"scoundrel", "acquirer". In the eleventh chapter of the first volume, the writer talks in detail about life path Chichikov from birth until the moment this “hero” started buying dead souls; how Chichikov’s character was formed, what vital interests formed in him under the influence environment, guided his behavior. Even as a child, his father taught him: “most of all please teachers and bosses... hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion they can be useful to you... and most of all, take care and save a penny, this thing is more reliable than anything in the world.. . You will do everything and you will lose a penny in the world."
“with great intelligence on the practical side,” he successfully accumulated money. Service in various institutions developed and polished Chichikov’s natural abilities - practical intelligence, deft ingenuity, hypocrisy, patience, the ability to “comprehend the spirit of the boss,” to find a weak string in a person’s soul and the ability to influence it for personal purposes.
“became a noticeable person. Everything in him turned out to be necessary for this world: pleasantness in turns and actions, and agility in business affairs.” All this distinguished Chichikov in his further service; This is how he appears before us during shopping dead shower. Chichikov uses “irresistible strength of character,” “quickness, insight and foresight,” and all his ability to charm a person to achieve the desired enrichment. Widely using all his practical ingenuity, courtesy and resourcefulness, Chichikov managed to charm both the provincial city and the estates. He knows how to approach everyone in a special way, subtly calculating his moves and adapting the manner of address and the very tone of speech to the character of the landowner. The reader is amazed by the inexhaustible variety of shades and subtleties of his treatment of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Sobakevich, Plyushkin, with the personalities of provincial society, etc. Chichikov’s internal “many faces”, elusiveness, is emphasized by his appearance, given by Gogol in vague tones. “In the chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not of bad appearance, neither too fat nor too thin, one cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young.” Chichikov's facial expression constantly changes, depending on who he is talking to and what he is talking about.
“We tried to convey to him (the face) many different expressions: sometimes important and sedate, sometimes respectful, but with some smile, sometimes simply respectful without a smile; several bows were made in the mirror, accompanied by unclear sounds, partly similar to French ones, although in French “I didn’t know Chichikov at all.” Chichikov is outwardly neat, loves cleanliness, dressed in a good, fashionable suit, always carefully shaved and perfumed; He always wears clean underwear and a fashionable dress “of brown and reddish tones with a sparkle” or “the color of Navarino smoke with flames.” And this external neatness, cleanliness of Chichikov, strikingly contrasting with the internal dirt and uncleanliness of this hero, fully completes the image of the “scoundrel”, “acquirer”, predator, using everything to achieve his main goal - the profit of acquisition. Gogol satirically castigates his “scoundrel” hero, a representative of those predators who appeared in large numbers in the 1930s, when bourgeois-capitalist forces had already begun to develop within the framework of the feudal-serf system. The language of Dead Souls is exceptionally rich and original.
less than in your actions and deeds. But the different stylistic tones of the work are united by the speech of the author-narrator. Simple and at the same time solemn, inspired, sublime and exciting, it makes the entire work a poetic creation, holistic and complete, one with all the different voices heard in it - from Manilov to the postmaster telling the story of Captain Kopeikin. Gogol, having developed his own special, original genre of the poem, corresponding to its entire content, achieved an amazing unity of style and sound.
"Dead Souls" created new type prose, in which the opposite elements of creativity inextricably merged - laughter and tears, satire and lyricism. Never before had they met in one work of art. The epic narrative in “Dead Souls” is continually interrupted by the excited lyrical monologues of the author, assessing the behavior of the character or reflecting on life and art. The true lyrical hero of this book is Gogol himself. We constantly hear his voice. The author-narrator is, as it were, an indispensable participant in all the events taking place in the poem. He is invisibly present everywhere. He carefully monitors the behavior of his heroes and actively influences the reader. Moreover, the author's voice is completely devoid of didactics, for this image is perceived from the inside, as a representative of the same reflected reality as the other characters in Dead Souls. The image of the author is precisely a character created by the artist, having his own character and language, having own attitude to life, your own complex spiritual and moral world.
This lyrical character gives the whole story a unique emotional coloring. The author's lyrical voice reaches the greatest tension on those pages that are directly dedicated to the Motherland, Russia. Weaved into Gogol’s lyrical thoughts is a theme so important to him as the future of Russia, its own historical destiny and place in the destinies of humanity. Gogol's passionate lyrical monologues were an expression of his poetic dream of correct reality. They revealed a poetic world, in contrast with which the world of human self-interest and baseness was exposed even more sharply.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is one of the most brilliant authors of our vast Motherland. In his works, he always spoke about painful issues, about how His Rus' lived in His time. And he does it so well! This man really loved Russia, seeing what our country really is - unhappy, deceptive, lost, but at the same time - dear. Nikolai Vasilyevich in the poem “Dead Souls” gives a social profile of the Rus' of that time. Describes landownership in all colors, reveals all the nuances and characters. Among them, one of the most important, main character of this poem - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov.
So who is he? The writer does not allow us to immediately and clearly understand what his hero looks like, whether he is fat or thin, not handsome, but not ugly either. We can't understand any of it human quality. This is one of the most mysterious characters in Russian literature. Only in the eleventh chapter will we see and understand what Chichikov really is like and what kind of upbringing he received.
How to understand whether he is an entrepreneur or an acquirer? In order to understand this, you need to understand how these concepts differ? The acquirer is busy with what he acquires, that is, he receives something for personal use and rejoices. And an entrepreneur also acquires, but also does something with it... He either resells or tries to increase the previously purchased item. That is, he makes things work for himself. So who is our Chichikov?
What is the essence of buying dead souls? The fact is that they cost mere pennies, if they have any value at all. But according to the documents, they are exactly the same people as the living ones. That is, when buying up the dead, our Pavel Ivanovich gave an insignificant amount of money for them, but received full-fledged peasants, on paper. But he didn’t need real ones. He had nowhere to place them, and he also did not have an estate for work.
So it turns out that Chichikov is the acquirer. Perhaps we agree with Nikolai Vasilyevich, he already knew what he was talking about. Pavel Ivanovich stopped at the same thing - he bought a hundred or two dead souls and calmed down. And what else could be done with them. But doesn't our hero have entrepreneurial traits? Try to persuade sleepy and greedy landowners to sell you dead souls. The only thing is that Chichikov manages to get out of all these sticky situations, and even conclude a deal with a benefit for himself. He was able to find an approach to each of the landowners. Those, in turn, are also cunning to the point of disgrace. Deep down, understanding the illegality of the purchase and sale transactions they are making, they still do not report where they should, but meet the fraudster halfway and become his accomplices.
Thus, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol makes us understand that Russia will follow the Chichikovs. There will never be a shortage of swindlers in our country, and there will always be someone who supports the fraud and enters into a criminal relationship.
How do we, residents of the twenty-first century, perceive Pavel Ivanovich? Most consider him a safe rogue. What's so special about deceiving the state? Nowadays, many, many people are doing worse things. But in Gogol’s time, the main character of his poem was a most disgusting character, whom nothing could justify.
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Chichikov, who is he: an entrepreneur - an adventurer or a fraudster
Poem “ Dead souls” by the writer N.V. Gogol is written in the author’s unusual language, emphasizing, on the one hand, the seriousness of creation, and on the other, a mockery of human adaptability.
After all, it is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov who is depicted as a kind of person who has no conscience, but at the same time he goes straight ahead towards his goals. His dad taught him that you should only deal with people who have financial possibilities, and the larger they are, the better.
And don’t forget to take care of your own money, as it better than people and help in “difficult times.”
That is, in other words, any connections must be supported by something more important and significant.
Thus, leading the reader to think that Chichikov belongs more to the class of entrepreneurial adventurers than to scammers. After all, for each of the other heroes of the poem, for example, with Manilov, Plyushkin, Korobochka, with whom he communicates. His face changes like a mask.
And this is done to achieve only positive results.
It’s not for nothing that Gogol describes his long-awaited profession with flattering words, from which you don’t seem to expect anything good. And when he became a prominent person, Chichikov still did not miss the opportunity to show himself from different angles. positive aspects in action. After all, the qualities that Pavel Ivanovich possessed, the “iron” character, agility, vigilance, foresight and ingenuity, were used against his interlocutors.
An entrepreneur is an adventurer with a mixture of various qualities characteristic of unresponsive and overly thrifty people. The author also describes his significant appearance as an average man of pleasant appearance. After all, not only Pavel Ivanovich’s internal convictions are important in him, but also external restraint and neatness.
All these characteristics of Chichikov show the reader as if he is a person with a completely different perception of the world and the people around him, from whom he only benefits.
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Almost everyone at school read Gogol's work, in which a cunning retired official buys up the souls of long-dead peasants. But not everyone can answer with confidence why Chichikov bought dead souls. Some people simply don’t remember anymore, others didn’t really understand it even then.
A certain official comes to a small town. The purpose of his arrival is to buy up souls who have died, but according to the census results are still alive. Gradually he manages to acquire just over 400 souls. Some of the owners sold them for pennies to avoid unnecessary expenses, while others even gave them away for nothing. Due to the fact that the official stayed in the town longer than expected, local residents they begin to understand why Chichikov bought dead souls. For this reason, he has to leave hastily, taking with him the necessary documents.
Concept
What's the point? Why did Chichikov buy dead souls? Of course, the point of the scam is money. At that time, it was possible to obtain a sum of money from a bank secured by any property, including movable property - that is, serfs. The population census was carried out very rarely, once every twenty years. Thus, if, for example, at the time of the census the landowner had one thousand peasants, then in 20 years about half of this number could die. And these peasants, officially alive but dead in practice, were bought by a former official.
After the purchase, he planned to go to the Board of Trustees, pawn these souls and get a loan. If the loan is not returned to them (which was planned), the property will become the property of the Orphanage. But property is just a fiction, so Chichikov lost absolutely nothing.
Failure
Actually, the ending of the poem cannot be confidently called a failure of the main actor, because, despite the fact that everyone in the city found out why Chichikov was buying up dead souls, he was not punished. Moreover, he left the city with all the deeds of sale for the peasants that he needed so much. And given that the town was expecting a new governor-general, no one would remember his machinations in the general bustle.
The finale of the work is a troika rushing across the plain. A man goes to get a loan of 80 thousand rubles for 24 years - that’s why Chichikov bought dead souls.
A lesson can be learned from this story today: entrepreneurs must not only choose contractors more carefully, but also carefully monitor time, staying within the predetermined framework. Banks should study borrowers' documents in more depth, adequately assessing the collateral - the last crisis made it clear that too large a percentage of the assets pledged turned out to be close relatives of Gogol's dead souls.