U old words, just like dialectal, can be divided into two different groups: archaisms And historicisms .

Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian.

For example:

right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- lower back and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in morphemic composition (fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- life, guest- merchant,), in grammatical form ( at the ball- at the ball, fulfill- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Spanish- Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction- death or harm, hope- hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of further development society.

Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military themes.

For example:

Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.

Most obsolete words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, footman, boyar, steward, stable boy, barge hauler,tinker and so on. Types of production activities such as horse tram and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, quitrent, corvée and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose in the Soviet era. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovo and many others.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. It has something to do with rebirth cultural traditions Rus', and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.

Dictionary of obsolete words by letter of the alphabet:

Explanatory dictionary of ancient Russian words A Alatyr - Center of Space. Center of Microcosmos (Human). That around which the cycle of Life takes place. Translation options: ala - motley (snow-covered), tyr<тур>- peak, staff or pillar with a pommel, sacred tree, mountain, “towering” Variations: Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar Constant epithet - “bel combustible (hot, sparkling)” - (bel - “brilliant”). In Russian texts, golden, zlat, smooth, and iron stones are found. Latyr-stone is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega. That from which everything begins and where it returns (locus). More precisely, the meaning and significance of the words are conveyed in epics... Alkonost - from the ancient Russian saying “alkyon is (a bird)”, from the Greek alkyon - kingfisher ( greek myth about Alcyone, transformed by the gods into a kingfisher). Featured on popular prints half-woman, half-bird with large multi-colored feathers and a girl’s head, overshadowed by a crown and halo. In his hands he holds paradise flowers and an unfolded scroll with a saying about reward in paradise for a righteous life on earth. Unlike the bird Sirin, she was always depicted with hands. Alkonost, like the Sirin bird, captivates people with its singing. Legends speak of alkonost days - seven days when Alkonost lays eggs in the depths of the sea and hatches them, sitting on the surface of the water and pacifying storms. Alkonost is perceived as a “manifestation of divine providence” and serves as a designation of the divine word. B Basa - beauty, decoration, panache. Batog is a stick. To babble, to babble - to speak, to say. Pregnancy is a burden, an armful, as much as you can wrap your arms around. Boyars are rich and noble people, close associates of the king. Scolding is a battle; A battlefield is a battlefield. We are brothers and sisters. Armor - clothing made of metal plates or rings; protected the warrior from the blows of a sword and spear. Britous - the Old Believers called it that way for those who were shaven and without a beard. Damask steel was a specially made steel. Weapons made from this steel were also called damask steel. To get rich - to get rich, to increase wealth. The story is a true story. Bylina is a Russian folk epic (full of greatness and heroism) song - a legend about heroes. V To get acquainted - to get to know each other, to communicate, to be friends, to make acquaintances. To know - to know. Vereya - a pillar on which the gate was hung. Nativity scene - cave, dungeon. To make a noise is to make a noise. To make noise (to make noise) "Don't goldie!" = don't make noise! Golk = noise, hum,< гулкий >echo. Frantic - having lost all sense of proportion. Knight - a brave warrior, a hero. Lightweight - easy, free, without much difficulty, safe. To endure - to withstand, endure, endure. G Garnets - an ancient measure of bulk solids, bread (~ 3 liters) Goy thou art (from the word goit - to heal, to live; goy - peace< , в его развитии, в движении и обновлении >, abundance) - magnification, a wish for health, corresponding in meaning to today: “Be healthy! Hello!” You are good = you are healthy<есть>"Goy" is a Russian wish for health, good luck and prosperity, a kind word. Options: “Goy este” - be healthy, in the meaning of greeting, wishing the interlocutor health and goodness. “Oh, you” is a greeting with many meanings, depending on the intonation of the speaker. Gorazd - knows how, skillful Gornitsa - that’s how, in the old fashioned way, they called the upper room with large windows. A threshing floor, gumentse is a place where they thresh, and also a shed for storing sheaves. D Just now (before the moment of conversation) A shower warmer is a warm short jacket or quilted jacket without sleeves, with ruching at the back. Dereza is a thorny shrub, a "scraper". In an ancient way - in the old way Dremuchy - “dense forest” - dark, dense, impenetrable; illiterate person Ye Yelan, elanka - a grassy clearing in the forest Endova - a wide vessel with a spout. Food - food, food. Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark. Jug - a jug with a lid. The belly is life. Belly - estate, wealth, livestock Z Zavse<гда>- constantly. To begin to fast - to begin to fast, to fast. The outpost is a fence made of logs, a control point at the entrance, and an eminent one is a rich, noble monk - in the church. “he was tonsured a monk, then ordained a deacon...” A hut is a house, a warm room. The name “izba” comes from the word “to heat” (the original version is “istoka” /from a birch bark letter, XIV century - Novgorod, Dmitrievskaya street, excavations/). House = "smoke" from a chimney. K Kalinovy ​​(about fire) - bright, hot. Hag - crow. A tub is a cylindrical container (barrel), assembled from wooden rivets (planks) held together with metal hoops. Killer whale / killer whale - affectionate address. The original meaning is “having beautiful braids.” Kichka, kika is an ancient women's headdress that decorates the appearance and gives one a look. Klet - closet, separate room The cell in the ancient Russian house was called a cold room, and the hut was a warm one. Podklet - the lower cold floor of Klyuk's house - a stick with a curved upper end. Knysh is bread baked from wheat flour and eaten hot. Kokora, kokorina - snag, stump. Kolymaga is an ancient decorated carriage in which noble people rode. Kolyada is a Christmas song in honor of the owners of the house; for carols they gave a gift. Carol is a Christmas song sung on Christmas Eve and the first day of Christmastide by rural youth. Ancient carols are characterized by elements - openings and conclusions from the kondachka - without preparation. Origin (variant): the original word is Kondakia (kondakia, kontakia) - a stick (diminutive of “spear”) on which a scroll of parchment was wound. A parchment sheet or scroll itself, written on both sides, was also called kandak. Subsequently, the word K. began to denote a special group of church chants, in the middle of the first millennium - long ones (hymns, poems), modern ones - small ones (one or two stanzas, as part of a canon) Box, boxes - a large bast box or box in which they were stored miscellaneous goodness. Kochet, Kochet - rooster. To bow - to be baptized, to make the sign of the cross. "Wake up!" - come to your senses! A mound is a high earthen mound that the ancient Slavs built over a grave. Kut, kutnichek - a corner in a hut, a counter, a stall in which chickens were kept in winter. Kutya - a steep, sweet barley, wheat or rice porridge with raisins. The circle-amulet - developed from a circular walk around the area where they were going to spend the night or settle for a long time; such a walk was necessary to ensure that there were no dens of predators or snakes. The idea of ​​a circle served as an image<своего>peace. L Lada! - expression of consent, approval. Fine! other-russian Okay - the word has many meanings depending on intonation. Plate is iron or steel armor worn by warriors. M Poppy - top of the head. Matitsa - middle ceiling beam. World - peasant community . N Nadezha-warrior is an experienced, reliable, strong, skillful fighter. Nadys - recently, the other day. Invoice - interest. “It won’t be expensive” - inexpensive, profitable Instead - instead. I called myself - I called myself; name - give a name, name. A week is a day when “they don’t do it” – a day of rest. In the pre-Christian period in Rus', Saturday and Sunday were called pre-weekend and week (or week), respectively. Arrears - taxes not paid on time or quitrent Nikola - never. O Frill - a tie at the bast shoe. Abundance - a lot of something. This is how the bread Obrok was called in Novgorod - a tribute to get well - to come to consciousness, to recover. Besides, besides - except. Yell - plow. Ostatniy - the last Osmushka - eighth (eighth) part = 1/8 - “octam of tea” (~ 40 or 50 grams) Oprich - except (“besides”) P Club - a club with a bound knob. Parun - a hot day after rain. Sailboat - sailor's clothing. Brocade is silk fabric woven with gold or silver. More - "more", "all the more so... = all the more so..." Veil - something that covers on all sides (fabric, fog, etc.) Blame - reproach, reproach. Finger - finger. Polati is a plank platform for sleeping, arranged under the ceiling. Spelled is a special variety of wheat. To please is to be overzealous; eat a lot. Posad is a village where traders and artisans lived. Throne - a throne, a special chair on a dais on which the king sat on special occasions. Prisno is an old, high-style word that means always, forever and ever. Printed gingerbread is a gingerbread with an imprinted (printed) pattern or letters. Pudovka is a pood measure of weight. Pushcha is a protected, impenetrable forest. You need to think about it - think, figure out, think about this matter, discuss something with someone; to understand - to understand, to think, to reason about something. Sexual (color) - light yellow Midday - southern R. Military - military. Rat is an army. Thrifty - diligent, diligent Rushnik - embroidered towel. To agree - to come to an agreement, to come to an agreement. Unbelt - walk without a belt, lose all shame Rivers (verb) - say Repishche - vegetable garden Rubishche - torn, worn-out clothes S Svetlitsa (Push.) - bright, clean room. Scythian = monastery (initial) - from the words “to wander”, “wandering”, therefore, “Scythians-monasteries” - “wanderers” (“nomads”?). New meaning - monastic monastery "Good Riddance" - original meaning... Yablochny Spas Sloboda is a village near the city, a suburb. Nightingales are yellowish-white horses. Sorokovka is a barrel for forty buckets. Sorochin, Sarachin - Saracen, Arabian rider. The clothes are decent - that is, not bad. An oxbow is an old (or dried up) river bed. A pillar noblewoman is a noblewoman of an old and noble family. Adversary - adversary, enemy. with a flourish - at times, inadequately. Antimony - painted black. Leaf - covered with a thin film of gold, silver, copper or tin. Gilded Sousek, bin<а>- a place where flour and grain are stored. To be full - food, food. Week - week T Terem - tall houses with a turret at the top. Tims - shoes made of goatskin. They were highly valued and sold in yuftas, that is, in pairs. Later they began to be called “morocco” (Persian word) Either here<тута>, and there... - words from a modern song about the difficulty of learning the Russian language. Three crosses gait - ultra-fast execution of any order: one cross on packages with reports - the usual speed of horse delivery is 8-10 km/h, two - up to 12 km/h, three - the maximum possible. Oatmeal is crushed (unground) oatmeal. To skinny - to spend U Udel - possession, principality, fate Uval... - Ural (?) - Khural (belt, Turkic) ... Russia, belted by the Urals, stands by Siberia... F Enamel - enamel in painting metal products and the products themselves Fita - a letter of the old Russian alphabet (in the words “Fedot”, “incense”) Foot - an ancient measure of length equal to 30.48 cm X Chiton - underwear made of linen or woolen fabric in the form of a shirt, usually without sleeves. It is fastened on the shoulders with special fasteners or ties, and tied with a belt at the waist. Chiton was worn by both men and women. Khmara - cloud Pyarun - thunder T Tsatra (chatra, chator) - fabric made of goat down (undercoat) or wool. Tselkovy is the colloquial name for the metal ruble. Ch Chelo - forehead, in modern terms. In the old days, the forehead is the top of the head. Child is a son or daughter under 12 years old. To expect - to expect, to hope. Chapyzhnik - thickets<колючего>bush. Chebotar - shoemaker, shoemaker. Chobots - high closed shoes, men's and women's, boots or shoes with sharp, turned-up toes; roan horse - motley, with white splashes on gray (and other, main) wool or a different color mane and tail. Servants - servants in the house. Scarlet - red Brow - a person's forehead, a vaulted hole in a Russian stove, the entrance hole of a den. Chetami - in pairs, in pairs. Cheta - a pair, two objects or persons Quarter - a fourth part of something Black (clothing) - rough, everyday, working. Chick - hit Cast iron - railway. Sh Shelom - a helmet, a pointed iron cap for protection from sword strikes. Shlyk - jester's hat, cap, bonnet. Shtof - glass bottle 1.23 liters (1/10 of a bucket) Shtof generosity - generosity. A man with a big heart, showing a noble breadth of soul E Yu Yushka - fish soup or thin soup. St. George's Day (November 26) is a period determined by law when in Muscovite Rus' a peasant who settled on the master's land and entered into a "decent agreement" with the owner had the right to leave the owner, having first fulfilled all his obligations towards him. This was the only time of the year, after the end of autumn work (the week before and after November 26), when dependent peasants could pass from one owner to another. I am the Paradise Egg - the lucky egg, the magic egg. Dishes - food, food, food. Yarilo - the ancient name of the Sun Yasen stump - meaning: "Naturally! Well, of course!" In this form, the expression appeared relatively recently, Yakhont - Old Russian. name some precious stones, more often ruby ​​(dark red corundum), less often sapphire (blue), etc. Old Slavic names of the peoples Svei - Swedes Poles - Poles Ugric group - Ostyaks, Voguls, Magyars Volga-Bulgarian - Cheremis, Permian Mordovians - Permyaks, Zyryans, Votyaks midday - southern Fryazhsky - Italian. "Fryazhsky" writing is a type of painting, as a result of the transition from icon painting to natural painting, at the end of the 17th century. Germans are those who speak incomprehensibly (mute). Dutch - from the territory where the Kingdom of the Netherlands is now located. Sorochinin - Arabic languages ​​- peoples (common name) Man Brow - forehead Right hand - by right hand or the Oshayu side - on the left hand or side. Shuiy is the left one. Shuitsa - left hand. Hand and Shuitsa - right and left hand, right and left side(“standing at the right and left at the entrance...”) Colors “red sun”, “red maiden” - beautiful, bright “red corner” - the main red color - a talisman Connection of weaving with cosmological motifs Weaving and weaving in weaving appears as a form world modeling. If the thread is fate, the path of life; that canvas, constantly produced and reproduced, is the whole World. Ritual towels (towels, the length of which is 10-15 times greater than the width) and square scarves with an ornament in the form of a model (mandala) of the Universe. Ancient Slavic writing (“Russian writing”, before the beginning of the second millennium AD) - Slavic Runes and “Knot writing” B folk tales Often there is a knotted ball of guide, indicating the Path. Unwinding and reading it, the person learned the clues - where to go and what to do, read words, images and numbers. Nodular (nodular-linear) Elm was wound, for storage, into book-balls (or on a special wooden stick - Ust; hence the teachings from the elders - “Wind it around your mustache”) and put away in a box-box (from where the concept “Speak to three” came from box"). Attaching the thread to the mouth (the center of the ball) was considered the beginning of recording. Many letters-symbols of the ancient Glagolitic alphabet are a stylized display of a two-dimensional projection onto Knotty Elm paper. Initial letters (capital letters of ancient texts in Cyrillic) - usually depicted in the form of a Knitting pattern. Looping techniques were used to transmit and store information and to create protective amulets and amulets (including braiding hair). Examples of words and phrases that mention sciences: “to tie a knot as a keepsake”, “ties of friendship/marriage”, “the intricacy of the plot”, “to tie” (stop), union (from souz<ы>), "runs like a red thread (Alya) through the entire narrative." "Characters and Cuts" - "birch bark letter" (simplified version Slavic runes), widely used for everyday recordings and short messages between people. Slavic Runes - sacred symbols, each of which conveyed the phonetic meaning (the sound of the sign runic alphabet), meaning-image (for example, the letter “D” meant “good”, “well-being”< дары Богов, "хлеб насущный" >, Tree< в узелковом письме может соответствовать перевёрнутой петле "коровья" (схватывающий узел) / Дерево >and belt buckle) and numerical correspondence. To encrypt or shorten the recording, knitted runes were used (combined, intertwined, built into a pictorial ornament). Monogram, letter monogram - a combination of the initial letters of a name and/or surname into one image, usually intertwined and forming a patterned script. Dwelling The main pillar in the house is the central one, supporting the hut. Community Ordinary objects are common (that is, no one's; belonging to everyone and no one in particular) things that are important to everyone to the same extent, with common rituals. Belief in the purity (whole, healthy) and holiness of common ritual meals, fraternities, joint prayers, and fundraisers. An ordinary object is clean, new, it has the enormous power of a whole, untouched thing. The main elements of Slavic mythology are Latyr-stone, Alatyr is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega (the original singular Point of growth and the final volumetric World< всё наше Мироздание, есть и другие, но очень далеко, со всех сторон >in the form of an almost endless ball). That from which everything begins and where it returns (point, locus). Miraculous stone (in Russian folk beliefs). in epics... Alatyr - Centers of the Cosmos (Universe) and Microcosmos (Human). Fractal Growth Point, three-dimensional< / многомерная >line of singularity ("Staircase" connecting the worlds), a fabulous "magic wand" / wand / staff with a pommel or a stationary Magic Altar. That from which Existence begins and returns, around which the cycle of Life occurs (the axis point). Russian letter A, Greek - “Alpha”. The symbol of the Ladder is prayer beads (“ladder” = ladder connecting the top and bottom of the Universe) / “ladder”). In the temple there is a lectern (a high table, in the center, for icons and liturgical books). Translation options: ala - motley, tyr<тур>- a top, a pillar or a staff with a triple pommel, a fabulous “magic wand”, a scepter, a sacred tree or mountain, the trunk of the World Tree, “towering” Options - Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar, Alva Constant epithet - “white flammable (burning = glowing, hot, sparkling)" - (white - dazzlingly brilliant). In Russian texts there is gold, zlat (amber?), smooth (polished by the hands of those praying), iron (if a meteorite or fossil magnetic ore) stone. Merkaba is a star tetrahedron, a closed volume of an energy-informational crystal-chariot for the ascension of the Spirit, Soul and body of Man. "First Stone"< Краеугольный, Замковый >- the initial, axial point of any creation. “The navel of the Earth” is the energy center of the planet, in which, according to legend, there is always a crystal (“unearthly Jewel”), the magical Alatyr< подземный Китеж-Град, Ковчег, неземной Храм >. Folk tales place it in various points on Earth, usually in real energy centers / nodes (places of Power), such as in the vicinity of the village of Okunevo, on the Tara River, in Western Siberia. The stories about these lands, at first glance, are unrealistically fabulous, but modern scientists still cannot really explain all the anomalies and miracles that occur in such areas, on the lakes there. There is information in the open press that Helen and Nicholas Roerich, in the twenties of the last century, traveling through Russia, took with them an ancient box with an unusual stone inside (? -<Ш>Chintamani, Lapis Exilis, "wandering in the world", part of the Holy Grail/Wisdom Stone, in the ark-casket) sent to him by the Mahatma. It is no coincidence that this box is shown in the famous painting “Portrait of N.K. Roerich”, painted by his son, Svyatoslav Roerich. The main part of this Stone (called the “Treasure of the World” - Norbu Rimpoche, a cosmic magnet from the center of our Universe, with the energetic rhythm of its Life) is located in the legendary Shambhala (Tibet, in the Himalaya mountains). The story is amazing, almost incredible. More information is available on other Internet sites. Holy Grail (Buddha Bowl) - symbol of the source< волшебного >elixir. Where it is now is not known for certain, except for the almost fabulous, fantastic UFO legends from the middle of the last century, now published by modern researchers on the Internet and in books, about the German base (numbered 211) in Antarctica (located somewhere- then near the present South Geographic Pole, on the coast of Queen Maud Land, from the side Atlantic Ocean, in warm karst caves with underground rivers and lakes, where for a long time, after the Second World War, hundreds, and maybe thousands of German military personnel, specialists and civilians who sailed there lived and hid submarines). With a high probability, in those grottoes and catacombs-laboratories (artificially created with the help of mining equipment delivered there on ships several years earlier) - the Nazis hid some especially valuable artifacts and sources of Ancient Knowledge, obtained by them all over the world and found, discovered on the spot. And almost certainly, all this is securely and carefully hidden there, with numerous traps, which people will disarm and pass, perhaps in the not very distant future.< или, опередившие их - пришельцы, инопланетяне >can with the help of robots. Philosopher's Stone of Wisdom< эликсир жизни >- to obtain gold (enlightenment of a person, immortality (eternal youth) of him<тела>-souls-<духа>in their synthesis). The spine (spinal cord) is “Mount Meru”, with its apex in the head (epiphysis (m) and pituitary gland (g) - on the physical plane, halos and radiances - on the next, higher planes). The ancient name of the Baltic Sea is “Alatyr” Rus - an indigenous inhabitant of the Russian land Alatyr-stone is found in fairy tales and epics in the form of the phrase: “On the sea on the ocean, on an island on Buyan lies the Alatyr-stone.” Spaces of microcosm in Slavic mythology The first, outer circle of the concentrically arranged “world” (history, events) most often turns out to be a sea or a river. The pure field is a transitional area between worlds. The second area, next to the sea, is an island (or immediately a stone) or a mountain (or mountains). The central locus of the mythological world is represented by many different objects, of which stones or trees may have proper names. All of them are usually located on an island or mountain, i.e. one way or another included in the previous locus as a central and maximally sacred point. The sea (sometimes a river) in Slavic mythology represents that body of water (in the southern regions, also vast sandy and rocky deserts, for example, the Mongolian Gobi), which, according to traditional ideas, lies on the way to the kingdom of the dead and to the next world . Old Slavonic “ocean”, as well as - Okiyan, Okian, Ocean, Okeyan. Kiyan-Sea Sea-Okiyan - the absolute periphery of the world (antilocus); It's impossible to get around it. Blue Sea - locus Black Sea - antilocus Khvalynsk Sea - Caspian or Black Sea. Antilocus Khorezm - Aral Sea. Antilocus Currant River is the mythical prototype of all rivers. Acts as the water boundary of the “other world”. There is a viburnum bridge on it. Buyan Island - In folklore Buyan corresponds to other world, the path to where, as is known, lies through the body of water. The island can serve as an arena for fabulous action.

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Project topic: Dictionary of obsolete words
(using the example of A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”)
Content
Introduction
Chapter I. What is it outdated words?
1.1What are historicisms?
1.2. What are archaisms
Chapter II. Outdated words in the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov
"Woe from Wit"
Conclusion
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII. Literature used
VIII. Application
Page 3
Page 4
Page 6
Page 7
Page 9
Page 17
Page 18

Maintain:
Language is constantly evolving, but some words become outdated and
become incomprehensible or difficult to understand even in context. Studying
artistic works of the last century in school evokes
certain difficulties. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that in the language
works of Russian fiction XIXearly XX reflected
many outdated phenomena of reality that make it difficult to understand
content of artistic works by students.
When there are no interlinear explanations at hand, the student most often leaves
without attention to such “dark” places, and undeciphered meaning
unfamiliar or unfamiliar words results in impoverished vision
world of the past.
The purpose of this work is to compile a dictionary of outdated words based on comedy
A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit.”
To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:
1. Get acquainted with the material about passive vocabulary of the Russian language.
2. Find outdated words in comedy, determine their lexical meaning
according to the dictionary.
3. Compile a dictionary of outdated words to make reading the work easier
future ninth graders.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that when reading
works of fiction often face difficulties,
associated with understanding the meaning of individual words.
The problem of misunderstanding is one of central problems modern world.
Let us consider only one, but extremely important manifestation of this problem,
since every schoolchild has encountered it more than once, the degree of understanding
2

an excerpt from a text or a separate sentence where words appear,
out of active use, but being a means of knowledge
the surrounding world, its history, culture, as well as the means of creating
character of the hero.
A way out of this situation could be a dictionary for the work.
Item
The object of study is the outdated words of comedy.
studying - the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov.
Research methods: collecting information, working with text, analysis,
generalization of results, compilation of a dictionary.
Practical results: a “Dictionary of outdated comedy words” has been compiled
A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit.” The task of the dictionary is to resolve lexical
difficulties that arise when reading text, to teach thoughtful reading
literature.
Chapter 1. What are obsolete words?
The dictionary of a language includes active vocabulary, i.e. words that
are currently used by all speakers or some part of the population,
and passive vocabulary, i.e. words that people either stop using or only
are starting to use it.
Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new ones
words (neologisms).
Obsolete words are words lost in living speech, transferred from
active vocabulary of the language into passive. Outdated words divide
on historicisms and archaisms. Obsolete words include words that are more
are not used in standard speech. To determine whether it applies
a certain word to be obsolete, lexicographical is used
analysis. It must show that this word is now used in speech
rarely. One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is
designations of concepts that no longer exist. Quite a few
3

similar words among the designations of professions or social positions
people who have ceased to be relevant, for example, a single palace owner,
profos, moskovatel, provision master, postilion, potter. Huge
the number of historicisms denotes objects of material culture,
out of use - horse-drawn horse, torch, britzka, bast shoes. Meaning
some words belonging to this category are known at least
at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but in
active
are missing.
Words leave active use and fall into passive use
historicisms

vocabulary gradually. Among other things, a change in their status
occurs due to changes in society. But the role is also significant
directly linguistic factors. An important point is
the number of connections of a given word with others. Rich word
systemic connections of various nature will disappear noticeably slower
into a passive dictionary. Obsolete words don't have to be
ancient. Relatively recently emerging words can quickly fall out of use
consumption. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early
Soviet times. At the same time, both originally Russian words and
borrowings, such as “bataliya” (battle), “victory” (meaning
"victory" but not female name), "fortecia" (victory). Outdated words
in modern written and oral speech can be used with different
goals. In particular, when writing historical novels their
presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech they
the function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Together with
With the development of society and the state, language also changes. Part of the concepts
remains in the past.
Are outdated words even necessary?
Obsolete words are often used by poets and writers to
recreating the atmosphere of a historical era. Reading Pushkin's poem
4

"Ruslan and Lyudmila", we'll have to look in the dictionary to find out
the meaning of the words brow (forehead) and cheeks (cheeks): “His brow, his cheeks
they burn with an instant flame.” In the XVIII-IX centuries such words were
widespread. Obsolete words are also used for
giving an ironic shade to the statements: “Without preparing
homework, the student, with downcast eyes, stood before the stern gaze
teachers." Many archaisms are still embellished in dialogues.
Not a single girl can resist addressing her: “Gracious
Empress! Outdated words are part of our history and our
past. This is linguistic evidence historical development And
movement into the future.
1.1What are historicisms?
Historicisms are words that name outdated things, outdated phenomena.
Historicisms have no synonyms in modern Russian. Explain them
meaning is only possible by resorting to an encyclopedic description. Exactly
This is how historicisms are presented in explanatory dictionaries.
Historicisms can
accompanied in dictionaries by the marks ist. (history), outdated (obsolete).
Among the obsolete words, a group of historicisms stands out - words that call
concepts,
objects,
reality.
phenomena,
which have disappeared from modern
The formation of a group of historicisms is associated with social transformations in
life of society, the development of production, the emergence of new technologies,
updating household items, etc. Therefore, define historicism by
the name of the realities of a bygone time found in the text.
For example: boyar, oprichnik, constable, big shot. One of the functions of historicisms
as a nominative means in scientific-historical literature - to serve
names of realities of past eras. Thus, to recreate
5

historical specifics, use historicisms if you are working on
scientific historical monograph. Historicisms are called “signs”
time, therefore they do not have competing lexical elements in
modern language. Use historicisms that “belong” to a certain
to recreate historical paintings different centuries.
era,
For example, historicisms associated with distant eras: tiun, voivode,
shell; historicisms denoting the realities of the relatively recent past:
surplus appropriation, district committee, province. Another function of historicisms is
act as a lexical means of expressiveness in artistic
literature. Therefore, if you write works on historical
themes, use historicisms to create the flavor of the era. In language
There are known cases of the return of historicisms to the active vocabulary. Such
words like governor, lyceum, gymnasium, leader are not perceived now
as outdated. Do not include such linguistic phenomena to historicism, since with
by the return of the realities of reality, these words fall into the layer
Lexical meaning of historicisms
common vocabulary.
Define using an explanatory dictionary. Such words are given with the mark
"outdated." For example: “Caretmaker, a, m. (obsolete). 1. Shed for carriages and others
crews. 2. Crew master." From this dictionary entry in the Dictionary
Russian language" edited by R. M. Tseitlin you will find out what you are interested in
the word refers to you masculine, has the form in the genitive case in
singular "karetnik", is obsolete (historicism) and has
two meanings. Use historicism in oral and written speech, only
having clarified its meaning in the dictionary so as not to appear in the eyes of the interlocutor,
reader by a poorly educated person.
1.2. What are archaisms?
Archaisms are words that have fallen out of use and been replaced by new ones.
6

In addition, they are used to create solemnity of speech, sometimes they
give it an ironic character. Archaisms have in modern language
synonyms, with the help of which explanatory dictionaries explain their meaning,
accompanying them with the mark obsolete.
At each period of language development, words function in it,
belonging to commonly used vocabulary, i.e. active
vocabulary. Another layer of vocabulary is words that came out of the active
consumption and “fell” into the passive stock.
Instead of “so that” they say “so that”, instead of “from time immemorial” they say “from time immemorial, always”, and
instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable to those who
collides with them, and thus they fall out of the passive
vocabulary. For example, few people recognize the word “in vain” as
synonym for "in vain". At the same time, its root was preserved in the words “vanity”,
“in vain”, so far included, at least, in the passive dictionary of Russian
language. Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as
components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression “to take care of
oka" contains two archaisms at once, including "zenitsa", which means
"pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown
the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
To determine the belonging of archaism to subgroups that
constitute a group of archaic vocabulary, find out, completely archaized
word or only partially. For example: in vain - in vain, this - this,
Lanita - cheeks (stylistic synonyms). Height - height
(archaized suffix design), zala – hall (archaized
form of belonging to the clan), gospital - hospital (archaic
sound form of the word), etc. Determine whether archaism belongs to
subgroup. Lexical archaism has in modern language
corresponding synonym (neck - neck, from ancient times - from ancient times, zelo - very).
Semantic archaism has been preserved in modern language, but is used in
7

outdated meaning (belly - life, shame - spectacle).
phonetic archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different sound
design (history - history, mirror - mirror).
word-formation archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different
word-formation structure (fisherman - fisherman, disaster - disaster).
Find out the stylistic function of archaism. Archaisms are used for
recreating the historical flavor of the era, so you can find
a large number of archaisms in works of art
historical topic. Archaisms are used to give color to speech
solemnity, pathetic emotion (in poetry, oratory
speech, in a journalistic speech). Archaisms are used as
means of speech characterization of a hero in a work of fiction
(for example, persons of clergy, monarch). Archaisms are used for
creation comic effect, irony, satire, parody (usually in
feuilletons, pamphlets, epigrams). When analyzing stylistic
functions of archaisms, it is necessary to take into account that their use can be
V
is not associated with a specific stylistic task (for example,
humorous stories by A.P. Chekhov to create a comic effect),
but is due to the peculiarities of the author's style. For example, A. M. Gorky
used archaisms as stylistically neutral words. Besides,
archaisms are often used in poetic speech for rhythmic
organizing a poetic work or for rhyming. Most
a popular technique is the use of partial words (breg,
hail).
voice,
gold,

Chapter II. Outdated words in A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”
Griboyedov reflected in the comedy the atmosphere and the main conflict of the era -
the clash of new and old, progressive and conservative, “reason”
and “unreasonable reality.”
8

In Griboyedov's comedy you can find many examples of words that came from
consumption. Let's take a closer look at some of them. As an example
a word that is not included in the modern normative language, but it is easy
perceived based on context, the word “neokhotnik” can serve. On
Platon Mikhailovich answers his wife’s question about Famusov’s ball:
Natasha - mother, I doze off at balls,
Before them there is a deadly reluctance..." (IV, 2)
We easily understand that the word non-hunter meant “a person who is not
wanting to do something, do something." It is also easy to understand in
context and not used now noun mediocre and few
common rare noun superstition. Both of these words are used in
Repetilov in his speech:
Farces were so often sung to me,
What an idle talker, what a fool, what a superstition,
What are my premonitions and omens...
These people, are there others like them? Hardly...
Well, among them I am, of course, mediocre... (IV, 4)
These nouns were formed on the basis of the phrases: superstitious
a person, an ordinary person. The noun is also archaic
pretentiousness used by Chatsky:
And in St. Petersburg and Moscow,
Who is the enemy of discharged persons,
fancy, curly words...(III,2)
The meaning of this word becomes clear when referring to the Dictionary
modern Russian language, which explains it this way:
frills -
intricate techniques, means used to produce great
impression. The meaning is quite easily revealed from the context
obsolete verb to last:
9

Prolonging arguments is not my desire. (Chatsky, II, 2)
prolong - “to continue something, to delay.” Not used in
modern literary language and the verb sdet, although the context indicates
its meaning:
Put down your hat, take off your sword;
Here’s a sofa for you, lie back and relax.” (II, 5)
remove means "take off." Griboedov uses archaisms to
to recreate the era of that time.
We read Chatsky’s monologue:

Aren't you the one to whom I was born from the shrouds?
For some incomprehensible plans
Did you take the children to bow?
That Nestor of noble scoundrels,
Surrounded by a crowd of servants...
Here (the line of the Children being taken to bow is more or less immediately clear:
“They took me as a child to congratulate me”).
Let's leaf through immortal comedy further. Comes to Famusov's for the evening
Tugoukhovsky family. The voices of the princesses are heard:
3rd princess. What a charm my cousin gave me!
4th princess. Oh yes, barezhevy!
Even our fashionistas do not understand these remarks. It is only clear that they are talking about
outfits But what and about what exactly? To understand this, you need to know that the word
esharp means “scarf”, and the word barezhevyy means “from barezhevy” (special thin and
transparent fabric).
Here Skalozub returns alive and well (“his hand is slightly bruised”)
Molchalin, after the latter fell from his horse and Sophia fainted, into the house and
tells her:

Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you.

What he tells her, we understand only when we find out the meaning now
firmly forgotten archaism irritation - “excitement”.
Let's look at individual proposals.
Famusov. 1) “Everyone is smart beyond their years”; 2) “Let’s take the tramps into the house and
by tickets"; 3) “The deceased was a venerable chamberlain, With a key, and his son managed
leave"; 4) “To work you, to settle you”;
Repetilov. 5) “Taken into guardianship by decree!”; 6) “Everything else is gil”; 7) “With his wife and
I went into reverse with him.”
These expressions become understandable only when we take into account
the real meaning of the words that form them.
The above phrases can be translated into modern language something like this:
1) “Everyone has become smart beyond their years”; 2) “We take tramps as
teachers and tutors, and as visiting teachers (to visiting
teachers were paid “by ticket”,
T.
e.
according to notes,
certifying the visit)"; 3) “The dead man was deserving
highest respect as a chamberlain at the royal court (with a key
- with a golden key on the uniform as a sign of the chamberlain rank) and
managed to make his son chamberlain as well”; 4) “To hard labor you, to
settlement"; 5) “My estate, by royal decree, was taken under
state supervision"; 6) “Everything else is nonsense, nonsense (cf.
slob of the same root)"; 7) “I played cards with his wife and with him”
(reversi is a card game).
As mentioned above, historicisms are words denoting disappeared
realities. Given that the play was written in the 19th century, it is natural that we
We find in it the following historicisms:
Assessor is a civil rank of the eighth class, as well as a person holding this rank.
11

English club (club) in Russia since the time of Catherine the Second by English
a klob was a well-known aristocratic club in Moscow of the type
leading clubs of the 16th century in England
Maid of honor - title of a court lady attached to the empress
Zug zug team of horses in single file or one after the other
Dance master dance teacher.
And these are not all the historicisms that can be found in the work
A.S. Griboedova.
Most of the outdated vocabulary of the comedy "Woe from Wit" consists of
archaisms. Archaisms are divided into several groups. Let's take a closer look
each group.
1. Semantic archaisms are “words preserved in modern
language, however, used in a meaning that is obsolete and
unusual for a modern native speaker." It can also be noted that
what semantic archaisms are ambiguous words, which is outdated
one or more values.
The number of archaisms of this group in the literature of the 19th century is very large. In my own way
the sound and structure of these words, at first glance, are familiar and understandable to us, but
if you look closely, they will appear “far” from us. For example, the word
commission (“what kind of commission, creator, to be the father of an adult daughter…”).
The dictionary gives the following interpretations of the word “commission”:
1) a group of persons, or a body from a group of persons with special powers when
some institution;
2) an order performed for a certain fee;
3) (obsolete) troublesome, difficult matter.
The word has many meanings, the first two meanings are modern, but the hero
comedy Famusov uses this word precisely in the 3rd meaning, which
is marked obsolete.
12

Here are just a few examples of words from this group:
"...be a military man, be a civilian...", "...Zagoretsky took over
Skalozub", "Oh! Potion, spoiled girl...", "..what an opportunity!", "...who would then
I wasn’t attracted by them..”, “...we find where we don’t mark...”
Civilian in 1 meaning "same as civilian"
Entered in 1 meaning "occupied"
Potion in 4 meaning "malicious, sarcastic person"
Occasion in the 2nd meaning "rare, unexpected occasion"
Not attracted to 1 value. "didn't stretch, didn't drag"
We mark in 4 digits. "notice, guess"
2. Lexical archaisms. This group includes words that are outdated
entirely and moved into the passive layer, and in modern Russian
used with another non-derivative form.
Such archaisms in comedy are the following words:
“...now I was sleeping…” in 1 meaning, fell asleep; "...loud kisses..."
(obsolete and ironic) kissing; "...sycophantic" flatterer; "...how can you not please
dear...", "...haven't you cared about your upbringing.." in 1st meaning
promote; “...the time is not hot...” in the 2nd meaning, has not come; "…Not
you never complain..." in the 3rd meaning you don’t accept.
In dictionaries we find these words marked “obsolete”. This allows
let us conclude that these words are archaisms. Another sign
the fact that these words have left our active vocabulary is that we do not
we use words with such stems, that is, there has been a complete replacement of some
other words that we do not currently use.
3. Lexical and word-formative archaisms. We include in this group
words in which individual word-forming elements are outdated, but
In this case, most often the root remains unchanged. In Griboyedov one can highlight
13

word-formation archaisms of three parts of speech: noun,
verbs and adverbs.
Nouns.
“...I’m sick today, I won’t take off the bandage...” in modern language
used with another prefix po (bandage);...let’s take the tramps..."
there is no such form in modern language either; the word is used without
rates.
“...and trouble cannot be eliminated by delay...” we use this word with
prefix pro;
"... at the pleasure of the daughter of such a person..." in modern language with this
is not used as a suffix;
“...and there are differences in uniforms...” the word difference is used. For
throughout the 19th century, the verbal noun was widely used with
suffix to a;
"...night robber, duelist..." modern form"duelist".
Verbs.
“...they lured in honors and nobility...”; “...as a person who has grown up...”; "…
we ascended, bowed..." " circle of foundations combined with the prefix vz in
at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries was wider than in the modern language... but at the end of the 19th
at the beginning of the 20th century, verbs with this prefix decreased in use"
"...how to compare, and look..."; "...I'll ask everyone..." in
in modern language, verbs with the prefix po have been preserved in a certain
quantity. Now the verbs previously used with this prefix, we
use it without it.
“... I promised to come to my father...”; "...don't be angry, look..." both
verbs are formed from the infinitive using the postfix xia, this is an indicator
reflexivity of the verb, which is confirmed by context and semantics.
Adverbs.
14

"...ready to jump again..." "again" here the console was replaced
syz on the console with. In modern language, words with such a prefix can be
found in some dialects.
"hurriedly" hastily. In modern language the word is used with
The suffix iv is formed from the adjective hasty. Here's the word
especially (especially) on the contrary, in the 19th century it was used with the suffix willow, but in
in modern language this suffix has been lost and now it is an adverb on o.
When asserting that a word is not used in modern
language, we used data from modern dictionaries.
4. Lexicophonetic archaisms. It should be noted that these are words
which in the process of historical development of the language the sound
form.
"In comedy there are a number of accentological archaisms that give
material that allows one to judge the living language of that time...” These are words that
whose emphasis is different from the modern one. Such archaisms in comedy
so many.
"...not forever and ever..."; "...under the stars"; "….historian and geographer"; "….And
dancing and singing"; "...the judges are always, to everything"; "...to drive away the sore throat" and
other.
The words rumatism (“...all rumatism and headaches...”),
prikhmacher
(hairdresser) are clearly borrowed. From given pronunciation and spelling
we can conclude that these words have not yet taken shape in the Russian language 19
century, and these words are adapted to the speech of the Russian person by
simplifying the sound composition.
In the word eighth we see the phenomenon when before the initial [o] it has not developed
sound [v], this will probably happen later. Now we use the form
"eighth". But in dialects you can often find the form "eighth,
eighteen."
15

The words of the contradiction, frunt, currently have a slightly different
phonetic composition of the root: contradiction, front.
The word klob is borrowed, and therefore in “Woe from Wit” we meet two
variant spelling of this word: club club. Preserved in modern language
and the second option was established.
5. Morphological archaisms are words that are obsolete
grammatical form. In this group the following should be considered:
parts of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun and
auxiliary parts of speech.
“... carried for the report” the form of the word report is explained by the declension of the given
words. In the 19th century there was a specialization of the form on y. This word
is a remnant of the ancient declension in th, here the form of the genitive
case, units numbers, husband kind.
"...even as a child they took him to bow..." "the word child at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century
usually inclined in the singular close to the Church Slavonic model with
variant forms of the instrumental case... In live use at 19
century, forms without extensions were possible. From colloquial speech these forms
penetrated into writing."
“….after three days she turned grey…” this form of the word day was
widespread. "In the second half of the 19th century, the form of days is known in
stylized speech. At the same time, the form of days was variable according to
in relation to the main form on i.
Adjectives in the comparative degree: “...the older, the worse...”, “...
more in number...", "deafened louder than any trumpet", "away from the gentlemen"
formed in two ways:
1. Through the suffixes eish, aish
2. Through the suffixes e, e
The following part of speech pronoun:
16

“...for others it’s like a triumph...” In modern language it is used
"other" form. Both of these forms are used in the comedy text.
Let's look at the service parts of speech:
Prepositions.
“I’ve been thinking about myself…”, “about yours, about your upbringing” in modern language
we use the preposition o. But these prepositions can be called synonymous.
Unions.
"but that's the problem!" in the dictionary they are used with the mark colloquial.
Conclusion
In Russian vocabulary there are two similar groups of words - archaisms and historicisms. Their
the closeness lies in the fact that in modern language there is practically no
are used, although for another hundred hundred years they used them no less often,
than other words. Both archaisms and historicisms are called obsolete words.
It is known that archaisms give a flavor of antiquity. It would have been impossible without them
would reliably convey the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago.
In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation,
which will not be superfluous in poetic language, but completely unnecessary in
language of official documents and often redundant in journalism. However
less, in modern publications, especially technical ones,
you can often see something like “this computer appeared in
sale...", "...therefore we can say that...".
Often archaisms are used in completely the wrong sense - for example, they write:
"the assessment was unflattering", meaning that the assessment was low, although
The meaning of the word impartial is independent, impartial. That's all
because practically no one has the habit of looking in the dictionary in case of
doubts arise.
17

Of course, you can’t completely discard archaisms, but you can’t decorate your speech with them either.
you need to be very careful - as we see, there are enough pitfalls here.
Obsolete words as a category of vocabulary have their own specific features,
presented in dictionaries of obsolete words. In them you can find not only
interpretation unknown word encountered in what was studied in lessons
literature, a work of art, but also to expand your knowledge about
bygone eras, glean a lot of interesting and entertaining information on
history and culture.
In conclusion, I would like to note that by studying archaisms, we can
enrich both passive and active vocabulary, improve language culture,
add a “zest” to oral and written speech, make it even more
more expressively and take advantage of the wealth that our fathers saved for us
and grandfathers. We must not forget that archaisms are a linguistic treasury -
the richest heritage that we have no right to lose, as we lost
already a lot. In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov we encounter such words,
which are historicisms and archaisms for us, modern
readers, but during the writing of the analyzed work by the author
they weren't like that. For A.S. Griboyedov these were the usual words of his active
vocabulary, everyday use.
Used literature:
1. Rogozhnikova R.P., Karskaya T.S.: Dictionary of obsolete Russian words
language. Based on the works of Russian writers of the 18th and 20th centuries. Bustard, 2010
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu.: Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, 4e
edition, updated, Moscow, 2008.
3. Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich: Woe from Wit: a comedy in 4 acts,
Moscow, 1996
4. http://www.yaklass.ru/p/russkyyazik/10klass/leksikafrazeologiia
leksikografiia10519/passivnaialeksikaarkhaizmyiistorizmy10682/re
18aA
iA
A:
AA
list of officials of all government agencies
[Repetilov:] Everyone came out to know,
Everyone is important now.
A look at the calendar.
English Club (historical)
- society of metropolitan aristocrats in Russia,
constantly gathering for conversation and entertainment in a space intended for
this room. Famous for dinners and card game, largely determined
public opinion. The number of members was limited, new members
accepted on recommendations after secret voting.
[Chatsky:] Then think, member of the English Club,
I'll sacrifice whole days there to rumors
About the mind of Molchalin, about the soul of Skalozub.
Assorted (historical)
army. The transition from class IX to class VIII, especially for non-nobles, was considered
the most difficult. Until 1845, this rank was associated with receiving
hereditary nobility.
I warmed up the rootless one and brought him into my family,
He gave the rank of assessor and took him on as secretary;
Transferred to Moscow through my assistance;
And if it weren’t for me, you would be smoking in Tver.
B:
Chewy bar (arch.)
rare weave cotton fabric.
What a charm my cousin gave me!
Oh! yes, barezhevoy!
– collegiate assessor – rank of VIII class, equal to captain in
- made from barge - wool, silk or
EA
EA
20

oA
EA
ua
oA
– noble title lower than count; person with a title
- in favor of an influential person, under the protection
– paper banknote; receipt presented to
Bar n (historical)
barony - the lowest level of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civil servant then.
Baron von Klotz was aiming for minister,
And I - To be his son-in-law
Barin (historical) - boyar, lord, man of the upper class; nobleman
Ah! master! (Lisa)
Bill t (historical)
master's office to pay money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps into the house and with tickets.
Blessed - happy, prosperous.
Blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world!” Chatsky;
IN:
In case (historical)
influential persons. Wed. I. A. Krylov has the name of the fable: “An Elephant in Case.”
Then it was not the same as now,



The nobleman in the case, even more so,
Not like anyone else, and he drank and ate differently.
Anemones (arch.) – a place open to the wind on all sides
Let me go, windy ones,
Come to your senses, you are old people... (Lisa)
Suddenly a row (arch.)
They deigned to laugh; what about him?
He stood up, straightened up, wanted to bow,
A row suddenly fell - on purpose...
Pretentiousness (arch.) – excessive pretentiousness in the performance of something [initial.
about the elaborate pattern]. Speak without pretentiousness
. And in St. Petersburg and Moscow,
Who is the enemy of drawn out faces, frills, curly words...
D:
aA
D evening
I myself am pleased that I found out everything at night,
There are no reproachful witnesses in the eyes,
Just like earlier, when I fainted,
Chatsky was here...
Court (historical) – the monarch and those close to him.
...I ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;


- another time, again, again, a second time.
(d viche)
(arch.) - recently. shortly before the conversation.
ahh
21

EA
- a room for courtyard girls in landowners' and lords' houses
– excitement, excitement, confusion (obsolete military
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
Dvichya (arch.)
houses.
[Khlestova:] After all, God created such a tribe!
The devil is real; she's in her maiden clothes;
Should I call?
To prolong - to continue something, to delay
Prolonging arguments is not my desire. (Chatsky)
AND:
Yellow House (arch.) - in the old days the name of homes for the mentally ill; walls
these houses were usually painted in yellow.
[Zagoretsky:] ...How can I not know? an example case came out;
His uncle put him away in the madhouses;
They grabbed me, took me to the yellow house, and put me on a chain.
AND:
aA
Irritation (arch.)
term).
[Skalozub:] Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you. They ran in headlong...
TO:
Carriage (arch.) – a closed passenger carriage with springs.
Get out of Moscow! I don't go here anymore!
I’m running, I won’t look back, I’ll go looking around the world,
Where is there a corner for an offended feeling...
Carriage for me, carriage!
ua
To the mouth (historical)
day) - a reception day at court.
On the kurtag he happened to step on his feet;
He fell so hard that he almost hit the back of his head;
The old man groaned, his voice hoarse;
Was granted the highest smile...
L:
Chest – smaller. caress. casket, skillfully made, decorated box for
storage of jewelry; box, chest.
Oh, the human race! has fallen into oblivion
That everyone should climb there themselves,
In that little box where you can neither stand nor sit. (Famusov)
M:
EA
Mntor (arch.)
son of Odysseus, in Homer's poem "The Odyssey").
[Chatsky:] Our mentor, remember his cap, robe,
– educator, mentor (named after the educator Telemakos,
- an old word (from the French cour - yard and German Tag -
22

aA
aA
- a large fan.
– 1. Rare. unusual case.
Index finger, all signs of learning
How our timid minds were disturbed...
Rumor (arch.) - Rumors, news, talk in society about something. "...Sin is not a problem,
word of mouth is not good.” Lisa's words)
N:
Reluctant (arch.) – a person who does not want to do something or anything
do"Natasha - mother, I doze off at balls,
There is a deadly reluctance before them..."
ABOUT:
Okzia (arch.)
[Famusov:] What an opportunity!
Molchalin, are you brother?
[Molchalin:] Yas.
Opah lo (arch.)
[Chatsky:] Spray with water. - Look:
Breathing became freer.
What to smell?
[Lisa:] Here's a fan.
P:
Pud (arch.) – an ancient measure of weight equal to about 16.4 kg.
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days everyone is important! forty pounds...
Sexton (historical) is an unofficial designation for a clergyman,
which is also called “paramonar”
Read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with proper arrangement” Famusov;
WITH:
Sir (historical) - a polite form of addressing an interlocutor,
used in Russian Empire.
T:
EA
Stupid (arch.)
hair.
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days everyone is important! forty pounds...
Take your bow, they won’t nod at stupid people.
C:
Zug (historical) - a rich ride in which horses are harnessed in single file.
...Maxim Petrovich: he’s not on silver,
Ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;
- old men's hairstyle; bun gathered at the back of the head
23

Cap (arch.) - women's and children's headdress
All in orders; I always drove in a train;
A century at court, and at what court!
H:
Chep TsA
When the Creator will deliver us
From their hats! caps! and stilettos! and pins!
And book and biscuit shops! (Famusov)
Rank (arch.) - the degree of official position established at
court, civil and military service.
“Like all Moscow people, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars, but with
ranks" Lisa;
I:
Jacob nets (historical)
freethinking.
Listen, so his little finger
Smarter than everyone, and even Prince Peter!
I think he's just a Jacobin
Your Chatsky!..
iA
- a person suspected of being political
24

Currency:

Altyn
From Tatar Alty - six - an ancient Russian monetary unit.
Altyn - from the 17th century. - a coin consisting of six Moscow money.
Altyn - 3 kopecks (6 money).
Five-alty ruble - 15 kopecks (30 money).

Dime
- Russian ten-kopeck coin, issued since 1701.
Two hryvnia - 20 kopecks

Grosh
- a small copper coin in denomination of 2 kopecks, minted in Russia in the 17th century.
4 kopecks is two pennies.

Money (denga)
- a small copper coin of 1/2 kopeck, minted in Russia from 1849 to 1867.

Gold ruble
- monetary unit of Russia from 1897 to 1914. Gold content ruble was 0.774 g of pure gold.

Kopeck money
Kopek
- Russian monetary unit, from the 16th century. minted from silver, gold, copper. The name “kopeck” comes from the image on the reverse of the coin of a horseman with a spear.

Kopek
- since 1704, Russian copper small change, 1/100th of a ruble.

Poltina
Half a ruble
- Russian coin, 1/2 share of a ruble (50 kopecks). Since 1654, fifty kopecks have been minted from copper, since 1701 - from silver.

Polushka - 1/4 kopeck
Half a half - 1/8 kopeck.
The half-polushka (polpolushka) was minted only in 1700.
Ruble
- monetary unit of Russia. Regular minting of the silver ruble began in 1704. Copper and gold rubles were also minted. Since 1843, the ruble began to be issued in the form of a paper treasury note.

"Ancient Russian measures."
Currency:

Ruble = 2 half rubles
half = 50 kopecks
five-altyn = 15 kopecks
kryvennik = 10 kopecks
altyn = 3 kopecks
penny = 2 kopecks
2 money = 1/2 kopeck
half = 1/4 kopeck
In Ancient Rus', foreign silver coins and silver bars - hryvnias - were used.
If the product cost less than a hryvnia, it was cut in half - these halves were called TIN or Ruble.
Over time, the word TIN was not used, the word Ruble was used, but half a ruble was called half-tina, a quarter - half-half-tina.
On silver coins of 50 kopecks they wrote COIN POLE TINA.
THE ANCIENT NAME OF THE RUBLE IS TIN.

Auxiliary weights:

Pud = 40 pounds = 16.3804815 kg.
The steelyard is an ancient Russian unit of measurement of mass, which was part of the Russian system of measures and was used in the north of the Russian Empire and in Siberia. 1 steelyard = 1/16 pood or 1.022 kg.
Pound = 32 lots = 96 spools = 0.45359237 kg.
(1 kg = 2.2046 lbs).
Lot = 3 spools = 12.797 grams.
Spool = 96 shares = 4.26575417 g.
Share - the smallest old Russian unit of mass measurement
= 44.43 mg. = 0.04443 grams.

Auxiliary measures are long:

A mile is 7 versts or 7.4676 km.

Versta - 500 fathoms or 1,066.781 meters

Fathom = 1/500 verst = 3 arshins = 12 spans = 48 vershoks

Vershok = 1/48 fathoms = 1/16 arshin = 1/4 span = 1.75 inches = 4.445 cm = 44.45 mm. (Originally equal to the length of the main phalanx of the index finger).

Arshin = 1/3 fathoms = 4 spans = 16 vershok = 28 inches = 0.7112 m. On June 4, 1899, the “Regulations on Weights and Measures” arshin was legalized in Russia as the main measure of length.

Pyad = 1/12 fathoms = 1/4 arshin = 4 vershok = 7 inches = exactly 17.78 cm. (From the old Russian word “metacarpus” - palm, hand).

Elbow is a unit of measurement of length that does not have a specific value and approximately corresponds to the distance from the elbow joint to the end of the extended middle finger.

Inch - in Russian and English systems of measures 1 inch = 10 lines (“big line”). The word inch was introduced into the Russian language by Peter I at the very beginning of the 18th century. Today, an inch is most often understood as an English inch, equal to 2.54 cm.

Foot - 12 inches = 304.8 mm.

Set expressions

You can hear it a mile away.
Seven miles is no detour for a mad dog.
Seven miles is not a suburb for my dear friend.
Versta Kolomenskaya.
Oblique fathoms in the shoulders.
Measure everyone to your own yardstick.
Swallow a yardstick.
Two inches from the pot.

One hundred pounds.
Seven spans in the forehead.
The spool is small, but expensive.
Go by leaps and bounds.
Find out how much a pound is worth.
Not an inch of land (not to be given up).
A meticulous person.
Eat a peck of salt (with someone else).

Standard SI prefixes
(SI - "System International" - international system of metric units of measurement)

Multiple SI prefixes

101 m decameter dam
102 m hectometer um
103 m kilometer km
106 m megameter Mm
109 m gigameter Gm
1012 m terameter Tm
1015 m petameter PM
1018 m exameter Em
1021 m zettameter Zm
1024 m yottameter Im
SI prefixes
value name designation
10-1 g decigram dg
10-2 g centigrams g
10-3 g milligram mg
10-6 g microgram mcg
10-9 g nanogram ng
10-12 g picogram pg
10-15 g femtogram fg
10-18 g attograms ag
10-21 g zeptograms zg
10-24 g yoktogram ig

Archaisms

Archaisms are outdated names of objects and phenomena that have other, modern names

Armenian - type of clothing
vigil - wakefulness
timelessness - hard time
silent - timid
benevolence - goodwill
prosper - prosper
perishable - transitory
eloquent - pompous
indignation - rebellion
in vain - in vain
big - big
coming - coming
beef - cattle
messenger - sent
verb - word
herd - a herd of cattle.
threshing floor - a fenced plot of land on a peasant farm, intended for storing, threshing and other processing of grain grains
so that - so that
down - down, down
drogi (drogi) - a light four-wheeled open spring carriage for 1-2 people
if - if
belly - life
imprison - imprison
mirror - mirror
zipun (half-kaftan) - in the old days - outerwear for peasants. It is a collarless caftan made from coarse homemade cloth in bright colors with seams trimmed with contrasting cords.
from ancient times - from ancient times
eminent - tall
which - which, which
katsaveyka - Russian women's folk clothing in the form of an open short jacket, lined or trimmed with fur.
horse-drawn horse - a type of urban transport
sedition - treason
kuna - monetary unit
cheeks - cheeks
extortion - bribery
kissing - kiss
catcher - hunter
lyudin - person
honeyed - flattering
bribe - reward, payment
slander - denunciation
name - name
monastery - monastery
bed - bed
barn (ovn - oven) - an outbuilding in which sheaves were dried before threshing.
this one - the one mentioned above
revenge - revenge
finger - finger
pyroscaphe - steamship
arquebus - a type of firearm
death - death
destruction - death
obstacle - obstacle
gaping - open
military - combat
this - this
seduce - remove
poet - poet
smerd - peasant
battering ram - an ancient weapon for destroying fortress walls
thief
dungeon - prison
bargaining - market, bazaar
prepare - prepare
hope - hope
mouth - lips
child - child
expect - expect
dish - food
Yakhont - ruby
Yarilo - sun
yara - spring
Yarka - a young lamb born in the spring
spring bread - spring grains are sown in spring

Archaisms in proverbs and sayings:

Beat your head
To beat the backs - initially cut the log lengthwise into several parts - the block, round them from the outside and hollow them out from the inside. Spoons and other wooden utensils were made from such scaffolds - baclush. Preparing buckeyes, in contrast to making products from them, was considered an easy, simple matter that did not require special skills.
Hence the meaning - to do nothing, to idle, to spend time idly.

Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's Day!
The expression comes from time medieval Rus', when the peasants had the right, having settled with the previous landowner, to move on to a new one.
According to the law issued by Ivan the Terrible, such a transition could occur only after the completion of agricultural work, and specifically a week before St. George’s Day (November 25, old style, when the day of the Great Martyr George, the patron saint of farmers, was celebrated) or a week later.
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, such a transition was prohibited and the peasants were secured to the land.
That’s when the expression “Here’s St. George’s Day for you, grandma,” was born as an expression of grief over changed circumstances, unexpectedly unfulfilled hopes, sudden changes for the worse.
St. George was popularly called Yegor, so at the same time the word “to cheat” arose, that is, to deceive, to deceive.

Upside down
1) somersault, over the head, upside down;
2) upside down, in complete disorder.
The word tormashki can go back to the verb to bother, i.e. “to fiddle with, turn over.” It is also assumed that tormashki comes from the dialect torma - “legs”.
According to another hypothesis, the word tormashki is related to the word brake (old tormas). Tormas used to be called iron strips under the runner of a sleigh, used to make the sleigh roll less.
The expression upside down could refer to a sled turned over on ice or snow.

There is no truth at the feet - an invitation to sit down.
There are several possible origins of this saying:
1) according to the first version, the combination is due to the fact that in the XV-XVIII centuries. in Rus', debtors were severely punished, beaten with iron rods on their bare legs, seeking repayment of the debt, i.e., “truth,” but such punishment could not force those who did not have money to repay the debt;
2) according to the second version, the combination arose due to the fact that the landowner, having discovered that something was missing, gathered the peasants and forced them to stand until the culprit was named;
3) the third version reveals a connection between the expression and pravezh (cruel punishment for non-payment of debts). If the debtor fled from the law, they said that there was no truth at his feet, that is, it was impossible to get out of the debt; With the abolition of the law, the meaning of the saying changed.

The rein (harness) has fallen under the tail - about someone who is in an unbalanced state, displays eccentricity, incomprehensible persistence.
Reins are straps for controlling a harnessed horse. The part of the horse's croup under the tail is not covered with hair. If the rein gets there, the horse, fearing tickling, may run away, break the cart, etc.
A person is compared to this behavior of a horse.

Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
In the 19th century, the name of the document that closed access to public service was educational institution etc. Today, phraseological units are used to mean a sharply negative characteristic of someone’s work.
The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that the person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and had to wander like a wolf.
In addition, in many combinations, wolf means “abnormal, inhuman, bestial,” which strengthens the contrast between the holder of the wolf card and other “normal” people.
Lies like a gray gelding
There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments, the horse siv and gelding siv are very typical; the adjective sivy “light gray, gray-haired” shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - “to talk nonsense, talk idle talk; chatter.” The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
2. Gelding is a stallion, gray is old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their strength, as if still preserved, like that of the young.
3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he was “lying” - he was wrong, laying it incorrectly.
Give oak - die
The phrase is associated with the verb zudubet - “to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard.” An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins as a luxury item.
Alive, smoking room!
The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed a burning torch to each other, saying “Alive, alive, Smoking Room, not dead, thin legs, short soul...”. The loser was the one whose torch went out and began to smoke or smoke. Later this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out."
Hack on the nose
In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To record the bread handed over to the landowner, the work performed, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom long (2 meters), on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the marks were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression “notch on the nose,” meaning: remember well, take into account for the future.
Play spillikins
In the old days, the game of “spillikins” was common in Rus'. It consisted of using a small hook to pull out, without touching the others, one of the other piles of all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent time on long winter evenings.
Over time, the expression “playing spillikins” began to mean an empty pastime.
Latem cabbage soup to slurp
Lapti - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of linden trees), covering only the feet - in Rus' were the only affordable footwear for poor peasants, and shchi - a type of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - made from sauerkraut, with meat, or lean - without meat, which was eaten during fasting or in cases of extreme poverty.
About a person who could not earn enough money to buy boots and more refined food, they said that he “slurps on cabbage soup,” that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
Fawn
The word “fawn” comes from the German phrase “Ich liebe sie” (I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “swan zi,” the Russian people wittily formed from these german words The Russian word “fawning” means to curry favor, to flatter someone, to achieve someone’s favor or favor through flattery.
Fishing in troubled waters
Stunning has long been one of the prohibited methods of catching fish, especially during spawning. There is a well-known fable by the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around his nets, driving blinded fish into it. Then the expression went beyond fishing and acquired more broad meaning- take advantage of an unclear situation.
There is also a well-known proverb: “Before you catch a fish, you [need] to muddy the waters,” that is, “deliberately create confusion for profit.”
Small fry
The expression came from peasant everyday life. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community of 3 to 60 households. And small fry called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials occupying a low position in the government structure also began to be called small fry.
The thief's hat is on fire
The expression goes back to an old joke about how a thief was found in the market.
After futile attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: “Look! The thief’s hat is on fire!” And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted.
Lather your head
In the old days, a tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year period of military service was introduced. The landowner had the right to give his serfs as soldiers for misconduct. Since recruits (recruits) had their hair shaved off and were referred to as “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their head”, the expression “I’ll soap my head” became synonymous with threat in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative sense, “soap your head” means: to give a severe reprimand, to strongly scold.
Neither fish nor meat
In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new movement appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. “to protest, object”). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels and monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest meat, others preferred lean fish. If a person did not join any movement, then he was contemptuously called “neither fish nor fowl.” Over time, they began to talk about a person who does not have a clearly defined life position, incapable of active, independent actions.
There is no place to put samples - disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded that the product be checked by a jeweler and tested. When the product had been in many hands, there was no longer any room left for testing.
If we don't wash, we'll ride
Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed clothes with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often “rolled”. To do this, washed and almost dried laundry was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood similar to the one used to roll out dough nowadays. Then, using a ruble - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, along with the laundry wound onto it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen has a fresher appearance, even if the washing was not entirely successful.
This is how the expression “by washing, by rolling” appeared, that is, to achieve results in more than one way.
No fluff or feather - wishing you good luck in anything.
The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was used to admonish those going on a hunt; it was believed that with a direct wish for good luck one could “jinx” the prey).
The answer is “To hell!” should have further protected the hunter. To hell - this is not a curse like “Go to hell!”, but a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feather). Then the unclean one will do the opposite, and what is needed will happen: the hunter will return “with down and feathers,” that is, with prey.
Let's beat swords into ploughshares
The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that “the time will come when the nations will beat swords into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift up sword against nation, and they will no longer learn to fight.”
In the Old Church Slavonic language, “ploughshare” is a tool for cultivating land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in sculpture Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
Get into trouble
Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with the help of which wool was carded. Getting into trouble meant being maimed and losing an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, into an awkward position.
Knock you down
Confuse, confuse.
Pantalyk is a distorted version of Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost.
Straw Widow
Among the Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples, a bundle of straw served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or purchase and sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to separate. There was also a custom of making the newlyweds’ bed on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word “vene” - “bundle”, meaning a bundle of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
If the husband left somewhere for a long time, they said that the woman was left with nothing but straw, which is how the expression “straw widow” appeared.
Dance from the stove
The expression became popular thanks to the Russian novel writer XIX century V.A. Sleptsova " Good man». Main character novel "Non-Servant Nobleman" Sergei Terebenev returns to Russia after long wanderings around Europe. He remembers how he was taught to dance as a child. Seryozha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: “Well, go to the stove, start over.” Terebenev realized that his life circle had closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
Grated kalach
In Rus', kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a lock with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from hard kalach dough, which was kneaded and grated for a long time. This is where the proverb “Don’t grate, don’t crush, don’t make kalach” came from, which in a figurative sense means: “troubles teach a person.” And the words “grated kalach” have become popular - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who has “rubbed between people” a lot.
Pull the gimp
Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making gimp consists of pulling it out. This work, done manually, is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression “pull the gimp” (or “spread the gimp”) in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an annoying loss of time.
In the middle of nowhere
In ancient times, clearings in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for swarms, and settled there with their whole family. This is where the expression comes from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away.
Too
In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is the ancestor, ancestor, god of the hearth - the brownie.
Initially, “chur” meant: limit, border.
Hence the exclamation: “chur,” meaning a prohibition to touch something, to cross some line, beyond some limit (in spells against “evil spirits,” in games, etc.), a requirement to comply with some condition , agreement
From the word “too much” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go beyond “too much”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much.
Sherochka with a masherochka
Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of nobles studied there from the ages of 6 to 18. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dancing, music, various types of home economics, as well as social subjects. The usual address of college girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words “sherochka” and “masherochka”, which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women.
Walk trump
In ancient Rus', boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of their ceremonial caftan. The trump card stuck out impressively, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump means walking is important, but trumping means showing off something.

It doesn’t matter what faith you are, what social status you have,
sexual orientation and food preferences,
You will definitely need a dictionary of outdated words.

Abiye - immediately, since when.

Aki - as, since, like, as if, as if.

Even - if, although, when.

Barber - barber, hairdresser.

To be vigilant is to take care; be on guard, vigilant.

Fluency is speed.

Take care - be careful.

Incessantly - unconditionally, undoubtedly, incessantly.

Shameless - shameless.

Blagoy - kind, good.

Bo - for, because.

Blockhead - statue, idol, block of wood.

Will - if, if, when, if.

Shafts are waves.

Suddenly - again, again.

Guilt is a reason, a reason.

Vlasno - exactly, actually.

Wave is wool.

In vain - in vain.

In vain - in vain, in vain.

I will take it out - always, at all times, incessantly.

Greater - greater, higher.

Gehenna is hell.

Grief is upward.

Actors are actors.

Dennitsa - morning dawn.

Gum, right hand - right, right hand.

Ten - ten times.

Divyy - wild.

Today - now, now, today.

To suffice is to be sufficient.

Dominates - follows, should, must, decently.

Dondezhe - until then.

When - when.

Hedgehog - which.

Eliko - how much.

Epancha - cloak, blanket.

Eating is food.

Nature is nature.

Lives - it happens.

Belly - life, property.

They live - they happen.

Jealous - envious.

The gap is a shame.

Legal - illegal.

Here - here.

Zelo - very.

Green - huge, strong, great.

Zenitsa - eye, pupil.

Evil deeds are atrocities.

Hydra - hydra.

Also - what, who, which.

Inde - somewhere, somewhere else, ever.

Art is experience.

Executor - preacher.

Execution is punishment, retribution.

The Cartagineans are the inhabitants of Carthage.

Which one, which one, which one - which one, which one, which one.

Koliko - how much, how.

Kolo - wheel, circle.

Concha - true, certainly, of course, very much.

Inert - slow, unhurried, motionless.

Krasik is handsome.

Red - beautiful, wonderful, decorated.

Cres<т>tsy - crossroads.

Kruzhalo is a tavern, a drinking house.

A lazy person is a lazy person, a couch potato.

Deprivation is excess.

Lovitva - hunting.

Loskiy - smooth, shiny.

Lzya - it’s possible.

To flatter - to deceive, to seduce.

Metaphrase is an arrangement, an allegory.

Multi-species - diverse.

Wet - It's possible.

Mraz - frost.

Me - me.

Nan - at him.

The boss is the founder, the initiator.

No - no.

Below - and not, not at all, also not.

To coerce - to force.

Obesity - gluttony, gluttony.

Abundance - wealth, treasures.

The image is resentment, insult, dissatisfaction.

Ov, ova, ovo - this, this, this; that, that, that.

Right hand - right.

One-person - the same, unchangeable, the same.

This one is the one.

Cool - trouble, resentment, insult, shame, annoyance.

From here - from here.

From now on.

To get rid of - to suffer, to lose, to lose.

Weaning - removal.

Oshuyu is on the left.

Sinus - bay.

Packy - again, again.

More than that.

Percy - chest.

Fingers - fingers.

Finger - ashes, dust.

Flesh is the body.

Habit is a habit.

A disgrace is a spectacle, a performance.

Full is enough.

Polk - stage.

More gently - because.

Breed - origin (noble).

After - after.

Pottage - flattery, servility.

Right - fair, true.

Charm is deception, temptation, deceit.

To abhor - to prohibit.

The butt is an example.

Attribute - dedicate.

Providence - destiny, care, thought.

Contrary - opposite, on the contrary.

Coolness - pleasure, pleasure.

Five - five times.

To please is to care.

To blush is to blush, to be ashamed.

Decide - say, utter.

A freedman is a freedman.

In other words, that is.

Dignified - worthy, decent, appropriate.

The caretakers are spectators.

One hundred times.

Path is a road, a way.

Bitch is dead.

Stoolchak - stoolchak, toilet seat.

Obstinate - obstinate.

Stud is a shame.

Also - then, later.

Tee - for you.

Current - flow.

To hurry is to be timid, fearful.

Three times, three times - three times.

Thorough - generous, diligent, caring.

Ubo - because, since, therefore.

Oud - sexual organ (male)

Convenient - capable.

Charter - order, custom.

Phrasis is a phrase, expression.

Praiseworthy - worthy of praise.

Frail - weak, frail.

Chernets is a monk.

Chin - order.

Loins - hips, lower back, waist.

Reader - reader.

Honorable - respected, revered.

Alienated - alienated.

Shipok, spike - rose, pink.

Edition - publication.

Ephesians are the inhabitants of Ephesus.

South - what, which.

Even - what, which.

Language - people, tribe.