The main idea of the novel "War and Peace" can be expressed in the following words the author himself: “There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.” This idea was expressed not only in the contrasts between Kutuzov and Napoleon, but also in all the smallest details of the struggle between the Russians and the French. Tolstoy in every possible way exalts the Russian people, who fought a defensive war and were strong in their spirit, faith in truth and goodness; the French were defeated because they were not convinced of the rightness of their cause. All the scenes of private life depicted by Tolstoy have the same goal - to show how those people suffer and rejoice, love and die, lead family and personal life, whose highest ideal lies in simplicity, goodness and truth. The voice for the simple and good against the false and predatory forces Tolstoy to condemn not only the French, blinded by the False idea of greatness, but also the majority of people from upper class of the Russian people, who concealed within themselves, under the elegant forms of external decency, an abyss of deceit, frivolity and insignificance.
The main idea of “War and Peace” is a philosophical and religious idea. It consists in recognizing the complete subordination of man to the highest guiding principle, Providence, which, according to its plans, disposes of his destiny, determines all of his life relationships. Although this
The idea is nowhere openly expressed by the author, in the form of an abstract formula, but it clearly appears in all parts of the novel, both where Tolstoy concerns historical events of the greatest importance, and where he narrates the lives of his heroes, private individuals. Above all the confusion of human relationships, above all the motley kaleidoscope of individual episodes of the novel, one feels the gravity of some mysterious force, the presence of an invisible hand leading people along unknown paths to a predetermined goal. The good of man lies in conscious or unconscious submission to this highest guiding principle, in refusal of one's own will, in humility before the mysterious ways of Providence.
Only in this way can a person achieve inner peace, agreement with himself, a clear, bright outlook on life and on people. This is precisely the conclusion that Pierre comes to at the end of the novel after all the trials he has experienced: he assimilates Karataev’s bright, optimistic fatalism, refuses (although not completely) his self-inflicted “searches,” which only led him to painful doubts and disappointments, and is affirmed in faith in the Divine guiding the destinies of people and leading them to good. “Previously, the terrible question that destroyed all his mental structures was: why? did not exist for him now. Now to this question - why? a simple answer was always ready in his soul: because there is God, that God, without whose will a hair will not fall from a man’s head.”
“It is necessary... that my life should not go on for me alone...”
L.N. Tolstoy.
In the novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy appears before us not only as brilliant writer. His original historical views and ideas occupy an important place in the plot. The writer, who in Russia is always more than a writer, creates his own philosophy of history: an integral system of views on the paths, causes and goals of social development. Hundreds of pages of the book are devoted to their presentation.
Each of Tolstoy’s heroes is looking for his own path in life, each strives for something personal, but all the heroes are very different people, and therefore each of them has their own idea of happiness. For some, this is a profitable marriage, success in secular society, military or court career, as for Boris Drubetsky or Berg. But for some, the meaning of life lies in something completely different.
From his father, member foreign trips during the Patriotic War, L. Tolstoy inherited self-esteem, independence of judgment, and pride. Having entered Kazan University, he showed extraordinary abilities in studying foreign languages, but quickly became disillusioned with student life. At nineteen he left the university and went to Yasnaya Polyana, deciding to devote himself to improving the lives of his peasants.
For Tolstoy, the time begins to search for a purpose in life. In a painful search, Tolstoy comes to the main work of his life - literary creativity.
The spiritual beauty of Tolstoy's favorite heroes - Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov - is manifested in the tireless search for the meaning of life, in dreams of activities useful for the whole people. Their life path is a path of passionate quest leading to truth and goodness. Prince Andrei, for example, dreams of fame, like glory Napoleon himself, dreams of accomplishing a feat.
But these dreams are not like the dreams of the staff careerist Zherkov, because fame for Andrei Bolkonsky is “the same love for others. The desire to do something for them." For the sake of his dream, he joins the active Russian army and takes direct part in battles. But this path turned out to be false, it leads Prince Andrei to deep disappointment and spiritual crisis. Yes, he accomplishes his feat during the Battle of Austerlitz. Having picked up the banner, Andrei Bolkonsky carries the retreating soldiers with him into the attack. But this attack could not save the already lost battle; the hero doomed the soldiers to senseless death and was himself seriously wounded.
And there, on the field of Austerlitz, Andrei comes to understand the insignificance of his former dream. He understands that you cannot live only your dream, you must live for the sake of people, relatives and strangers. A turning point occurs in the soul of Prince Andrei, and after returning home he devotes his entire life to raising his son and caring for the peasants, becoming good father and an exemplary landowner. Andrei seems to be closed in on himself, and only his meeting with Pierre, their conversation on the ferry awakens him to life again. He returns to society again, takes part in the activities of the Speransky commission, again a dream of happiness arises before him, this time it is a dream of personal, family happiness with Natasha Rostova.
But these dreams were not destined to come true. Andrei returns to the army, but not in search of glory, but to protect the Fatherland. And there, in the regiment, Andrei finally finds his calling - to serve the Motherland, taking care of his soldiers and officers. The path of Prince Andrei ends with what he dreamed of at the beginning of the novel - glory, the glory of a real hero, defender of the Fatherland. This is a fitting end to it life path, his search for the meaning of life.
The fate of Pierre Bezukhov is different. He doesn't know. Which way should you go? he rushes about, makes mistakes, but his actions are always guided by one desire - “to be quite good.” The search for the meaning of life leads Pierre to join Masonic lodge. He strives to become different and help other people change for the better. This desire for the good of others leads Pierre to the idea of sacrificing himself and killing Napoleon, as the main source of all troubles and suffering.
Two months spent in captivity allowed Pierre to get to know and understand the Russian people, his views on life changed. He realized that no amount of charity can feed all the poor. Pierre takes direct part in the Decembrist uprising and then goes to for many years to Siberia, from where he will return thirty years later as an old man, but without changing his views and ideals.
This is how Pierre Bezukhov’s search for the meaning of life ends. And, perhaps, the plot of the novel is built around the search for the meaning of life for the characters and the author himself. That object that allows you to find out “Why?” it becomes war. It is in war that life and death intertwine and the line between them almost disappears; only there can a person feel truly human.
Tasks and tests on the topic "Plot, characters, problems of the novel War and Peace by L. N. Tolstoy"
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The main theme of the novel "War and Peace" is the depiction of active
ha of Russian people in Patriotic War 1812. The author speaks in
in his novel both about the faithful sons of the fatherland, and about false patriots who think
only about their own selfish goals.
Tolstoy uses the technique of antithesis to depict events as
and the heroes of the novel. Let's follow the events of the novel. In the first
volume he talks about the war with Napoleon 1805-1807, where Russia
(ally of Austria and Prussia) was defeated.
There is a war going on. In Austria, General Mark was defeated near Ulm. Avs-
the Trian army surrendered. The threat of defeat loomed over the Russian army. AND
That’s when Kutuzov decided to send Bagration with four thousand
mi soldiers through the difficult Bohemian mountains to meet the French.
Bagration had to quickly make a difficult transition and delay the
a thousand-thousand-strong French army before the arrival of Kutuzov. His squad needs
was to accomplish a great feat to save the Russian army. Yes, author
leads the reader to the image of the first great battle. In this
In marriage, as always, Dolokhov is daring and fearless. Dolokhov's courage
manifests itself in a battle where “he killed one Frenchman at point-blank range, the first took
collar of a surrendered officer." But after that he goes to the regimental co-
mandir and reports on his “trophies”: “Please remember, your pre-
baked blood: “Wound with a bayonet, I stayed at the front. Remember, yours
Excellency." Everywhere, always, he remembers himself first of all,
only about himself, everything he does, he does for himself. It doesn’t surprise us either
conducted by Zherkov. When, at the height of the battle, Bagration sent him with an important mission
Casually to the general of the left flank, he did not go forward, where he heard
shooting, and began to look for the general away from the battle. Because of the untransmitted
Order, the French cut off the Russian hussars, many died and were wounded.
There are many such officers. They are not cowards, but they do not know how to forget for the sake of the common
self, career and personal interests.
But the Russian army consisted not only of such officers. In the main
wah, depicting the Battle of Shengraben, we meet true heroes. Here
he sits, the hero of this battle, the hero of this "deed", small, thin and
dirty, sitting barefoot, taking off his boots. This is artillery officer Tushin.
“With big, smart and kind eyes, he looks at the entering bosses
and tries to joke: “The soldiers say that you are more agile when you take off your shoes,” and is embarrassed—
feels that the joke was a failure." Tolstoy does everything to capitalize
Tan Tushin appeared before us in the most unheroic form, even funny
nom. But this one funny man was the hero of the day. Prince Andrei right
will say about him: “We owe the success of the day most of all to the action
this battery and the heroic steadfastness of Captain Tushin and his company."
The second hero of the Battle of Shengraben is Timokhin. He appears
at that very moment when the soldiers panicked and ran. All ka-
was lost. But at that moment the French, advancing on ours, suddenly
we ran back... and Russian riflemen appeared in the forest. It was a company
Timokhin. And only thanks to Timokhin, the Russians had the opportunity to restore
march and gather battalions. Courage is diverse. There are quite a few people
uncontrollably brave in battle, but lost in everyday life. Images
Tushina and Timokhin Tolstoy teaches the reader to see the truly brave
people, their low-key heroism, their enormous will, which helps to transform
conquer fear and win battles.
In the War of 1812, when each soldier fought for his home, for
relatives and friends, for the Motherland, the awareness of danger “increased” strength tenfold.
Russian army, the more the French army weakened, turning into
a gathering of thieves and marauders. Only the will of the people, only the people's patriotism
tism, the “spirit of the army” makes the army invincible. This conclusion is drawn by Tolstoy.
in his immortal epic novel War and Peace.
The main idea of the novel “War and Peace” can be expressed in the following words of the author himself: “There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.” This idea was expressed not only in the contrasts between Kutuzov and Napoleon, but also in all the smallest details of the struggle between the Russians and the French. Tolstoy in every possible way exalts the Russian people, who fought a defensive war and were strong in their spirit, faith in truth and goodness; the French were defeated because they were not convinced of the rightness of their cause. All the scenes of private life depicted by Tolstoy have the same goal - to show how those people suffer and rejoice, love and die, lead family and personal lives, whose highest ideal lies in simplicity, goodness and truth. The voice for the simple and good against the false and predatory forces Tolstoy to condemn not only the French, blinded by the False idea of greatness, but also the majority of persons from the upper class of the Russian people, who concealed within themselves, under the elegant forms of external decency, an abyss of deceit, frivolity and...
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/ Works / Tolstoy L.N. / War and Peace / Composition of the novel “War and Peace”
Composition of the novel "War and Peace"
“War and Peace” is a broad historical epic, the main character of which is the Russian people. In the diaries of S. A. Tolstoy, direct statements about this by L. N. Tolstoy are recorded. “I try to write the history of the people,” he said. “For a work to be good, you must love the main, fundamental idea in it. So... in “War and Peace” I loved popular thought...”
The main idea of the work is invincible force people's patriotism. The theme and ideological orientation of the work here, as elsewhere, determine its genre, composition, figurative system, language.
In “War and Peace” the life of Russia was vividly reflected and, in part, Western Europe first two decades XIX century. Great historical events move the course of action from Russia to Austria, Prussia, Poland, to the Balkans, from Smolensk to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Russian and German villages, from the Tsar's...
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The main idea of the novel War and Peace
The main idea of the novel War and Peace.
"In-depth knowledge of secret movements psychological life and the immediate purity of moral feeling, which now gives a special physiognomy to the works of Count Tolstoy, will always remain essential features of his talent" (N.G. Chernyshevsky)
L.N. Tolstoy is known not only as a brilliant writer, whose works have long been included in the collection of Russian classics, but also as a person who tried to understand the problems of existence. Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" opened the gallery to the world immortal images, created by the hand of a writer-psychologist. Thanks to his subtle skill we can penetrate into the complex inner world heroes, learning the dialectics of the human soul.
The epic novel is the genre defined by critics for War and Peace. An epic - because on the pages of this work the complex inner world of a great many heroes is revealed. Each of them has a life filled with events that, according to the plan...
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In L. N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace,” the key word is “peace.” It is contained in the very title of the work. In what sense did the author use it in the title? The question arises because in modern Russian there are two homonymous words “world”. In Tolstoy's time they also differed in writing. The main meanings of the word “mir”, according to V. Dahl’s dictionary, were: 1) universe; 2) globe; 3) all people, the human race. “Peace” was used to denote the absence of war, hostility, or quarrel. In the work, episodes of war are replaced by episodes of peace, that is, peacetime. And at first glance it seems that the title contains one antithesis: war - peacetime and that the word "peace" is to be understood only as the antithesis of the word "war." But with Tolstoy everything is much more complicated. The title of the novel reflects the basic meaning of the word “world”. In addition, even these above meanings do not exhaust the use of the word “world” in the novel.
First of all, it was important for Tolstoy to show...
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The idea of heroic life in the novel "War and Peace". Military theory Tolstoy
/Nikolai Nikolaevich Strakhov (1828-1896). War and Peace. Essay by Count L.N. Tolstoy.
Volumes I, II, III and IV. Second edition. Moscow, 1868. Article one/
It is very difficult to present, even in its main outline, the idea of deep work of art, it is embodied in him with such completeness and versatility that an abstract presentation of it will always be something inaccurate, insufficient - it will not, as they say, completely exhaust the subject.
The idea of "War and Peace" can be formulated in various ways.
We can say, for example, that the guiding thought of the work is the idea of heroic life. The author himself hints at this.
The artist... directly tells us that he wants to depict for us the kind of life that we usually call heroic, but to depict in its real sense, and not in those incorrect images that were bequeathed to us by antiquity; he wants us to unlearn these false ideas, and for...
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“War and Peace” is like an epic novel. The genre of “War and Peace” is unusual. Tolstoy himself refused genre definition his majestic work, preferring sometimes to call it simply “book”. “What is “War and Peace”? - the writer asked and answered: “This is not a novel, even less a poem, even less a historical chronicle.”
In this regard, Tolstoy quite rightly recalled that Russian literature since the time of Pushkin has generally been distinguished by the spirit of the most daring innovation in the field of form: “Starting from “ Dead souls"Gogol and before" House of the Dead“Dostoevsky, in the new period of Russian literature there is not a single artistic prose work, a little out of mediocrity, which would fit well into the form of a novel, poem or story.”
Really. Traditional genre definitions: family and everyday novel, socio-psychological, philosophical, even historical, etc. did not cover the entire richness of the content of “War and Peace” and did not convey the essence of the writer’s innovation. L. Tolstoy made an artistic discovery that required new genre frameworks. M. Gorky remembered the words of the author himself about his work: “Without false modesty, it’s like the Iliad.”
There is still no unity among literary scholars in determining the genre nature of “War and Peace”; nevertheless, the term that A.V. Chicherin insists on: epic novel seems to be the most preferable. For the first time in the history of Russian literature, a work was created that combines a narrative about events of national significance and a story about the personal destinies of people, pictures of morals, and a wide panorama of European life, bright types of folk and secular environment, a depiction of the very course of history and philosophical reasoning about such complex theoretical concepts, as freedom and necessity, chance and regularity, the role of the individual in history, etc.
The main idea of the work. its main idea is, in the words of the writer himself, “the thought of the people.” Back in early work Tolstoy was acutely concerned about the fate of the people, about the relationship between the noble intelligentsia and the people (war stories, “Morning of the Landowner,” “Cossacks”). In “War and Peace” he for the first time artistically revealed the great role of the masses in historical events. The people became the main hero of his epic; popular consciousness determined the author’s concept of history and modernity, which was already reflected in the title of the work.
The name is ambiguous. Peace can be perceived both as a phenomenon opposite to war, and as a human community (peasant world), and as a universe. In any case, it is something opposed to violence and destruction. The entire epic novel, reflecting the people's worldview, is permeated with the idea of universal human unity, the brotherhood of people in the name of counteracting war as a terrible, unnatural evil.
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