What language do the Ingush speak? ● Ancient Ingush

Chaldean origin of the Ingush, and why the Ingush are not Vainakh

Chaldeans (Babylonian Kaldu, Hebrew כַּשְׂדִּים) - Semitic tribes that lived in the south of Mesopotamia, in the area of ​​​​the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf from the end of the 10th to the 4th century BC. e. They fought with Assyria for the possession of Babylon. In 626-536 BC e. Babylon was ruled by the Chaldean dynasty, which founded the Neo-Babylonian kingdom.
The word "Chaldeans" is mentioned several times in the Bible - for example, in the Book of Habakkuk and in the Book of Judith (5:6). Chaldeans in ancient world also called sorcerers, magicians, fortune tellers.

The Ingush have the highest level of haplogroup J2 with 90% heirs of Mesopathoamia;

“G1alg1a” (G1alg1ay) is an ancient ethnonym of the Ingush, originally the ancient self-name of the Ingush, more precisely as the Georgians called the Ingush - “gligvi” = Khligvy (Khalkha/Khaldi) = Khalkhai. The ancient ethnonym “G1alg1a/Khalkha” has been preserved by some modern peoples and means “people”, “people”, “tribe” (Khalkha, Khalki, Khalq). The ancient names of the Ingush and their country - GIligIvis (Khligvi), GIligIveti - were preserved thanks to ancient sources, including Georgian ones. "gligvi" GiligIveti, GiligIvis, subsequently forming the term - GIalgIay-Galgai - Ingush, which is a small Ingush teip in mountainous Ingushetia, from which the self-name of the Ingush came. The term GIalgIayche itself is easily and transparently etymologized from Ingush: GIalgIay + che, where GIalgIay is the name of the people, and “che” is the inside, the inner part, the covered part, the protected part.

G1alg1a is the self-name of the Ingush, which the Alan-Ossetians preserved in the form - Kalga (Khalga-Khalgai = Chaldeans)

From well-known sources it can be judged that the homeland of the god Hal/G1al can be called Chaldean Northern Mesopotamia. The gathering of large ethnic communities with complex social structure and statehood (tribes and peoples) already occurred under the influence of religions. (Khal/G1al. Chaldeans/Khalhai). That is, the Ingush are also natives of ancient Chaldea (Mesopotamia), which is fully confirmed not only by historical chronology, but also by DNA analysis, which showed the highest percentage of haplogroup J2 among the Ingush, 87%-90%.

Halakha - G1illakh - custom, tradition, law in Ingushetia and Israel (Albert Machigov drew attention to these and other similarities between the Jewish and Ingush languages, for example: “shin” - that is, “double” in Hebrew as in Ingush shi’-shin.).

Also in written Georgian sources describing the events of this period, where the ancestors of the Ingush are known under the ethnonym “Caucasions” and in ancient times - under the name “Makhli”. Mahli - (Heb. painful):
1) Levite, son of Merari, brother of Mushi (int. Musa). His descendants were called the family of Mahli or the generation of Mahli (Exodus 6:19; Numbers 3:20,33; 26:58; 1Chronicles 6:19);
2) Levite, descendant of Merari, son of Mushi (1 Chronicles 23:23; 24:30) Levite is a representative of the Jewish class of priestly Levites (from the tribe of Levi).

The ethnonym Mosoh in relation to this tribe is interesting because Ptahia of Regensburg, during his stay in Baghdad, saw with his own eyes the envoys of the kings of the “land of Meshech” who said that “the kings of Meshech and all their land became Jews” and that among the inhabitants of Meshech there are teachers teaching “them and their children the Torah and the Talmud of Jerusalem.” Hence the Ingush surnames Mashigovs, Mashkhoys - people from the village of Mashkhe (Mashkhe) of the Dorian society of mountainous Ingushetia, Moshkhoevs (Mashkhoevs).

The Ingush name 1ubadiy/1ibadiy is reminiscent of the Hebrew name Obadiah (the Khazar king also had the same name). The Ingush word “Yakh” is translated as essence. But as we know that from Hebrew the word “Yah” is the root of the Word “I am,” that is, the Lord. There is also an Ingush surname Yakhyaev. etc.

Read the lines - Yahweh, son of Ella\Alla. Two traditions - Yahwist and Elohistic - were now united into a single Scripture. YHWH is one of the names of the Jewish “god”.
Ingush etymology of the two-part word - Yakh-ve.
Yakh is a high measure of a person’s moral responsibility before God and society, for his own actions, Yakh is a person’s path from birth to feat, “yakh” is competitiveness in strictly following moral standards in actions and actions, striving for public recognition - this is far from full list constituent elements of this lofty word. Va - there is. Yakh yoatsa sag vats - the Ingush always say, which means - a person without Yakh is not a person. Two traditions - Yahwist and Elohistic - were now united into a single Scripture. Two Traditions and Two Peoples have united into one, which primarily speaks to the awareness of their “chosenness of God” as Jews.

The Ingush, according to some teptars (legends), are descendants of Judite Jews (Jews from the Middle East). There are many stories from Jordanian Ingush that the Ingush are Judiths who fled from the Middle East, where Semitic tribes still predominate today.
There is an Ingush legend about Mago (or Magal; the name is clearly Semitic), who came from the “country of Khalib”, which is also mentioned in Chechen teptars (records). The name of the country resembles the name of the city of Aleppo in Syria. The Bible mentions Caleb (Caleb) from the tribe of Judah, a participant in the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, who was an active supporter and spy of Moses.

Many toponyms in Ingushetia are connected with the Khazars, as they say, directly. For example, Khazar-duk (Khazar duk) “Khazar ridge” - in the south-east. There is Olkhazaran irzo (Olkhazaran irzo) “Olkhazara (l.) glade.” GIazar-Giala (Gazar-Gala) “Khazar fortress” (“Khazar fortification”), etc.
GIazar-GialiytIa (Gazar-Galiyta) “Khazar fortification” - within the boundaries of the village of GIachalka. Perhaps Ialkhan-Evl, GIazar-GIala are the oldest parts (settlements) of the village of GIachalka.
“the village of GIachalka should have arisen from five small settlements, with the Khazar fortification in the center: Barchoin kup, Zandakoin kup, Ialkhan-Evl, Okhchoyn kup and the Khazar fortification,” - A. Suleymanov.

The Khazars professed Judaism, and according to a Khazar Jew close to the Khazar king Yusuf-Joseph. According to Arab sources, after the defeat of Khazaria, the Khazars and their king renounced Judaism and converted to Islam. For example, Armenian historians (and not only) - contemporaries of the Khazars, noted that the language of the Khazars is similar to the language of the Ingush. In ancient times, the Ignush were called “Gargari”, and according to Movses Khorenatsi Mesrop Mashtots the alphabet for the Gargarian language: “Stegts nshanagirs kokordakhos aghkhazur hjakan khetsbekazunin aynorik gargaratsvots lezun” (“created writing for the wild language of the white Khazars, rich in guttural sounds [“agh” - “white” ", "khazur" - "Khazar"] similar to barbaric Gargar")

It is also interesting that the ancestor of the Khevsurs (Kevsurs, from “Kevsur”, where “kev”, “kiy” is a Khazar deity). Celebrate Saturday. In one Svan village, an ancient Torah scroll is still kept as a relic, and until the mid-twentieth century. Svan elders, making important decisions for the community, swore on this scroll. According to legend, the family of Svan princes Dadeshkeliani (Otarsha) had Kumyk (Khazar) ethnogenetic roots. According to ethnogenetic information recorded by Caucasian specialist M.M. Kovalevsky and others, the founder of this ancient Svan family, Otar Dadeshkeliani (c. 1570) “was from the Tarkov Kumyks, and his descendants seized power into their own hands and gradually subjugated the entire society of princely Svaneti along the lower and upper reaches of the Inguri River.” The center of the princely family of Dadeshkeliani was the village. Barshi and Inguri. Representatives of the clan ruled in the Western part of Svaneti in 1570–1857. To designate carcasses he uses the term “Mosoh”.

On the other hand, on the Internet there is an Ingush author Yusupov M. (“Saul”), who proves the family ties of the Ingush and Jews. The origin from the tribe of Dan is also indicated by the fact that previously one of the names of the Ingush was G1aldini.

For example, the words: Chichak, Idal, etc. resemble Ingush words.
CHICHAK (Khazar queen, in Khazar “flower”) - Chechen zezag (“flower”)
SHAT (Khazar king) - a slightly modified teip garden/sada? Ingush, roughly speaking, hard as ice
DZHEBUKAGAN - Ingush name DZHABU second part - Kagan
TUDUN (regional governors appointed by the Kagan and called upon to monitor local government and the receipt of taxes into the Kagan’s treasury) - comes from the Ingush turd - literally “father/owner of the sword.” Isn’t it from the word “Kagan”/“khakam” that the Ingush “kha’kam” comes from? used to mean “boss”?

In the north of Mesopotamia, on the border of the Caucasus Mountains, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arose. were once one religion, and moreover, it turns out that “Chaldeans / Khalkha”, according to religion, bore the name of one God - Khal, and then divided according to the names of the prophets. The Bible directly says that the ancient population of Sumer came from the Caucasus and these settlers were descendants of Noah.

“These are the tribes of the sons of Noah, according to their genealogy, among their nations. From them nations spread throughout the earth after the flood. The whole earth had one language and one dialect. Moving from the East, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there” (Genesis, ch. 10.32 and ch. 11: 1–2)

The well-known researcher S.A. Dauev did not ignore the Ingush, in whose well-founded opinion the Ingush are the Khazars-Jews, and they are building the capital city named after MOSES, the city of Moagas, according to a Jewish conspiracy. At the same time, the Ingush ask (?) - they say it is not clear what the crime is, even if it is true. Moses is recognized by all world religions. Dauev warns the Russian leadership that the Ingush are carrying out an operation to restore the Jewish Khazaria, the eternal enemy of Russia... An interesting fact is that, according to the instructions of the Grozny NKVD on working with agents (1936), more than 30% of the Ingush at that time secretly professed Judaism , see (26)

The name of Molk's brother-in-law's father is interesting - MaIasha, which suggests identification with Moshe - cf. S. Dauev considers the name of the capital of Ingushetia Magas (Moagas) to be derived from the name Moses (Mousa - Musa). One Khazar king actually had this name. Many sources indicate the Khazar origin of the Ingush, and that the Alan king is at enmity with the Khazars... Kerkandaj is a Khazar name, akin to Ishak Kundadzhik... Moagas is clearly formed from Musa (Mousa) / Moses.

The highest frequency in the world of haplogroup J2 is found among the Ingush (87% - 90% of the male population) and Chechens 53%.

Haplogroup J2 is believed to have originated somewhere in the Transcaucasus or Middle East. Its current geographical distribution suggests an expansion since Neolithic times from the Fertile Crescent. This expansion is likely due to the spread of domestic cattle and goats (from c. 8000-9000 BC)

The Ingush and Ashkenazi Jews have very similar genes: 14-13-30-23-10-11-12-13.16. The same is true for the Ingush for the same gene (21). Genetics have revealed the relationship and coincidence of genes between Ingush Georgians and Jews. But according to genetic comparison, the Ingush have the purity of blood closest to the Jews.
The Ingush have more than 87% of the Semitic genotype - J2, which is from the Middle East.
The closeness of the Ingush to the Jews is also confirmed by geneticists. The Ingush have the most [Y]-chromosome in the Caucasus, which is common among Semites...

Are Ingush and Chechens different peoples? Ingush (Gligva) not Vainakh
Since ancient times, there have been two completely different ethnic groups of the Chechens (Nokhchi) and the Ingush (Galgai) and two different cultures, which have generally survived to this day. Historically, the rapprochement of these two different ethnic groups occurred linguistically due to close living. The fact that the Ingush and Chechens were originally two different peoples in the distant past is indicated by quite succinct factual material from more than authoritative sources, since comparing them with each other does not find contradictions, but, on the contrary, demonstrates extremely surprising accuracy regarding numerous aspects, be it legends, dating, toponymy and other terminology. It is advisable to write about the two centers of origin of the Ingush and Chechens in order to avoid the endless dispute “about the primacy of the egg or the chicken” (a clear, unpromising example of a dispute between Russians and Ukrainians). The culmination of the international dispute was the book by the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Chechen Republic N. Nukhazhiev and his assistant Kh. Umkhaev “In Search of National Identity.”

The thesis that Ingush and Chechens are different peoples justifies itself with a more in-depth study of this issue. For example, Ingush ancient legends completely ignore general history, citing specific facts indicating the divergence of history on a number of points, the reasoned component of which simply cannot be ignored by a specialist studying this issue.

Vainakhs, Veinakhs (Chechen Vainakh, Ingush Veinakh - “our people”) is a term by which in modern Caucasian studies most of the speakers of the Nakh languages ​​are understood: Chechens (self-named Nokhchiy) and Ingush (self-named Galgai).

If you open the dictionary of the Chechen language, you can see that the word “Vainakh” consists of two parts: “vai” - ours, ours; “nah” - people, people. Thus, in literal translation we get - “our people”.

“G1alg1a” (G1alg1ai) is an ancient ethnonym of the Ingush, originally the ancient self-name of the Ingush, more precisely as the Georgians called you - “gligvi” = Khligvy (Khalkha/Khaldi) = Khalkhai
The Dzurdzuks are the ancestors of today's Chechens. The ethnonym “Dzurdzuk” should be identified with the ancestors of today’s Chechens. On all ancient maps of Georgia where both Dzurdzuki-Chechens and GIalgIay-Galgai-Ingush are indicated, Dzurdzuki are always indicated to the west of GIligIvis-GIalgIay-Galgai.

Dardza ​​Kungash is a pro-Ingush nationalist version, which is the usual adaptation of some Ingush term to “dzurdzuks”; such primitive and, as facts show, untenable “adjustments” began to be done in the 90s. In fact: the Zurdzukoy teip lives in Chechnya, in the Itumkalinsky district, south of Itumkali; the territory of Dzurdzuketia included Chechnya; The term is of Chechen origin with good reason. The version with “Zurdzuk” is more likely than with the mythical “Dardza ​​Kungish”, which is not mentioned in the AI ​​belonging to the non-Ingush.
There are quite a few authoritative sources indicating who, that the Ingush are not Dzurdzuki. The ancient self-name of the Ingush “gligvi” is a derivative - Galgays. And even more so, the assertion of the Ingush “historians” (who have more than once been caught in various falsifications of historical facts) that supposedly “Magas” is the capital of Ingushetia is generally ridiculous and does not withstand any criticism. This is something other than an outright theft of history from the Alan-Ossetians. Some people find it very gentle. But this is another, no less important and very interesting question...))) But let’s continue our modest research on the essence of the issue.

Even in the work of Vakhushti Bagrationi “Life of Georgia” the Kist-Dzurdzuks are mentioned, where, according to the territorial location, the Kists are Ingush, and the Dzurdzuks are Chechens.

The Ingush do not lay claim to the Dzurdzuks and even the Georgians do not associate with “Dzurdzukebi”, since the Georgians call the Ingush-Galgais by their ancient self-name - Gligvi. And the Chechenchev is “dzurdzukebi.” This, as it turns out, is a very important detail in an objective study, which Ingush historians for some reason either lose sight of (keeping silent) or completely deliberately distort. Moreover, there are no mentions of pro-Ingush as such in those days, except as “gligvi” - which is a small Ingush teip in mountainous Ingushetia, from which the self-name of the Ingush came. The word “Ingush” is not in the Ingush language, there is “G1alga”. The Cossacks called these people Ingush, from the name of the first Ingush village Angusht. this word is mentioned in history only in the 18th century. this word does not have even a hundredth part of the history that belongs to the G1alg1ai people.

“G1alg1a” (G1alg1ay) is an ancient ethnonym of the Ingush, originally the ancient self-name of the Ingush, more precisely as the Georgians called you - “gligvi” = Khligvy (Khalkha/Khaldi) = Khalkhai. That is, the Ingush are also natives of ancient Chaldea (Mesopotamia), which is fully confirmed not only by historical chronology, but also by DNA analysis, which showed the highest percentage of haplogroup J2 among the Ingush, which is 87%-90% Chaldean Chaldean blood.

About Gligva. To the east of Dzurdzukia lies Gligvetia, called so or by the name Gligo (Ghligho). The Gligvskaya river, flowing from the intermountain region of Pshava and Gligva and flowing in the direction from south to north, flows into the river. On this river is Angusti, a large village. Sometimes they marry 2 - 3 wives; Women allow themselves to commit adultery during marriage, but never before marriage. They know how to erect buildings on stone and lime and build themselves houses, towers and strongholds. They are forced to obey their neighbors and pay tribute to them in order to receive food, clothing and salt from them.

M.M.Kovalevsky 1890

To her; pl. One of the Caucasian peoples; persons belonging to this people. ◁ Ingush, a; m. Ingushka, and; pl. genus. shek, dat. shkam; and. Ingush, oh, oh. I. language. * * * Ingush (self-name Galgai), people in Russia. They live mainly in Ingushetia (over... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

INGUSHI, Ingush, units. Ingush, Ingush, husband. One of the Caucasian nationalities, related to the Chechens. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

INGUSHI, her, unit. Ingush, a, husband. The people who make up the main indigenous people Ingushetia. | wives Ingushka, I. | adj. Ingush, aya, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Ingush- INGUSHI, her, plural (ed Ingush, a, m). The people who make up the indigenous population of Ingushetia, a republic within Russia located in the central part of the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus; people belonging to this nation; language Ingush, one of... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

- (self-name Galgai) people with a total number of 237 thousand people. Main countries of settlement: Russian Federation 215 thousand people, Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia 197 thousand people. Other countries of settlement: Kazakhstan 20 thousand people. Ingush language... ... Modern encyclopedia

Mn. 1. The people of the Nakh ethno-linguistic group. 2. Representatives of this people. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language Efremova

- (self-name Galgai), people in Russian Federation(215.1 thousand people). They live mainly in Ingushetia, Chechnya (163.8 thousand) and North Ossetia. The Ingush language of the Nakh group of Caucasian-Iberian languages. Sunni Muslim believers. Source:... ...Russian history

- (from the now defunct large aul of Angusht or Ingusht). The people of the Chechen tribe inhabiting part of the Sunzha department of the Terek region. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

INGUSHI- North Caucasian people from the banks of the Terek; OK. 150 thousand people by religion are Mohammedans; a hundred years ago they submitted to Russia after a long and bloody struggle; during the revolutionary outbreaks of 1905 7 detachments of And shei were freely hired on... ... Cossack dictionary-reference book

Ingush- representatives of the Vainakh people, related to the Chechens (see). They are characterized by slowness in actions and deeds; insight and intelligence; greater self-control and ability to control one’s behavior and communication than the Chechens.… … Ethnopsychological Dictionary

Books

• Ingush, . The monograph examines the main stages of the ethnic history of the Ingush; the relationship between ethnopolitical, ethnodemographic and ethnocultural changes during the 20th-21st centuries. Given...
• Ingushi (ed. 1925), N. F. Yakovlev. Contents of the book (original writing preserved): 1. The Ingush on the plane: Housing, food, rules of politeness and hospitality, writing. 2. Family and clan (`last name`): Family ties,…

Ingush blondes photos, Ingush people dancing
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Self-name Number and range

Total: 700 thousand people (2012)
Russia Russia: 444,833 (2010)

• Ingushetia Ingushetia: 385,537 (2010)
• North Ossetia North Ossetia: 28,336 (2010)
• Moscow Moscow: 4,354 (2010)
• Chechnya Chechnya: 1,296 (2010)

Türkiye Turkey: 85 thousand (2012)
Syria Syria: 35 thousand (2012)
Jordan Jordan: 25 thousand (2012)
Lebanon Lebanon: 20 thousand (2012)
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: 15,120 (2009)
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan: 568 (1999)
Ukraine Ukraine: 455 (2001)
Belarus Belarus: 88 (2009)
Latvia Latvia: 36 (2010 est.)

Language

Ingush

Religion Racial type

Caucasians

Included in Related peoples

Batsbians, Chechens

Ethnic groups

five shahars: Khamkha (Galgaevsky), Tsorinsky, Orsthoevsky, Dzheirakhsky and Metskhalsky (Fyappinsky).

(self-name - Ingush. GIalgIai - plural, GIalgIa - singular) - Vainakh people in the North Caucasus. They speak the Ingush language of the Nakh group of the North Caucasian family, written on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet.

• 1 Number
• 2 Number of Ingush in Russia according to censuses
• 3 History
• 4 Anthropological type
  • 4.1 Genetics
• 5 Language
• 6 Religion
  • 6.1 Christianity
  • 6.2 Islam
• 7 Culture
  • 7.1 Architecture
• 8 See also
• 9 Notes
• 10 Links

Number

The total number worldwide is 700 thousand people. According to the latest census of 2010, Russia is home to 444 thousand Ingush, most of whom are settled in Ingushetia - 385.5 thousand people, and also in North Ossetia - 28.3 thousand people (2010 census).

In Turkey and the countries of the Middle East, there lives a community of Ingush - Karabulaks (Orsthoevsky Shahar), numbering about 350 thousand people, sometimes they are identified as a separate ethnic group. Until the middle of the 19th century, militant Karabulaks occupied the lands of the Terek-Sunzha Plain. After the end of the Caucasian War, 2/3 of the Karabulaks moved to the Ottoman Empire. The remaining part was assimilated by the Ingush and Chechens. The native language of the Karabulaks is Ingush. Thus, together with the Karabulaks, the number of Ingush around the world is about 1 million people.

Number of Ingush in Russia according to censuses

Story

Main article: History of Ingushetia

The ancient Greek geographer Strabo in his “Geography” (1st century AD) mentions the North Caucasian people “Gargareans”, who lived next to the Amazons. The ethnonym “Gargareans” has Hurrian roots and is reminiscent of the self-name of the Ingush - “Galgai”.

Anania Shirakatsi, an Armenian geographer and cartographer of the 7th century, mentions the “Nakhchamatyan” people, whose settlement boundaries approximately corresponded to present-day Checheno-Ingushetia.

According to other sources, the legendary ancestors of the Ingush and Chechens are the Dzurdzuks, Dvals, and Tsanars. According to historian Umalat Laudaev, in the legends of the Chechens and Ingush their ancestors are called “Kerestans,” that is, Christians. Christianity spread among nations North Caucasus starting from the 7th century AD e., when Bishop Israel from Caucasian Albania forcibly baptized the North Caucasian “Huns,” that is, the Savirs. The largest monuments of Christianity on the territory of Ingushetia are the temples of Tkhaba-Erdy dating back to the 8th century, Albi-Erdy and Targimsky in the mountainous Assinsk basin. Until the beginning of the 18th century, the Vainakhs maintained paganism.

In the Middle Ages, the ancestors of the Ingush, along with the ancestors of the Chechens, Karachais, Balkars and Ossetians, were part of the Alan tribal union. On the territory of Ingushetia, in the area of ​​​​the Ekazhevsko-Yandyr settlement, there was, according to one version, the capital of Alania - Magas. According to other versions - in the Verkhnearkhyz settlement of Karachay-Cherkessia or in the Alkhankala settlement of Chechnya. In particular, the tribal leaders of the Alans of Ingush origin are known - Respendial and Goar, who participated in the great migration of peoples. The famous German and Russian encyclopedist, naturalist, geographer and traveler of the 18th-19th centuries P.S. Pallas, who visited the Caucasus at the end of the 18th century, wrote that the Ingush are the remnants of the Alans themselves. Another 19th century explorer, Edmund Spencer, in his scientific work“Description of trips to the Western Caucasus in 1836” notes that, according to many scientists, the Ingush are the real, currently existing Alan tribe. 1238-1240 Alania and the entire North Caucasus were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and included in the Jochi ulus. And in 1395, the Alan union was finally destroyed during Tamerlane’s campaign in the North Caucasus, and the remaining population moved to the mountains. In the mountains, the formation of the Ingush people took place on the basis of five societies - the Shakhars.

In the 15th century, the Ingush attempted to return to the plains. However, in the second half of the 16th century, as a result of the campaign of the Kabardian prince Temryuk in December 1562, supported by the Nogais and the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Ingush were forced to retreat to the mountains again.

In the 16th century, the penetration of Islam began - through Chechnya and Dagestan, but it was finally established only in the middle of the 19th century; Until this time, pagan customs and rituals continued to exist. The Ingush societies - Khamkha, Tsorinsky, Dzheirakhovsky, Fyappinsky (Kistinsky), who lived in the mountains, and Orstkhoyevsky, which occupied the foothills, began to return to the plains in XVI-XVII centuries, mainly to the Tara Valley, where the village of Angusht was founded at the end of the 17th century, and to the Sunzha Valley. The resettlement to the plains was largely completed by the first half of the 19th century.

Although Kyiv prince Svyatoslav, having defeated the Khazars, made a campaign in the North Caucasus back in 965; Russian settlers and Cossacks became closely acquainted with the Vainakh peoples only in the 16th century. documents of the Russian state of the XVI-XVII centuries. they are called “michikiz” - after the Michik River or from the Kabardian “michigish”.

The Ingush were one of the first among the peoples of the Caucasus to become part of Russia in 1770, when in the town of Barta-Bos the “Treaty on the unification of the main part of Ingushetia with Russian state". Subsequently, this agreement was reaffirmed by the new "Act of Unity of Ingushetia with Russia" in 1810. After the Ingush entered Russia, the Georgian Military Road ran through their lands, and in 1784, on the banks of the Terek near the Ingush village of Zaur, the Vladikavkaz fortress was founded The Ingush practically did not take part in the uprisings against the Russian administration; their contribution to the war with Russia of 1817-1864 was also nominal. mostly professing paganism, the overwhelming majority voluntarily accepted Islam after the Sufi missionary and theologian Kunta-Khadzhi Kishiev visited Ingushetia, paganism was finally supplanted by Islam only in the second half of the 19th century.

At the end of the 40s of the 19th century, the construction of a chain of Cossack villages began on the flat part of Ingushetia. The Ingush were expelled from their lowland villages to the mountains and foothills and settled in the place of their villages Cossack villages. In 1845, the village of Troitskaya (Ingushetia) was founded on the site of the Ingush village of Ebarg-Yurt. Subsequently, Cossack villages were founded on the site of Ingush villages: in 1847, Voznesenskaya on the site of the village of Makhmad-Hite, in 1850, Sleptsovskaya on the site of the village of Kurai-Yurt, in 1859, Karabulakskaya on the site of the village of Ildarkhagala, in 1860, Field Marshalskaya on the site of the village of Alkhasty, Tarskaya on the site of the village of Angusht, Sunzhenskaya on the site of the village of Akhki-Yurt, in 1861 Nesterovskaya on the site of the village of Gazhar-Yurt, Vorontsovo-Dashkovskaya on the site of the village of Touzen-Yurt, in 1867 the Tarsky farm on the site of the village of Sholkhi, as well as unrenamed villages on place of the Ingush villages - Galashevskaya, Dattykhskaya and Muzhichiy. Later, the Cossacks of the last three villages moved out due to the unsuitability of the land for cultivation, and leased these lands to the Ingush. In May 1888, by decision of the tsarist authorities, the Ingush who lived in the village of Gveleti on the Georgian military road were evicted. In the 60s of the 19th century, some of the Ingush, mostly residents of liquidated villages, moved to the Ottoman Empire. In 1860, the territory of Ingushetia formed the Ingush Okrug as part of the Terek Region. In 1870, the Ingush district was united with the Ossetian district into the Vladikavkaz district. In 1888, the Vladikavkaz district was disbanded, and the Ingush-Cossack Sunzha department was formed in place of the Ingush district. In 1909, the Sunzhensky department was divided into two districts - Sunzhensky and Nazran. According to the 1897 census in the Russian Empire, the number of Ingush people was 47,409 people.

In the First World War, the Ingush participated as part of the Ingush Cavalry Regiment of the Wild Division. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the majority of the Ingush population supported the Bolsheviks. The Ingush self-defense units put up desperate resistance to the White Guard units of Denikin's Volunteer Army, which were many times larger in number. In February 1919, stubborn battles took place in the area of ​​the Alkhanchurt valley and the villages of Kantyshevo and Dalakovo, which ended with the burning of these villages. Mountain and Foothill Ingushetia continued to be a stronghold of Soviet power in the central part of the North Caucasus. After the victory of the Bolsheviks, the Ingush District was formed as part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 7, 1924, after the dissolution of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Ingush Autonomous Region was formed with its capital in Vladikavkaz. Idris Zyazikov became the first secretary of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug. The total area of ​​Ingushetia increased by 58%. The establishment of Soviet power in the North Caucasus had a beneficial effect on the position of the Ingush, who returned part of their lands from the Terek Cossacks, taken away in the 19th century, in Civil War mostly supported by whites. However, most of the selected Ingush lands still remained in the hands of the Sunzha Cossacks. On these lands the Sunzhensky Cossack district was formed. In 1923, the Ingush alphabet was introduced based on the Latin alphabet developed by Zaurbek Malsagov. Previously, the Ingush used the Arabic alphabet. On May 1, 1923, the first newspaper in the Ingush language, Serdalo, was published in Vladikavkaz. New schools have appeared in the villages of Gamurzievo, Bazorkino, and Yandare. Muslim schools - madrasahs - continued to function.

In 1929, Idris Zyazikov was removed from the post of secretary of the Ingush regional party committee under the pretext of sending him to study courses in Marxism-Leninism. Joseph (Isidor) Moiseevich Chernoglaz became the new head of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug. Chernoglaz, who pursued a reactionary policy against the Ingush, their culture and religion, was soon killed near Galashki by Khadzhimurid abreks in February 1930. After the death of Joseph Chernoglaz in February 1930, Andrei Evseev, who resigned from his post in August 1930, briefly became the new First Secretary of the Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug. The fourth head of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was Y. Kirillov, who headed the autonomy for one year - until August 1931. Kirillov sharply opposed the transfer of the city of Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz) to North Ossetia and the unification of Ingushetia with Chechnya. Under him, plans were developed to search for minerals in the mountainous zone, to build railway to Georgia through the Assin Gorge. However, Kirillov’s policy aimed at the development of Ingushetia was displeasing to the ruling forces, and in August 1931, instead of him, the more accommodating, uninitiative Heinrich Maurer, who was not very interested in the problems of the Ingush, was appointed head of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug.

In July 1933, the city of Ordzhonikidze was unilaterally transferred to North Ossetia, and at the beginning of 1934, without taking into account the opinion of the people, Ingushetia was united with Chechnya into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region (since 1936 - the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ).

According to the 1926 census, 74,097 Ingush lived in the USSR, and according to the 1939 census, their number was 92,120 people.

With the beginning of the Second World War, the Ingush fought heroically on the war fronts, defending the USSR. Several dozen Ingush were nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. protection Brest Fortress Several dozen Ingush took part, the last defender of which was Umatgirey Barkhanoev. The Ingush fought near Moscow and Leningrad, near Stalingrad and on the Kursk Bulge, liberated European countries from the Nazis, and took Berlin. Y. Kodzoev took part in the heroic defense of Odessa. Many Ingush received high government awards - military engineer A. Sultygov, tank crews G. Malsagov, M. Malsagov, pilots M. Yandiev, Kh. Archakov, Kh. Albogachiev, etc. Lieutenant Colonel D. Kartoev was nominated for the title of Hero of the USSR.

German troops occupied most of the North Caucasus, but near the first Ingush settlements - Vladikavkaz and Malgobek, they were stopped, and at the cost of the heroic resistance of the Ingush people together with the Red Army, the Germans were thrown back from the Ingush land, after which their widespread retreat began. The Ingush did not allow the Nazis to take possession of the much-needed Malgobek oil and did not give way to the also oil-bearing Grozny and Baku.

In 1944, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was liquidated, and the Ingush, along with the Chechens, were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia on false charges of collaboration with the Germans, although the fascists not only did not enter the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, but were stopped at its very borders and thrown back. In exile in Kazakhstan, up to 1/3 of the Ingush died. The territory of Ingushetia was divided between Ossetia, the newly created Grozny region and Georgia.

In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was partially restored. The Ingush Prigorodny district, a significant part of which was subsequently included in the city of Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz), was left as part of North Ossetia. Instead of the lands thus lost, as compensation for the Prigorodny district, three districts of the Stavropol Territory were given to Checheno-Ingushetia - Naursky, Shelkovsky and Kargalinsky. However, the Ingush did not populate these Cossack areas that were alien to them, and during the division of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, they left them completely within Chechnya. According to the All-Union Census of 1959, the number of Ingush people was 105,980 people

From the moment they returned to their homeland, the Ingush advocated the return of seized territories and the creation of their own statehood. These protests reached their climax in 1973, at a rally in Grozny organized by the Ingush demanding the return of their homeland, the Prigorodny region. According to all-Union census data, the number of Ingush continued to grow: so total number Ingush in the USSR in 1979 amounted to 186,198 people, and according to the 1989 census - 237,438 people.

After the start of perestroika in the USSR, the Ingush began to hope for the restoration of justice for their people. Since 1988, informal organizations have been created in Ingushetia, various movements(“Niisho”, “Dakaste”, “ People's Council"), which set as their goal the creation of Ingush statehood within the Russian Federation with the administrative center in the city of Vladikavkaz, with the return of all seized territories during Stalin's repressions. Formally, the Ingush were fully rehabilitated in their rights only on April 26, 1991, when at the 1st Congress of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR the law “On the rehabilitation of victims of political repression” was adopted. Also, the above-mentioned law became a kind of catalyst for the restoration of historical and social justice for other millions of citizens of the former Soviet Union.

In 1992, the Law “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation” was adopted (see Ingushetia). In October-November, the long-standing Ossetian-Ingush conflict around the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia escalated into armed clashes. According to the Russian prosecutor's office, during the military clashes as a result of the conflict, 583 people were killed (350 Ingush and 192 Ossetians), 939 people were injured (457 Ingush and 379 Ossetians), another 261 people went missing (208 Ingush and 37 Ossetians), from 30 up to 60 thousand Ingush were forced to flee from Vladikavkaz and the Prigorodny region to Ingushetia. Founded in 1995 new capital Ingushetia - the city of Magas.

Anthropological type

Caucasian type(lat. Varietas Caucasia) - the North Caucasian version of the Caucasian race. The terms “Varietas Caucasia” and “Caucasian race” are also used to refer to the white race, introduced by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who included the inhabitants of Europe. The name arose from the fact that Blumenbach considered the Caucasus to be the first location white man, and because he recognized the tribes currently living in the Caucasus as the purest and unmixed type of this race. Until now the term Caucasian English is the standard designation for the white race. Anthropologist V.V. Bunak wrote that “among the Ingush, this own Caucasian type was preserved more than any of the other North Caucasian peoples.” Blumenbach wrote:

Caucasian type - for study I took this particular type, the mountain type of the Caucasus, because its southern slope produces the most beautiful race of people; By this race I, first of all, mean Georgians. All physiological signs come down to this. Thus, we can say with greater confidence that the Caucasus is the birthplace of the white man.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published in late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, gives the following description of the Ingush:

In appearance, the Ingush is lean, slender, of medium height, with sharp features and quick eyes on a pale, dark face; The hair color is mostly black, the nose is aquiline, the movements are hasty and impetuous.

Genetics

The Ingush are carriers of six genera (haplogroups), four of which are dominant:

• J2 - 88%
• R1a - 3.5%
• J1 - 2.5%
• G - 2%

Haplogroups J2, G, R1a are dominant in the Mediterranean region.

The latest more accurate data on the haplogroups of the Ingush according to Kutuev: J2-81.9% J1- 1.9% L3-8.53% G- 2.48%

Language

Main article: Ingush language

Religion

The last pagan priest of Ingushetia Elmarz with his great-great-granddaughter

Christianity

The first Christian missionaries, according to the works of historian Bashir Dalgat, appeared in Ingushetia around the 10th century, simultaneously with the rise of Georgia, and were Georgians. Christianity spread in Ingushetia and Chechnya quite widely; at the moment, on the territory of modern Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia, there are many archaeological, historical and architectural monuments confirming centuries-old Christianity among the Ingush in particular, and the Vainakhs in general. The scientist’s research describes numerous testimonies from historians and travelers of the early and middle Middle Ages, according to which churches or even, possibly, a monastery were built on the territory of the Ingush lands. in particular, according to the testimonies of Russian German scientists Johann Güldenstedt and Peter-Simon Pallas, who visited Ingushetia in the 18th century, ancient documents were kept in the Thaba-Erda church (an example of architecture of the 9th-10th centuries), written, according to the words of the monk interlocutor , “in gold, blue and black letters,” that above the doors of the temple there is an inscription “in Gothic letters.” The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, indicated the presence of Christians and pagans among the Ingush:

The Ingush are mostly Sunni Muslims, but there are also Christians and complete pagans among them. Islam settled among them no earlier than half of the last century, but in ancient times the Ingush were Christians, as evidenced by many chapels and the remains of ancient churches, which are highly respected by the Ingush and in which they make sacrifices and celebrate various festivals, which are a mixture of Christian traditions and pagan views. Among the Ingush, human skeletons located in a stone booth near the town are especially revered. Nazran; According to legend, these skeletons belong to the Nart people, who once lived near Nazran, and remained incorrupt for 200 years, but with the arrival of the Russians they began to deteriorate.

Islam

Islam was adopted just over 200 years ago. Despite all the efforts of the nobility, the spread of Islam proceeded with great difficulty. But after the visit of Ingushetia by the sheikh of the Kadyri tariqa Kunta-Hadzhi Kishiev, the spread of Islam became widespread. Moderate Sunni Islam is professed by the madhhab of Imam Al-Shafi'i, which has become one of the elements of national identity and cultural tradition.

The Ingush are Muslims of the traditional Sufi tariqa (spiritual path), based on the tariqa of Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani and Sheikh Bahauddin Naqshbandi.

Culture

The basis of the culture of the Ingush people is Ezdel- a set of unwritten moral and ethical rules of behavior for the Ingush, which covers all spheres of life of any member of society, starting from childhood. Ezdel is a Code of Honor and Conduct passed down from generation to generation by parents and society.

Ingush culture is very diverse and has many legends, epics, stories, proverbs and sayings. Rich musical, dancing and singing traditions. Popular musical instruments are the dakhchan-pandar (a type of balalaika), the kakhat-pandar (an accordion used primarily to accompany girls), the ch1ondarg (a three-string violin), the yabakh-zurma (bagpipe), the zurna (a type of clarinet), tambourine and drums.

Architecture

The Ingush as an ethnic group are mentally inextricably linked with their tower culture. This fact is best emphasized by the self-name of the Ingush - GIalgIay, which is translated as people of the towers.

Ingush towers were built between the 10th and 17th centuries AD. They are located mainly in the Dzheirakhsky district of Ingushetia, and are also found in small numbers in the Sunzhensky district of Ingushetia.

There are three main types of towers: residential, semi-combat (in some sources - semi-residential) and combat. Also, objects of ancient Ingush stone architecture include religious buildings and burial grounds (necropolises), located within the perimeter of the tower complexes.

Among the tower buildings, the stones on which petroglyphs are carved attract the eye. They are located along the walls of the building without any visible system or symmetry. Among the petroglyphs are signs resembling letters, drawings in the form of crosses, spirals, swastikas, salt circles, images of household items and weapons, tamga-shaped signs. Sometimes there are figures of people and animals. At the same time, signs of gender are emphasized in people; they are accompanied by not entirely clear signs (circles, zigzags, spirals), suggesting that these are images of deities, mythological characters or heroes. Perhaps among them is the “mother of people” - the fertility goddess Tusholi, especially revered by the Ingush, as well as the god Del. Usually at the entrance to the tower there is a palm print - the hand of the master who erected the building. It was a kind of guarantee of the strength of the architect’s creation, which has been confirmed by time - many towers outlived their creators for many centuries.

There are significant tower complexes in the villages of Erzi, Lyalakh, Targim, Puy, Pyaling, Khyani, Egikal, Upper and Lower Leymi, Khamkhi, Lyazhgi, Dzheirakh. The tower construction of Ingushetia, a vibrant legacy of ancient material culture, is unique both in the Caucasus and throughout the world.

The famous archaeologist and Caucasus expert E.I. Krupnov expressed himself this way about the Ingush towers: “The Ingush battle towers “vouv” are in the true sense the pinnacle of architectural and construction skills of the ancient population of the region. They amaze with their simplicity of form, monumentality and strict grace. Ingush towers for their time were a true miracle for human genius, just as man’s new steps into heaven are for our century.”

It is believed that for many centuries the tower complexes developed among the mountaineers an aesthetic sense of beauty, a sense of caring for the house as a family sanctuary.

Aul Targim

Battle towers - Erzi village

Vovnushki - general plan

Vovnushki towers in the mountains of Ingushetia

Eastern towers of Vovnushki

See also

• List of Ingush

Notes

1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 All-Russian population census 2010 National composition regions of Russia
2. All-Russian Population Census 2010. National composition of the population of the Russian Federation 2010
3. Rosstat on the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2010 - “This is what we are - Russians” - Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Rosstat on the results of the All-Russian Population Census ...
4. Mosstat: Appendixes to the results of the 2010 VPN in the city of Moscow: Appendix 5. National composition of the population in Moscow
5. 1 2 3 4 Magas 2013, p. 84
6. Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics. Census 2009. (National composition of the population.rar)
7. V. Haug. Demographic trends, nation formation and interethnic relations in Kyrgyzstan. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
8. &n_page=2 All-Ukrainian population census of 2001. Distribution of the population by nationality and native language. State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine.
9. Population census of the Republic of Belarus 2009. POPULATION BY NATIONALITY AND NATIVE LANGUAGE. belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
10. Distribution of the population of Latvia by national composition and state affiliation as of 07/01/2010 (Latvian)
11. Dolgieva M.B. Modern settlement of the Ingush./Questions of history/vol. 10., Magas 2013, p.84
12. Tankiev A. Kh. Ingushi. Saratov 1998
13. Dolgieva M.B. Modern settlement of the Ingush./Questions of history/vol. 10., Magas 2013, p. 84
14. 1 2 M. A. Yalkhoroeva Ingush diaspora in Turkey. Nazran 2008
15. Tankiev A. Kh. Ingushi. Saratov 1998.
16. Dolgieva M.B. Modern settlement of the Ingush./Questions of history/vol. 10., Magas 2013, pp. 86-87
17. All-Russian Population Census 2002
18. History of Ingushetia. Scientific publication. Edited by N.D. Kodzoev. Magas-Nalchik 2011, p. 89.
19. Kodzoev N.D. Location and meaning of the name of the Alanian capital city of Magas
20. Muzhukhoeva E.D. Alania and Magas. M., 2012. P.56.
21. Pallas P. S. Observations made during a trip to the southern governorships of the Russian state / Transl. with German; Rep. ed. B.V. Levshin; Comp. N.K. Tkacheva. - M.: Nauka, 1999, C128.
22. Edmund Spesnser. Description of trips to the Western Caucasus in 1836. Nalchik, 2008, p.247.
23. P.G.Butkov.Materials for new history Caucasus from 1722 to 1803. Part I, St. Petersburg, 1869, pp. 122-123.
24. History of Ingushetia. Scientific publication. Edited by N.D. Kodzoev. Magas-Nalchik 2011, p. 215.
25. Demoscope Weekly - Application. Directory of statistical indicators
26. All-Union Population Census of 1926. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
27. All-Union Population Census of 1939. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
28. 1 2 Zenkovich N. A. Secrets of the bygone century. Boundaries. Controversy. Grievances. - Olma-Press, 2004. - pp. 610-612. - 766 s. - ISBN 5-224-04403-0.
Human Rights Center "Memorial"
29. Biographical details are in Charles Coulston Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1970:203f s.v. "Johann Friederich Blumenbach".
30. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, translated by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865. November 2, 2006.
31. 1 2 Ingush. Brockhaus-Efron. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011.
32. Eupedia: Geographic spread and ethnic origins of European haplogroups
33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dalgat, Bashir Kerimovich. Christianity and Mohammedanism in Chechnya. The spread of Christianity and Mohammedanism among the Ingush. // Primitive religion of the Chechens and Ingush / S. A. Arutyunov. - 1st ed. - M.: Nauka, 2004. - P. 38-52. - 240 s. - 550 copies. - ISBN 5020098353.
34. Temple of Thaba-Erda in Ingushetia
35. Johanna Nichols. The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information. University of California at Berkeley (February 1997). Retrieved February 10, 2007.

Links

• Ingushetia.info
• News and History of Ingushetia
• The Ingush people (inaccessible link - history)
• Official website of Ingushetia

Nakh-Dagestan peoples
Avaro-Ando-Tsez peoples	Avars Andians Akhvakhians Bagulals Bezhta Botlikhians Ginukhians Godoberins Gunzibians Karatinians Tindians Khvarshins Chamalalas Tsez / Didoi
Lezgin peoples	Aguls Archinians Budukhi Kryzy Lezgins Rutulians Tabasarans Udins Khinalugians Tsakhurs
Dargin peoples	Dargins Kaitagians Kubachi residents
Laktsy	Laks
Nakh peoples	Batsbians Vainakhs ( Ingush, Chechens) Orstkhoys/Karabulaks (historical)

Ingush Almaty, Ingush blondes photo, Ingush in Syria, Ingush Wikipedia, Ingush fight, Ingush zikr, Ingush history, Ingush customs traditions, Ingush dance, Ingush this

Ingush Information About

Faces of Russia. “Living together while remaining different”

The multimedia project “Faces of Russia” has existed since 2006, telling about Russian civilization, the most important feature of which is the ability to live together while remaining different - this motto is especially relevant for countries throughout the post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we created 60 documentaries about representatives of different Russian ethnic groups. Also, 2 cycles of radio programs “Music and Songs of the Peoples of Russia” were created - more than 40 programs. Illustrated almanacs were published to support the first series of films. Now we are halfway to creating a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a snapshot that will allow the residents of Russia to recognize themselves and leave a legacy for posterity with a picture of what they were like.

~~~~~~~~~~~

"Faces of Russia". Ingush. "Ingush Monolith", 2010

General information

INGUSHI, Galgai (self-name), people in Russia (according to various sources, from 215.1 thousand people to 444 thousand 833 people (as of 2010)), Vainakh people in the North Caucasus, including in Ingushetia and Chechnya (from 163.8 thousand to 436 thousand people), in North Ossetia, in the Prigorodny region (from 32.8 thousand to 50 thousand), etc. Smaller groups live in Kazakhstan (20 thousand people), Central Asia, as well as in Middle East. The total number is from 237 thousand to 750 thousand people. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Ingush living in Russia is 412 thousand people.

Together with the Chechens (common self-name Vainakh) they belong to the indigenous population of the North Caucasus.

They speak the Ingush language of the Nakh-Dagestan group of the North Caucasian family. The Russian language is also widespread. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet since 1938.

Believers are Sunni Muslims, the Ingush are Muslims of the traditional Sufi interpretation, based on the teachings of Sheikh Bahauddin Naqshbandi and the Persian Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani.

Ingushetia is located on the northern slopes of the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Range, in its central part. The Republic of Ingushetia borders North Ossetia and the Chechen Republic. A section of the state border of the Russian Federation with the Republic of Georgia passes through the territory of the republic.

In the mountains, the Ingush lived in separate societies: Galgaevskoe (hence the self-name Ingush), Tsorinskoe, Dzheirakhovskoe and Metskhalskoe. Relocation to the plain begins in the 16th and 17th centuries. One of the main directions of Ingush migration from the mountains was the Tara Valley and other lands along the Kambileevka River. Here, no later than the end of the 17th century, the village of Ongusht was located (hence the name Ingushi), now the village of Tarskoye in the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia. The migration process became especially intense in the 19th century. In 1810 Ingushetia became part of Russia. In 1817, the local population was resettled from most of the Sunzha region to Nazran.
In 1924, the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was separated as part of the RSFSR, its administrative center was located in the city of Vladikavkaz, in 1934 it was merged with the Chechen Autonomous Okrug into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug, which in 1936 was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Great Patriotic War, in 1944, the Ingush, along with the Chechens, were accused of collaborating with the Nazis and forcibly deported to Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the republic was abolished, losses from a quarter to half of the population. In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored, the people returned to their territory, while the Prigorodny district, which makes up about half of the territory of flat Ingushetia, remained part of the North Ossetian Republic, which serves as a source of conflict between the Ingush and the Ossetians, who occupied houses and lands there. The adoption of the law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples” in April 1991 and the self-declaration of independence of Chechnya in November 1991 gave rise to a movement for the creation of an independent Ingush Republic (formed in 1992 as part of the Russian Federation). As a result of the armed conflict in North Ossetia and the war in Chechnya, about 100 thousand Ingush entered Ingushetia.
Among the many Ingush traditions, the most important is respect for older parents. Children are obliged to provide their parents with a decent old age.

In the economy of the population of mountainous Ingushetia leading place Alpine cattle breeding (sheep, cows, horses, oxen) was occupied, combined with agriculture (barley, oats, wheat); on the plain, the leading crop was corn. The leading branches of agriculture in the 20th century were horticulture and viticulture, fine-wool sheep breeding and meat and dairy farming. Construction (towers, temples and sanctuaries, above-ground crypt tombs) occupied a significant place in the industrial activity of the Ingush. Jewelry, weapons, blacksmithing, pottery, clothmaking, stone, wood, and leather processing were developed.

Traditional tower settlements in the mountains were located on slopes or deep in gorges. Residential, semi-combat (height 8-10 m) and combat (12-16 m) tower buildings were common. There are known battle towers with five and less often six floors (average height 25-27 m). Castle complexes and defensive walls were erected. On the plain, the Ingush lived in large settlements stretched along rivers and roads. The ancient dwelling was a mud hut, later a long adobe or turluch house, in which the premises of each marital unit had a separate exit to the terrace. Next to the room of the head of the family and his wife is the kunatskaya (guest room). Modern houses are predominantly brick with tiled or iron roofs.
Traditional Ingush clothing of the pan-Caucasian type. An untucked men's shirt with a collar with buttons at the front, tied with a belt, a beshmet close to the waist with a belt and a dagger. Later, the pan-Caucasian Circassian coat with gazyrs became widespread. Warm clothes - sheepskin coat and burka. The main headdress is a cone-shaped papakha and felt hats. In the 20s of the 20th century, caps appeared, and somewhat later - tall hats that flared upward. Casual women's clothing: long shirt dress with a cut collar with a button, wide pants, beshmet. Everyday headwear - scarves and shawls.
The traditional food of the Ingush is mainly meat, dairy and vegetable. The most common: churek with sauce, corn flour dumplings, wheat flour crumpets, cheese pies, meat with dumplings, meat broth, dairy products (specific “data-kodor” - cottage cheese with melted butter), etc. The diet included hunting and fishing products.
The family-patronymic organization, blood feud, compositions, kunachestvo, customs of hospitality, and honoring elders were preserved. With the predominance of small families, it was not uncommon large families, especially in the mountains. Marriages are exogamous on both sides; marriage dowry was practiced. Close solidarity of relatives and strict exogamy are also characteristic of modern Ingush.
Traditional beliefs: totemism, animism, magic, family-tribal cult of shrines and patrons, agrarian and funeral cults, etc. There was a developed pantheon (the supreme deity is Diela). Great value had traditional medicine and calendar rituals. Islam established itself in the 1st half of the 19th century, spreading in the foothill-flat zone - from the 16th-18th centuries, in the mountainous zone - from the 19th century.
Nart occupies a prominent place in Ingush folklore. heroic epic. Oral folk art: heroic, historical and lyrical songs, fairy tales, tales and traditions, proverbs and sayings. Favorite dance is the pair lezginka. IN applied arts Stone carving and the production of felt carpets in red and orange tones with original patterns (deer antlers, mountain plants, astral figures) stand out.

M.Yu. Keligov, M.B. Muzhukhoev, E.D. Muzhukhoeva, Ya.S. Smirnova

At all kinds of historical forums in which I have taken part, I am often asked: why did the Ingush convert to Islam 150 years ago? Overnight, the entire Ingush people completely, as a single organism, moved from one religion to another. What contributed to this? I thought about this question, and I must say, the answer did not come to me right away.

The Ingush practiced Christianity with elements of paganism for at least 1,000 years. The earliest Christian temple on the territory of modern Russia stands in the mountains of Ingushetia - this is the Thaba-Erda temple, one of the translations of which is “this is our faith”, another is “two thousand saints”. Dated 830. In addition to it, there are several other temples that are well preserved.
Also, very noteworthy in this context is the fact that the Ingush defeated Imam Shamil three times at the peak of the power of his Imamate state. Shamil tried to forcefully impose the Muslim religion on the Ingush. Long before this, the Arabs were defeated and went to war against Ingushetia, including for missionary purposes. More were there before Fierce battles with the Muslim Mongol-Tatar hordes, as a result of which the ancestors of the Ingush suffered a crushing defeat. But in their attempts to force the Ingush to accept Islam, the Mongols suffered a crushing defeat - the Ingush fought to the death. The cities were destroyed, and the remnants of the people took refuge in the mountains.

And so, after such an uncompromising, glorious, warlike centuries-old history, having been in Christianity for 1000 years, having such traditions of faith and defending their faith from invaders, the Ingush in the 1850s massively converted to Islam voluntarily. From the outside it looks like a paradox. But only from the outside.

From time immemorial, the Ingush people have been a free, freedom-loving people, a society of free people; the only people in the Caucasus, which had no princes. There were no slaves. Although the concepts of princes (alliy) and slaves (ley) exist in the Ingush language. But they rather denoted the spiritual state of a person. Were famous families, but they all stood out from the crowd by civic merit or military valor. No other rights were enjoyed than the respect acquired solely by the intelligence and personal merits of each member.
In the West, Ingushetia is called one of the most ancient democracies in the world; it would be more accurate to say a military democracy. This form of socio-political structure persisted until the 20s. XX century. Some elements of this device have survived to this day.

And they wanted to force such people to accept a new religion. Even with the best intentions. Free people are organically incapable of accepting anything by force. Any attempts to force the Ingush to accept Islam were doomed to fiasco. This is the first result of my thoughts.

The second point, and no less important, is missionary activity and the personality of the preacher Kunta-Hadzhi Kishieva, who would later become the spiritual mentor of the Ingush (Ustaz) and revered by the Ingush as a saint. In the 1850s he and his murids launched missionary activities in Ingushetia. It started like this. Rumors spread among the people that after three defeats in a row, Imam Shamil did not calm down and was going to campaign against Ingushetia for the fourth time. At the meeting of Dovtbiy (all armed forces of the people), it was decided to send selected soldiers (“Black Regiment”) to the border so that they could meet the uninvited guests with dignity. This regiment was known for being particularly savage against Shamil’s troops in previous campaigns.
Having gone to the border territory, where today is the village of GIazhar-Yurt (Nesterovskoye), the soldiers took up positions. Their amazement was enormous when an old man appeared on the horizon with a staff in his hands, surrounded by several people. It was Ustaz Kunta-Hadji. He made a huge impression on people. He was accepted and listened to. Thus, Islam was established in Ingushetia by the power of the word.

And the third, very important point. Islam is a religion that is largely based on Christianity. The youngest religion of all the world. Islam, having absorbed all the best from Christianity and adding something new, was seen by people as purified Christianity. This predetermined success.