Pastoral - (Latin pastoralis, French pastorale, pastoral, rural) is a genre in literature, painting, music and theater that poetizes peaceful and simple rural life. Pastoral can be called:

My dear little friend, Dear shepherd...

This is how the shepherdess Prilepa sings, waiting for her lover, Milovzor. The rich man Zlatogor tries to seduce the young beauty with countless treasures, but she rejects his advances, remaining faithful to Milovzor. On this occasion, all the surrounding shepherdesses and shepherdesses sing and dance merrily. This is the content of a small episode - the pastoral “The Sincerity of the Shepherdess” from the third scene of P. I. Tchaikovsky’s opera “ Queen of Spades».

The name "pastoral" comes from the Latin word "pastoralis" - "pastoral". The origins of this genre go back to Ancient Greece and in Ancient Rome, where poets and writers contrasted the city with an idealized life in the lap of nature, distinguished in their view by ingenuousness of morals, simple-minded sincerity and fidelity in love.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. fashion for pastoral subjects in theater, poetry, fine arts spread widely in courtly and aristocratic circles European countries. Many pastoral scenes included in ancient operas.
For composers, pastoral themes inspired the creation, especially in programmatic instrumental music, of many still deeply impressive images of nature, rural life, folk humor and festive fun. Thus, a series of pastoral paintings is a program of a cycle of four orchestral concerts“The Seasons” by A. Vivaldi.

L. Beethoven called his 6th symphony “pastoral”. Here, each part has its own title: “Awakening joyful feelings upon arrival in the village,” “Scene by the stream,” “A cheerful gathering of peasants,” “Thunderstorm. Storm", "The Singing of the Shepherds. Joyful, grateful feelings after a thunderstorm.”

At the beginning of the 20th century. M. Ravel, using the plot of a pastoral novel by the ancient Greek writer Long, created the ballet “Daphnis and Chloe”, orchestral suites from which are often performed in symphony concerts.

PASTORAL, shepherd drama (from Latin pastoralis - shepherd). The term has several meanings.

1. The genre of court theater, which arose in Italy in the 16th century. and became widespread in Western European countries. The pastoral was a short play, often included in the program of court festivities. It depicted the rural life of gallant shepherds and shepherdesses, endowed with the manners, feelings and vocabulary of the aristocracy.

Pastoral actually originates not from truly theatrical genres - comedy and tragedy, but from “pastoral” poetry (in particular, from Bucolic Virgil). In the popularity of pastoral we find indirect evidence in favor of the theory of conflict-free theater of the Italian Renaissance. Pastoral painted a special, embellished, idealized world that had nothing to do with reality. It was the pastoral that most closely corresponded to the integral and harmonious Renaissance worldview, and actually destroyed theatrical art, turning the performance into “living pictures.” Nevertheless, the pastoral played a significant role in the history and theory of world theater. In the pastoral, the dramatic canon was finally established, the development of which began in the Renaissance Italian tragedy, and later was brought to perfection in the theoretical works of the French classicists: a five-act structure, unity of place, time and action, strict social division of characters by genre.

The first Italian pastorals - Egle J. Cintio, Arethusa Lollio, Sacrifice Beccari. Early pastorals prepared the appearance of the most striking Italian works of the genre: Aminta Tasso (1573), Faithful Shepherd Guarini (1590). In Spain, J. del Encina, L. de Rueda and other playwrights worked in the pastoral genre; in Germany - M. Opitz; in France - O. Rakan, J. O. Gombaud, J. Merret; Moliere also wrote pastoral comedies and ballets ( Melicert, Comic Pastoral etc.).

At first, pastorals were performed by amateur courtiers. Later, professional actors began to take part in them. Much attention(as, indeed, in all genres of court theater) pastoral was given to staging effects and elegant landscape decorations.

2. Small opera, pantomime, ballet, based on scenes from rural life. The first pastorals, which arose in the 14th and 15th centuries. are the predecessors of classical opera (for example, the French "song show" The Tale of Robin and Marion). In musical theater, pastoralism survived into the 18th and 19th centuries. (Mozart's opera Shepherd King, 1775; Delibes ballet Silvia, 1876; etc.).

3. A symphonic episode in a musical stage work that paints pictures of nature (for example, a pastoral in the music of J. Bizet Arlesian A. Daudet).

Tatiana Shabalina

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The meaning of the word pastoral

pastoral in the crossword dictionary

pastoral

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

pastoral

pastoral, w. (from Latin pastoralis - shepherd).

a work (mostly dramatic), idyllically depicting a simple shepherd's life (historical lit.).

A musical work of an idyllic nature with a predominance of rural melodies (music).

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

pastoral

And, well. IN European art 14th-18th centuries: literary or piece of music, idyllically depicting the life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the lap of nature.

adj. pastoral, oh, oh.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

pastoral

A work of art, or part thereof, that idyllically depicts scenes of rural and pastoral life.

The corresponding genre in literature and art.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

pastoral

PASTORAL (French pastorale, from Latin pastoralis - shepherd)

genre variety modern European literature of the 14th-18th centuries. (eclogue, poem, poetic drama) associated with an idyllic worldview (also Bucolica, Idyll).

Opera, pantomime or ballet, the plot of which is associated with an idealized depiction of pastoral life.

A vocal or instrumental work that paints pictures of nature or scenes of rural life.

Pastoral

(French pastorate, from Latin pastoralis ≈ pastoral), literary, musical and theatrical genres based on the poeticization of peaceful and simple rural life. In literature and theater:

ancient bucolic, dedicated to the life of shepherds (for example, “Daphnis and Chloe” by Long);

a type of new European literature associated with a bucolic worldview; arose in the literature of the Early Renaissance (“Ameto”, 1341, “The Fiesolan Nymphs”, 1345, G. Boccaccio), flourished in the 16th-17th centuries. (J. Sannazzaro, A. Poliziano, T. Tasso ≈ Italy; J. de Montemayor ≈ Spain; F. Sidney, E. Spencer ≈ England; O. d'Urfe ≈ France), and in Russia ≈ in the mid-18th century. (A. S. Sumarokov, handwritten book songs) From ancient bucolics, including the idylls of Theocritus, P. received the opposition to the corrupted city of a morally pure village, interest in nature, the world of feelings and everyday life. ordinary people, however, it intensified (especially in the 17th century) the conventional element characteristic of ancient bucolic, the emphasized stylization of simplicity and artlessness. P.'s conventions were also reflected in the frozen traditionality of the masks of the sensitive shepherd, the hard-hearted shepherdess, the wise old man, and the daring rival. In the 17th century P. is a characteristic genre of aristocratic baroque; shepherds and shepherdesses experience exquisite feelings and conduct gallant debates against the backdrop of elegantly decorated nature; The plot is confused by the numerous adventures of the heroes.

P.'s genre forms are diverse: eclogue, poem, novel; After the poetic drama “The Tale of Orpheus” by Poliziano (1480), dramatic drama developed, adopted especially in the 16th and 17th centuries. at court festivities. Pastoral images and motifs entered the poetry of sentimentalism (idyls by S. Gesner, J. G. Voss, F. Müller, stories by F. Florian).

In music: 1) opera, pantomime or ballet, the plot of which is associated with an idealized image of rural life. P. originated under the influence of literary literature and was popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially at the Italian and French courts. Among the authors of pastoral operas are K. V. Gluck, W. A. ​​Mozart, J. B. Lully, J. F. Rameau. In the opera “The Queen of Spades,” P. I. Tchaikovsky recreated P. “The Sincerity of the Shepherdess.” Occasionally, pastoral operas were created in the 20th century; 2) a vocal or instrumental work that paints pictures of nature or scenes of rural life. Instrumental music is characterized by a smooth, calm movement of the melody, often doubled in thirds, and sustained sounds in the bass, reproducing the sound of folk bagpipes, in sizes 6/8, 12/8. It was included in the concerto grosso, created and how independent work. Instrumental pieces were written by A. Vivaldi, D. Scarlatti, F. Couperin, J. S. Bach, and others. Symphonic pieces are parts of a cyclic composition or entire cycles (“Pastoral Symphony” by L. Beethoven).

Texts and lit.: Tasso T., Aminta. Pastoral, intro. Art. M. Eichenholtz, M.≈L., 1937; Boccaccio G., Fiesolan Nymphs, preface. A.K. Dzhivelegova, M.≈L., 1934; Marinelli P. V., Pastoral, L., 1971 (lit.).

I. V. Stahl (P. in literature).

Wikipedia

Pastoral

Pastoral- a genre in literature, painting, music and theater that poetizes peaceful and simple rural life. Pastoral can be called:

• Pastoral music, which can include both large and small works dedicated to the depiction of nature or rural life. Musical pastoral is characterized by the dimensions /, /, a smooth calm movement of the melody, often doubled in thirds. There are examples of pastorals in the works of Antonio Vivaldi, Domenico Scarlatti, Francois Couperin, Johann Sebastian Bach and other composers. Beethoven's "Pastoral Symphony" is also famous.
• Opera, pantomime, ballet, showing idealized pictures of rural life. Pastoral operas were written by Christoph Willibald Gluck, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Jean Baptiste Lully, and Jean Philippe Rameau.
• Bucolic poetry of antiquity, dedicated to depicting the life of shepherds. Synonyms are eclogue and idyll.
• A type of European literature that emulates a bucolic worldview.

Pastoral (cartoon)

"Pastoral"- a short cartoon film released in 1998 by the Belarusfilm film studio.

Pastoral (album)

Pastoral - a collection of a series with songs by the group Chizh & Co, released in 2001 by Real Records. Part of the Main Songs series. In addition to the band's hits, the album contains a new composition - Pastoral, the name of which served as the title of the collection. The song will also be published with a different mix on the solo work "Chizh" of the same year.

Pastoral (disambiguation)

Pastoral:

• Pastoral is a genre in literature, painting, music and theater that poetizes peaceful and simple rural life.
• Pastoral is a collection of a series with songs by the group Chizh & Co, released in 2001.
• Pastoral is a short cartoon film released in 1998 by the Belarusfilm film studio.
• Pastoral 1943 is a 1978 Dutch film directed by Wim Verstappen.

Examples of the use of the word pastoral in literature.

Invented by Theocritus in his idylls, perfected by Virgil in poems called eclogues or bucolics, pastoral, in essence, is an exchange of remarks between two or more characters in the lap of nature, with the usual appeal to the timeless theme of love.

And was it not because after the death of Fouquet, La Rivière was left in prison because he knew some secrets of the deceased minister and Eustache Doget?

In the theater of the Bourgogne Hotel, which was the premiere at that time famous actor Belrose, played tragedies, tragicomedies, pastorals and farces, and the most prominent playwright of the Hotel was Jean de Rotrou, a great lover of Spanish dramatic models.

Battista Mantovano, Italian humanist, author of Latin eclogues, and Clément Marot, who relatively recently glorified pastorals their high French patrons - all of them were carefully studied by Spenser, and each of them found a response in his poem.

The fabric of the sheets covering the edges of the chest wound was soaked in blood and he plunged right hand into the wound, holding something, and the left one, with the needle holder clamped in its fingers, froze high above the table, slowly swaying not in time with the sounding Pastorals from Bach's Concerto in F minor.

Pastoral with its description of the eating, dancing, flirting shepherds, it continually departs from its sentimental and romantic main theme and enters the path of living naturalism with a certain amount of comedy.

He saw Tragedy, attracting attention with the stern grandeur of his posture, Satire, gloomily hidden in a grimace of envy and discontent, Elegy, expressing its melancholy in a funeral grimace, Pastoral, dozing with a languid expression, Oda, distinguished by her crazy gaze, and Epigram, squinting with a daring mockery.

We find in him an aristocratic pastoral and burgher farce, bloody tragedy and comedy of bourgeois morals, chronicle play and romantic tragicomedy, but all these genres appear in him enriched and elevated due to their humanistic content.

Much here is dear to the author and familiar from childhood, but his own spiritual horizons and life experience much richer, and he looks at this pastoral, in which there are a hundred truthful details that give it the appearance of authenticity, with a kind, condescending smile.

This family romance, but only presented in the form pastorals and against a pastoral background, because everything around breathes well-being and peace.

At the same time, unlike the classicist pastorals, Goldsmith managed in his poem, perhaps for the first time, to depict the life of the village and rural landscape not with the help of familiar common signs alone - a stream, a hut, etc.

Among them are spiritual pastorals, biblical paintings, lyric-epic poems, dramatic scenes, approaching oratorios, works of a prayerful and contemplative nature.

And if such a picture seemed to someone like a peaceful village pastoral, then certainly not to the people who lived there - for them it was a symbol of vegetation, a sign of the curse of eternal poverty.

Even when Sidney tries at times, unlike other humanistic authors pastorals, to emphasize the grace of the main images with the help of comic figures of peasants - Damet, his wife and daughter, the technique does not achieve the goal, because Sidney does not know how to portray such figures either realistically or humorously.

And most importantly, I can't stand it pastorals and Schillerism, I already told you - well, that was the reason for it all.

pastoral - a genre variety of new European literature and art associated with an idyllic worldview. Appeared in the XIV-XVII centuries. Usually reproduces a sweet, carefree shepherd's life, idyllic scenes of rural life or nature.

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PASTORAL

(Latin Pastoralis - shepherd) - a genre variety in fine arts, literature, music, which depicts a rural landscape or the life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the lap of nature, their love and serene rural life. Pastoral became especially widespread in artistic culture Western Europe XIV–XVIII centuries. Its origins are the idylls of Theocritus and the bucolics of Virgil. The first pastorals were created by Italian poets of the Renaissance. However, Petrarch, unlike Theocritus and Virgil, glorifying serene nature, sought in it reassurance from his own loneliness, doubts and fears. The genre of the Renaissance pastoral novel was created by Boccaccio. His hero shepherd Ameto (“Ameto, or the Comedy of the Florentine Nymphs”) is transformed under the influence of love for seven beautiful nymphs. In the “Shepherd's Calendar” by the English poet of the 16th century. E. Spencer, shepherds and peasants have conversations and disputes about various moral problems. They do not in any way resemble the real villagers of their time, but are similar to Spencer and his friends. The turn to classicism is marked by the dramatic pastoral in the verses “Pastoral Scenes” by the French poet O. Racan, praising the solitude, simplicity of morals and joys of the villagers. The pastorals of the German classicist poet M. Opitz (“Poems in praise of the life of the villagers”, “Pastoral about the nymph Hercynia”) glorified not only rural solitude, but also work as the source of life and its well-being. Pastorals became widespread in the court theater of the 17th–18th centuries. Pastoral comedies and ballets were created by Moliere (“Melicert”, “Comic pas-torale”). Their performance was accompanied by music, singing, and stage effects. Later, the pastoral became part of opera and ballet performances and court divertissements, being the predecessor of the opera.

Pastoral

Pastoral

PASTORAL. - The term “pastoral” (from the Latin pastoralis - “shepherd”) is used in a broad and narrow sense. IN in a broad sense P. means shepherd's poetry of all times and peoples. In a narrow sense, poetry refers to a certain specific historical variety of shepherd poetry (XVI-XVII centuries). Only in this last value We are considering P here.
P. XVI-XVII centuries. with all the diversity tribal affiliation individual works This genre (there is epic, lyrical, and dramatic poetry) has a stable theme and ideological orientation. Specific to her: the depiction of the blissful life of shepherds and shepherdesses; contrasting the carefree life of shepherds with the noisy and hectic life of townspeople who know need, grief and all sorts of social disasters; complete lack of reflection of reality village life XVI-XVII centuries; endowing P.'s heroes with psyche, manners and language. court nobility.
All of the listed ideological and thematic components of P. testify to its dissociation from bourgeois urban culture and its repulsion from emerging capitalism. It appears and flourishes in Italy in the era of increasing capitalist relations, which was a consequence of the enormous economic crisis of the first third of the 16th century, caused by the “revolution of the world market” (Marx). Similar reasons also cause the rise of P. in other countries. In England and France of the same era, which did not experience economic decline and strengthening feudal relations, P. was cultivated in the most reactionary circles of the feudal nobility. In general, painting is a genre of feudal reaction, which receives its most complete development in the system of the Baroque style (see), realizing its basic artistic and ideological principles.
But although P. is essentially an ideological tool of the feudal aristocracy of the era of the disintegration of the Renaissance, one can find in it many echoes of the Renaissance culture it denies. This is explained by the duality and contradictory consciousness of the feudal nobility of the 16th-17th centuries, brought up in the new conditions of growing capitalism. Hence - the inherent hedonism, individualism, cult of earthly connections, and a penchant for detailed psychological. analysis. Hence the peculiar “pagan” flavor of P., overflowing with mythological. images and ancient reminiscences.
All of the noted humanistic elements are, however, subject to the reactionary socio-political attitude of P. The overcoming of humanistic traditions is carried out in P. of the Baroque era, when Baroque P. degenerates into a purely courtly and salon genre.
P.'s homeland is Italy, where it grows on the basis of a long and rich tradition of humanistic eclogue (see). The creator of Italian poetry in the proper sense was the Neapolitan Sannazzaro (q.v.), the author of the famous novel Arcadia (1504), who canonized Italian poetry in all its ideological and thematic components.
The enormous success of “Arcadia” gave rise to a whole literature of eclogues in Italy, written by terzinas in the form of a dialogue (Ariosto, Trissino, Alamanni, etc.). Next to them flourishes a lyrical-epic pastoral poem (“Ninfa Tiberina” by Molza), Tansillo’s stanzas (1574) and an idyllic sonnet (Tolomei and others). But the most widespread was the dramatic drama, which developed from the dialogized eclogue. Pastoral drama takes the form of either tragedy (“Victim” - “Sacrificia” - Beccari (Beccari A., 1554)), sometimes comedy (“Aretusa” - “Aretusa” - Lollio (Lollio A., 1563)), sometimes trying to revive antique genre satyr drama (“Egle” - “Egle”, 1545 - Giraldi G.).
The last and most famous Renaissance poem - “Aminta” Tacco (1573) - returns back to the traditions of the ancient eclogue, breaking with the tendency to complication plot scheme P. Tasso focuses on a sophisticated analysis of the feelings of his heroes, reproducing the figures of Ferrara aristocrats. Sentimental idealism, the graceful melancholy that permeates their speeches, in sharp contrast to the crude sensuality of the bourgeois Renaissance, already testifies to the ongoing change in P.’s stylistic system. However, the classical simplicity, transparent clarity of the syllable and the unsurpassed harmony of Tacco’s verse still force us to consider his “Aminta” still in the Renaissance system style.
The second masterpiece of the Italian dramatic P. “The Faithful Shepherd” - “Pastor fido”, 1590 - Guarini already introduces us to the circle of phenomena typical of Baroque drama. The simplicity of the plot of "Aminta" is opposed by the intricate intrigue of "The Faithful Shepherd", which is almost a real baroque tragicomedy, combining the techniques of tragedy and comedy, unfolding the action in two parallel storylines, introducing elements of ornamentation, wasteful imagery, and hypertrophy of effects into the verbal fabric. From “The Faithful Shepherd” a chain stretches to the main genre of the early Baroque - the pastoral-mythological opera created by Rinuccini (“Daphne” - “La Dafne” - 1594, published in 1600)) and at the beginning of the 17th century. crowding out all other “serious” dramatic genres.
Outside of Italy, P. is first established in Spain, where it finds nutritious soil in the courtly aristocratic society of this stagnant feudal monarchy (“Diana” - “Diana”, 1558 - Montemayor, see).
P. is becoming less widespread in economically advanced, rapidly capitalizing England (“Arcadia” by Sidney, 1580). The most stable traditions of P. are in English “masks” (see).
In France, pastoralism is also cultivated in the circles of the highest feudal aristocracy, opposed to the growing absolutism (Honoré d’Urfe’s novel “Astrea” (D’Urfe H., L’Astree..., 1610-1625)). Pastoral drama became widespread in France (in the first third of the 17th century). Only classicism puts an end to this. The pastoral novel is dealt a mortal blow by the bourgeois realist Sorel in his “The Extravagant Shepherdess” (Le berger extravagant, 1627-1628), which was for P. what “Don Quixote” was for the chivalric romance.
Most widespread in the 17th century. P. is used in economically backward, politically fragmented, feudalized Germany. Under the direct influence of pastoral novels, communities such as the “Academy of True Lovers” (1624) and the “Pegnicke Shepherds” or the “Colored Order” (1644) arose among the German nobility. Opitz also paid great tribute to the pastoral.
P.'s heyday in all European countries ended in the 17th century. In the 18th century We find only epigones of this genre among the aristocratic poets of Rococo (see), who used pastoral themes to dissociate themselves from the ideas and attitudes of bourgeois educational literature. But since shepherd masks appeared in the 18th century. completely frozen and conditional, their use did not always mean solidarity with the reactionary aristocratic tendencies of P. (see “Italian Literature”). The use of P.'s themes by the young Goethe ("The Whims of a Lover" - "Die Launen des Verliebten" - 1768) is also completely conditional. However, as the self-awareness of the rising bourgeoisie strengthens, even such purely conventional pastoral themes, which contradict the realistic trends of 18th-century literature, gradually die out.
In Russia, pastoral poetry became widespread among the nobility. XVIII literature century, ch. arr. among the sentimentalists and their predecessors.
A false idyllic image of a village and happy life in the lap of nature takes up quite great place in the works of writers of this camp, starting with Sumarokov (Maikov, Bogdanovich, Karamzin, etc.). However, P. does not stand out as an independent genre. An example of Russian poetry (in addition to idylls and eclogues, see) is the shepherd’s story in three songs by Count S.P. Saltykov “Nina”. It was quite widespread in the 18th century. translated by P. (translations by Merzlyakov, Voeikov, etc.). I was approaching the so-called dramatic P. and comic opera XVIII century, often turning to pastoral motifs (“Village Holiday” by V. Maykov, “Anyuta” by Popov, “Miller” by Ablesimova, etc.). We will find pastoral poetry in a broader sense in the works of the first quarter of the XIX centuries among writers of the same camp. With the growth of capitalist relations, the differentiation of noble literature and the restructuring of conservative noble writers, the pastoral gradually fades away. Bibliography:
Kirpichnikov A.I., Greek novels in new literature, Kharkov, 1876; Ticknor, History spanish literature, transl. N. I. Storozhenko, vol. II, M., 1886; Gaspari A., History of Italian literature, trans. K. D. Balmont, vol. II, M., 1897; Korsh V. and Kirpichnikov A., General history literature, vol. III, St. Petersburg, 1888; Eichenholtz M., Preface to the translation of “Aminta” Tacco, Moscow, 1921; Ovatt A., Italian literature, trans. S. I. Sobolevsky, M., 1922; Bonafous N., etudes sur l'Astree, P., 1846; Windscheid K., Die englische Hirtendichtung von 1579 bis 1625, Hdlb., 1895; Marsan J., La pastorale dramatique en France, P., 1905; Olschki L., Guarinis “Pastor Fido” in Deutschland, Lpz., 1908; Carrara E., La poesia pastorale, Milano, 1909; Toffanin G., La fine dell umanesimo, Torino, 1920; Cysarz H., Deutsche Barockdichtung, Lpz., 1924.

Literary encyclopedia. - At 11 t.; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Fritsche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .

Pastoral

(French pastorale, from Latin pastoralis - shepherd ), a work of European literature from the 14th to 18th centuries, which depicts the idyllic life of shepherds in the lap of nature. Pastoral, dating primarily to ancient times bucolic, includes idyll, eclogue and pastoral novel. The appearance of the pastoral is associated either with the author’s dream of a peaceful and calm life (“Pastoral about the nymph Hercynia” created by M. Opitz at the height of the Thirty Years’ War, in 1630), or with the writer’s frondeur views (in the novel “Astraea” by O. d’Urfe (1607-27) the ideal gallant world is opposed to reality). Pastoral motifs are present in the works rococo. In Russian Pastoral poetry was written by Feofan Prokopovich, A.D. Cantemir, V.K. Trediakovsky, A.P. Sumarokov.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

Pastoral

PASTORAL, or as they used to call it, bucolics - actually pastoral poetry that originated in Sicily, and then, especially according to the usage of modern times, generally rural rural poetry, depicting pictures also from peaceful life farmers, fishermen, etc. Village idylls also belong to P. (see this word).

P.'s form can be both dramatic and narrative, as well as mixed. This includes short poems (often in dialogues) and poems, and stage works, and novels. The oldest and best examples of pastoral poetry were given by the Greek poet Theocritus (Syracuse, 3rd century BC). In his image simple life given without any embellishment, with all the hardships that accompany poverty and hard work. The Greek poets of the 2nd century BC Bion (whom Batyushkov and Fet translated) and Moschus (his poem “Earth and Sea” was translated by Pushkin) wrote in the same vein. The Romans were famous for the “bucolics” of Virgil (1st century BC). Here there is already a desire to contrast city life with a simple life close to nature. In addition, Virgil set himself the goal of glorifying Augustus and therefore placed in his “bucolics” many allusions to contemporary political life. Therefore, with all the poetic charm, Virgil does not have the simplicity and naturalness of Theocritus.

Another name for “bucolic” in Virgil is eclogues (as Merzlyakov called them in his translation of “Virgil’s Eclogues” in 1807). According to the literal meaning of the word, eclogue is a choice, and initially the Greeks called collections of poems by this name. Attempts by the theorists of old-time literature to identify the characteristics of eclogues in contrast to other types of literature led nowhere: eclogues and bucolics are terms that are outdated and not commonly used in modern literature.

In the 1st century AD, the sophist and philosopher Dion Chrysostomos wrote a story about the life of hunters, in which he showed that the village poor were better and happier than rich citizens. Under the influence of this story, Long (in the 4th century) wrote the famous shepherd's romance "Daphnis and Chloe", which caused numerous imitations; and the names of his heroes were used in poetry as common nouns, right up to new literature 19th century. Then in the era early Renaissance"Ameto" by Boccaccio appears (1340) - a half-drama, half-novel, in which a shepherd, hunters, ancient deities (nymphs, dryads) are depicted and at the same time the influence of Dante is reflected in the allegorical Christian element with which the image is depicted perfect love Ameto. Sannazzaro’s novel “Arcadia” (1541) had a particularly strong influence on pastoral literature. The author narrates on his own behalf. It was under the influence of unhappy love that he retired to Arcadia, where he settled in a beautiful valley. The surrounding shepherds gathered here for games and festivities, the description of which forms the content of the novel. Everything here is artificial and is not a depiction of real shepherd life. However, Arcadia was a huge success; more than fifty editions of it in Italy, and its translations into many European languages. In Italy, under the influence of “Arcadia,” pastorals were written in dramatic form: “Aminta” by Torquato Tasso (1583. There is a Russian translation by M. Stolyarov and M. Eichenholtz 1921) and “Pastor Fido” by Guarini (1590). In Spain, under the influence of “Arcadia,” the famous shepherd novel “Diana in Love” by Mongemayor was written (traces of this novel are found in Shakespeare’s plays “The Two Gentlemen of Verona” and “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”). Both of these works influenced Sidney's poem "Arcadia" (1580), which became the favorite book of the time. The authors of English shepherd novels are also Green and Lodge. Shakespeare knew the shepherd's romance and borrowed from it the episode of Gloucester and his sons in King Lear. The fate of Pamela, the heroine of Sidney's novel, was reproduced by Richardson (18th century) in his famous novel"Pamela." Finally, in the first quarter of the 17th century, the best of the pastoral French novels- “Astrea” by Onoro d’Urfe, written mainly under the influence of the Spanish novel “Diana”. The success of this novel had no parallel, and the name of the main character Celadon became a household name. In the 17th century, the shepherd novel in France gave way to the heroic, and then psychological and everyday, and pastorals are written more in the form of stage performances. In the 18th century, the poems of the Swiss-German poet Gessner enjoyed great fame, and in France, some poems by Andre Chénier, who managed to recreate the spirit of the ancient poems, belong to the poems. The most remarkable are Hebel's pastoral poems.

In Russian literature of the 18th century, P. was written by Kostrov, Bogdanovich, Sumarokov and others, who gave them the name “eclogues.” In the 19th century, works of this kind were given by Knyazhnin, and later by Vl. Panaev (on whom Pushkin wrote an epigram to “Russian Gessner”). Further, it already has significant artistic merits by P. “Fishermen” Gnedich. P. includes excellent and still popular translations of Zhukovsky from Gebel: Oatmeal jelly, Summer Evening, Morning Star and others. P. still from Delvig, later from Maykov (“ Fishing", "Haymaking", etc.). In Koltsov, the element of P. becomes a moment of folk song.

The pastoral works of the French writer Desoulières, translated by Merzlyakov, were famous in their time: “The Eclogues of Madame Desoulières.”

The poetry of agricultural labor occupies a special place. An example of it was given by Virgil in his best work “Georgics” (see).

Joseph Eiges. Literary Encyclopedia: Dictionary literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what “Pastoral” is in other dictionaries:

pastoral- and, f. pastorale f., germ. Pastoral lat. pastoralis pastoral. A work of art or part thereof that idyllically depicts scenes of rural or pastoral life. BAS 1. After this dinner they played at the big theater in the Italian castle... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (French pastorale, from Latin pastoralis pastoral.). Musical composition, depicting the delights of nature or pastoral life, an idyllic character. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PASTORAL 1)… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language