reports and London newspaper accounts. late XIX century. Some sources mention the head of the gang - a young Irishman Patrick Hooligan: he worked as a bouncer, and in free time Together with his brothers, he robbed and beat people on the streets.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the image of Hooligans acquired humorous shades: in England, a funny song was written about an Irish family; in the USA, a representative of the family became the hero of newspaper comics, which were published in the New York Journal from 1900 to 1932, and then a film. The image of the “happy hooligan” became the most popular work of the artist Frederick Burr Opper.

In 1904, the phrase “hooligan actions” was used in his story by Arthur Conan Doyle("Six Napoleons") The Hooligan Family is long gone, but the word has firmly entered the lexicon of many languages ​​around the world.

Susanin

We are well aware of this humorous nickname for guides and conductors who do not know the road well. They are called Susanins in honor of the peasant from the village of Domnino Ivan Susanin, who in 1613 saved the young Tsar Mikhail Romanov and his mother from death. Having become a guide for the Polish-Lithuanian detachment, he deliberately led them the wrong way and, caught in a lie, did not confess, but suffered martyrdom: he was tortured and chopped into “small pieces.” His feat is described by the tsar himself in a letter of grant to Susanin’s heirs in 1619.

Don Juan and Casanova

Both of these nicknames come from the names of real men. The prototype of Don Juan (Don Giovanni and Don Juan are also found) is considered to be a certain Don Juan Tenorio from Spain - a representative of one of the Seville families, a courtier of the King of Castile, Pedro I the Cruel. According to legend, Don Juan lived in the 14th century and enjoyed the protection of his patron, horrifying the inhabitants of Seville with his immorality.

The prototype of Casanova is the Venetian Giacomo Girolamo Casanova, who loved women, travel and adventures. He lived in the 18th century and became famous thanks to his memoirs “The Story of My Life”: this book mentions more than 120 relationships with women, girls and even men. The images of Casanova and Don Juan have become firmly entrenched in literature and common nouns for men who seduce a large number of women. They serve as synonyms for the words “red tape,” “libertine,” and “womanizer.”

Brutus

An ironic nickname for treacherous friends. Often used as part of the expression: “And you, Brutus!” Derived from the name of the Roman senator Marcus Junius Brutus Caepio, who, being a close associate and friend of Caesar, took part in a conspiracy against him and participated in the murder. When the attack began, Caesar tried to resist, but when he saw Brutus, according to legend, he said: “And you, my child!”, fell silent and no longer resisted. This plot became famous thanks to Shakespeare and his tragedy “Julius Caesar” - the name Brutus began to be perceived as synonymous with betrayal and deceit of loved ones.

Uncle Sam

The image of Uncle Sam is associated with both the US government and the United States as a whole. He is portrayed either as a kind, cheerful fellow, or as an evil old man - depending on his attitude towards America. This image, according to legend, was based on the meat supplier Samuel Wilson, who brought beef to American soldiers at the base during the Anglo-American War of 1812-1815. He signed barrels of meat U.S., meaning United States. Once, when an Irish watchman was asked what these letters meant, he deciphered it by the name of the supplier: Uncle Sam. The soldiers really liked this answer and first became an army joke, and then, thanks to newspapers, it spread both in the United States and around the world.

The image of Uncle Sam depicted on a propaganda poster is especially famous. “I need you in the U.S. Army,” says the angry man, pointing his finger at the onlooker. The image was created by artist James Montgomery Flagg in 1917 and was used to recruit recruits during the First and Second World Wars. Subsequently, the author admitted that he drew Uncle Sam from himself. In 1961, the US Congress passed a resolution officially recognizing Samuel Wilson as the inspiration for Uncle Sam.

Grog

This drink, like its name, appeared in the 18th century thanks to the British admiral Edward Vernon, whom sailors behind his back called Old Grog because of his cloak made of thick material - grogram. In those days in daily diet sailors of the British Royal Navy included a portion of undiluted rum - half a pint, which is slightly less than 300 ml. Rum was used as a preventative against scurvy and other diseases, and also served as an alternative to water supplies that quickly spoiled at sea.

However, Admiral Vernon considered the legal half-pint to be too large a portion, especially since the British were losing the war with the Spaniards. In 1740, Old Grog decided to put an end to drunkenness and brawls on board and ordered the sailors to be served half-diluted rum with the addition of warmed or cold water and squeezed lemon juice. The drink was nicknamed “grog”, or “rum on three waters”. At first, the sailors were unhappy with the changes, but it soon became clear that grog helps prevent scurvy, which was scientifically proven by Scottish doctor James Lind in 1947. Soon after, Edward Vernon's drink officially became part of the diet of all sailors in the British Royal Navy.

Chauvinism

The word "chauvinism" comes from the name of the Napoleonic soldier Nicolas Chauvin, who served Napoleon and France especially zealously and had a habit of expressing his patriotism in pathetic, popular speeches. He became the hero of the 1821 play “The Soldier-Tiller”, the 1831 vaudeville “The Tricolor Cockade” and engravings by the draftsman Charlet. And in the 1840s, the word “chauvinism” was already firmly established as a common noun. In 1945, geographer, traveler and playwright Jacques Arago, the author of the article “Chauvinism,” wrote about him this way: “Nicholas Chauvin, the one who French Owing to the appearance of the word in the title of this article, he was born in Rochefort.

At the age of 18 he became a soldier and has participated in every campaign since then. He was wounded 17 times, and wounded only in the chest and never in the back; amputated three fingers, a broken arm, a terrible scar on the forehead, a saber presented as a reward for courage, a red order ribbon, a 200-franc pension - this is what he earned for his long life this old warrior... It would be difficult to find a more noble patron for chauvinism.” The private's surname comes from the word "bald" (Calvinus) and is common in France, nowadays it has become synonymous with nationalism, while the comic component has been almost forgotten.

Guppy

A small viviparous fish from South America named after the British Robert John Lechmere Guppy. This man lived amazing life: at the age of 18 he left England and went to cruise. However, the ship on which he sailed was shipwrecked off the coast of New Zealand. After this, the young man spent two years among the Maori and did not waste time: he made a map of the area.

He then moved to Trinidad and Tobago where he studied wildlife and paleontology, published several scientific works and became president of the local scientific community, although he did not have special education. The Briton was extremely interested in the small fish that lived in the fresh waters of Trinidad. In 1866, a naturalist sent one of these individuals to London for cataloging and scientific description. The then curator of zoology at the British Museum, Karl Gunther, named the fish Girardinus guppii in honor of its discoverer. And although it soon became clear that Robert Guppy was not the discoverer of fish and they had already been described a little earlier by the German ichthyologist Wilhelm Peters, the name “guppy” had already taken hold and became international.

In 1886, Robert Guppy returned to England to report to members of the Royal Society. He also spoke about amazing fish, which, according to the residents of Trinidad, do not spawn, but give birth to live young. This caused ridicule from the scientific community - they considered Guppy a naive amateur who bought into the invention of the Trinidadians. But soon guppy fish were brought to England, and scientists could no longer deny the obvious.

Saxophone

The name of the Belgian music master Adolphe Sax is immortalized in the musical instrument saxophone. He invented it in mid-19th century century in Paris, converted from a clarinet. But Sax did not come up with the name “saxophone” himself: at the Brussels Industrial Exhibition in 1841, he presented his development under the name “mouthpiece ophicleide”. The inventor's friend called the instrument a saxophone. French composer Hector Berlioz wrote an article about the invention, and the word immediately became popular.

Sachs' competitors gave him no rest and, before he had time to patent the instrument and his name, they were already suing him, accusing him of fraud and falsification. The judges made an absurd decision: “a musical instrument called “saxophone” does not exist and cannot exist,” and five months later Sachs managed to prove the opposite and received a patent in August 1846. However, attacks on the talented inventor of musical instruments did not stop: competitors, provoking trials and accusations of plagiarism, brought Adolphe Sax to ruin. Having lived to the age of 80, the author of saxophones and saxhorns died in poverty long before the invention of jazz.

Masochism

The word “masochism” was formed on behalf of the Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who in his novels described oppressive women and weak men who take pleasure in humiliation and punishment (“The Divorced Woman,” “Venus in Fur”). This term was coined and proposed to be used in the emerging science of sexology by the German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in 1866.

By the way, an interesting fact: Sacher-Masoch comes from Lvov, which during the writer’s lifetime was Lemberg and belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 2008, two attractions appeared in Lviv in honor of the writer: “Masoch Cafe” and a monument. The cafe recreates the atmosphere of the masochistic works of Sacher-Masoch: the dominant color is red and objects of violence - chains, handcuffs, whips, etc. The monument to the writer, installed at the entrance to this establishment, has “piquant” details: a magnifying glass is mounted on the chest of the statue, which you can see changing erotic pictures. And hidden inside is a “secret”: if you put your hand in the pocket of the monument, you can touch his manhood... and rub it “for good luck.”

Sandwich

A sandwich with two slices of bread and a filling inside was named after the fourth Earl of Sandwich, John Montagu (1718–1792). According to one version, which is more reminiscent of an anecdote than a true story, the count was an avid gambler and during one of the long games in 1762 he asked the cook to fry a couple of pieces of bread and put roast beef between them - so he could hold a sandwich and play cards without getting them dirty.

However, given high position John Montagu, who was an English diplomat and First Lord of the Admiralty, another legend seems more convincing. In the 1770s, James Cook's expedition around the world took place, and it was the Earl of Sandwich who was involved in preparing this voyage. He probably had no time to be distracted by food, and he came up with a simple and convenient fast food - a sandwich.

By the way, James Cook highly appreciated Montagu’s contribution to the organization of the circumnavigation of the world, giving his name to three open geographical objects at once: the South Sandwich Islands, the main island of this archipelago - Montagu, as well as the Hawaiian Islands, which Cook initially dubbed the Sandwich Islands (this name was used until the middle of the 20th century).

Boycott

The word "boycott" owes its appearance to the British Charles Boycott, who worked as a steward for Lord Erne, a landowner in the west of Ireland. In 1880, workers refused to harvest the crops and went on strike under the leadership of the local trade union, the Land League of Ireland. Residents of County Mayo, where Boycott worked, sought fair rents, the right to remain on the land and the right to buy land freely.

When the manager tried to stop their protests, the Irish began to ignore the Englishman in every possible way: they stopped greeting him, sat down from him in church, and local sellers refused to serve him in stores. The British press gave wide coverage to the campaign against Boycott, and although he soon left Ireland, his name had already become a household name, spread throughout the world and lived its own separate life. By the way, that harvest cost the government dearly: it was necessary to spend ten times more on protecting the fields and the workers sent than the cost of the harvest itself.

Stroganov

There are among generous people who gave their names, and Russian heroes. Thus, in the word “beef Stroganoff” you can hear the name of Count Alexander Stroganov. The invention of this dish of beef and tomato-sour cream sauce belongs not to the count himself, but to his French cook - hence the word formation in the French manner: bœuf Stroganoff, that is, “beef Stroganoff style.” According to one legend, the cook came up with the dish personally for the count when he was old and had difficulty chewing food due to lack of teeth.

According to another, beef Stroganoff was invented in Odessa for those who dined at Stroganov’s. In the middle of the 19th century, the count became the Novorossiysk and Bessarabian governor-general, after which he received the title of honorary citizen of Odessa. Being such an important person, he organized an “open table”: any educated person in a decent suit could come to his dinners. At the count's behest, the cook came up with a convenient and quick way cooking meat, which, due to the fine cutting into pieces, was easy to divide into portions.

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